NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

Chapter 1
LESSON -1 : Successive Differentiation

In this lesson, the idea of differential coefficient of a function and its successive
derivatives will be discussed. Also, the computation of nth derivatives of some standard
functions is presented through typical worked examples.
1.0 Introduction:- Differential calculus (DC) deals with problem of calculating rates of
change.When we have a formula for the distance that a moving body covers as a
function of
time, DC gives us the formulas for calculating the bodys velocity and acceleration at
any
instant.

Definition of derivative of a function y = f(x):-

f ( x + x ) f ( x )
x
The derivative of a function y = f(x) is the function f (x ) whose value at each x is defined as
dy
= f (x ) = Slope of the line PQ (See Fig.1)
dx
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
= lim
-------- (1)
x 0
x
= lim (Average rate change)

Fig.1. Slope of the line PQ is

x 0

= Instantaneous rate of change of f at x provided the limit exists.

The instantaneous velocity and acceleration of a body (moving along a line) at any instant x is
the derivative of its position co-ordinate y = f(x) w.r.t x, i.e.,
dy
Velocity =
= f (x )
--------- (2)
dx
And the corresponding acceleration is given by
Acceleration =

d2y
= f ( x)
dx 2

---------- (3)

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

Session - 1
1.1 Successive Differentiation:The process of differentiating a given function again and again is called as
Successive differentiation and the results of such differentiation are called
successive derivatives.
The higher order differential coefficients will occur more frequently in spreading
a function all fields of scientific and engineering applications.
Notations:
dny
dy d 2 y d 3 y
i.
, 2 , 3 ,.., nth order derivative:
dx dx dx
dx n
ii f (x ) , f (x ) , f (x) ,..., nth order derivative: f n (x)
iii Dy, D 2 y , D 3 y ,..., nth order derivative: D n y
iv y , y , y ,, nth order derivative: y (n )
v. y1 , y 2 , y 3 , nth order derivative: y n

Successive differentiation A flow diagram

Input function: y = f (x )

Operation
d

derivative)
Input function y = f (x )

Input function y = f (x )

df
= f (x)
dx

(first order

Output function y =

d2 f
= f ( x) (second order
dx 2

Output function y =

d3 f
= f ( x) (third order
dx 3

dx

Operation
d

derivative)

y =

dx

Operation

derivative)

Output function

dx

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------dn f
Input function y n 1 = f n 1 ( x) Operation Output function y n =
= f n (x) (nth order
n
d
dx
dx
derivative)
Animation Instruction
(Successive Differention-A flow diagram)
Output functions are to appear after operating
Operation
d

dx

on Input functions, successively.

1.1 Solved Examples :

1. If y = sin(sin x ) , prove that

d2y
dy
+ tan x + y cos 2 x = 0
2
dx
dx

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11
Solution: Differentiating y = sin(sin x ) --------- (1) w.r.t.x, we get
dy
y1 =
= cos(sin x ). cos x -------------- (2)
dx
dy
Again differentiating y1 =
w.r.t.x gives
dx
d2y
y 2 = 2 = [cos(sin x)( sin x) + cos x( sin(sin x) cos x ] Using product rule
dx
d2y
y 2 = 2 = sin x cos(sin x) + cos 2 x sin(sin x)
dx
sin x

i.e. y 2 =
cos x cos(sin x) + cos 2 x sin(sin x )
cos x

2
y 2 = tan xy1 + cos xy , using Eqs. (1) and (2)

or

y 2 + tan xy1 + cos xy = 0

or

d2y
dy
+ tan x + y cos 2 x = 0
2
dx
dx

(ax + b)
, show that 2 y1 y 3 = 3 y 22
(cx + d )
(ax + b)
Solution: We rewrite y =
, by actual division of ax+b by c x+d, as
(cx + d )
ad 1
a
ad

1
y = a + b
= + k (cx + d ) ---------- (1)where k = b

c
c
c cx + d c

Differentiating (1) successively thrice, we get

dy
2
---------- (2)
= y1 = kc (cx + d )
dx
d2y
3
= y 2 = 2kc 2 (cx + d )
---------- (3)
2
dx
d3y
4
= y 3 = 6kc 3 (cx + d )
---------- (4)
From (2), (3) and (4) we get
3
dx
2 y1 y 3 = 2 { kc (cx + d ) 2 }{ 6kc 3 (cx + d ) 4 }
2. If y =

2 y1 y 3 = 12 k 2 c 4 (cx + d ) 6

2 y1 y 3 = 3 2kc 2 (cx + d ) 3

Therefore 2 y1 y 3 = 3 y 22 , as desired.

d2y
dy
3. If x = sin t , y = sin pt , Prove that (1 x ) 2 x + p 2 y = 0
dx
dx
Solution: Note that the function is given in terms a parameter t. So we find,
dy
dy
= cos t and
= p cos pt , so that
dt
dt
2

NCET Class Notes

dy dy dt p cos pt
. Squaring on both sides
y1 =
=
=
dx dx dt
cos t
p 2 cos 2 pt p 2 (1 sin 2 pt ) p 2 (1 y 2 )
=
=
cos 2 t
1 sin 2 t
1 x2
2
(1 x 2 )( y1 ) = p 2 (1 y 2 ).
Differentiating this equation w.r.t x, we get
1 x 2 2 y1 y 2 + ( y1 ) 2 (2 x) = p 2 (2 yy1 ) .

( y1 )2

10MAT11

(by data)

Canceling 2 y1 throughout, this becomes

1 x 2 y 2 xy1 = p 2 y
or 1 x 2 y 2 xy1 + p 2 y = 0

d2y
dy
i.e. (1 x ) 2 x + p 2 y = 0
dx
dx
2

d2y
dx 2

4. If x = a (cos t + t sin t ) , y = a (sin t t cos t ) , find

dy
= a ( sin t + t cos t + sin t ) = at cos t
dt
dy
= a (cos t + t sin t cos t ) = at sin t
dt
at sin t
dy dy
= dt =
= tan t
dx dx dt at cos t

Solution:

Hence,

d2y
1
dt
1
= sec 2 t = sec 2 t
=
2
3
dx
dx
at cos t at cos t

( a ), prove that a y = 1 + y
dy
Solution: y =
= a sinh (x )(1 ) = sinh (x ), and
a a
a
dx
d y
y =
= cosh (x )( 1 ),
a a
dx
ay = cosh (x ), so that a y = cosh (x )
a
a
i.e.
a y = 1 + sinh (x ) = 1 + y , as desired.
a

5. If y = a cosh x

2
2

2
1

2
2

2
2

2
1

Problem Set No. 1.1 for practice.

1. If y = e ax sin bx , prove that y 2 2ay1 + a 2 + b 2 y = 0

d y
h ab
=
2
dx
(hx + by )3
2

2. If ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1 , prove that

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11
2

d y
dy
+ 2k
+ k2 +l2 y = 0
2
dx
dx
2
d y
dy
4. If y = log x + 1 + x 2 , prove that 1 + x 2
+x
=0
2
dx
dx
2
d2y
dy
5. If y = tan 1 (sinh x ) , prove that
+ tan y = 0
dx 2
dx

3. If y = Ae kt cos(l t + c ) , show that

6.

If x = a(cos t + log tan t 2 ) , y = a sin t , find

d2y
dx 2

d2y
7. Find 2 , when x = a cos 3 , y = b sin 3
dx

d3y
x

8. Find 3 , where y = tan 1

2
dx
1

d2y

9. If x = 2 cos t cos 2t , x = 2 sin t sin 2t , Find 2 x =

2
dx
d2y
dy
10. If xy = e x + be x , prove that x 2 + 2 xy = 0
dx
dx

Ans: sin t

a cos 4 t
b cos ec sec 4
Ans:
3a 2
1 + 2x 2
Ans:
5
1 x2 2

Ans: -3/2

Session -2
1.2 Calculation of nth derivatives of some standard functions

Below, we present a table of nth order derivatives of some standard functions for ready
reference.
Table : 1

NCET Class Notes

Sl.
No

10MAT11

y = f(x)

1
2

e mx
a mx

(ax + b )m

yn =

dny
= Dn y
dx n

m n e mx
n
m n (log a ) a mx

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

1
(ax + b )

5.

m(m 1)(m 2 )....(m n + 1)a n (ax + b )

0 if m < n
(n!) a n if m = n
m!
x m n if m < n
(m n )!

m n

for all m .

( 1) n n ! n
a
( ax + b) n +1
( 1) n ( m + n 1) ! n
a
( m 1) !( ax + b) m+ n

(ax + b )m
6.

log( ax + b)

( 1) n 1 ( n 1) ! n
a
( ax + b) n

7.

sin( ax + b)

a n sin( ax + b + n )
2

8.

cos( ax + b)

a n cos(ax + b + n )
2

9.

e ax sin(bx + c)

r n e ax sin(bx + c + n ) , r = a 2 + b 2

= tan 1 ( b a )

10.

e ax cos(bx + c )

r n e ax cos(bx + c + n ) , r = a 2 + b 2

= tan 1 ( b a )

We proceed to illustrate the proof of some of the above results, as only the above
functions are able to produce a sequential change from one derivative to the other.
Hence, in general we cannot obtain readymade formula for nth derivative of functions
other than the above.

1. Consider e mx . Let y = e mx . Differentiating w.r.t x, we get

y1 = me mx . Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get

y 2 = m me mx = m 2 e mx
Similarly, we get
y3 = m 3 e mx

y4 = m 4 e mx
.

NCET Class Notes

And hence we get
dn
y n = m n e mx n e mx = m n e mx .
dx

10MAT11

[ ]

2. (ax + b )m (See Sl. No-3 of Table-1 )

let y = (ax + b ) Differentiating w.r.t x,
m

y1 = m (ax + b )m 1 a . Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get

y2 = m (m 1) (ax + b )m 2 a 2
Similarly, we get
m 3
y3 = m (m 1) (m 2 ) (ax + b ) a 3
.
And hence we get
mn
y n = m (m 1) (m 2 ) . (m n + 1) (ax + b ) a n for all m.
If m = n (m-positive integer),then the above expression becomes
n n
y n = n (n 1) (n 2) .3.2.1 (ax + b ) a n

Case (i)

i.e. y n = (n!) a n
If m<n,(i.e. if n>m) which means if we further differentiate the above expression,

Case (ii)
the

right hand site yields zero. Thus D n (ax + b )

if (m < n )
m n

.
1

(ax + b )m
Let

]= 0

If m>n, then y n = m(m 1)(m 2)......(m n + 1)(ax + b ) a n becomes

m(m 1)(m 2 )......(m n + 1)(m n )!
=
(ax + b )m n a n
(m n )!
m!
i.e
yn =
(ax + b )m n a n
(m n )!

Case (iii)

3.

(See Sl. No-5 of Table-1 )

y=

(ax + b )

= (ax + b )

Differentiating w.r.t x
m 1
( m +1)
y1 = m(ax + b )
a = ( 1)m(ax + b )
a

y 2 = ( 1)(m ) (m + 1)(ax + b )
a = ( 1) m(m + 1)(ax + b )
3
( m+3 ) 3
y 3 = ( 1) m(m + 1)(m + 2)(ax + b )
a
Similarly, we get
( m +1)1

y 4 = ( 1) m(m + 1)(m + 2 )(m + 3)(ax + b )

a4

n
(m+ n ) n
y n = ( 1) m(m + 1)(m + 2).....(m + n 1)(ax + b )
a
This may be rewritten as
4

(m + 4 )

(m+ 2 )

a2

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

( 1) (m + n 1)(m + n 2).....(m + 1)m(m 1)! (ax + b )(m + n ) a n

(m 1)!
( 1)n (m + n 1)! a n
yn =
or
(m 1)!(ax + b)m+ n
n

yn =

4.

1
(See Sl. No-4 of Table-1 )
(ax + b )
Putting m = 1, in the result

(1) n (m + n 1) ! n
1
Dn
=
a
m
m+n
(ax + b) (m 1) !(ax + b)
1 ( 1) n (1 + n 1) ! n
n
a
we get D
=
1+ n
( ax + b) (1 1) !( ax + b)
1
( 1) n n ! n
or D
a
=
1+ n
( ax + b) ( ax + b)
n

1.2.1. Worked Examples:In each of the following Questions find the nth derivative after reducing them into standard
functions given in the table 1.2.1
1. (a) log(9 x 1)
2

(b) log (4 x + 3)e

5 x+7

(c) log10

(3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 3 x )
( x + 1) 6

Solution: (a) Let y = log(9 x 2 1) = log{(3 x + 1)(3 x 1)}

(Q log( AB ) = log A + log B )
y = log(3 x + 1) + log(3 x 1)
dn
dn
y n = n {log(3 x + 1)} + n {log(3 x 1)}
dx
dx
n 1
( 1) ( n 1) ! n ( 1) n 1 ( n 1) ! n
i.e y n =
(3) +
(3)
(3 x + 1) n
(3 x 1) n

(b) Let y = log ( 4 x + 3)e 5 x +7 = log(4 x + 3) + log e 5 x +7

= log(4 x + 3) + (5 x + 7) log e e
y = log( 4 x + 3) + (5 x + 7)
yn =

( 1) n 1 ( n 1) ! n
( 4) + 0
( 4 x + 3) n

(Q log A B = B log A )

(Q log e e = 1 )
Q D (5 x + 6 ) = 5

D 2 (5 x + 6) = 0
D n (5 x + 1) = 0 ( n > 1)

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11
(3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 3 x )
( x + 1) 6

(c) Let y = log 10

=

1 (3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 3 x)

log e 10
( x + 1) 6

(3 x + 5) 2 ( 2 3 x )
1 1
log

log e 10 2
( x + 1) 6

Q log10 X =

log e X
log e 10

Q log A B = B log A

A
Q log = log A log B
B

1
log(3 x + 5) 2 + log( 2 3 x ) log( x + 1) 6
2 log e 10
1
y=
{2 log(3x + 5) + log(2 3x) 6 log( x + 1)}
2 log e 10
Hence,
=

yn =

(1) n 1 (n 1) ! n (1) n 1 (n 1) !
(1) n 1 (n 1) ! n
1
n
2
.
(
3
)
+
(

3
)

6
.
(1)

2 log e 10
(3x + 5) n
(2 3x) n
( x + 1) n

2. (a) e 2 x + 4 + 6 2 x + 4

(b) cosh 4 x + cosh 2 4 x

1
1
(c) e x sinh 3 x cosh 2 x (d)
+
+ (6 x + 8) 5
( 4 x + 5) (5 x + 4) 4

Solution: (a) Let y = e 2 x + 4 + 6 2 x+ 4

= e 2x e 4 + 62x64
y = e 4 (e 2 x ) + 1296(6 2 x )

dn
dn
hence
y n = e 4 n (e 2 x ) + 1296 n (6 2 x )
dx
dx
4
n 2x
n
= e 2 e + 1296 2 (log 6) n 6 2 x
(b) Let y = cosh 4 x + cosh 2 4 x

hence,

e 4 x + e 4 x e 4 x + e 4 x
+

=
2
2

1 4x
1
= (e + e 4 x ) + {(e 4 x ) 2 + (e 4 x ) 2 + 2(e 4 x )(e 4 x )}
2
4
1 4x
1
y = (e + e 4 x ) + {e 8 x + e 8 x + 2}
2
4
1
1
y n = 4 n e 4 x + ( 4) n e 4 x + 8 n e 8 n + ( 8) n e 8 n + 0
2
4

(c) Let y = e x sinh 3 x cosh 2 x

] [

NCET Class Notes

Hence,

10MAT11

e 3 x e 3 x e 2 x + e 2 x
= ex

2
2

x
e
=
{(e 3x e 3x )(e 2 x + e 2 x )}
4
e x 5x
=
{
e e x + e x e 5 x }
4
1 4x
= {e e 2 x + 1 e 6 x }
4
1
y = {1 + e 4 x e 2 x e 6 x }
4
1
y n = {0 + ( 4) n e 4 x ( 2) n e 2 x ( 6) n e 6 x }
4
1
1
(d) Let y =
+
+ (6 x + 8) 5
4
( 4 x + 5) (5 x + 4)

dn
dn 1 dn
1
5
+ n (6 x + 8)
+ n
4
n
dx (4 x + 5) dx (5 x + 4) dx
( 1) n n !
( 1) n (4 + n 1) !
n
=
( 4) +
(5) n + 0
n +1
4+ n
( 4 x + 5)
(4 1) !(5 x + 4)

Hence, y n =

( 1) n n !
( 1) n (3 + n) ! n
n
i.e y n =
( 4) +
(5)
( 4 x + 5) n +1
3!(5 x + 4) n + 4

Session - 3

1.2.2 Worked examples:x2

1
1
1. (i) 2
(ii)
(iii)
x 6x + 8
1 x x2 + x3
2x 2 + 7 x + 6
1
x+ 2
(iv)
+ 2
x + 1 4 x + 12 x + 9

( a)

(v) tan 1 x

1+ x
(vi) tan 1 x (vii) tan 1

1 x

In all the above problems, we use the method of partial fractions to reduce

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11
them into standard forms.
1
1
Solutions: (i) Let y = 2
. The function can be rewritten as y =
( x 4)( x 2)
x 6x + 8
This is proper fraction containing two distinct linear factors in the denominator.
So, it can be split into partial fractions as
1
A
B
y=
=
+
Where the constant A and B are found
( x 4)( x 2) ( x 4) ( x 2)
as given below.
1
A( x 2) + B ( x 4)
=
( x 4)( x 2)
( x 4)( x 2)
1 = A( x 2) + B ( x 4) -------------(*)

Putting x = 2 in (*), we get the value of B as B = 1

2
Similarly putting x = 4 in(*), we get the value of A as A = 1
1
(1 / 2) ( 1 / 2)
=
+
y=
( x 4)( x 2) x 4
x2
1 dn 1 1 dn 1
yn =

2 dx n x 4 2 dx n x 2

(ii) Let y =

Hence

1 (1) n n !
1 (1) n n !
n
(
1
)

(1) n

n +1
n +1
2 ( x 4)
2 ( x 2)

1
1
1
(1) n n !

n +1
n +1
2
( x 2)
( x 4)

1
1
1
=
=
2
3
2
1 x x + x
(1 x ) x (1 x ) (1 x)(1 x 2 )
1
1
ie y =
=
(1 x )(1 x )(1 + x ) (1 x ) 2 (1 + x )

Though y is a proper fraction, it contains a repeated linear factor (1 x ) 2 in its

denominator. Hence, we write the function as
A
B
C
in terms of partial fractions. The constants A, B, C
y=
+
+
2
(1 x ) (1 x )
1+ x
are found as follows:

NCET Class Notes

y=

10MAT11
1
(1 x) (1 + x)
2

A
B
C
+
+
2
(1 x ) (1 x )
1+ x

ie 1 = A(1 x )(1 + x ) + B (1 + x ) + C (1 x ) 2 -------------(**)

Putting x = 1 in (**), we get B as B = 1
2
Putting x = -1 in (**), we get C as C = 1
4
Putting x = 0 in (**), we get 1 = A + B + C
A = 1 B C = 1 1 1 = 1
2
4
4
1
A=
4
(1 / 4)
(1 / 2)
(1 / 4)
Hence, y =
+
+
2
(1 x) (1 x )
(1 + x )
yn =

1 (1) n n ! n 1 (1) n (2 + n 1) ! n 1 (1) n n ! n

(1) +
(1) +
(1)

2+ n
n +1
4 (1 x) n +1
2 (2 1) !(1 x)
4 (1 + x)

1 (1) n (n + 1) !
1
1
1
(1) n n !
+

+
n +1
4
(1 + x) n +1 2 (1 x)n + 2
(1 x)

x2
(iii) Let y = 2
(VTU July-05)
2x + 7 x + 6
This is an improper function. We make it proper fraction by actual division and
later
spilt that into partial fractions.
1
( 7 x 3)
i.e x 2 ( 2 x 2 + 7 x + 6) = + 2 2
2 2x 7 x + 6
7 x 3
1
2
Resolving this proper fraction into partial fractions, we get
y= +
2 ( 2 x + 3)( x + 2)
1 A
B
y= +
+
. Following the above examples for finding A & B, we
2 ( 2 x + 3) ( x + 2)
get
1 9
( 4)
y= + 2 +
2 2 x + 3 x + 2
(1) n n !

9 (1) n n !
n
(
2
)

4
(1) n
Hence, y n = 0 +

n +1
n +1
2 (2 x + 3)
( x + 2)

9 (2) n

i.e y n = (1) n n ! 2
n +1
n +1
( x + 2)
(2 x + 3)
( x + 2)
x
(iv) Let y =
+ 2
( x + 1) 4 x + 12 x + 9
(i)

(ii)

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11
Here (i) is improper & (ii) is proper function. So, by actual division (i) becomes
x+ 2
1

= 1+
. Hence, y is given by
x +1
x +1

1
1
y = 1+
[Q (2 x + 3) 2 = 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 ]
+
2
x + 1 (2 x + 3)
Resolving the last proper fraction into partial fractions, we get
x
A
B
. Solving we get
=
+
2
( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x + 3) 2
( 2 x + 3)
A = 1 and B = 3
2
2
1
32
1
2
+
y = 1+
+
2
1 + x (2 x + 3) (2 x + 3)
(1) n n ! n 1 (1) n n !
3 (1) n (n + 1) ! n
n
y
=
0
+
(
1
)
+
(
2
)

(2)
n

n
n +1
2
2
(
2
x
3
)
n
2
+
+
(
1
x
)
(
2
x
3
)
+
+

( a)

(v) tan 1 x

( a)

Let y = tan 1 x
y1 =

1
1+ x

( a)

a
1
= 2
2
a x +a

a
y n = D n y = D n 1 ( y1 ) = D n 1 2
2
x +a
a
a
Consider 2
=
2
( x + ai )( x ai )
x +a
A
B
=
+
, on resolving into partial fractions.
( x + ai ) ( x ai )
1
1
2
i
2i , on solving for A & B.
+
=
( x + ai ) ( x ai )
1
1
a

n 1 2 i
n 1
2i
D n 1 2
=
D
+
D

2
x +a
x + ai
x ai
n 1
n 1
1 (1) (n 1) ! 1 (1) (n 1) !
=
+
-----------(*)
n
n
2i ( x + ai)
2i ( x ai )

) ( )

Since above answer containing complex quantity i we rewrite the answer in terms of real
a
quantity, We take transformation x = r cos a = r sin where r = x 2 + a 2 , = tan 1
x
i
x + ai = r (cos + i sin ) = re
x ai = r (cos i sin ) = re i

NCET Class Notes

1
1
e in
1
e in
=
=
,
=
(x ai )n r n e in r n (x + ai )n r n
now(*) is y n =
yn =

( 1)n 1 (n 1)! [e in
2ir

e in

10MAT11

( 1)n 1 (2 i sin n ) ( 1)n1 (n 1)! sin n

2 i rn

rn

(vi) Let y = tan 1 x

.Putting a = 1 in Ex.(v) we get

y n which is same as above with r =

= cot 1 ( x ) or

( x)

x 2 + 1 = tan 1 1

x = cot

1
1
=
= sin n
n
n
r
cos ec
n 1
n
1
n
D (tan x ) = ( 1) (n 1) ! sin sin n where = cot 1 x

r = cot 2 + 1 = cos ec

1+ x
(vii) Let y = tan 1

1 x
put x = tan = tan 1 x
1 + tan
y = tan 1

1 tan

= tan 1 [tan( 4 + )]
=
y=

+ =

Q tan

1 + tan
+ =

1 tan

+ tan 1 ( x )

+ tan 1 ( x )

4
y n = 0 + D n (tan 1 x )
n 1
n 1
1 (1) (n 1) ! 1 (1) (n 1) !
=
+

n
n
2i ( x + ai)
2i ( x ai )

Problem set No. 1.2.1 for practice

Find the nth derivative of the following functions:
x 2 + 4x + 1
6x
x
1.
2.
3.
( x 1)( x 2 4)
( x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 1)
x3 + 2x2 x 2
5.

x3
x 2 3x + 2

2x
6. tan 1
2
1 x

1 + x2 1

7. tan 1

4.

x
4x x 3
2

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

Session 4
1. sin( ax + b) .(See Sl. No-7 of Table-1 )
Let y = sin( ax + b) . Differentiating w.r.t x,

y1 = cos(ax + b).a As sin( X + ) = cos X

2
We can write
y1 = a sin(ax + b + / 2).
Again Differentiating w.r.t x,

y 2 = a cos(ax + b + / 2).a
i.e.

Again using sin( X +

y 2 = a sin(ax + b + / 2 + / 2).a
y 2 = a 2 sin( ax + b + 2 / 2).
Similarly, we get
y 3 = a 3 sin( ax + b + 3 / 2).
y 4 = a 4 sin( ax + b + 4 / 2).

y n = a n sin( ax + b + n / 2).

) = cos X ,we get y 2 as

NCET Class Notes

2. e ax sin (bx + c ). (See Sl. No-9 of Table-1 )

10MAT11

Let y = e ax sin (bx + c ).....(1)

Differentiating using product rule ,we get
y1 = e ax cos(bx + c )b + sin (bx + c ) ae ax

i.e.

ax
y1 = e [a sin (bx + c ) + b cos(bx + c ) ] . For computation of higher order derivatives

it is convenient to express the constants a and b in terms of the constants r and

defined by a = r cos & b = r sin ,so t r = a 2 + b 2 and = tan 1 b .thus,
a
y1 can be rewritten as
y1 = e ax [(r cos ) sin(bx + c ) + (r sin ) cos(bx + c ) ]
or y1 = e ax [r{sin(bx + c ) cos + cos(bx + c ) cos }]
i.e.
y1 = re ax [sin (bx + c + )]...........( 2)
Comparing expressions (1) and (2), we write y 2 as

( )

y 2 = r 2 e ax sin (bx + c + 2 )
y 3 = r 3 e ax sin (bx + c + 3 )
Continuing in this way, we get
y 4 = r 4 e ax sin (bx + c + 4 )
y 5 = r 5 e ax sin (bx + c + 5 )
.
y n = r n e ax sin (bx + c + n )

( a)

D n e ax sin (bx + c ) = r n e ax sin (bx + c + n ), where r = a 2 + b 2 & = tan 1 b

1.2.3

Worked examples
1. (i) sin 2 x + cos 3 x
(ii) sin 3 cos 3 x
(iv) sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x (v) e 3 x cos 2 x

(iii) cos x cos 2 x cos 3x

(vi) e 2 x sin 2 x + cos 3 x

The following formulae are useful in solving some of the above problems.
1 cos 2 x
1 + cos 2 x
(i) sin 2 x =
(ii ) cos 2 x =
2
2
(iii) sin 3 x = 3 sin x 4 sin 3 x

(iv ) cos 3 x = 4 cos 3 x 3 cos x

(v) 2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin ( A B )

(vi) 2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B ) sin( A B )
(vii) 2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A B )
(viii) 2 sin A sin B = cos( A B ) cos( A + B )

1 cos 2 x 1
Solutions: (i) Let y = sin 2 x + cos 3 x =
+ (cos 3 x + 3 cos x )
2

NCET Class Notes

yn =

)] [

1
1
n
n
0 (2 ) cos 2 x + n + (3) cos 3 x + n + 3 cos x + n
2
2
2
2
4
3

sin 3 2 x 1 sin 6 x + 3 sin 2 x

sin 2 x
(ii)Let y = sin 3 x cos 3 x =
=
=

8
8
4
2

1
= [3 sin 2 x sin 6 x ]
32
n
n
1 n

n
yn =
3.2 sin 2 x +
6 sin 6 x +

32
2
2

(iii) )Let y = cos 3x cos x cos 2 x

1
1
= (cos 4 x + cos 2 x ) cos 2 x = cos 4 x cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x
2
2
1 1
1 cos 4 x
= (cos 6 x + cos 2 x ) +

2 2
2

1
cos 2 x 1
= cos 6 x +
+ (1 cos 4 x )
4
4
4
n
n

n
2 n cos 2 x +
4 cos 4 x +

1 n
n
2
2

y n = 6 cos 6 x +

+
4
2
4
4

(iv) )Let y = sin 3 x sin x sn 2 x

1
= [sin (2 x ) sin 4 x ]sin 2 x
2
1
= sin 2 2 x sin 4 x sin 2 x
2
1 1 cos 4 x 1

=
(sin 2 x sin 6 x )
2
2
2

1 cos 4 x 1

=
(sin 2 x sin 6 x )
4
4

yn =

10MAT11

1 n
n
n
n

n
n
4 cos 4 x +
2 sin 2 x +
+ 6 sin 6 x +

4
2
2
2

(v) Let y = e 3 x cos 2 x (Refer Sl.No. 10 of Table 1)

where
y n = re 3 x cos(2 x + n )
2
r = 3 2 + 2 2 = 13 & = tan 1
3
2x
2
3
(vi) Let y = e (sin x + cos x )

)]

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

1 cos 2 x 1
+ [cos 3 x + 3 cos x ]
2
4
2x
1 cos 2 x e
y = e 2 x sin 2 x + cos 3 x = e 2 x
+ 4 [cos 3x + 3 cos x ]
2

1
1
y = e 2 x e 2 x cos 2 x + e 2 x cos 3 x + 3e 2 x cos x
2
4
1 n 2x
1
Hence, y n = 2 e r1n e 2 x cos(2 x + n1 ) + r2n e 2 x cos(3 x + n 2 ) + 3r3n e 2 x cos( x + n 3 )
2
4

We know that sin 2 x + cos 3 x =

] [

] [

where r1 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 8 ; r2 = 2 2 + 3 2 = 13 ; r3 = 2 2 + 12 = 5
2
2

3
2

1
2

1 = tan 1 ; 2 = tan 1 ; 3 = tan 1 ;

Problem set No. 1.2.2 for practice

Find nth derivative of the following functions:
1. (sin 3 x + cos 2 x) 2. sin 2 x cos 3x 3. cos 2 x. sin 3x
5. sin x sin 2 x 6. e 3 x (sin 3 x + cos 2 x) 7. e x cos 2 x cos 4 x
.9. e 3 x cos 3 x (VTU Jan-04)

4. cos x cos 2 x
8. e x sin 2 x cos 2 x

LESSON -2 : Leibnitzs Theorem

Session - 1
Leibnitzs theorem is useful in the calculation of nth derivatives of product of two functions.
Statement of the theorem:
If u and v are functions of x, then
n
D (uv ) = D n uv + n C1 D n 1uDv + n C 2 D n 2 uD 2 v + ....+ n C r D n r uD r v + ...uD n v ,
n(n 1)
n!
d n
where D =
, C1 = n , n C 2 =
,........, n C r =
dx
2
r!(n r )!
Worked Examples
1. If x = sin t , y = sin pt prove that
(1 x 2 )y n+ 2 (2n + 1)xy n+1 + ( p 2 n 2 )y n = 0 (VTU July-05)
Solution: Note that the function y = f (x ) is given in the parametric form with a parameter t.
So, we consider
dy dy dt p cos pt
(p constant)
=
=
dx dx dt
cos t

p 2 cos 2 pt p 2 (1 sin 2 pt ) p 2 (1 y 2 )
dy
or =
=
=
cos 2 t
1 sin 2 t
1 x2
dx

NCET Class Notes

or 1 x 2 y12 = p 2 1 y 2

10MAT11

( )
( ) Differentiating w.r.t. x,
[(1 x )(2 y y ) + y ( 2 x )] p ( 2 yy ) = 0
(1 x )y xy + p y = 0
--------------- (1)
[ 2 y , throughout]

So that 1 x y p 1 y 2
2

2
1

2
1
2

Equation (1) has second order derivative y 2 in it. We differentiate (1), n times, term
wise,
using Leibnitzs theorem as follows.
D n 1 x 2 y 2 xy1 p 2 y = 0

[(

i.e D (1 x ) y 2 D {xy1 } D n p 2 y = 0
n

---------- (2)

(a)
(b)
(c)
Consider the term (a):
D n 1 x 2 y 2 . Taking u = y 2 and v = (1 x 2 ) and applying Leibnitzs theorem we get
D n [uv ] = D n uv + n C1 D n 1uDv + n C 2 D n 2 D 2 v + n C 3 D n 3 uD 3 v + ...

[(

) ]

i.e
D n y 2 (1 x 2 ) = D n ( y 2 ).(1 x 2 ) + n C1 D n 1 ( y 2 ).D (1 x 2 ) + n C 2 D n 2 ( y 2 ) D 2 (1 x 2 ) + n C 3 D n 3 ( y 2 ) D 3 (1 x 2 ) + ...

= y ( n )+ 2 x 2 ) + ny ( n 1)+ 2 .( 2 x ) +

n(n 1)
n( n 1)(n 2)
y ( n 2 )+ 2 .( 2) +
. y ( n 3) + 2 .(0) + ...
2!
3!

D n (1 x 2 )y 2 = (1 x 2 )y n + 2 2nxy n +1 n( n 1) y n

----------- (3)

Consider the term (b):

D n [xy1 ] . Taking u = y1 and v = x and applying Leibnitzs theorem, we get
D n [ y1 ( x)] = D n ( y1 ).( x)+ n C1 D n 1 y1 .D ( x)+ n C 2 D n 2 ( y1 ).D 2 ( x) + ....
n( n 1)
= y ( n ) +1 .x + ny ( n 1) +1 +
y ( n 2 )+ 2 (0) + ....
2!
D n [xy1 ] = xy n +1 + ny n

---------- (4)

Consider the term (c):

--------- (5)
D n ( p 2 y) = p 2 D n ( y) = p 2 yn
Substituting these values (3), (4) and (5) in Eq (2) we get
{(1 x 2 )y n+2 2nxy n+1 n(n 1) y n } {xy n+1 + ny n } + {p 2 y n } = 0
ie (1 x 2 )y n + 2 ( 2n + 1) xy n +1 n 2 y n + ny n ny n + p 2 y n = 0

1 x 2 y n + 2 ( 2n + 1) xy n +1 + p 2 n 2 y n = 0 as desired.

2. If sin 1 y = 2 log( x + 1) or
y = sin[2 log( x + 1)] or y = sin log( x + 1) 2

NCET Class Notes

or y = sin log( x 2 + 2 x + 1) , show that

10MAT11

(x + 1)2 y n+ 2 + (2n + 1)(x + 1) y n+1 + (n 2 + 4)y n

= 0 (VTU Jan-03)
Out of the above four versions, we consider the function as
sin 1 ( y ) = 2 log( x + 1)
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
1
2
2
( y1 ) =
ie ( x + 1) y1 = 2 1 y
2
x +1
1 y
Squaring on both sides
(x + 1)2 y12 = 4(1 y 2 )
Again differentiating w.r.t x,
(x + 1)2 (2 y1 y 2 ) + y12 (2( x + 1) ) = 4(2 yy1 )
or
or

(x + 1)2 y 2 + ( x + 1) y1 = 4 y (2 y1 )
(x + 1)2 y 2 + ( x + 1) y1 + 4 y = 0
-----------*

Differentiating * w.r.t x, n-times, using Leibnitzs theorem,

n(n 1) n 2
n 1
2
D ( y 2 )(2) + D n ( g1 )( x + 1) + nD n1 y1 (1) + 4 D n y = 0
D y 2 ( x + 1) + nD ( y 2 )2( x + 1) +
2!

On simplification, we get
(x + 1)2 y n+ 2 + (2n + 1)(x + 1) y n+1 + n 2 + 4 y n = 0
3. If x = tan(log y ) , then find the value of
(1 + x 2 )y n+1 + (2nx 1)y n + n(n 1) y n1 (VTU July-04)
Consider
x = tan(log y )

i.e. tan 1 x = log y

or y = e tan x
Differentiating w.r.t x,
1
1
y
y1 = e tan x .
=
2
1+ x
1+ x2
ie 1 + x 2 y1 y = 0 -----------*
1 + x 2 y1 = y
We differentiate * n-times using Leibnitzs theorem,

We get

[(

) ]

D n 1 + x 2 y1 D n ( y ) = 0

} {

ie. D ( y1 )(1 + x 2 )+ n C1 D n 1 ( y1 ) D(1 + x 2 )+ n C 2 D n 2 ( y1 ) D 2 (1 + x 2 ) + .... D n y = 0

n

n(n 1)
y n1 (2) + 0 + .... y n = 0
ie y n +1 (1 + x 2 ) + ny n (2 x) +
2!

2
(1 + x )y n+1 + (2nx 1)y n + n(n 1) y n1 = 0

4. If y m + y m = 2 x , or y = x + x 2 1 or y = x x 2 1
Show that (x 2 1)y n + 2 + ( 2n + 1) xy n +1 + (n 2 m 2 )y n = 0 (VTU Feb-02)
1

NCET Class Notes

Consider
y

+ y

(y )
1

10MAT11

= 2x

1
= 2x
1
y m

( ) + 1 = 0 Which is quadratic equation in y

2x y

(2 x) (2 x) 2 4(1)(1) 2 x 4 x 2 4
=
=
2(1)
2
=

1
2x 2 x 2 1
= x x2 1 y m = x x2 1
2

)
(
y = [x + x 1] or
y = [x x 1]
Let us take y = [x + x 1]

1
y = m (x + x 1 ) 1 +
(2 x)
2 x 1
m

y = x x 2 1 . So, we can consider

m

m 1

m 1
x 2 1 + x
y1 = m x + x 2 1

x 2 1

( x 1)y
2

or
or

or

= my . On squaring

(x

1 y = m 2 y 2 . Again differentiating w.r.t x,

(x

1 2 y1 y 2 + y12 (2 x) = m 2 (2 yy1 )

(x

1 y 2 + xy1 = m 2 y (2 y1 )

(x

2
1

1 y 2 + xy1 m 2 y = 0
------------(*)
Differentiating (*) n- times using Leibnitzs theorem and simplifying, we get
(x 2 1)y n+ 2 + (2n + 1) xy n+1 + (n 2 m 2 )y n = 0

Problem set 1.3.1

In each of the following, apply Leibnitzs theorem to get the results.

d n log x (1) n n!
1 1
1
1
=
log x 1 ......... Hint: Take v = log x; u =
n
n +1

2 3
n
x
dx x
x

2
n
2. If y = ( x 1) , Show that y n satisfies the equation
1. show that

d2y
dy
1 x
2 x + n( n + 1) y = 0 Hint : It is required to show that
2
dx
dx
2
(1 x )y n+ 2 2 xy n+1 + n(n + 1)y n = 0
3. If y = a cos(log x) + b sin(log x ),

NCET Class Notes

x 2 y n + 2 + (2n + 1)xy n +1 + (n 2 + 1)y n = 0

10MAT11

4. If y = e m sin x , Prove That

(1 x 2 )y n+2 (2n + 1)xy n+1 (n 2 + m 2 )y n = 0
n

y
x
5. If cos 1 = log , Show that
b
n
2
x y n + 2 + (2n + 1)xy n +1 + 2n 2 y n = 0

6. y = sin m sin 1 x , Pr ove That

(1 x 2 )y n+2 (2n + 1)xy n+1 (n 2 + m 2 )y n = 0
7. If y n = D n (x n log x ), Prove That

1 1
1

(i) y n = ny n 1 + (n 1)! (ii) y n = n! log x + 1 + + + ......... +

2 3
n

n!
8. If y = x n log x, Show that y n +1 =
x
Summary:- The idea of successive differentiation was presented. The computation of nth
derivatives of a few standard functions and relevant problems were discussed. Also, the
concept of successive differention was extended for special type of functions using
Liebnitzs theorem.

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

Chapter 2 : POLAR CURVES

LESSON -1 : Angle between Polar Curves
In this chapter we introduce a new coordinate system, where we can understand the idea
of polar curves and their properties.

Session-1

2.1.0 Introduction:- We are familiar with Cartesian coordinate system for specifying a point
in the xy plane. Another useful system for similar purpose is Polar coordinate system, and the
curves specified by these coordinates are referred to as polar curves.

A polar curve by name three-leaved rose is displayed below:

3
4

=0

3
2

Any point P can be located on a plane with co-ordinates (r , )

P(r, )
called polar co-ordinates of P where r = radius vector
OP,(with pole O) ; = projection of OP on the
r
initial axis OA.(See Fig.1)

O
The equation r = f ( ) is known as a polar curve.
r = f()
Polar coordinates (r , ) can be related with Cartesian
coordinates ( x, y ) through the relations
Fig.1. Polar coordinate
x = r cos & y = r sin .
system

2.1.1 Important results

T

P(r, )

NCET Class Notes

Theorem 1: Angle between the radius vector and the tangent.:

i.e. With usual notation prove that tan = r

(
(

d
dr

Proof:- Let be the angle between the radius vector OPL

and the tangent TPT 1 at the point `P` on the polar
curve r = f ( ) . (See fig.2)
From Fig.2,
Fig.2. Angle between radius
vector and the tangent
= +
tan + tan
tan = tan ( + ) =
1 tan tan
dy
tan + tan
i.e.
=
................. (1)
dx 1 tan tan
On the other hand, we have x = r cos ; y = r sin differentiating these, w.r.t ,
dy
dx
dr
dr
= r ( sin ) + cos
= r (cos ) + sin
&
//NOTE//
d
d
d
d
dr
dy
r (cos ) + sin

dy
d
dr

d
=
=
dividing the Nr & Dr by
cos
dx dx
d
dr
d r ( sin ) + cos

d
r d
+ tan
dy
dr
=
dx (rd dr ) tan + 1
d
dy tan + r dr
.(2)
i.e.
=
dx 1 tan rd
dr
Comparing equations (1) and (2)
we get tan = r d
dr
1 dr
Note that cot =

r d
A Note on Angle of intersection of two polar curves:If 1 and 2 are the angles between the common radius vector and the tangents
at the point of intersection of two curves r = f1 ( ) and r = f 2 ( ) then the
angle intersection of the curves is given by 1 2

10MAT11

)
)

Theorem 2: The length p of perpendicular from pole to the tangent in a polar

curve i.e.
1
1
1 dr 2
= 2 = 4
(i) p = r sin
or (ii)

2
p
r
r d
Proof:- In the Fig.3, note that ON = p, the length of the perpendicular from the pole to

NCET Class Notes

the tangent at p on r = f ( ) .from the right angled triangle OPN,
ON
sin =
ON = (OP ) sin
OP

10MAT11

i.e. p = r sin .......... ....(i )

1
1
1
Consider =
= cos ec
p r sin r
1
1
1
2 = 2 cos ec 2 = 2 (1 + cot 2 )
p
r
r

P(r, )

r = f ()

P
N
Fig.3 Length of the perpendicular
from the pole to the tangent

2
1
1 1 dr
=
1
+


p 2 r 2 r d

1
1
1 dr
2 = 2 + 4 ............(ii )
p
r
r d
2

1
1
du
Note:-If u = , we get 2 = u 2 +

r
p
d
Session-2
In this session, we solve few problems on angle of intersection of polar curves and pedal
equations.
2.1.2 Worked examples: Find the acute angle between the following polar curves
1. r = a (1 + cos ) and
r = b(1 cos )
(VTU-July-2003)
2 r = (sin + cos ) and r = 2 sin
(VTU-July-2004)

( 2 ) and r = 25 cos ec ( 2 )

3.

r = 16 sec 2

4.

r = a log and r = a

5. r =

log

(VTU-July-2005)

a
a
and r =
1+
1+ 2

Solutions:
1. Consider
r = a (1 + cos )
Diff w.r.t

Consider
r = b(1 cos )
Diff w.r.t

NCET Class Notes

dr
= a sin
d
d a (1 + cos )
=
r
a sin
dr
2 cos 2
2
tan 1 =

2 sin
cos
2
2

10MAT11
dr
= b sin
d
d b(1 cos )
=
r
dr
b sin
2 sin 2
2
tan 1 =

2 sin
cos
2
2

( )
( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( )

= cot

= tan

i.e tan 1 = tan

+ 1 = +
2
2
2
2
Angle between the curves

2
tan 1 = tan

1 = 2

1 2 = 2 + 2 2 = 2
Hence ,the given curves intersect orthogonally

2. Consider
r = (sin + cos )
Diff w.r.t
dr
= cos sin
d
d sin + cos
r
=
dr cos sin
tan + 1
( Nr & Dr cos )
tan 1 =
1 tan
tan + 1
i.e tan 1 =
= tan +
4
1 tan
1 = +
4

Consider
r = 2 sin
Diff w.r.t
dr
= 2 cos
d
d 2 sin
r
=
dr 2 cos

tan 2 = tan

2 =

Angle between the curves = 1 2 =

3.

Consider

( 2)

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
16 sec ( )
d
2
r
=
dr 16 sec ( )tan ( )
2
2
tan = cot = tan ( )
2
2
2
2

( 2)

r = 25 cos ec 2

Diff w.r.t
dr
= 32 sec 2 tan . 1
2
2 2
d
= 16 sec tan
2
2
2

+ =

Consider

r = 16 sec
2

Diff w.r.t
dr
= 50 cos ec 2 cot . 1
2
2 2
d
= 25 cos ec 2 cot
2
2

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
25 cos ec ( )
d
2
r
=
dr 25 cos ec ( )cot ( )
2
2
tan = tan = tan ( )
2
2
2

NCET Class Notes

1 =

10MAT11

Angle of intersection of the curves = 1 2 =

=
4.

2 =

) ( 2 )

Consider

Consider
r= a
log
Diff w.r.t
dr
2
= a (log ) . 1

d
2
d
(log )
r
= a

log
dr
a

r = a log

Diff w.r.t
dr a
=

d
d
r
= a log
a
dr

( )

tan 1 = log ..........(i)

We know that
tan 1 tan 2
tan (1 2 ) =
1 + tan 1 tan 2

tan 2 = log ..........(ii )

log ( log )
1 + ( log )( log )
2 log
............(iii )
i.e tan (1 2 ) =
2
1 ( log )
2
(log ) = 1 or log = 1
From the data: a log = r = a
log
As is acute, we take by =1 = e NOTE
Substituting = e in (iii), we get
=

tan (1 2 ) =

2e log e
1 (e log e )

2e
=
2
1 e

(Q log

e
e

= 1)

2e
1 2 = tan 1
2
1 e

5. Consider

Consider

a
as
1+
1 1+ 1 1
=
=
+1
r
a
a
Diff w.r.t
1 dr 1 1
2
=
2
r d a

r=

r=

a
1+ 2

1+ 2 = a

Diff w.r.t
2 = a

dr
r d
2

NCET Class Notes

1 dr
r
=
r d a 2
d a 2
r
=
dr
r
tan 1 =

10MAT11
2r 1 dr
=
a
r d
d a
i.e r
=
dr 2 r

a 2
a

(1 + )

tan 1 = (1 + )

1+ 2

tan 2 =

a
2

tan 2 =

1
(
1+ 2 )
2

Now, we have
a
a
=r=
a (1 + 2 ) = a (1 + )
2
1+
1+
or + 3 = 1 + 3 = 1 or = 1
tan 1 = 2 & tan 2 = ( 1)
Consider tan (1 2 ) =
=

tan 1 tan 2
1 + (tan 1 )(tan 2 )

2 ( 1)
= 3 = 3
1 + (2 )( 1)

1 2 = tan 1 (3)
Problem Set No. 2.1.1 for practice.
Find the acute angle between the curves
1. r n = a n (cos n + sin n ) and r n = a n sin n
2. r n cos n = a n and r n sin n = b n
3. r = a and r = a

4. r = a cos and r = a

2
5. r = a cos m and r m = b m sin m
m

(ans: )
4
(ans: )
2
(ans: )
2
(ans:5 )
6
(ans: )
2

LESSON -2 : Pedal Equations

Session - 1

2.2.0 Pedal equations (p-r equations):- Any equation containing only p & r is
known as pedal equation of a polar curve.

Working rules to find pedal equations:(i) Eliminate r and from the Eqs.: (i) r = f ( ) & p = r sin

1
1
1 dr
(ii) Eliminate only from the Eqs.: (i) r = f ( ) & 2 = 2 + 4

p
r
r d
2.2.1 Worked Examples on pedal equations:-

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

Find the pedal equations for the polar curves:2a

1.
= 1 cos
r
2. r = e c cot
3. r m = a m sin m + b m cos m (VTU-Jan-2005)
4. l = 1 + e cos
r
Solutions:
2a
1. Consider
= 1 cos .(i)
r
Diff. w.r.t
dr
2a 1 2
= sin
r d
1 dr r sin
=
r d
2a
d
2a 1
r
=
dr
r sin
2 sin 2
(1 cos )
2
tan =
=
= tan
2

sin
2 sin
cos
2
2
tan = tan =
2
2
Using the value of is p = r sin , we get
p = r sin = r sin .............(ii )
2
2
Eliminating between (i) and (ii)
r 2 2a
2
2
2
2 1 cos
p = r sin
=r
= [See eg: - (i)]
2
2

2 r
2
p = ar.
This eqn. is only in terms of p and r and hence it is the pedal equation of the polar curve.
2. Consider r = e cot
Diff. w.r.t
dr
= e cot (cot ) = r cot (Q r = e cot )
d
We use the equation

( )

( )

1
1 1 dr
= 2 + 4
2
p
r
r d
1
1
2
= 2 + 4 (r cot )
r
r
1 1
1
1
= 2 + 4 (cot 2 ) = 2 (1 + cot 2 ) = 2 cos ec 2
r
r
r
r
1
1
= 2 cos ec 2
2
p
r

NCET Class Notes

2
p2 = r
cosec 2

10MAT11
or r 2 = p 2 cosec 2 is the required pedal equation

3.Consider r = a sin m + b cos m

Diff. w.r.t
dr
mr m 1
= a m (m cos m ) + b m ( m sin m )
d
r m dr
= a m cos m b m sin m
r d
1 dr
a m cos m b m sin m
= m
r d
a sin m + b m cos m
m

a m cos m b m sin m
a m sin m + b m cos m
1 1
Consider p = r sin , = cos ec
p r
1
1
= 2 cos ec 2
2
p
r
1
= 2 (1 + cot 2 )
r
2
1 a m cos m b m sin m

= 2 1 + m
r a sin m + b m cos m

2
1 a m sin m + b m cos m + a m cos m b m sin m
= 2
2
m
m
r
+
a
sin
m

b
cos
m

cot =

) (

)
2

1
1 a 2m + b 2m
=

Note
p 2 r 2 r 2m
r 2 ( m +1 )
2
p = 2m
is the required p-r equation
a + b2 m
4. Consider l

= (1 + cos )

Diff w.r.t
dr
1 dr

l 2
= e sin l r 1 r
= e sin
d
r d

l (cot ) = e sin
r
cot = r e sin
l
1
1
We have 2 = 2 (1 + cot 2 ) (see eg: 3 above)
p
r

( )

Now

NCET Class Notes

10MAT11

1
1 l 2 + e 2 r 2 sin 2
=

p 2 r 2
l2

2
2
1
= 2 1 + e r 2 sin 2
l
r

1 + e cos = l

e cos =

2
l r 2
2 2
l + e r 1

re
1
1
=

p2 r2
l2

lr
r

l r
cos =

re
sin 2 = 1 cos 2

1 e2 1 2
On simplification 2 = 2 +
p
e lr

Problem Set No. 2.2.1 for practice.

Find the pedal equations of the following polar curves

1. r n cos n = a n and r n sin n = b n
2. r = a and r = a

3. r = a cos and r = a

2
4 . r = a cos m and r m = b m sin m
m

l r
= 1

re