A NEW TYPE OF EARLY IRON AGE FIBULA FROM ALBANIA AND NORTHWEST GREECE

Author(s): John K. Papadopoulos

Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79,
No. 2 (April-June 2010), pp. 233-252
Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
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HESPERIA

A NEW TYPE OF EARLY

IRON AGE FIBULA
FROM ALBANIA AND
NORTHWEST GREECE

79 (2010)

Pages 233~252

ABSTRACT
unknowntypeofEarlyIronAge fibulafrom
This articlepresentsa hitherto
withrelatedexamplesfromKnetinnortheastLofkndinAlbania,together
Greece.Dubbed the"Lofknd
ernAlbaniaand Liatovouniin northwestern
to thelate10thor9thcenthis
of
fibulae
can
be
dated
securely
type," group
evidence
b.c.
The
author
discusses
the
context,
provided
byarchaeological
tury
ofthenewtype.
and culturalaffinities
as wellas thedate,distribution,
unknowntypeof EarlyIronAge fibulais
An idiosyncratic
and previously
in
this
article.
Two
examplesofthetypewerefoundamongthe
presented
burialsin a tumulusat Lofkndin southern
Albania,anda third,
prehistoric
in
Iron
tumulus
at
Knet(Knets)in
an
example
Early
Age
fragmentary,
also
comesfromthe
northern
Albania.A fourth
example, veryfragmentary,
at
the
confluenceof
excavated
Molossian
at
Liatovouni
cemetery
recently
theAos and Voidomatisriversin Epirus,nearKonitsa,in northwestern
Greece.1Indeed, the fragmentary
examplefromLiatovouni,preserving
1.The Lofkndand Liatovounisites
havebeenpublishedonlyin prelimiand shorter
naryreports
papersdealing
withspecific
aspectsofeachsite:for
Lofknd,see Morris2006; Papadopoulos 2006; Papadopoulos,
Bejko,and
Morris2007,2008; forLiatovouni,
see
Douzougli1996.Forthetumulusat
Knet,seeJubani1983,pp. 84, 123,
pl. Ill, tumulusI, no.29.
My thanksaredue to theLofknd
in
teammembers
fortheirassistance
variousmatters
connected
withthis
notleastto mycodirectors,
article,
SarahMorrisandLorencBejko,and,
in particular,
to IlirZaloshnjaforthe
Max Farrarand
objectdrawings,
SamanthaMartin-McAuliffe
forthe
tombdrawings,
StanislavParfenov
and
ChrisJohanson
oftheUCLA Experi The American School of Classical

entialTechnologyCenterforthemap
(Fig. 1), RichandAnnaMacDonald
AlketIslami
fortheirphotography,
ofLofknd
fortheaerialphotograph
(Fig.2), andVanessaMurosforoveroftheLofknd
seeingtheconservation
findsfrom2006 to 2008. 1 am espeto mycollaborator
in the
ciallygrateful
ofthesmallfindsfrom
publication
Lofknd,RovenaKurti,who alsogenofthe
erously
providedthephotograph
fibulafragment
fromKnet(Fig. 7).
too,to EsmeraldaAgolli
My thanks,
forherassistancein translating
AlbaIn thepreparation
niansitereports.
of
thispaperI havereferred
to informationthatwillbe publishedin greater
detailin theforthcoming
finalreportof
theexcavation
at Lofknd,especially
thechapterbyLynneSchepartzon the

ofthetumulus.
For
bioarchaeology
from
access
to
the
material
providing
I am grateful
to Angelika
Liatovouni,
Zachos,
Douzougliand Konstantinos
who also providedthedrawingofthe
Liatovounifragmentary
fibula(Fig. 8);
thecemetery
at Liatovouniis currently
byDoubeingstudiedforpublication
I wishto
zougliand myself.
Finally,
thankSkenderAliu,LorencBejko,and
MuzaferKorkutiformanyhoursof
fruitful
discussionon thearchaeology
ofAlbania.It was Professor
Korkuti
who suggested
thatI publishthe
Lofkndfibulatypeseparately
as an
article.
Thanksarealso due to thetwo
fora
anonymous
Hesperiareferees
numberofusefulsuggestions
thathave
this
article.
greatly
improved

Studies at Athens

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JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

234

onlythe catchplate,was so unusualthatit was not originallyidentified

as beingfroma fibula,and its formwas onlyrecognizedonce the more
completeexamplesfromLofkndcame to light;the same is trueforthe
fragmentary
examplefromKnet.
at Lofknd,thenewtype
Followinga briefoverviewoftheexcavations
offibulais fullydescribed,and the evidenceof its context,date,and culturalaffinities
is assessed,in orderto encouragethe identification
and
of
further
A
further
aim
of
this
article
is
to
draw
atpublication
examples.
tentionto the importantriver"corridors"of Albania and northwest
Greece- particularly
the Aoos/Vjosrivervalley- as a conduitforthe
movementof people,commodities,and ideas,not onlyin the historical
period,when the importanceof theseriversis well documented,but in
as well.
prehistory

EXCAVATIONS AT LOFKND
Excavationsat theprehistoric
burialtumulusof Lofkndin Albaniawere
in
2004
as
a
collaboration
oftheCotsenInstituteofArchaeologyat
begun
theUniversity
ofCalifornia,
Los Angeles,theInstitute
ofArchaeology
ofthe
of
Sciences
at
and
the
International
Center
for
Albanian
Tirana,
Academy
The tumuluslies in the Mallakastrhills,whichriseto the
Archaeology.
southeastofthemodernregionalcenterofFier,notfarfromthevillageof
Lofknd(Fig. 1). Despiteitsrelatively
smallsize (20.54 x 10.54 m) and the
factthatitis locatedonlysome350 m abovesea level,theLofkndtumulus
dominatesa hillyand riverine
landscapeand is visiblefroma considerable
distance(Fig. 2).2
The choiceof siteand the overallaims of the archaeologicalproject
at Lofkndare describedin detailelsewhere.3
It was anticipatedthatthe
ofa majorsitein thisregionpredatingand partlyoverlapping
exploration
in timeboththefoundation
oftheGreekcolonieson thecoast(Apollonia
and Epidamnos)and the so-calledproto-urbancentersof thehinterland
(such as Marglli,Mashkjez,Byllis,and Klos/Nikaia)would lead to a
betterunderstanding
of the historicalprocessesthatcontributedto the
riseofurbanismin Illyria.4Indeed,thecarefulexcavationofan ostensibly
undisturbedburial tumulussuch as Lofknd has providedmuch new
as
information
on the processesof tumulusformationand construction,
well as interesting
evidencefora more complexrelationshipwith both
the proto-urbancentersand the colonies than was hithertosuspected.
and
The excavationshave also producedmuch new data on prehistoric
in
this
of
Albania.
customs
mortuary
part
protohistoric
2. Papadopoulos2006; Papadopoulos,Bejko,andMorris2007,pp. 105112;2008.
3. Papadopoulos,
Bejko,andMorris
2007.
4. Apolloniaand Epidamnosare
theonlyexamplesin AlbaniaofGreek

coloniesin thetruesense,i.e.,formal
or
metropolis,
apoikiaiofa sponsoring
see Graham1964,esp.
mother-city:
pp.26-27, 130-132,149-151;Hammond1967,pp.425-426,as wellas
pp. 134,470-471,515. ForApollonia,
seevanCompernolle1953,p. 56;

Stockerand Davis 2006; Dimo,Lenhardt,and Quantin2007; forEpidamnos,Davis et al. 2003 is indispensable.

on theIllyriansites,
Forbibliography
see Papadopoulos,Bejko,andMorris
2007,pp. 108-110,nn.3-5, 8, 13.

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A NEW TYPE

OF EARLY

IRON

AGE FIBULA

Figure1. Map ofAlbania and surroundingregionsofsoutheastern

and C. Johanson
Europe. S. Parfenov

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235

JOHN

236

K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure2. AerialviewoftheLofknd

By theconclusionofthefinalseasonofexcavationsin 2007, a totalof

tumulusat theconclusionofthe
100 graveshad been recordedand cleared,manyofthemmultipleburials
2005 season. PhotoA. Islami
containingtwo,three,or sometimesmoreindividuals;in totaltheskeletal
All of the graves
remainsof morethan 150 individualswererecovered.5
wereinhumations
exceptfortwocremations;
amongthemanyburials,one
is illustrated
hereby way of example:tombXXXVIII (grave79), which
containedan inhumedadultmaleaged30-40 yearsat deathand a cremated
adult,probablyfemale(Fig. 3).
CalibratedAM S 14Cdatesfrom16 charcoalsamplesand 20 human
bone samplesfromthe site,carriedout by Brian Damiata at the Keck
AMS facilityat the University
of California,Irvine,have indicatedthat
theearliestburialscan be assignedto at leastthe 14thcenturyb.c.- that
withthe Late Bronze Age or Mycenaeanera
is, theyare contemporary
in Greece,and morespecifically
withthe Late Helladic IIIAl and IIIB
- and thatthelatest
in
the
gravesall clusteraroundthelate
Aegean
period
9thor,perhaps,theearly8thcenturyb.c. In additionto the85 prehistoric
at themoundmaybe tracedintothe6thand
burials,someancientactivity
5th centuriesb.c., and the tumuluswas reusedforburialsin the modern
era,at whichtime15 infant(mostlyperinatal)and severaladultinhumain thenortheastsectorofthemound.6AMS 14Cdates
tionswereinterred
of
5. The physicalanthropologist
all
theprojectis LynneSchepartz;
arehers.
identifications
anthropological
6. Becauseoftheirprominence
in thelandscape,manyprehistoric
- not
mounds
onlyburialtumulibut
or
mounds(toumbes
alsosettlement

in Greece)- haveseenlater
magoules
use as burialgrounds.Late burialswere
in thetumuluscomplex
discovered
(tumuli9, 10,and 11) at Apollonia,
settlement
andin severalprehistoric
In his
moundsin GreeceandTurkey.
mound
oftheprehistoric
publication

in thevalleyofKleonai
at Zygouries
in thePloponnse,
Carl Biegen(1928,
ofseven
p. 39) notedtheexistence
gravesatvariouspointswithinthe
threeofwhichappeared
settlement,
orlatertimes.
to datefromByzantine
Similarlateburials,ninein all,were

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A NEW

Figure3. LofkndtombXXXVIII
(grave79), containingan inhumed
adultmale and a crematedadult,
M. Farrar
and
probablyfemale.Drawing
S. Martin-McAuliffe;
photoR.MacDonald

in thecentralareaofthe
uncovered
NeolithicandBronzeAge lowsettlementmoundofSitagroiin northeast
Greece(see Renfrew,
Gimbutas,and
Elster1986,pp. 182-184).As was the
casewiththethreelateburialsat Zyat Sitagroi
gouries,all oftheskeletons
wereorientedeasttowest,headsto the
west,facingeast;theirdateis uncertain,
buttheexcavators
notedan
judiciously
IronAge date,probably
wellafterClassicalantiquity
(Renfrew,
Gimbutas,

TYPE

OF

EARLY

IRON

AGE

FIBULA

237

determined
fromcollagenofhumanbone samplesfromtheselatertombs
haveall indicateda calibrateddatebetweenA.D. 1800 and 1810,butwith
a broadrangeof 127-155 years.Full detailsof theAMS 14Cdatingare
the tumulus,for
providedelsewhere,as is the projectof reconstructing
whichsome 2,000 mud brickswere made fromthe soil of the tumulus
in orderto rebuildthe excavationbalks,which subsequentlyservedas a
framework
to containtheearth.7
tombsincludewholevesselsofvariFindsdepositedin theprehistoric
ous typesof handmadewarescommonin southernIllyriaand northwest
Greece,includingmatt-paintedpottery;a broad arrayof bronze,iron,
gold,bimetallic,and bone jewelry,includingdressand hairpins,fibulae,
headbands(oftenreferred
to as "diadems"in the literature),
and other
and Elster1986,pp. 182-184,pl.XVII,
nos.1,2). Certainly
thefewitemsof
ornament
associated
with
personal
someoftheSitagroitombslookLate
(see esp.
Byzantineorpost-Byzantine
Renfrew,
Gimbutas,and Elster1986,
lateburial,
pls.XVIII, XIX). A solitary
describedas a "mittelalterliche
Grabfund"(Hansel 1987) and morefully
equippedwithgravegoods,was uncoveredin thenorthwest
portionof
theexcavations
at Kastanasin Mace-

donia.As was thecase at Zygouries

and Sitagroi,
theskeleton
was oriented
easttowest,headto thewest,facing
as thelate
east,thesameorientation
burialsat Lofknd(see Hansel 1987,
p. 113).
7. FortheAMS 14Cdating,see
Damiataet al.,forthcoming;
forthe
reconstruction
ofthetumulus,
see
Papadopoulos,Bejko,andMorris
2008.

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JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

238

stone.8
head ornaments;
and beadsofglass,faience,iron,and semiprecious
in bronze,arewell-knowntypes
Commonamongthefibulae,particularly
suchas theubiquitous"spectacle"
fibulaeofsouthernEurope,9and thetype
in German,ofwhichnumerous
referred
to as "Schlangenfibeln"
generically
exampleswerenotedearlyon fromLate Bronzeand EarlyIronAge sites
in Sicilyand southernItaly.10
In contrast,
the ironfibulaefromLofknd
includea fewtypesthatare eitherextremely
rareor not attestedat all in
otherpartsoftheBalkansor in Europe moregenerally.
A fulltypologyof the Lofkndfibulaewill appearin the finalpublicationof the site.The aim of thisarticleis to presentone of the most
idiosyncratic
typesamongtheironfibulaefromthesite.Giventhenature
ofthetype,and thefactthattheironin all oftheextantexamplesis heavilycorroded,it seemsbestto beginwiththecontextualevidencefromthe
Lofkndexcavationsand the information
pertainingto the date of the
fibulaebeforepresenting
a detaileddescription
ofthetypeand a discussion
ofitsdistribution
and itsculturalaffinities.
(limitedas it is currently)

CONTEXT, DESCRIPTION, AND DATE OF THE

LOFKND FIBULAE
The two fibulaefromLofkndwere foundin tomb LV (grave53) and
tombLXV (grave30). Both werepit tombscontaininga singleinhumation.Tomb LV was the northeasternmost
of all theprehistoric
burialsin
thetumulus.The skeletonwas foundin a verypoor stateofpreservation,
thebonesfragmented
and splintering;
theconditionwas in partdue to the
of the tombto both the edge of the tumulusand the modern
proximity
surface.All thatsurvivedofthedeceasedwerepartsofthecranium,arms,
and legsbelongingto a childaged eight(1) yearsat death.The bodywas
orientedsoutheast
to northwest
(120-130),withtheheadto thesoutheast.
as virtually
Determiningtheoriginaldispositionofthebodywas difficult,
of
the
torso
or
lower
arms
was
The
cranium
nothing
preserved.
appearedto
havebeenlaid out supine,as themandiblewas facingup; thelefthumrus
was bythesideofthebodyand therightarmwas probablybentacrossthe
torso;thelegswereflexed,thekneesevidently
facingsouthwest.No clear
cut
or
fill
was
discerned
excavation.
The tombas preserved
grave
during
measured0.90 m long,0.24-0.40 m wide,and 0.13 m deep.
8. A smallselectionofthefinds
fromthefirst
twoseasonsofexcavation
in Papadopoulos,
is presented
Bejko,
andMorris2007; forthebronzeheadbandsofprehistoric
Lofknd,see most
recently
Papadopoulos,
forthcoming.
see espe9. Forspectaclefibulae,
1926,pp.253-262,
ciallyBlinkenberg
en spirales");
SundtypeXIV ("agrafes
wall1943,pp. 170-176("Plattenfibeln");
Benton1950,1952;Alexander1965;
AlexanderandHopkins1982.For

morespecific
on spectacle
bibliography
andrelatedfibulaefromvariouspartsof
Europe,see Papadopoulos,Bejko,and
Morris2007,p. 118,n. 37.
10. See especially
Sundwall1943,
pp. 136-169,esp.pp. 136-156;p. 143,
figs.208,210,211; p. 150,figs.225
(D IIP31, Cume),226 (D II38, Pantalica);Philipp1981,pp.287-289,
nos.1031-1045.This distinctive
type
knownas the
offibulais conventionally
"Cassibile"type,so namedafterthesite

in Sicilyexcavated
byPaolo Orsi:see
Orsi 1899,esp.pp. 137-138,pl.XIII,
nos.6, 7. The typeis oftenreferred
to
in theItalianliterature
as "fibulaser(e.g.,Lo Schiavo1983peggiante"
1984,p. 135,fig.47, no.2); in German
as "Schlangenfibeln"
or,morespecifi(Kilian
cally,"sizilienSchlangenfibeln"
in
1970,p. 332,pl. 9:1,no.3); similarly,
de
French,as "fibule arcserpentant
"
type'sicilien (La Genire1968,p. 315,
pl. 31, no.5).

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A NEW

TYPE

OF

EARLY

IRON

AGE

FIBULA

239

Figure4. Iron fibula1, Lofknd

tombLV (grave53),TLV-2. Scale1:2.
DrawingI. Zaloshnia;photoR. MacDonald

11.The appearanceoftwofibulae,
orelsea fibulaand a dresspin,one
wornon one shoulder,
theotheron the
was notedin several
oppositeshoulder,
ofthemorelavishly
furnished
tombs
at Lofknd,
whichwereprimarily
inhumationsofadolescentfemalesor children.Unlesspurelyfordisplay,
these
dressfasteners,
with
substantogether
tialpseudomorphs
oftextilepreserved
on theironfibulae,
especially
provide
evidenceforthetypeof
important
dresswornbythedeceasedat thesite.
The burialcustomsoftheadolescent
femalesandchildren
arebeingstudied
forpublication
byLyssaStapleton,
thetextilepseudomorphs
byVanessa
Muros;bothstudieswillbe published
in thefinalexcavation
reporton
Lofknd.

of thebones,thisprovedto be
Despite thepoor stateofpreservation
one oftherichestburialsin thetumulusin termsofthequantityofmaterialdepositedwiththe deceased.A small,one-handled,handmadevessel
ofthecranium,stand(LofkndTLV-1) was foundto thenorth-northeast
ing more or less upright.The distinctiveiron fibula1 of Lofkndtype
(TLV-2; Fig. 4) was foundin situbeside the pot,orientedroughlyeastwest,and had clearlybeen wornoverthe rightshoulderof the deceased,
whilea bimetallicfigure-of-eight
fibula(TLV-3) was foundovertheleft
Two irontubularbeads (TLV-4, TLV-5)
shoulder,besidethemandible.11
werefound,one on eithersideofthemandible,and anothertwoironbeads
witha glassbead (TLV-8), werediscovered
with
(TLV-6,TLV-7), together
thecraniumin theconservation
lab in theprocessof cleaning.The fibula
can be describedas follows:
1 Largearchedironfibula
Fig.4
Lofknd
TLV-2 (SU: 1.0321),SF 261.
L. (arch,springto spring)0.119,L. (including
0.126,H. (arch)
catchplate)
0.047m;Wt.(allfragments)
28.9 g.
ironfibula
withtwosprings
andlargelunatecatchplate,
Largearched
typeII.2.
in
as shown, twopreserved
Reconstructed,
groupsoffragments,
plus10 smallto
minuscule
andchips.Allfragments
corroded.
the
nonjoining
fragments
Including
thefibulais moreorlesscomplete.
nonjoining
fragments,
Archedbow,circular
insection;
intopin,which
(twoturns),
spring
developing
isalsocircular
insection,
toward
wellpreserved
(incatchplate).
tapering
sharppoint,
Bow at oppositeendconnected
to centerofcatchplate
bya secondspring(one
anda halfturns).
hammered
with
flat,
Largelunateorcrescent-shaped
catchplate,
loweredgeupturned
toforma lipinorderto accommodate
thepin.
Textilepseudomorphs
on manyfragments.
present
Cf.2, butwithmoreelongated,
andcurved,
catchplate.

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240

JOHN

K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure5. LofkndtombLXV
(grave30) and itsrelationshipto
moderntombLXXXVI (grave22).

DrawingM. Farrarand S. Martin-McAuliffe;

photoR. MacDonald

In theburialin tombLXV (grave30), thecranium,

uppercervicalvertebrae,andupperrighttorso,includingtherightarm,ofthedeceasedwere
bythecutforthemoderntombLXXXVI (grave22),
completely
destroyed
well prewhat
survived
ofthehumanremainswas comparatively
though
humanbone (includingcranialfragserved(Fig. 5). Some ofthescattered
ments)notedintheareaoftombsLXXXVI andXCII (grave23) mayderive
fromthistombas well.The skeletonwas orientedsoutheastto northwest
The torso
to thesoutheast.
(130),withthehead,whichwas notpreserved,
as an adultfemaleaged 18-35 years,
ofthedeceased(SU 213), identified
was laid out in a supineposition,withtheleftarm,and probablyalso the
thekneespointing
foldedacrossthelowerchest;thelegswereflexed,
right,
The tombmeasured1.12 m long,0.60 m wide,and0.07 m deep.
southwest.
Ironfibula2 (TLXV-1; Fig. 6) was foundin situovertheleftshoulderof
thedeceased,whereitwould havebeen worn.
2

Fig. 6
Large archedironfibula
LofkndTLXV-1 (SU: 1.0213), SF 162.
47.6 g.
L. (as preserved,
includingcatchplate)0.150 m;Wt. (all fragments)

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A NEW

TYPE

OF

EARLY

IRON

AGE

FIBULA

241

Figure6. Iron fibula2, Lofknd

tombLXV (grave30), TLXV-1.

Scale 1:2. DrawingI. Zaloshnja;photo

R. MacDonald

andlargelunatecatchplate,
ironfibula
withtwosprings
typeII.2.
Largearched
as
28
from
various
Reconstructed
fragplus nonjoining
joiningfragments,shown,
but
thefibulais moreorlesscomplete,
allfragments,
mentsandchips;including
corroded.
heavily
atapexofarch;spring
insection,
andslightly
thicker
Arched
(one
bow,circular
intopin,whichisalsocircular
two),developing
turn,
originally
probably
preserved
thanin1.Bowatopposite
butlesswellpreserved
insection,
toward
point,
tapering
tocenter
ofcatchplate
endconnected
onlypartially
preserved;
bya secondspring,
to
ironbackingat thecenterofthecatchplate
thereappearsto be an additional
as in 1,
reinforce
thejuncture
(no similar
backingon 1). Largelunatecatchplate,
thancrescent-shaped,
withupturned
anda littlemoretriangular
butheavier,
lip
to accommodate
pin.
Since bothfibulae1 and 2 werefoundin situ,thecontextmade posof theirpreciseform,despitethe heavilycorroded
sible a reconstruction
stateof the iron.It was clearin both cases that,in additionto the spring
separatingthe arch fromthe pin, therewas an additionalspringat the
and thatbothfibulaehad large,roughly
junctureofthearchand catchplate,
the
crescentwith
one on 1 moredistinctly
crescent-shaped
catchplates,
than
that
on
2.
shaped
to date
The lackofimportedGreekorItalianpotterymade itdifficult
thetombson thebasisofthelocal handmadewares,theabsolutechronolThe manyitemsof personal
ogy of which is farfromstraightforward.12
with
the
few
ornament,together
relatively tools and weapons foundin
12. All ofthepottery
deposited
in tombsat Lofkndis handmade;for
a publishedselection,
see Papadopoulos,Bejko,andMorris2007,pp. 120,
124,126,figs.12:a,17, 19. Similarly,
all ofthepottery
encountered
virtually

in thetumulusfillwas handmade(see,
e.g.,Papadopoulos,Bejko,andMorris
2007,p. 133,figs.27, 28); theonly
werefragments
ofCorinexceptions
thiankotylainotedin topsoiland some
oftheupperlevelsofthetumulus,
and

theoccasionalfragment
ofmodern
found
on
the
surface
ofthe
pottery
tumulus.
The Lofkndpottery
willbe
publishedbySethPevnickand EsmeraldaAgolli.

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JOHN

242

K. PAPADOPOULOS

withanyprecision,
to assignchronologically
tombs,werelikewisedifficult
sinceseveraltypesenjoyeda long historyin Illyriaspanningseveralcenturies.13
Althoughthe gravegoods wereof littleassistancein datingthe
it was possible
tombsbeyondthe broadestof chronologicalparameters,
to arrangetheLofkndtombsintoa seriesofchronological
phaseson the
of
the
tombswere
basisofbothhorizontalandverticalstratigraphy
(many
or
even
fivetombs
in
to
four
some
cases
interrelated,
up
stratigraphically
the
not
elevation
within
least,AM S
tumulus,and,
overlapping
vertically),
14Cdating,
bothofcollagentakenfromhumanboneandofcharcoalsamples
fromsome ofthetombs.14
recovered
Excludingthemodernburials,there
tombs(phase I beingthe earliest),
wereat leastfivephasesof prehistoric
and foreachphasethereis at leastone and sometimesas manyas sixAM S
radiocarbondates.Tombs LV and LXV bothbelongto phase IV, one of
whichis
thelater- thoughnotthelatest- phaseofburialsin thetumulus,
9th
b.c.15
both
fibulae
to
the
late
10th
and
century
Consequently,
assigned
arebroadlycontemporary
withtheearlierGeometricorSubprotogeometric
in
the
period
Aegean.

COMPARANDA AND CULTURAL AFFINITIES

Althougha numberof relatedfibulaein bothironand bronzehavebeen
foundin theBalkans,I knowof onlytwo otherexamplesthatcan be assignedto the same typeas thefibulaefromLofknd:whatappearsto be
a fragmentary
catchplate(3, Fig. 7) fromtumulusI at the site of Knet
of a
in Albania,excavatedbyBep Jubani;16
and an unpublishedfragment
fibula(4, Fig. 8) fromthe Molossian cemeteryat Liatovouni,excavated
byAngelikaDouzougli.17The former,
althoughsaid to recalla fibula,was
not recognizedas such; the latterwas originallyclassifiedby me as an
ironattachment."
"unidentified
Knetis locatedin northeastAlbania,not farfromthe borderwith
Kosovo,alongtheeastbankoftheDrinii Zi (Drin) River.The siteconsists
to thesouthofthemoderntownofKnet,
ofa seriesoftumuli,immediately
The ironfragofwhichonlyfourhavebeen systematically
investigated.18
mentin questionwas notfoundin a grave,butin thefillof tumulusI.
ofAlbania
13. Forusefuloverviews
in thelaterBronzeand EarlyIronAge,
see Prendi1975,1982;Hammond
1982.
14.The phasingofthetombsat
witha fulleraccount
Lofknd,
together
and absolutechronology,
oftherelative
in theforthcoming
willbe presented
oftheexcavations.
finalpublication
accountofthe14C
Fora preliminary
datesfromLofkndandApollonia,see
Damiataet al.,forthcoming.
15. Of the12 burialsassignedto

phaseIV onlyone,tombLXVI
(grave31), thelatestofthegroup,was
datedbyAMS 14C,whichyieldeda
dateof86344 b.c. Alcalibrated
thoughtherewas onlyone 14Cdatefor
radiothisphase,themorenumerous
and
carbondatesforthepreceding
thechronolsubsequent
phasesconfirm
ogyofphaseIV as well.
on
16.Jubani1983,p. 84,illustrated
p. 123,pl. Ill, no.29.
see Douzougli
17. On thecemetery,
1996,pp. 18-25,44-51,figs.3-23. 1 am

andto Konto theexcavator

grateful
stantinos
Zachos,thecurrent
Ephorof
and
the12thEphorateofPrehistoric
ofIoannina,for
ClassicalAntiquities
to studyandpublishthe
permission
fibulahere.
18. See Jubani1983,esp.pp. 77-79,
figs.1,2. Forthelocationofthesite,
see themappublishedin Koka 1985,
in theCarte
p. iii,and mostrecently
de VAlbanie(Cabanes et al.
archologique

2008,esp.p. 34,fig.1; p. 46, fig.1).

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A NEW

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243

In the publishedreport,the excavatordescribesthe object and its

context:
In the southeastsector[oftumulusI], 2.70 m fromthe southbalk
and 1.40 m fromthe eastbalk at a depthof 0.40 m fromthecenter
was foundan ironbrooch/attachment
... in an area surrounded
by
a fewstones,whichdid not defineanyspecificfeature.
The shapeof
thebrooch/attachment,
as thedrawingshows,recallsa fibula,butit
seemsto have servedalso as a decorativeelement.19
A formalcatalogueentrywas not provided,but on the basis of the
the main
publishednotes,drawing,and a photographof the fragment,20
elementscan be describedas follows:
3 Fragmentary
ofan ironfibula
catchplate
Fig.7
fill,no.29.
Knet,tumulus
I, tumulus
RL. ca. 0.10 m.
fromseveralfragments
mostof thecatchplate,
Reconstructed
preserving
of
one
of
the
but
a
small
ofwhatshouldbe
including
part
springs, only
portion
thepin.
lunatecatchplate,
hammered
withloweredgeupturned
to
flat,
Large,roughly
forma lipinorderto accommodate
thepin.Portion
ofonespring
survives
atthe
To left(see drawing)
theremnants
ofthespring,
uppercenterofthecatchplate.
bent
back.
evidently

Figure7. Fragmentary
catchplate
ofironfibula3, Knet,tumulusI,
tumulusfill,no. 29. Scaleca.2:3.

Jubani1983,p. 123,no.29;
Drawingafter
Institute
ofArchaeology,
photocourtesy
Tirana

The Molossian cemetery

at Liatovouniis locatedat theconfluenceof
theAos andVbidomatis
in therichvalleyofKonitsa,in northwestern
rivers
The earliest
Greece,onlya fewkilometersfromthe Albanian frontier.21
burialis a remarkable
Late BronzeAge inhumationofa well-armedadult
19.Jubani1983,p. 84. 1 am grateful
to EsmeraldaAgolliforassistancein
theAlbanian.
translating
20. 1 was unableto inspectthispiece
thedescription
hereis based
firsthand;

on theexcavator's
publishedreport:
Jubani1983,pp. 84, 123,pl. Ill, no.29.
21. Fora preliminary
overview
of
thecemetery
at Liatovouniandfor
othersitesin thevalleyofKonitsa,see

Douzougli1996.Hammond(1967,
pp.273-27A) appearsto havebeenthe
first
personto havenotedthearchaeologicalsiteat Liatovouni.

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JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

244

male,who was buriedwithtwobronzeswordsand twobronzespearheads

ofMycenaeantype,22
a corseletwithsome11 bronzebossesand numerous
smallroundbronzestudsvariously
referred
to in theliterature
as "buttons,"
or
"small
and
two
beads.24
This
"domes,"
bosses,"23
"KOjjioc,"
rock-crystal
was theearliesttombin a cemetery
thatsubsequently
extendedaroundit,
consistingof a totalof 103 burials,all inhumations,
rangingin date from
the13thor 12thcenturyb.c. throughthelate5thor early4thcenturyb.c.
These containedan impressive
arrayofgravegoods,includinglocal Early
IronAge handmadematt-painted
numerousimportedLate Geopottery,
metric,Archaic,and Classical vessels (Corinthian,Attic,West Greek,
IonianIsland,andThapsos Class), a richvarietyofbronzevessels,jewelry,
and arms,a panoplyof ironweapons,in additionto ironand bimetallic
and objectsofsilver,
bone,wood,faience,glass,semiprecious
jewelry,
ivory,
The materialdisplaysstrongconnections
withcentral
stone,andterracotta.
and southernGreece,particularly
the regionof the Ambrakianand Corinthiangulfs,southItaly,and southernIllyria,as well as withtheBalkan
In additionto thetombs,a smallcontemporary
peninsulamoregenerally.25
settlement
was
excavated
(kom)
adjacentto thecemetery.26
Fibulafragment
4 (Fig. 8) was foundin Liatovounitomb20,whichalso
containedfivehandmadematt-painted
vessels(an askos,a kantharos,
and
threedoublejars),twobronzefingerrings,and ninebeads (one ofbronze,
two of faience/glass
paste,and six of glass), as well as an unidentified
ofiron.27
On thebasis ofthesmallfindsdepositedin thegrave,
fragment
22. The largerofthetwoswordsis
a classicexampleofthewell-known
alsoknownas
"Griffzungenschwert,"
NaueTypeII: see Naue 1903;Sprockhoff1931;Snodgrass1967,pp.28-29;
Desborough1972,p. 308. Important
studiesofthistypeofsword,often
a typology
based
including
largely
on thegrips,havebeenpresented
by
Cowen(1955),Catling(1956,1961),
BiancoPeroni(1970),Schauer(1971),
andBouzek(1985,pp. 119-122,with
in figs.56, 58, 61,
goodcomparanda
and64,nos.1-6,pl. 8, no.2, pl. 9,
nos.1,3). The typein Greece,with
examplesfromBulgariaandAlbania,
hasbeencomprehensively
studiedby
Kilian-Dirlmeier
(1993).The smaller
tourdeforce,
is
sword,a sword-maker's
a classicexampleofa SandarstypeF
sword,forwhichsee Sandars1963,
pp. 133-139,pl.25; Kilian-Dirlmeier
1993,pp. 76-91,esp.nos.180-182.
The twobronzespearheads
fromthe
tombaretextbook
examplesofthe
Late BronzeAge typeA andtypeB
anddescribed
as classified
spearheads,
bySnodgrass(1964,pp. 116-119;he
on pp. 136-137,a useful
alsoprovides,
listofLate Bronzeand EarlyIronAge
tombswithtwoormorespearheads).

23. Forfulldiscussionofbosses,
variousmeansoffastening,
including
see Fellmann1984;forbothtypes,see,
amongothers,Snodgrass1964,pl. 19
(= 1967,pl. 14,leftandrightofcenter),fromKaloriziki,
Cyprus,dated
ca. 1100 b.c.;fortheoriginalpublicationoftheKalorizikitomb,which
remainsessential,
see McFadden1954,
p. 140,pl.25, fig.33. Forfulldiscussion
ofGreekandItaliancomparanda
for
thesmallbuttons,
see Papadopoulos
2003,pp. 86-88. ForArchaicand
Classicalcomparanda,
see Robinson
1941,pp.260-265,pl. LXX, nos.10371072,withdiscussionofvarioususes;
Boardman1967,pp.227,229,fig.149,
nos.429,430,one ofwhichis pierced
at thetop(Emporio,Chios); Zancani
Montuoro1983-1984,p. 72,fig.23,
pl.XLIV:b,nos.6-8 (Macchiabate
at Francavilla
Marittima,
cemetery
Calabria).Forthemorecommon
witha small
"bottoncini
emisferici,"
at
the
center
oftheunderor
eye loop
sideforfastening,
see Papadopoulos
2003,pp. 86-87. FortheKouiaof
seeAndronikos
1969,pp.236Vergina,
Radt
1974,pl. 39,
238,figs.75, 76;
nos.1-5.
beads
24. The tworock-crystal

fromtheburialareverysimrecovered
ilarto twoslightly
largerrock-crystal
beadsfoundin one oftheLate Bronze
Age tombsin Kalpakiin theIoannina
withbronzeswords
basin,in association
and spearheads;
see Dakaris1956,
p. 116,fig.2, nos.12,13,withfull
discussionon pp. 129-130.Forrock
in BronzeAge Crete,
crystal
generally
see Marinatos1931.
25. The usefuloverview
byKilian
and material
con(1975) ofcultural
nectionsbetweentheAegeanand
Adriaticin theEarlyIronAge remains
fundamental
Boureading;see further
zek 1987,1997.
ofthenatureof
26. Fordiscussion
in Epirusand southern
settlement
Illyria,see Douzougliand Zachos 1994,
2002; Douzougli1996;Zachos 1997;
Papadopoulos,Bejko,andMorris2007;
Tartaronand Zachos 1999.
see further
27. IoanninaMuseum7986,7990,
8066,8067,8068,8118,8119,8134cx-gt
and 7984.It was thediscov(inclusive),
ofa similardouble
of
ery fragments
thatfirst
vaseon themodernsurface
led Douzouglito suspecttheexistence
in thearea,which
ofan earlycemetery
at thesite.
led in turnto theexcavations

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A NEW

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EARLY

IRON

AGE

FIBULA

245

catchplate
Figure8. Fragmentary
ofironfibula4, Liatovouni,tomb20,
no. T20-8, p.L. 0.085 m. Ioannina
A. Phaklari
Museum 7980. Drawing

atVitsaZagoriou,
withcomparandafromtheMolossiancemetery
together
thetombcan be datedto the9thcenturyb.c.,thelatestfindsperhapsextendingintotheearly8thcenturyb.c., a datebroadlyin keepingwiththe
two fibulaefromLofknd.28
ironfibula
4 Fragmentary
Fig.8
T20-8; IoanninaMuseum7980.
Liatovouni
cemetery,
P.L.0.085m;Wt.13.2g.
thegreater
from
three
Reconstructed
partofthe
preserving
joiningfragments
one
of
the
ofan ironfibula,
lunatecatchplate
Nothingofthe
springs.
including
Corroded.
boworpinsurvives.
onone
witha flanged
sheetofiron,
Moreorlessflat,
overhang
lunate-shaped
of
of
the
turns
least
one
but
with
at
on
the
attached
sideandspring
uppersurface,
is
what
there
at
one
side
onto
the
thespring
point,
opposite (onwhich,
extending
material).
pieceofwoodorotherorganic
appearstobe a smalladhering
of thisobject
thefunction
Becausethefibulabow and pinweremissing,
fora longtime.
undetermined
remained
Althoughthereare a numberof relatedfibulatypeselsewherein the
Balkans,none thatI knowof sharethesame formin all respectswiththe
fourexamplespresentedabove. From the regionof Glasinac in BosniaHerzegovinahavecomeseveralrelatedironfibulae(Fig. 9) thataresmaller
disthantheexamplesfromLofknd(abouthalfthesize),witha shorter,
lunatecatchplates
triangular,
catchplateratherthanthecharacteristic
tinctly
The overalllengthof
of the Lofknd,Knet,and Liatovouniexamples.29
the Glasinac fibulaeis aboutthe same as the lengthof the catchplatesof
theLofknd,Knet,and Liatovounifibulae.This typein bronzewas first
notedat Hallstatt.30
A similarsituationprevailsin otherpartsof thecentraland northern
Balkans.In RastkoVasics compilationof the fibulatypesof Vojvodina,
Serbia,Kosovo,and FYROM, thetypedescribedabove fromGlasinacis
classifiedamong the "zweischleifige
Bogenfibelnmit dreieckigemFuss"
fibulae
with
arched
catchplate"),a typecommon
triangular
("two-spring
31
subdividedinto
in both bronzeand iron (Fig. 10). The typeis further
at VitsaZago28. Forthecemetery
1986.
riou,see Vokotopoulou
29. Threeexamplesareillustrated
in thepublishedreports:
Benacand
Covic 1956,pl.XXXV,no. 10 (Planje
tumulusI, grave3), witha maximum
lengthof0.088 m; Benacand Covic
1957,pl.XI, no.27 (Gosinjaplanina,
tumulus
I, grave1), p.L. 0.073 m;

andpl.XII, no. 18 (Podlaze,tumulus LXXXVI),p.L. 0.081 m.

30. See Sacken1868,pl.XIII,
no. 11.
31. Vasic1999,pp.49-54, pls.2527, nos.286-334. (Vasicdoes notcite
theexamplesfromGlasinac,as BosniaHerzegovinafallsoutsidehisareaof
ofthetype
study.)Fortheoccurrence

in GreeceandMacedonia,see Bouzek 1974,pp. 131-133,fig.42, E 9

(withexamplesfromtheArgive
Heraion,Lousoi,Boiotia,Sparta,
Chauchitsa,
Aivasil,Chalkidike,
Perachora,
Serres,and Karaorman
[FYROM]); withaddendain Bouzek 1982,esp.p. 56.

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JOHN

246

K. PAPADOPOULOS

Figure9. Two ironfibulaefrom

the Glasinac region:(a) Podlaze,
tumulusLXXXVI, p.L. 0.081 m;
(b) Planje, tumulusI, grave3, p.L.

0.088 m. (a) AfterBenacand Covic 1957,

pl.XII, no. 18; (b) afterBenacand Covic
1956,pl.XXXV,no. 10

Figure 10. (a) bronzefibulafrom

Dedeli (southernFYROM), grave37,
p.L. 0.064 m; (b) ironfibulafrom
Vajuga,Pesak (easternSerbia),
Vasic
grave4, p.L. 0.107 m. (a) After
1999,p. 49, pl.25, no.287; (b) afterVasic
1999,p. 50, pl.26, no.309

threevariants:
orrhomboidalin section,
(1) witha plainarch,eithercircular
(2) witha twistedarch,and (3) witha lozenge-shapedarch,hammeredflat;
thefirstis knownin bronzeand iron,and theothertwovariantsin bronze
Of these,the largestexamplesand those closestto the Lofknd
only.32
typearetwoironfibulae,bothfromVajuga,Pesak,one (Fig. 10:b) 10.7 cm
in length,theother10 cm (i.e., abouttwo-thirds
thesize of theLofknd
smaller
than
the Lofkndtype,
Not
are
fibulae).
only
theyconsiderably
in
north
the Balkans,this
theircatchplateis distinctly
different.
Farther
in Slovenia.33Relatedto the two-springarched
typeis well represented
fibulawithtriangular
catchplateis a typewitha circularcatchplateand
anotherwithwhatis referred
to as an "hourglass"
catchplate("zweischleifige
and"zweischleifige
mitkreisfrmiger
Bogenfibeln
Fussplatte"
Bogenfibeln
a
few
mit sanduhrfrmiger
Although
examplesof these
Fussplatte").34
is verydifferent.
their
form
the
size
of
the
Lofknd
fibulae,
typesapproach
or
the
Italian
from
central
Europe
peninsulaclosely
Nothingpublished
resemblestheLofkndtype.35
Vasic notes
In dealingbroadlywiththe"zweischleifige
Bogenfibeln,"
that the type may be dated between the 8th and 6th centuriesb.c.36
Amongthelatestexamplesof thistypeof fibula not notedbyVasic,as
his cataloguedid notincludeexamplesfromGreece- is one fromgrave3
witha Corinthian
atAivasilinGreekMacedonia,whichwas foundtogether
32. Forthevariantwithplainarch,
seeVasic1999,pp.49-51,pls.25, 26,
nos.286-318;withtwistedarch,see
pp.51-52,pl.27, nos.319-330;and
withlozenge-shaped
arch,see pp.5354,pl.27, nos.333,334 (see alsothe
mitschlangenfrmigen
tor"Variante
nos.
diertem
27,
331,
53,
pl.
Bgel,"p.
see pl. 63:b.
332). Fordistribution,
33. See,e.g.,Mason 1996,p. 16,
fig.4, no. 18; p. 18,fig.6, no. 7.
34. Vasic1999,pp.54-57,pls.28,29.

Most oftheexampleswiththesoassembled
calledhourglass
catchplate
not
as
Vasic
are
distinctly
hourglass
by
shapedas someofthefibulaefrom
Glasinacillustrated
byBenacand Covic
1957,esp.pl.XXII, nos.1-4.
35.Therearen examplespublishedin Mller-Karpe1959 thatare
closeto theLofkndtype,although
therelatedtypesassembledbyVasic
anddiscussedabovearewellrepresented.In a similarvein,although

arenotuncomcatchplates
triangular
monamongItalianfibulatypes(e.g.,
Sundwall1943,pp. 108-109,figs.129,
133,B IIocm3,B IIa2), as wellas in
someGreektypes(e.g.,Blinkenberg
1926,p. 79,fig.66,p. 80,figs.68, 70,
amongothers),thesearesmallerand
in formfromtheLofknd
theydiffer
see further
type.ForItalianfibulae,
Montelius1895-1910.
36. Vasic1999,p. 48.

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kothon.37
As fortheearliest"zweischleifige
thesecanbe dated
Bogenfibeln,"
no morepreciselythanthe 8th centuryb.c., and thereis no evidenceto
suggestraisingtheirdate.
It is possiblethatthedifference
in datebetweentheearliestexamples
of thisgroupand the Lofkndfibulaemaybe due in partto thefactthat
one setofdatesis based on synchronisms
thatrelyheavilyon theconventionalchronology,
while the otheris based on 14Cdates,but it is equally
possiblethatthe two-spring,archedfibulawithtriangular
catchplateis a
latervariantof the earlierLofkndexamples.Moreover,the date of the
Lofkndfibulaeis corroborated
bythe solitaryexamplefromLiatovouni,
wherea 9th-centurydate seems to be supportedby the contentsof the
grave,notbyradiocarbondating.38
in the centralBalkansand
The problemsof chronology,
particularly
more
are
further
exacerbated
by the chronologyof the
generally,
Europe
earliestuse of iron,whichhas been muchdebatedin thepast,39although
therehas been generalconsensusthatobjectsofironappearin Albaniain
the 11th centuryb.c.,40a date now borneout by radiocarbondatesfrom
date is strong
Lofknd.Be thatas it may,the evidencefora 9th-century
forthe ironfibulaeof thistypefromLofkndand Liatovouni,and it is
possiblethatthetypefirstdevelopsin the 10thcenturyb.c.

CONCLUSIONS
of what I have
knownabout the distribution
The littlethatis currently
in thatitessentially
folbeencallingtheLofkndfibulatypeis interesting,
lows,at leastin part,thepathofone ofthegreatriversoftheBalkans,the
oftherivertherearetwoexamples
Aos/Vjose(Fig. 1). To thenorthwest
The valleyof
fromLofknd,and to the southeastone fromLiatovouni.41
Konitsain Greek Epirus,whereLiatovouniis situated,is essentiallydefinedby two riversthatmergeto flowperenniallythroughit: the Aos
A unique ecosystem,
it bringsintoclose proximity
and theVoidomatis.42
on theone hand,a lowlandarea
twoverydifferent
physicalenvironments:
withplentifuland continuouswateryear-round,
togetherwithextensive
riversideagricultural
fieldsand pastures,and on theother,an uplandwith
theVoidomatis,
highhills,grassyslopes,and meadows.At theirconfluence,
whichcarvedtheimpressive
Vikos Gorge farther
south,runsin a northsouthdirection,whereasthe Aos runsroughlyeast-west,mergeswith
37. See Gardnerand Casson 19181919,esp.pp. 19-22; forthefibula,see
p. 21, fig.12; forthekothon,pl. V:2.
38. AlthoughthejewelryfromLiatovounitomb20 cannotbe datedwith
thedateofthehandmade
anyprecision,
pottery
depositedin thetombis corroborated
dateof
bytheconventional
similarpottery
at VitsaZagoriou,
whichis moreoftenfoundwithconofGreekGeomettemporary
imports
ricpottery.
FortheGeometricimports
at Vitsa,see Vokotopoulou
1986,

pp.276-280,figs.65-69 (Corinthian
as wellas theThapsosClass),
pottery,
pp.285-286,fig.71 (variouspotsof
westernGreekGeometric).
39. See Forbes1950,pp. 419,455;
Alexander1962,pp. 123,130 (both
withreferences
to theearlierliterature).
40. Prendi1982,p. 229; see also
Prendi1975.
41. Lofkndis locatedjustnorthof
theGjaniceRiver,
whichrunsparallel
northof,the
to,and severalkilometers
Aos/Vjose.

42. Pliny(HN 4.1A) givesthe

Molossianstworivers,
theAratthos
andtheAphas.In discussing
these,
Hammond(1967,pp. 707-708) writes:
"The latteris nottheupperLouros,
whichrosein Molossis,becausewe
havetheancientnameCharadrus
[Charadros].It mightbe theDhipotamosortheVoidomati;thelatteris
morelikelyas thenameAphasmaybe
relatedto theAous intowhichitflows."
FortheriverAphas,see further
Karatzeni1997,p. 239.

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JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

248

intoAlbania,whereit is knownas
theVoidomatis,and flowsnorthward
theVjos.
southoftheGreek-Albanianborder,nearthemonastery
Immediately
of Molyvdoskepastoand not farfromMesogephyra,the Aos merges
with the Sarantaporos,which runs ENE-WSW fromMt. Grammos,
northof theAos and moreor less parallelwithit.43Much of thewater
flowingintotheseriversderivesfromtheTymphe,Smolikas,Zagori,and
Grammosmountainranges.Afterpassingthroughthe spectaculargorge
oftheAos/Vjose,44
beforereachingtheAdriaticjust southofthe Greek
of
colony Apollonia,theAos/Vjosemerges,notfarfromTepelen,with
anothergreatriver,
theDrinos.45The ancientAntigoneia,a hilltopsettlementexploitedbyPyrrhos,
is locatedto thesoutheastin thevalleyofthe
Drinos.46This is a landscapedominatedbyrivers.
The valleyof the Aos providesone of the mostimportantnatural
routesbetweenthemountainous
interior
ofEpirusintosouthern
Illyriaand
on to theAdriatic,a routethatmusthavebeenexploitedformillennia,as it
stillis today.47
R. L. Beaumontdiscussesan important
landroutementioned
which
the
in
Corinthians
435
b.c. to sendtroops
enabled
byThucydides,
to Epidamnos via Apollonia,withouthavingto sail around Korkyra.48
Beaumonttracesthe routefromAmbrakia,a strongCorinthianally,up
theLourosvalleytowardtheplainofHellopia (i.e.,theplainofIoannina),
controlledby the Molossians,and fromtherenorthwardto the Drinos
to theAos/Vjosevalley,and downthe
valley,
throughChaonianterritory,
riverto Apollonia.49
In thisway,someofthemostmountainousterrainof
43. Untilrecently,
theonlytrace
in thisareaafterthe
ofhumanactivity
Palaeolithic
andbeforethepost-Byzantineperiod,whichseesa noticeable
inin thevalley,
creasein settlement
consistedoftwoMycenaeanbronzeswords
froma tombat Mesogephyra
nearthe
confluence
oftheAos and Sarantaporosrivers,
bothofwhichareassignedto
LH IIIA: see Dakaris1956,p. 131,
figs.6, 7; Sandars1963,p. 120,pl.21,
nos.3, 4 (Perama);Hammond1967,
pp.274,321-322;Kilian-Dirlmeier
1993,pp.46-47,pls.14, 15,nos.73, 81;
Douzougli1996,pp.25-26; Tartaron
andZachos 1999,p. 69,fig.12,nos.73,
81; Soueref2001,pp. 31-32,253,
2004,p. 149,
fig.53:1,II; Tartaron
fig.8:2,nos.73, 81.The Mesogephyra
tombis one ofapproximately
20 isolatedMycenaeancistgravesscattered
throughout
Epirusatvariouselevations
andin diverseenvironmental
settings,
eithersinglyorin smallgroupsofup
to four;thesearediscussedbyPapadopoulos(1976,pp.277-279) andTartaron(2004,pp. 148-154).
44. See Beaumont1952,mapfacing
Hammond1966,
p. 62; see further

p. 40, fig.2 (map 1), pls.2-4. The gorge

(Iieva todA(oi>)runsforsome12 km
due eastofTepelen.
45.The Aos/Vjoseis largely
responwiththeSemanRiver,
sible,together
fortheextensive
alluvialfillwestof
Apolloniathatlefttheancientcity
stranded
fromthesea.
manykilometers
The GjaniceRiver,
south
ofthe
just
Lofkndtumulus,
is a tributary
ofthe
Seman.
46. A jointAlbanian-Greek
project
hasbeeninvestigating
Antigoneiasince
ofKonstanti2005 underthedirection
nos Zachos,Dhimitrondi,and
ShpresaGjongecaj;fora preliminary
season,see Zachos
reporton thefirst
ancient
et al. 2006. Otherimportant
ofthehistorical
settlements
period
locatedon or neartheAos/Vjose
includeByllisand Klos-Nikaia,both
as
theriver,
on highhillsoverlooking
forthelocationof
wellas Nymphaion;
thesesitessee Papadopoulos,Bejko,
andMorris2007,p. 107,fig.2. Since
has
earlymoderntimesNymphaion
withSelenice,across
beenidentified
fromByllison theVjos.It is stilla
not
modernproducer
ofhydrocarbons,

leastofwhichis high-quality
bitumen.
Fortheexploitation
andimportance
of
bitumenin bothprehistoric
and
historic
times,seeMorris2006.
47. The modernbordercrossing
betweenGreeceandAlbaniaat Melisspetraon theGreekside,correspondingtoTreUraton theAlbanianside,
is locatedsome7.5 kmnorthofthe
confluence
oftheAos andVoidomatis
The drivetodayfromArta(anrivers.
cientAmbrakia)to Apolloniain Illyria
followsa seriesofriver
essentially
valleys.
48.Thuc. 1.26.2 (nopevdr'aav

Beaumont
ArcoAAcovav);
Tcefi
1952.
49. Beaumont1952,pp. 64-65.This
is theroutefollowedbythemodern
roadfromIoanninato Gjirokastr/
andTepelen.Beaumont
Argyrokastro
adds
thatitwas alsothe
n.
49)
65,
(p.
routeusedbyLord Byronin 1809.For
ofthetopograan important
overview
of
and
archaeological
phy Hellopia
in theIoanninabasinfrom
discoveries
theEarly
theFinalNeolithicthrough
IronAge,see Zachos 1997.

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A NEW

TYPE

OF

EARLY

IRON

AGE

FIBULA

249

southeastern
Europe was easilytraversed
by a largebodyof men moving
In
later
the
same
theAos
river
valleys.
history,
along
landscape,particularly
featured
in
the
Roman
Gorge,
campaignagainstPhilip V
prominently
of
the
Second
Macedonian
War
the
b.c.50A cenduring
early2nd century
of
turyearlier,
KingPyrrhosofEpirus(319-272 b.c.) controlleda network
urbancentersfromAmbrakiain the southto Antigoneiain the northby
meansof the rivervalleysof Epirus,51
and in a similarmanner,Ali Pasha
to include
(1741-1822),ofTepelenandofIoannina,expandedhisterritory
mostofAlbania,westernGreece,and muchofthePloponnsebyexploitingthesamerivervalleys.52
As hasbeenthecaseinthehistoric
period,so formillenniainprehistory
therivervalleysofEpirusand southernIllyriamusthavebeentheprimary
conduitsforthemovementofpeople,ideas,and commodities.Moreover,
fromnorthwest
to southeastand
workedinbothdirections,
thismovement
theseriversconnectedan even
fromsoutheastto northwest.
Consequently,
Balkanswitha greaterEuand
the
network
of
ideas,
linking
larger
people
oftheAegean and Mediwest
and
with
the
cultures
to
the
north
and
rope
east.
to
the
south
and
terranean
beyond
50. Fullydiscussedin Hammond
ironfibulawithtwo springsand
Whetherwe referto the distinctive
1966.
51. ForPyrrhos,
a largelunatecatchplateas the Lofkndtypeor the Aoos/Vjostypeis
see,amongothers,
Nilsson1909,pp. 69-77; Klotzsch
Albania
moot,butthefactthatthetypeis also foundat Knetin northeast
1911,pp. 153-218;vonHasseU1947;
the
corridor.
was
not
limited
to
Aoos/Vjos
suggeststhatits distribution
Nenci1953;Franke1955,pp. 87-88;
closer
with
is
that
future
It
excavations,
studyof already
together
hoped
1979.
Leveque1957;Garoufalias
of
this
distinctive
fibulaand
will
more
excavated
material, provide
52. ForAli Pashasee,mostrecently,
examples
1999.
than
is
distribution
more
to
its
Fleming
accurately
currently
possible.
help map

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JOHN K. PAPADOPOULOS

250

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University
COTSEN

of California,

INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT

Los Angeles

OF ARCHAEOLOGY

OF CLASSICS

A2IO FOWLER
LOS ANGELES,

CALIFORNIA

9OO95-15IO

jkp@humnet.ucla.edu

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