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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF CUK CONVERTER-BASED MPPT SYSTEM
WITH VARIOUS CONTROL METHODS
4.1
INTRODUCTION
The main objective of this research work is to implement and
compare four control methods, i.e., PWM with periodic carrier, Zero voltage
switching, Zero Current switching, chaotic PWM with chaotic carrier in
terms of their performance in suppressing ripples, reducing peaky
electromagnetic inference and increasing converter conversion efficiency in
MPPT circuits of the solar PV powered Cuk converter system.
This research work proposed to design chaotic PWM-based MPP
tracking using Cuk converter in order to improve electromagnetic
compatibility, converter conversion efficiency and this method is compared
with soft switching Cuk converter based MPP tracking. Due to continuous
power spectrum feature in chaotic PWM, the power density peak in output
voltage and hence the electromagnetic inference is reduced to great extent.
The proposed MPP tracking is achieved by connecting a chaotic PWM based
Cuk converter between a solar panel and a load (Rheostat).
4.2
which is less than or greater than the input voltage. It works based on the
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capacitor energy transfer. It has low switching losses and highest efficiency
among all non-isolated DC-DC converters. It exhibits non-pulsating input
current characteristic due to the inductor in the input stage. Also Cuk
converter is capable of sweeping the V-I curve of solar PV module in CCM
from open circuit voltage to short circuit current condition and hence Cuk
converter is a suitable converter to be employed in designing the MPPT
circuits. Cuk converter is used as the power stage interface between PV
module and the load. Cuk converter has two modes of operation. First mode
of operation is when the switch (MOSFET) is closed (ON) and it is
conducting as a short circuit. In this mode, the current through inductor L1
rises. At the same time, the voltage of capacitor C1 reverse biases diode D and
turns it off. The capacitor (C1) releases its stored energy to the load
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The converter that connects to the solar panel and load is a ZVSCuk shown in Figure 4.5. By connecting ZVS-PWM Cuk converter between
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solar PV module and load, the APAO MPPT algorithm has been
implemented. The ZVS is facilitated in order to reduce the EMI during
switching transitions, high efficiency with high voltage inputs, no power loss
due to the discharge of output capacitance of MOSFET, zero power lossless
switching transition. To track maximum power from PV module, the duty
cycle of the main switch is adjusted by using ATMEGA16 micro-controller
such that the input resistance of the ZVS-PWM Cuk converter is equal to the
output resistance of the solar PV module.
The output power of solar module is equal to the input power of the
converter which ensures maximum power transfer. To compare the adaptive
MPPT algorithm with a traditional PAO method, the same converter is being
used. The switching frequency of the converter is 25 kHz.
The Active-Clamp ZVS-PWM Cuk converter is shown in
Figure 4.5 featuring PWM, and soft switching (ZVS) in all three active
switches, resulting in high efficiency at high-frequency operation without
significant increase in voltage and current stresses on switches. It consists of
an input inductor Li, power switch S1, S2, S3, energy transfer capacitor Ca,
output inductor Lo, filter capacitor Co and resonant capacitors Cr and resonant
inductor Lr. The ZVS-Cuk converter will not have any switching losses across
all three power devices. The function of this converter is to transfer electrical
energy from the input voltage supply Vs to the output load Ro at a voltage
level that can be higher or lower than the input supply through the energy
transfer capacitor. As in any power application, high efficiency is essential
and, hence, the increasing of frequency can be problematic because of the
direct dependence of switching losses on frequency.
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(a)
(b)
(C)
(e)
(d)
(f )
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Figure 4.7
Due to the capacitance Cr, S1, S2 and S3 are turned off with no
losses, in an ZVS way. However, S1, S2 and S3 will turn on with no losses,
only if there is enough energy stored in Lr to achieve soft commutation. At,
t = t1, it is necessary to charge C r from V0 +Vs to V0+Vs+Vc. At t = t3, it is
necessary to discharge Cr from V0+Vs+Vc to zero. The latter is very tedious
because it needs more energy. Thus, if enough energy is guaranteed to
achieve soft commutation for S1, then S2 and S3 will also achieve soft
commutation. From the energy relationship in Lr and Cr, at t = t3, we have
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Lr.(Is+Io)2
T= fs / fo and
Cr .(Vc+Vo+Vs)2
(4.1)
= 1 / (LrCr)
(4.2)
(4.3)
(4.4)
*(
(4.5)
The output voltages for various values of duty cycle are shown in
Figure 4.8. The input voltage is 16.4 V, swithing frequency (f s) =25kHz,
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(4.6)
where L =Li // Lo, f -switching frequency, D- is the duty cycle of the main
switch S1. Under discontinuous inductor current mode of operation, the
voltage across Ca is given by Vca = Vs + Vo. Where the Vs is the converter
input voltage and Vo is the converter output voltage. The maximum voltage
stress on the main switch S1,VS1stress, occurs in the time interval from t o to t4
when S1 is off and S3 is on. Maximum voltage stress on S3, s3stress occurs in
the interval t4 to t6when S1 is on and S3 is off.
VS1stres= Vs3stress =Vca = Vs+Vo
(4.7)
37watts
25kHz
8V
16.4V
500e-6H
5e-6H
50e-9 F
220e-6 F
20e-6 F
220e-6 F
0.5
2
1e-7
IRF510
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4.4
ZCS-CUK CONVERTER
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Output diode D
remains on. The IGBT current, is1, rises linearly and the current through Lr,
will decrease linearly at the same rate. The voltage across Cr is equal to input
voltage of the converter. This mode ends at time t1, when the switch current,
is1,, is equal to is. The equivalent circuit for mode 1 is shown in Figure 4.11.
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The voltage and current across the IGBT is shown in Figure 4.16.
Figure 4.16 Voltage and current waveforms across IGBT under ZCS
Table 4.2 shows the designed values for ZCS-Cuk converter-based
MPP tracking. The power rating is 37 W. The duty cycle is around 20 %. The
operating frequency is 25 kHz.
Table 4.2 Specifications of ZCS-Cuk converter
Maximum power
37watts
Switching frequency
25kHz
Input voltage
16.4V
Main inductor L1
500e-6H
Resonant inductor Lr
5e-6H
Resonant capacitor Cr
2.2e-6F
Capacitor Ca
220e-6F
0.5
Load resistance
Step size
1e-7
IGBT
G15N60
Diode
BY129
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4.5
traditional PWM. Thus, the spectrum has biggish peaks close to the carrier
frequency or its multiples. This makes the Cuk converter difficult to satisfy
the international standards of Electro Magnetic compatibility (EMC).
Conventionally, filters are used to reduce EMI of Cuk converter-based MPPT
system. Moreover, each filter can only restrain EMI in a certain frequency
band. The existence of a number of biggish peaks of the spectrum with
traditional PWM makes it difficult to design filters for the Cuk converter.
It is desirable for DC-DC Cuk converter used in MPPT system to
eliminate EMI without using filters.
influenced by the carrier and the chaotic behavior of DC-DC Cuk converter
can be used to reduce EMI. So, chaotic frequency or chaotic amplitude can be
used to distribute the harmonics continuously and evenly over a wide
frequency range. Although the total energy is not changed, the peaks of the
harmonics are reduced, thereby restraining the EMI.
Chaotic phenomena are useful in suppressing electromagnetic
interference by adjusting the parameters of the Cuk converter and making it
operate in chaos, a chaos-based pulse width modulation is proposed to
distribute the harmonics of the DC-DC converters continuously and evenly
over a wide frequency range, thereby reducing the EMI. The output waves
and spectral properties of the EMI are simulated and analyzed.
In order to improve the electromagnetic compatibility of solar PVpowered system, direct control chaotic pulse width modulated Cuk converter
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as
shown in Figure 4.17 is proposed to track maximum power from the solar
PV module.
Therefore, in order to get chaotic frequency f or chaotic amplitude
A , chaotic PWM, as shown in Figure 4.17, is proposed and analyzed. The
analogue chaotic PWM has its advantages over the digital one in its low cost
and easy design, making it suitable for high-frequency operation.
( )
*T
(4.8)
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|Xi|
N
(4.9)
changes according to
= {1+ k
( )
}A
(4.10)
SIMULATION RESULTS
The closed loop diagram was simulated in MATLAB /Simulink
which is given in Figure 4.22 that includes a PV module electric circuit subsystem (MATLAB model), a DC-DC converter and an adaptive PAO
algorithm. Four different control methods, i.e., traditional PWM with periodic
carrier, ZVS-soft switching, ZCS-soft switching and PWM with chaotic
carrier are simulated and compared in terms of their performance in suppressing
ripples, reducing EMI and increasing converter conversion efficiency.
The soft-switching ZVS-PWM active clamp Cuk converter has
been simulated with the solar PV module rating of 37Wp in MATLAB/
Simulink as shown in Figure 4.22. The maximum power tracking efficiency at
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the input of the converter from the solar PV module is 98.9%. The ZVS-PWM
converter conversion (output power to the input power) efficiency is 91.3%.
PV module is modeled based on the electrical Equations (2.1) and
(2.2) to provide voltage and current to the Cuk converter and the microcontroller simultaneously. Using the adaptive PAO algorithm, the duty cycle
is adjusted. High perturbation is selected when the operating point is far away
from MPP and low perturbation is selected when the operating point is closer
to MPP. When the obtained tracked power is equal or nearby actual
maximum, the variation in the duty cycle is minimum in such a way that the
memory increment value is selected.
Using APAO algorithm, the output is obtained in terms of pulses as
shown in Figure 4.18. The method of generation of 3 pulses which can be
given to the switches of a ZVS-Cuk converter.
circuit model shown in Figure 4.19. The generated chaotic carrier and chaotic
PWM are shown in Figures 4.20 and 4.21.
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Figure 4.23 Change in duty cycle for various irradiation levels for ZVS
Cuk converter-based tracking
Figure 4.24 Change in power for various irradiation levels for ZVS-Cuk
converter-based tracking
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Figure 4.25 Voltage and current waveform across main switch S of ZVSCuk converter
Similarly, the ZCS-Cuk converter is used to track maximum power
from the solar PV module which is shown in Figure 4.26.
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Figure 4.27 Change in duty cycle for various irradiation levels in ZCSCuk coneverter- based tracking
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Figure 4.29 Voltage and current waveform across main switch S of ZCSCuk converter
Chaotic PWM-Cuk converter shown in Figure 4.30 is used to track
maximum power from the solar PV module. The chaotic PWM shown in
Figure 4.19 is used to trigger the main switch of the Cuk converter.
The initial irradiation is set as 1000 W/m2. After tracking of
maximum power at 0.1sec, the irradiation (G) is suddenly changed to
500W/m2. The percentage duty cycle of the main switch S is 26%. The
tracked solar PV power using chaotic PWM-Cuk converter is shown in
Figure 4.31. The voltage across and current through the main switch of
CPWM-Cuk converter is shown in Figure 4.32.
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Figure 4.31 Change in power for various irradiation levels in CPWMCuk converter-based tracking
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Figure 4.32 Voltage across and current through main switch of CPWM
Cuk converter
The maximum power tracking efficiency is 99.3% without
considering the efficiency of solar PV module and converter. The converter
conversion efficiency is improved to 93.1% when chaotic PWM Cuk
converter is used for MPPT purposes.
4.7
CONCLUSION
Cuk converter-based tracking with conventional PWM, and zero
voltage switching for all the three switches, zero current switching and
chaotic PWM were proposed to overcome the limitations of the conventional
Cuk converter-based MPPT. The zero voltage switching reduces the EMI
during switching transitions. The converter conversion efficiency is improved
to 93.1% when chaotic PWM Cuk converter is used to track maximum power
from solar PV module.