SPKogalniceanu

Human Remains from the
Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic

Period in Southern Romania.
An Update on the Discoveries
Archaeologia Bulgarica
XVI, 3 (2012), 1-46
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Abstract
The main purpose of this material was to update older synthesis and to
lay the ground for new angles of viewing the human remains.
We first defined the categories in which we considered to divide
the discoveries. We used the spatial factor as defining trait, putting
thus the accent on the larger (spatial) context of burials and other human remains rather than on features that are specific to burials by
themselves (such as treatment of the body, grave goods, etc.). We catalogued and mapped 75 sites from Southern Romania where human
remains were discovered, and in the end we present an overview of
the data, and highlight some of the major constants and changes in
the disposal of a dead body that occurred in the interval between the
Mesolithic and the Chalcolithic periods.
The number of finds per period, per area or per culture is too heterogeneous to draw any final conclusions. We could notice how regional or personal interest led to different quantity and quality of the
published data. The synthesis of the information could, none the less,
lead to some observations regarding possible patterns in the spatial
relationship between the living and the dead. The deceased seemed
to have played an important role in the communities, their presence
close to the living being a permanent marker even when and where
cemeteries were used for the burials.
Keywords: Synthesis, human remains, patterns, Mesolithic, Neolithic,
Chalcholithic, Southern Romania
Introduction
This article is the first of a series that will be produced within a project
that tries to analyze the spatial relationship between the living and the
dead. In order to perform the spatial analysis, an overview of the material under study is needed. Last review of this type was published
almost 40 years ago (Coma 1974b), and an update was felt necessary
as many discoveries were made during this interval. The main purpose
of this paper is to be, first of all, an updated tool for the scholars that
focus their research on the study of funerary behavior. As it will be
seen, a large number of discoveries are still published with little data
regarding the relationship between human remains and other com-
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plexes in their immediate vicinity, the focus being placed mostly on

the graves or human remains and not on the interaction between them
and other structures.
The geographic area that will be considered here is Southern
Romania, between the Carpathian Mountains, the Danube and the
Black Sea. The catalogued discoveries date from the Mesolithic period
(Schela Cladovei culture) to the Chalcolithic (Gumelnia and Slcua
cultures)1, covering thus a large period of time marked by several major changes in the evolution of civilisations.
The typology according to which the discoveries will be classified
has at its base the spatial factor, the location of human remains with
respect to the realm of the living (the settlement, the house). The categories go from the disarticulated and then articulated human remains
inside the living area to the use of cemeteries located outside the settlements.
In the end of this material we will try to have an overview of the
spatial relationship between the living and the dead, and we will try
to see what remained constant and what changed as time passed, as
civilisations evolved and modified many other aspects of their material culture.
Types of discoveries
During the analyzed period and in the targeted area, there have been
identified so far several types of discoveries involving human osteological remains. These range from disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed
human remains to cemeteries. We have decided to operate with the following terms, which combine both ritual and spatial connotations:
a) Disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human remains in the
settlement area ()
Disarticulated human bones were found both in settlement area
and in cemeteries. When they are found in cemetery areas, their presence can be mostly explained through the involuntary actions of past
and present humans and scavengers. Instead, when they are found
in settlement areas, their presence cannot be so easily explained.
According to the context of their discovery and to the body part to
which it belonged, possible interpretations were issued.
b) Articulated bodies inside the settlement area ()
Although, apparently, we all know what a grave is and when to use
this term in everyday life, when it comes to archaeological features
it is not always that simple. Not every human bone makes a grave.
Not every articulated skeleton makes a grave. Three characteristics
are specific for a grave: a structure built intentionally for hosting a
body, the character of the deposition must be intentional and finally,
yet importantly, a positive connotation regarding the deceased should
be detected and proved (which would mean the exclusion of possible
sacrifices) (Duday 2005, 121-123). This is the reason why we cannot
consider any articulated body found inside a settlement as grave. A
distinction should be made between graves, sacrifices and accidents.
Unfortunately, the published information is not always helpful when
trying to make these distinctions.
In just a few words, we can suppose an accident when the skeleton
is found among the debris of a burned house. Sacrifice can be considered as possible interpretation when the remains are found in found
1
The Romanian periodization system
is used in this article.
Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...
in one of the following contexts: below house floor, with no visible

sign of floor penetration for the burial, below, near the hearth, in pits
that could be interpreted (due to their content, other than the human
bones) as cultic pits, etc. Sacrifice can also be considered a possibility if
the bones bear traces of cut marks. As in any of the above possible situations it is difficult to actually demonstrate a case of accident and even
more difficult to prove that a sacrifice was involved, we chose not to
make this type of differentiation in the catalogue of discoveries, and to
mention only if one of these possible interpretations were considered
by the authors of the discoveries.
c) Isolated graves ()
The situation of these graves is somehow confusing. It takes at
least one more person, besides the deceased, to have a burial done.
There are several scenarios that could lead to the existence of an
isolated grave:
- The buried individual could have died far from his/her community and buried where the death occurred or close by. This implies
the existence of at least one other person to perform the burial. In the
cases where the grave contains grave goods such as pottery, the above
hypothesis is difficult to consider.
- The grave is part of a cemetery. In the cases where additional excavations were made in the area surrounding the grave without any result, the grave might be a peripheral one to the main nucleus of graves.
- The grave is indeed isolated from the settlement and from the
cemetery due to some reasons related to the cult (including the bad
death, but not exclusively). Again, if the grave contains usual grave
goods, the above hypothesis is difficult to consider, as exclusion is usually applied not only to the place of burial, but also to other elements
related to the burial process.
In spite of this logic, we kept the category of isolated grave, as
there was no other way to denominate this category of findings.
d) Cemeteries ()
The characteristics of a funerary area that would allow us to call it
cemetery are the following: 1. It is a special place, used exclusively for
the disposal of the dead during a given period (Sprague 2005, 164)
the exclusivity of site use should be considered only for the period the
site is in use as a burial ground; 2. It contains deceased, buried over
a more or less long period of time, and is a theatre of commemorative cults (Bertoldi 1997, 31; Duday 2005, 17) the number of burials
should be larger than a nuclear family (King 1970, 17 cited by Sprague
2005, 164); 3. The burials must be contiguous and patterned (Sprague
2005, 163); 4. There should be some kind of spatial delimitation between the world of the living and the one of the dead (natural or artificial) (Duday 2005, 17). In other words, the four practical criteria
[of a cemetery] are number of burials, contiguity, compulsoriness, and
exclusivity of site use (Pardoe 1988, 1 cited by Sprague 2005, 163).
We preferred to use the term cemetery instead of that of necropolis, due to the etymology of these two terms. While cemetery
( = dormitory) is more neutral, the term necropolis
( = corpse + = city, which means city of the dead) indicates that it should be used only in the case of large, well-structured
cemeteries (Kipfer 2000, 384).
Another term used mainly for groupings of Mesolithic burials is
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formal disposal area. It indicates that the burials are intentional and
grouped, but leaves undetermined the spatial relationship of these
groupings of graves with the inhabited space (Radovanovi 1996, 160).
As our purpose is to analyze, in the end, exactly this type of relationship, we preferred not to use this term, and to circumscribe the graves
spatially as well as the published data allowed it.
e) Uncertain ()
When the degree of articulation of a body or the location of a
grave (or both) was not known or not very clear, we used the term
uncertain to categorize the context, and gave its description for a
better understanding.
When the information was sufficient, we re-attributed a discovery
first labeled as grave inside the settlement or isolated grave to one
of the other categories.
Catalogue of discoveries
To serve the purpose of this review, the catalogue is ordered alphabetically, while the distribution maps are presented according to different
criteria (cultural affiliation, type of discovery).
1. Location: Aldeni (com. Cernteti, Buzu County) Dealul
Balaurului / Gurgiul Balaurului
Discovery type: disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human
remains in the settlement area
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (Stoicani-Aldeni aspect)
Description: a child mandible in the archaeological layer
Observations: the child had a benign tumor of the soft tissues of
the mandible; no other data regarding the context of discovery
Bibliography: Coma 1960a, 6; 1960b, 91; 1974b, 144.
2. Location: Almjel(u) (com. Vldaia, Mehedini County)
Valea Seac
Discovery type: isolated grave
Cultural manifestation: Vina Dudeti
Description: burial of a child wearing a Spondylus bracelet
Observations: for the same location a Vina settlement is also known
(National Archaeological Repertory RAN database 113947.02), but
there is no clear mention as to the spatial relationship between the settlement and the grave
Bibliography: Coma 1993, 154.
3. Location: Aluniu (formerly named Filipescu, com.
Mgurele, Ilfov County) Movila Filipescu / Broscrie
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (A1 phase)
Description: the human remains were found in the defense ditch
# I; the bones were found mixed up with burned wattle and daub, pottery fragments; they do not form group of bones
Observations: Bibliography: Roman 1962, 263, 267.
4. Location: Bile Herculane (Cara-severin County) Petera
Hoilor / Thieves Cave
Cultural manifestation: Slcua (IV phase)
Description: a human skull without mandible, a human sacrum,

a fragment of Bos humerus and a small bowl were found in the right
chamber of caves main corridor; they were found in a small space enclosed by the walls of the chamber; the sacrum was found beneath the
skull; the skull faced south; the bones belonged to a female, 25-30 years
old; marks of violence on the skull, the extensive detachment of the
skull base; the human bones have been brought there already dried up
Observations: the cave was also inhabited by the Slcua communities
Bibliography: Nicolescu-Plopor / Wolski 1974; Roman 2010.
5. Location: Blneti (com. Cozieni, jud. Buzu) Muchea
Mare
Description: a skull sprinkled with red ochre, placed under the
fragments of a vessel also sprinkled with ochre
Observations: the skull was found near a house
Bibliography: Dumitrescu 1944, 49; Coma 1960a, 6; 1974b, 144.
6. Loction: Borduani (com. Borduani, Ialomia County)
Popina
Discovery type: a) articulated bodies inside the settlement area; b)
disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human remains in the settlement area
Description: a) 6 graves (?): G11 male, 15 years; G14 child, 1.5
years, flexed on the left side, oriented towards ENE; G15 child, 8
years, flexed, oriented towards N; G16 child, 3-4 years, flexed on the
left side, oriented towards NE; G17 child, 7 years, disarticulated skeleton; G? rib, mandible, both scapulae, left femur from a child, 0-6
months old, found in the destruction level of a house; b) disarticulated
bones: hand remains from a female, 18-20 years; tibia from a 5-6 years
old child; left forearm of a 14-17 years old female; G19 fragmented
skull of a child, 2 years, disarticulated skeleton in a hole (?) and in the
neighboring area; a humerus of a female, 18 years old, found in a pit
filling; humerus of a child less than 6 months old found in the filling
of a trench (foundation trench of a house?)
Observations: the discoveries were made in the northern part of
the tell settlement (the only excavated part)
Bibliography: Marinescu-Blcu et al. 1995; Blteanu / Blteanu
1996; Blteanu 1997; Vasile 2003; Ion 2008, 110.
7. Location: Bucani (com. Bucani, Giurgiu County) La
Pod
Discovery type: articulated bodies inside the settlement area
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (A phase)
Description: beneath House # 10 of the first layer, on a lens of sand,
the body of a child of maximum 6 month of age was found, flexed on
the right, oriented towards S
Observations: the house was located in the western third of the tell
settlement
Bibliography: Bem et al. 2002.
8a. Location: Cldraru (com. Cernica, Ilfov County)
Mnstirea Iezerul
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Cultural manifestation: Dudeti (Cernica phase)
Description: adult, flexed on the right side, with the skull oriented towards the E; a small black recipient decorated with grooves was
found in front of the head
Observations: found near a medieval house; the grave was located
near a Dudeti settlement
Bibliography: Coma 1974b, 119.
8b. Location: Cldraru (com. Cernica, Ilfov County)
Mnstirea Iezerul
Discovery type: a) cemetery; b) uncertain
Cultural manifestation: a) Boian (Bolintineanu and Dudeti
phases) or Dudeti (Cernica phase) and Boian (Bolintineanu phase);
b) Boian (Bolintineanu phase)
Description: a) 379 primary graves, most of them individual, most
of them with the skeleton stretched on the back, some of them flexed
or stretched on the right or on the left side, a few stretched face down;
orientation mostly towards the west and neighboring directions; grave
goods consisting mostly in shell, bone or copper jewelry (beads, bracelets, rings, pendants), polished stone tools (axes, adzes), flint tools
(blades, razors, microliths), bone tools (pointers, needles), bone idols;
all age and sex groups represented; b) Grave # 356, adult, stretched on
the back, oriented towards WNW, no grave goods
Observations: a) the settlement is approximately 50 m west of the
cemetery; b) grave at the periphery of the settlement; it is not clear if
the grave is located outside or inside the settlement area
Bibliography: Coma 1975; Coma / Cantacuzino 2001;
Koglniceanu 2005; Morintz / Koglniceanu 2009.
9. Location: Clineti (Teleorman County)
Discovery type: cemetery
Description: several graves; the deceased were buried in flexed position on a side
Observations: the settlement is located nearby
10. Location: Crcea (com. Cooveni, Dolj County)
Hanuri
Cultural manifestation: Starevo Cri (Crcea group I and II
phases)
Description: a) one skull on the bottom of a pit house, with pottery
fragments, near a hearth; several phalanges from a hand were identified beneath the skull that was looking towards W; b) eight skulls
deposited in a pit house (pit # 8), on the floor, with domestic waste:
pottery fragments, stone and flint tools, burned animal bones, shells
and snails); c) nine skulls in a ritual pit
Observations: due to the manner of the publication of the data,
it is possible that the contexts referred to at b) and c) are one and the
same
Bibliography: Nica et al. 1999; 2001.
11a. Location: Crcea (com. Cooveni, Dolj County)
Viaduct

Cultural manifestation: Starevo Cri (Crcea group phase III)
Description: a) three skulls arranged in a row from north to south
on a bottom of a pit containing pottery fragments, animal bones, cult
tables, idols, miniature recipients, etc.; b) a skull on the bottom of a pit
together with animal bones and pottery fragments; the skull had cut
marks; c) several fragmented skulls in the defense ditch, together with
pottery fragments and animal bones
Observations:
Bibliography: Nica / Nicolescu-Plopor 1975; Nica et al. 1996.
11b. Location: Crcea (com. Cooveni, Dolj County)
Viaduct
Cultural manifestation: Vina-Dudeti (phase III-IV)
Description: five burned individuals found in a ritual oven
Observations: the term used by the author to describe the findings
was cremated. As no anthropological analysis has been performed/
published, but the author could mention the number of individuals,
we assume they were more or less burned, but not actually cremated
Bibliography: Nica 1997.
12. Location: Cscioarele (com. Cscioarele, Clrai County)
Daia parte (cemetery # 1?) / Vizavi de Puul Popii (cemetery # 2?)
Discovery type: cemetery / cemeteries (?)
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (phases A1 and A2) / Boian
(Spanov phase) and Gumelnia
Description: cemetery # 1 (?): 31 individuals; 14 of the individuals
were subjected to anthropological analysis; all age groups and both
sexes represented; flexed on the left side; oriented with the heads approximately to the E; among the grave goods there were pottery, stone
tool, ochre, boar tusk jewelry; cemetery # 2 (?): 3 graves, same position
and orientation of the deceased as reported for cemetery # 1, one grave
with golden beads and a copper ring
Observations: a) the cultural attribution varies slightly from one
source to another; the common element is that the graves are attributed
to the transition phase from the Boian to the Gumelnia culture, also
referred in the literature as Boian- Spanov or Gumelnia A1; b) the two
cemeteries are located on the western and eastern slopes of the terrace; as
the second cemetery is located 50 m west of the Cscioarele Daia parte
one, we consider, until further data is published, that there is only one
larger burial ground, including the discoveries from the both reported
locations; c) the Gumelnia A1 settlement is located approximately 300
m SE of the cemetery / cemeteries, while the Gumelnia A2 settlement
could be either the one investigated on a present day island at the location named Ostrovel, approximately 500 m SE from the burial ground,
or an uninvestigated tell settlement currently under the lake waters
Bibliography: Srbu et al. 1996; erbnescu 1996a; 1998; erbnescu
/ Srbu 1995; erbnescu / andric 1999; erbnescu / Coma 2012;
Cantemir / Blteanu 1993.
13a. Location: Cscioarele (com. Cscioarele, Clrai
County) Ostrovel
Cultural manifestation: Boian (Spanov phase)
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Description: grave of an adult, flexed on the right side, with the

head towards N found in relation to House # 12/1964 which also contained two painted columns, closer to the larger column
Observations: it is not clear the stratigraphic relationship with the
house, if the grave was inside the house or beneath it; the house has a
central position in the settlement structure
Bibliography: Dumitrescu 1965; 1970.
13b1. Location: Cscioarele (com. Cscioarele, Clrai
County) Ostrovel
Description: a) 6 or 7 child graves beneath House # 1/1964 and beneath a nearby house, # 2/1964; other 5 child graves: 2 in the SE end of
the main trench I, other 2 in the NW extremity of the same trench and
1 child in the NW part of the settlement, under houses. The skeletons
were found flexed on the left side, with the head towards ENE; age at
death varies between 0/0.5 and 7 years
b) three femurs, two right and one left, two male and one female,
with cut marks; fragment of right maxillary adult; fragment of right
parietal, adult, male; fragment of frontal, Infans II
Observations: there is no context given to the disarticulated
bones
Bibliography: Dumitrescu 1965; 1970; 1986; Lazr / Soficaru 2005;
Ion 2010.
13b2. Location: Cscioarele (com. Cscioarele, Clrai
County) Ostrovel
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (B1 phase)
Description: three skulls and three femurs; two skulls were found
in House # 1, at 60 cm from each other, one looking NNW, the other
one looking ESE, both male, 25-35 and 50 years old; another skull
found beneath a house together with a deer horn with its ramifications; three femurs, two right femurs and a left one, two belonging to
females and one to a male, all wearing cut marks
Observations: there is no context given to the discovered femurs
Bibliography: Dumitrescu 1965; 1986; Lazr / Soficaru 2005.
14. Location: Cernavoda (Constana County) Columbia
D and Columbia C
Discovery type: a) cemetery; b) disarticulated, fragmented and
dispersed human remains in the settlement area
Cultural manifestation: Hamangia (Golovia and Ceamurlia de Jos
phases)
Description: a) approximately 500 individuals, mostly primary individual graves, but also multiple graves or secondary graves, most of
them buried stretched on the back, some of them stretched or flexed
on the right side, oriented mostly towards ESE and SE, but they range
from ENE to S; grave goods: flint tools (blades, scrapers, nuclei), polished stone tools (axes, adzes), grinding stones (occasionally), bone
tools (pointers), pottery (ranging from miniature vessels to large recipients), clay and marble idols, ritual stones, shell, bone, marble and
copper jewelry (beads, bracelets, pendants) and also meat offerings;

all age and sex groups represented; b) disarticulated human remains,
consisting in long bones and skull fragments coming from adult subjects (unpublished data, still under analysis)
Observations: a) the cemetery was located at Columbia D; the settlement corresponding to the graves from the Golovia phase is located
SW of the cemetery, in the location Columbia A, B and C. Other close
by habitation traces were located 80 m north of the cemetery, without
any details regarding the phase they belonged to; b) the dispersed human remains were found in the location Columbia C, the part of the
settlement closest to the cemetery
Bibliography: Morintz et al. 1955; Berciu / Morintz 1957; 1959;
Berciu et al. 1959; 1961; Cote 2007; Morintz / Koglniceanu 2008;
Necrasov et al. 1990.
15. Location: Cernavoda (Constana County) Coada
Zvoiului
Discovery type: uncertain (possible cemetery and disarticulated
human bones)
Cultural manifestation: Hamangia
Description: ritual deposition of human skulls, in one case forming
a grouping of 5 skulls, the rest of them being independent. Remains of
the postcranial skeleton were found with the skulls, together with ox
and goat skulls and pig maxillary
Observations: habitation traces identified at the same location. It
was mentioned that the human remains were discovered both near the
settlement traces and a little bit further north
Bibliography: Morintz et al. 1955.
16. Location: Cernavoda (Constana County) Cetate
Description: primary individual inhumation; adult, flexed on the
right side, oriented towards SSE; grave goods: two clay vessels in front
of the head
Observations: the grave was found in the area of ditch II, at -1.10
m; the grave was located near the tell settlement, to the South
Bibliography: Nestor 1937, 16, fig. 6, 7; Coma 1960a, 7-8; Haotti
1997, 89.
17. Location: Cetatea Veche (com. Spanov, Clrai
County) Grditea
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia
Description: several graves (6 or 7)
Observations: no data on the graves; a Gumelnia settlement is
reported for the same location, but no data regarding the spatial relationship between the graves and the settlement
Bibliography: erbnescu 1985, 33; Lazr 2002; RAN 105277.01.
18. Location: Chirnogi (com. Chirnogi, Clrai County)
uvia Iorgulescu
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia; Boian and Gumelnia in other
sources
Description: 54, 58 or 64 graves, according to the source; mostly
buried flexed on a side, but also face down; mostly primary individual
10
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graves, but also four double graves; oriented mostly towards ESE; almost all graves had grave goods: shell jewelry (bracelets and beads),
copper beads, small bone plates, pottery, stone and flint tools, gold
pieces and meat offerings; all sex and age groups present, with a predominance of men
Observations: the settlement is located on the western slope of the
valley, while the cemetery is on the eastern slope
Bibliography: erbnescu 1996b; Blteanu / Cantemir 1991; 1992;
Marinescu-Blcu 2000, 115; RAN 101813.15.
uvia lui Ghian
Description: Observations: possible pair-settlement at Chirnogi Florea
Baltag
Bibliography: RAN 101813.12; Morintz / Ionescu 1968, 105.
uvia lui Vulpe
Description: adult; flexed on the left side; oriented towards E
Observations: possible pair-settlement at Chirnogi Florea
Baltag
Bibliography: RAN 101813.11; Morintz / Ionescu 1968, 105.
Terasa Rudari
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia A2
Description: 16 graves; flexed on the left side; grave goods: pottery,
bone tools, beads
Observations: Bibliography: erbnescu 1996b; Lazr 2002.
22. Location: Chitila (com. Chitila, Ilfov County) Ferm
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (A1 or A2 phase, according to
the source)
Description: a) 5 graves, of which one double; the two individuals
from the double grave flexed, one on the left, one on the right, another
individual stretched on the back; orientation varied; mostly N-S, but
with the head either to the N or to the S, grave goods: copper bracelet
(grave # 2), a fragment of a copper artifact and a clay idol (grave # 5,
the one stretched on the back); adults
b) disarticulated human bones covering all ages and sex groups;
they do not seem to suggest selection, as cranial bones and long bones
were found together with vertebras, ribs, phalanges etc.; they seem to
belong mostly to disturbed graves
Observations: found in the western part of the site as it was preserved, but it was supposed that the tell settlement extended further to
the west; there is no indication regarding the relationship between the
graves or the bones and other archaeological features
11
Bibliography: Boronean 1987; 1992; 2000; 2002; Boronean et al.

2003; Mnucu-Adameteanu et al. 2004; 2005; Soficaru et al. 2003.
23. Location: Ciocneti (former Andolina) (com. Ciocneti,
Clrai County)
Cultural manifestation: Boian (Vidra phase)
Description: five certain and four less certain graves; both adults
and a child; flexed on the left side; oriented with the head approximately to the E; two had grave goods (a flat trapezoidal axe and beads
made of shells Spondylus and Dentalium, and of copper)
Observations: the settlement is a few hundred meters from the
cemetery
Bibliography: Coma 1961a; 1974a, 203-206; 1974b, 125.
24. Location: Constana (Constana County) La cimea
Discovery type: uncertain
Cultural manifestation: Hamangia
Description: 2 graves: one flexed on the left, oriented towards SE,
the pit had stone structure, ashes beneath the stones and there were
also animal bones (including a complete horn) found in the pit; the
other one incomplete, oriented N-S, had an incomplete recipient and
a flint blade
Observations: it is not clear if the graves could be part of a cemetery or part of a settlement. No traces of habitation reported, but 8
waste pits found in the area of the graves
Bibliography: Covacef et al. 2006.
25. Location: Coatcu (com. Podgoria, Buzu County)
Cetuia
Cultural manifestation: Starevo-Cri (late phase IV?)
Description: adult, flexed on the left, oriented N-S, without grave
goods
Observations: located in the NW margin of the settlement
Bibliography: Trohani et al. 2010.
26. Location: Cruovu (com. Brastavu, Olt County)
Cultural manifestation: Vdastra (I phase)
Description: a skull fragment, an ulna and a radius were found in
the archaeological layer
Observations: the bones were presumed to come from a destroyed
grave
Bibliography: Mateescu 1957, 105; Coma 1974b, 122.
27. Location: Cuneti (com. Grditea, Clrai County)
Discovery type: a) articulated bodies inside the settlement area (?);
b) disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human remains in the settlement area
Description: a) one or more inhumation graves; b) fragmented
skull of a child
Observations: a) excavations made by German archaeologists at
the beginning of the 20th century; it is not clear if the graves were found
on the tell settlement or outside of it
Bibliography: Coma 1960a, 8; 1974b, 145; 1999, 33.
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28. Location: Curteti (com. Frsinet, Clrai County)

Biserica veche
Cultural manifestation: Boian
Description: 20 graves found so far; mostly flexed on the left side
(at least one G19 was flexed on the left side and turned with the
thorax face down); oriented approximately to the E, one to the S; grave
goods: clay, marble and shell beads, bone rings, flint and stone tools,
and pottery
Observations: the settlement of the cemetery has not been identified yet
Bibliography: erbnescu / Soficaru 2006; erbnescu / Cristache
2011.
29. Location: Curcani (com. Curcani, Clrai County)
Description: adult flexed on a side, rich grave goods: 2 stone axes,
a copper chisel, 1 clay plate
Observations: there is no information connecting this discovery
with a settlement
Bibliography: Ghianopoulos 1966.
30. Location: Curmtura (com. Giurgia, Dolj County)
Discovery type: articulated body inside the settlement area
Cultural manifestation: Slcua (phase I or II)
Description: in one of the bread ovens identified at the edge of the
settlement a human skeleton was found; it was located in the western
part of the hearth, on a layer of ashes, face down; two large animal
bones found in front of the head, 5 snails on top of the skeletons back;
child, 4-5 years
Observations: the bread ovens were located at the northern edge
of the settlement
Bibliography: Nica / Claru 1981.
31. Location: Drgneti-Olt (Olt County) Corboaica
Discovery type: a) cemetery and b) disarticulated, fragmented and
Cultural manifestation: a) Gumelnia? (A1 phase?) (1 grave),
Slcua (IV phase) (6 graves); b) Gumelnia or Slcua
Description: a) flexed on the left side; oriented approximately to
the W; no clear grave goods except for Grave 5 (Gumelnia), where the
deceased has a copper axe in his hand; apparently only adult individuals were found; b) two inferior maxillary bones were found
Observations: a) there is no clear indication as to where the settlement is; b) there is no clear cultural attribution for the disarticulated
bones, if they come from the cemetery (Slcua) or from the below
settlement (Gumelnia)
Bibliography: Nica et al. 1995.
32. Location: Dridu (com. Dridu, Ialomia County)
Description: 11 graves; flexed on the left (4 individuals) and on the
right side (4 or 5 individuals); oriented between N and E (4 individuals) and between S and E (5 individuals); no grave goods; both adult
men and women; no children mentioned
13
Observations: the settlement is located in the vicinity

Bibliography: Coma 1980; Nestor / Zaharia 1959; Zaharia 1967;
Necrasov / Cristescu 1961.
33. Location: Dudeti (Bucharest) Malul Rou
Cultural manifestation: Dudeti (Fundeni phase II)
Description: adult, flexed on the right side, oriented towards
NNW; ochre traces; parts of the right hand and arm cut before death
Observations: no data regarding the relationship between this
grave and the neighboring archaeological structures
Bibliography: Coma 1956; 1974b; 1998a.
34. Location: Frcaele (previously Frcaul de Sus) (com.
Frcaele, Olt County) La coal
Description: primary double inhumation grave; man, 21-26 years
old plus female 23-29 years old; flexed on the left side; oriented WSW;
grave goods: the woman wore cylindrical red beads at the neck and a
copper bead
Observations: the grave was discover in the proximity of the eastern corner of a house hearth; it is not clear the relationship of the grave
with the house (inside, beneath, outside?)
Bibliography: Wolski / Nicolescu-Plopor 1970; Coma 1974b,
113; Nica 1985, 40.
35. Location: Frcaele (previously Frcaul de Sus) (com.
Frcaele, Olt County) Pe coast
Cultural manifestation: Vdastra (II phase)
Description: adult; flexed on the left side; oriented towards E;
grave goods: a storage vessel broken near the head
Observations: found in a pit (possible pit-house, had wattle and
daub above)
Bibliography: Nica 1970.
36. Location: Fundulea (former Crngu village unified with
Fundulea village in 1968) (com. Fundulea, Clrai County)
Discovery type: uncertain
Description: one or more inhumation graves
Observations: excavations made by German archaeologists at the
beginning of the 20th century
Bibliography: Coma 1960a, 8; 1974b, 145.
37. Location: Glui (com. Alexandru Odobescu, Clrai
County) Movila Berzei (Movila Cote, Movila Verde alternative
names of the location)
Cultural manifestation: Boian (Giuleti phase)
Description: a) 3 graves; 1 flexed on the left side, 2 flexed on the
right side; oriented towards the W; adults and child; b) a skull
Observations: the child was found beneath the platform of the
sanctuary; this grave seemed to have been protected by some kind of
roof; near the child a clay altar; there is no data regarding the rela-
14
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
tionship of the other graves and of the skull with other archaeological
features
Bibliography: Neagu 2003, 118-119.
38. Location: Grleti (com. Gherceti, Dolj County)
Suruptoare or Livadie
Cultural manifestation: Slcua (III phase)
Description: 15 primary individual inhumation graves; flexed on
the left (7 cases) and on the right side (4 cases); oriented towards N
(3 cases), NNW (5 cases), W (1 case), SW (2 cases), SE (1 case); grave
goods: copper beads and pendant in two of the child graves
Observations: the settlement was identified in the vicinity
Bibliography: Nica 1993; 1994.
39. Location: Garvn (com. Jijila, Tulcea County) Dealul
Bugeacului
Cultural manifestation: possible Gumelnia
Description: on the northern slope of Bugeac Hill, a grave with the
deceased in flexed position
Observations: verbal info from I. Barnea; a Gumelnia settlement
is located in vicinity
40a. Location: Glina (com. Glina, Ilfov County) La Nuci
Description: 8 graves of children; flexed on the left (4 on the left)
or on the right side (2 on the right); oriented to the ENE (2 cases), E
(3 cases), S (1 case); grave goods: shell beads (in 3 cases), copper beads
(in 1 case, combined with shell beads), and burned seeds in front of
the skull (1 case)
Observations: the graves seem to have been located between houses; one grave was partially covered by the debris of a house, another
grave find partially beneath an exterior hearth and another grave was
found at the bottom of a pit
Bibliography: Petrescu-Dmbovia 1944, 69-70; Coma 1960b, 88;
1974a, 202-203; 1974b, 125-126.
40b. Location: Glina (com. Glina, Ilfov County) La Nuci
Description: isolated human remains in the archaeological layer,
among which a skull fragment
Observations: no clear data regarding the archaeological context
Bibliography: Coma 1960a, 11; 1960b, 92; 1974b, 148.
41. Location: Grdinile (com. Studina, Olt County) La Islaz
Cultural manifestation: one Starevo-Cri (III phase) and one with
a less certain cultural attribution
Description: 2 graves; flexed on a side (G1 on the right side,
G2 undetermined); oriented towards NE (G1); no grave goods mentioned
Observations: no indication given for the relationship of the graves
with other structures from the same layers
15
Bibliography: Nica 1981; Andreescu et al. 2008.

42. Location: Hrova (Constana County) Tell and
surroundings
Discovery type: a) isolated grave; b) articulated bodies inside the
settlement area; c) disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human
Cultural manifestation: a) Gumelnia (A2 phase); b-c) Gumelnia
Description: a) adult flexed on the left side, oriented E-W, grave
goods: a bowl, a flint scraper, a flint point; b) 2 or 3 child graves; one of
them was found beneath a house, with the deceased flexed on the left
side, oriented towards S, with arms and feet tight; the child suffered of
malformations of the skull and of the spine; it was assumed that it is
a case of sacrifice connected with some house foundation cult; c) the
disarticulated remains were mainly found in waste areas; at least one
of them is an ulna
Observations: a) the grave was found a few hundred meters SE
from the tell settlement
Bibliography: Haotti 1997, 89; Popovici / Rialland 1996, 56;
Popovici et al. 1998-2000, 114; 2011, 51; Ion 2008, 111.
43a+b. Location: Icoana (com. Eelnia, Mehedini
County) today the location is under the Danubes waters
Cultural manifestation: a) Schela Cladovei; b) Schela Cladovei
and/or Starevo-Cri
Description: a) 2 graves with the individuals stretched on the back,
oriented towards N (G2) and W (G3), grave goods: red ochre (G2 and
G3), a tusk tool (G3); b) 3 cases of bones from the skulls (adult females
and male), a fragment of scapula (adult), a vertebra (mature male), 3
hand bones (adult and mature individuals, in one case female), 5 leg
bones (adult and mature females and males)
Observations: a) the graves seem to be located near houses, but
it has also been suggested that the same areas were not used simultaneously for burial and living and rather the houses were used for
burial after they had been used for occupation or vice versa; b) the
cultural attribution of these disarticulated bones (Mesolithic or Early
Neolithic) could not be made and the relationship with archaeological
features could not be established
Bibliography: Boronean et al. 2008.
44. Location: nsurei (Brila County) Popina I
Description: 2 human bones (fragment of the left ulna and a right
metatarsal) found in a house (House # 4)
Observations: in the SW half of the settlement
Bibliography: Pandrea et al. 1999; Moise 1999, 172.
45. Location: Ipoteti (com. Milcov, Olt County) La conac
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (A1 or A2 phase, according to
different sources)
16
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Description: a fragment of inferior mandible

Observations: found in the superior level; no data regarding the
context
Bibliography: Coma 1962b; 1973b; 1974a, 218; 1974b, 131.
46. Location: Izvoarele (com. Hotarele, Giurgiu County)
Fntnele
Description: one grave with the skeleton flexed on the left side,
oriented towards NE, adult, without grave goods
Observations: no data regarding the spatial relationship with other
archaeological features
Bibliography: Coma 1970; 1974a, 214; 1974b, 129.
47. Location: Limanu (Constana County) Petera
Caraciocola / Caraciocola Cave
Cultural manifestation: Hamangia (II and III phases)
Description: no clear data regarding the number of burials or the
burial practice; only one description of an adults grave, with the individual stretched on the back and oriented towards the S, with pottery, a
marble recipient, shell beads and bracelet as grave goods; we also have
information on the existence of a child grave from the same cemetery
Observations: a Hamangia settlement is reported for the same location
Bibliography: Haruche 1966; Volschi / Irimia 1968; Galbenu 1970;
Georgescu 1974; Pslaru / Colesniuc 2007; RAN 60641.01.
48. Location: Licoteanca (com. Bordei Verde, Brila
County) Satnoieni I
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (A1 or A2 phase)
Description: child; flexed, oriented towards NE; grave goods:
small clay lid near the head, clay spindle near left elbow, horse hoof
near legs
Observations: no data regarding the relationship of the grave with
other archaeological structures
Bibliography: Dragomir 1969, 48-49; 1996, 188.
49. Location: Luncavia (com. Luncavia, Tulcea County)
Cetuia
Discovery type: a) isolated grave; b) articulated bodies inside the
settlement area
Cultural manifestation: a) Gumelnia (A2 phase); b) Gumelnia
Description: a) human bones from a possible grave located outside the settlement, at approximately 300 m SE of the tell; b) disturbed
grave, at a depth of almost 3 m
Observations: b) the grave was discovered at the southern margin
of the settlement
Bibliography: Micu et al. 2010; Colectivul 1952, 416; Coma
1960b, 6.
50a+b. Location: Mgura (com. Mgura, Teleorman County)
Buduiasca / TELEOR 003
Cultural manifestation: both Dudeti and Vina
17
Description: at least 22 bone fragments coming from at least 19

individuals; all sex and age groups represented; body parts represented
(skull: 16 fragments, superior members: 2 fragments, inferior members: 2 fragments; phalanx: 1 fragment; mandible: 1 fragment)
Observations: not all the bone fragments found have been analyzed yet; the bone fragments were found in waste pits
Bibliography: Andreescu et al. 2005.
51. Location: Mangalia (Constana County)
Cultural manifestation: Hamangia (phase II Golovia, late phase,
phase CIII Mangalia according to different sources)
Description: no data regarding the number of graves, the position
of deposition, and the orientation; there is information regarding the
ritual burials of skulls; some data regarding the grave goods in general:
pottery, stone tools, shell beads and bracelets
Observations: Bibliography: Coma 1974b, 132; Volschi / Irimia 1968; Pslaru /
Colesniuc 2007.
52. Location: Mriua (com. Belciugatele, Clrai County)
La Movil
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (B phase)
Description: 4 graves; G1 flexed on the right side, oriented towards ESE, female, 12-14 years, grave goods: pottery fragment from
a plate, an animal bone; G3 flexed on the left side, oriented towards
E, female, 10 years, no grave goods; G4 flexed on the left side, oriented towards ENE, male, 50 years, grave goods: 1 adze, 1 copper
pointer, 1 flint blade, red ochre on the left arm; G5 flexed on the
left side, oriented towards E, female, 45 years, grave goods: 1 flint
blade
Observations: the tell settlement is located nearby
Bibliography: Lazr / Parnic 2007; Gtej et al. 2007.
53. Location: Nvodari (Constana County) Lacul Taaul
/ La Ostrov
Description: a) 2 graves; G1 stone structure; flexed on the left;
oriented towards NE; grave goods: pottery fragments from 3 vessels, a
small stone axe; G2 flexed on the back; oriented towards NNE; b) 7
fragments of long bones, 1 ulna, 2 metapodial bones, 1 phalanx
Observations: the graves were made near the NW shore of the island, on top of a house, after its abandonment, but before the abandoning of the settlement; there is no data regarding the context of the
disarticulated bones
Bibliography: Marinescu-Blcu et al. 2000; 2000-2001; 2001; 2003.
54. Location: Oinacu (com. Oinacu, Giurgiu County)
Description: primary individual inhumation; adult, flexed on the
right side; grave goods: a deer horn handle with an orifice for putting
the handle
18
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Observations: the grave was found near the settlement at Mgura

Mare, inside a cemetery from 3rd-4th century A.D.; the graves cultural
attribution is uncertain
Bibliography: Andrieescu 1937, pl. XXIX, XXX; Coma 1960a,
13; 1960b, 93; 1974b, 149.
55. Location: Oltenia (Clrai County) Mgura
Gumelnia / Mgura Calomfirescu and the nearby terrace (former
Calomfirescu stables)
Discovery type: terrace a) cemetery; tell b) articulated bodies
inside the settlement area; c) disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed
human remains in the settlement area
Cultural manifestation: a) Gumelnia; b-c) Gumelnia (A2 phase)
Description: a) at least 16 graves excavated in various moments;
flexed on the left side with one case stretched on the back; oriented
towards the E; some of them had grave goods such as: polished stone
axes (two cases), flint blade (one case), bone bead (one case), animal
bones (one case), sherd (one case); all age groups represented; b) an
individual was found among the burned remains of a house from the
level 0.65-1.00 m; face upwards, a little bit turned to the right, the
bones were broken; c) isolated human remains, among which a skull of
a child, 2 years old, found in a pit filled with ashes, pottery fragments,
ochre and other remains, near a house; the skull wore light traces of
burning coming from the direct contact with hot ashes
Observations: a) between the location of the graves excavated by
B. Ionescu, S. Marinescu-Blcu and E. Tudor in the 60s and those excavated by D. erbnescu in the 70s there seems to be quite a distance;
although they are traditionally considered as part of the same cemetery, we leave this assertion under question; the pair settlement is a
tell settlement located 100 m SW of the cemetery; c) the skull of the
child was found in the northwestern part of the settlement
Bibliography: Dumitrescu 1925, 37-38; 1966, 56; 1996; NicolescuPlopor, 1966; Coma 1960a, 11; erbnescu 1985; Lazr 2001.
56. Location: Oltenia (Clrai County) Valea Mare
Description: several graves; grave goods: three stone hammer-axes
Observations: the graves were discovered during construction
works and there is very little information about them; the pair settlement is not clearly identified
Bibliography: erbnescu 1985; Lazr 2002.
57a. Location: Ostrovu Corbului (com. Hinova, Mehedini
County) Botul Cliuciului
Cultural manifestation: Schela Cladovei
Description: the number of graves varied in different sources from
1 to 5/7; all age and sex groups represented, either stretched on the back
with stretched legs or with legs crossed in Turkish position, oriented towards S or E; grave goods: quartzite pieces, bone tools, red ochre, animal
bones, shells; some of the graves had large stones around or on the body
Observations: the number of graves varies according to their attribution to the Mesolithic or Neolithic layer
Bibliography: Roman / Punescu 1996; Roman / Dodd-Opriescu
2008; Boronean 2010.
19
57b. Location: Ostrovu Corbului (com. Hinova, Mehedini

Cultural manifestation: Starevo-Cri
Description: the number of graves varied in different sources from
0/2 to 6; the rest of the description is the same as above
Observations: the grave number varies according to their attribution to the Mesolithic or Neolithic layer
Bibliography: Roman / Punescu 1996; Roman / Dodd-Opriescu
2008; Boronean 2010.
57c. Location: Ostrovu Corbului (com. Hinova, Mehedini
Cultural manifestation: Slcua-Bodrogkresztr
Description: 53 graves of which 3 double graves; flexed on a side
(mostly on the left side, some on the right side), oriented mostly towards E, but in some cases towards W; rich grave goods: flint and obsidian blades, shell, copper beads, gold pendants, pottery (most of the
cases, from 1 to 7 recipients / grave, some animal bones
Observations: the cemetery was located on top of a no longer used
Slcua settlement; there was the supposition that some of the graves,
located at the eastern extremity, outside the previous settlements area,
were classic Slcua graves corresponding to the settlement, but the
arguments are lacking strength
Bibliography: Roman / Dodd-Opriescu 1989, 2008; Roman /
Punescu 1996; 2008.
58. Location: Ostrovu Corbului (com. Hinova, Mehedini
County) Botul Piscului
Cultural manifestation: Slcua (phase III?)
Description: 5 inhumation graves; the deceased were flexed on the
left side; no grave goods
Observations: the graves were found near a Slcua settlement
Bibliography: Coma 1974b, 143; Berciu 1939, 68; Roman / DoddOpriescu 2008, 8.
59. Location: Palazu Mare (mun. Constana, Constana
County)
Description: grave of an adult (?), stretched on the back; grave
goods: a clay support-table, plate with empty foot, small bowl, another
fragmented recipient, small chisel, shell bracelet and beads
Observations: in the RAN database a Neolithic cemetery (unknown cultural manifestation) is mentioned; RAN code: 60446.01
Bibliography: Galbenu 1965; 1971, 73-74; Coma 1974b, 145;
Haotti 1997, 89.
60. Location: Pietrele (com. Bneasa, Giurgiu County)
Discovery type: a) cemetery / cemeteries (?); b) articulated bodies
inside the settlement area; c) disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed
human remains in the settlement area
Description: a) cemetery # 1 (?): at least 50 graves identified with
geomagnetic measurements; excavations uncovered so far 3 graves,
20
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
of which one definitely later based on the dagger found in the grave;
cemetery # 2 (?): 3 graves of which 2 in poor conditions and 1 flexed
on a side and oriented E-W, no grave goods; b) one skeleton found on
the floor of a house in surface A (on the tell); it was supposed he was
caught under the debris of the burning house; another similar situation
was excavated in surface F, in the southern part of the tell, where, on
a house floor, near a hearth, the remains of 3 individuals were found;
north of the floor other human bones were found, not in anatomical connection; they belong to 5-6 individuals; it was supposed that
this situation illustrates a family with three generations that was also
caught by the fire inside the house; 7 graves were discovered in 2010 in
the lower settlement located north of tell; at least 3 were flexed on the
right side and one on the left side; orientation: predominantly S or SE,
but one is towards E; one of the graves had as grave goods a flint blade
and a boar tusk pendant; c) on the tell over 400 disarticulated human bones found in all the layers; there is nothing to indicate a certain
selection of the bones, as they represent all body parts; in the lower
settlement, north of the tell on a shell covered area, in its eastern part
but also central, a human skull was found, laid on the left side, together
with the first two vertebras. On the skull there was a flint blade; other
7 bones (long, vertebra, clavicles) were scattered on the shell covered
surface; another fragment of skull was found beneath the shell layer
Observations: a) the settlement is located approximately 40 m E
of the cemetery # 1 (?) and SW of cemetery # 2 (?); b) there is no data
published yet regarding the location of the graves in the context of the
settlement and their spatial relationship with other structures
Bibliography: Todera et al. 2009; Vulpe et al. 2011; Hansen et al.
2012.
61. Location: Popeti (com. Vasilai, Clrai County)
former CAP-Zootehnic section
Cultural manifestation: Boian (Vidra or Giuleti phase, according
to the source)
Description: 16 primary, individual inhumation graves; flexed on
the left side (15 cases) and on the right side (1 case); oriented mostly
towards NE and E; grave goods present in 7 graves: shell, bone and
copper beads, bone ring, stone and flint tools; all sex and age groups
represented
Observations: there is no data regarding a possible pair settlement
Bibliography: erbnescu 1999; Neagu 2003, 117; Necrasov et al.
1990, 192-193.
62. Location: Radovanu (com. Radovanu, Clrai
County) La Muscalu / Valea Coadelor
Discovery type: a) cemetery; b) articulated bodies inside the settlement area; c) disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human remains in the settlement area; d) unknown
Description: a) 17 primary individual inhumation graves, flexed
on the left side (9 cases) and on the right side (2 cases), oriented from
NE to SSE (9 cases), and from SSW to WSW (2 cases), with rare grave
goods (3 cases): flint blade, shell beads, pottery; b) in the high settlement 6 graves between houses; small children; flexed on the left
side; oriented towards ESE and ENE; without any grave goods; c) a
21
metacarpal in the archaeological layer; d) 2 graves (G 24 and G 25):

one adult, flexed on the left side, oriented towards E, no grave goods
and one child, flexed on the left side, oriented towards NNE, without
grave goods
Observations: a) the pair-settlement (fortified) is located on the
terrace east of the cemetery, and it is the same site as the one where the
graves of the small children were found; d) the location Valea Coadelor
is connected with the location La Muscalu: VC is NE of LM, in the valley; the two graves were found in relationship with two houses found
at the same location; it is not clear if the graves are part of a cemetery
or were buried in the open settlement located in the valley
Bibliography: Coma 1974a, 214-218; 1990, 104-108; 1998b.
63. Location: Rasova (com. Rasova, Constana County)
Discovery type: isolated grave (?)
Description: Observations: a Gumelnia settlement is mentioned for Rasova
Valea Caramancea in the RAN database; RAN code for the settlement:
62805.07; it is not clear if the grave can be connected with this settlement or not
Bibliography: Coma 1977, 70; Haotti 1997, 89.
64. Location: Slcua (com. Slcua, Dolj County) Piscul
Corniorului
Cultural manifestation: Slcua
Description: a fragmentary mandible of a 40-45 years old male
Observations: no data regarding the context of discovery
Bibliography: Berciu 1961, 358-359; Coma 1974b, 144.
65. Location: Sarichioi (com. Sarichioi, Tulcea County) La
Bursuci
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia A1
Description: two piles of bones (marked as G4 and G5) were found
on house floors; other bones, especially phalanxes, were found both
randomly or in pits
Observations: it is not clear the stratigraphic situation of the two
piles of bones and of the disarticulated bones the piles of bones
were found in houses and the only houses mentioned are those of the
Gumelnia A1 layer, but they are included in the later cemetery; the
disarticulated bones found randomly in the layer could be scattered
remains from other graves; those found in pits remain also unclear as
pits were made both during the habitation of the area and after that
Bibliography: Oberlnder-Trnoveanu / Oberlnder-Trnoveanu
1979.
66a. Location: Schela Cladovei (mun. Drobeta-Turnu
Severin, Mehedini County) Canton (km 854)
Cultural manifestation: Schela Cladovei
Description: a) the number of Mesolithic graves is not clear. In all,
22
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
so far, at least 71 graves have been excavated (of which some StarevoCri graves); most of them are formal burials, with the deceased
stretched on the back, oriented parallel to the Danubes flow, mainly
towards SE; red ochre around the bodies; grave goods: perforated fish
teeth or shells; all sex and age groups represented
Observations: the burials were located around habitation structures, hearths, altars; b) the disarticulated remains could come from
earlier graves, disturbed; the practice of excarnation was also noticed;
skulls found in houses (in one instance the number of skulls found inside a house corresponded with the number of headless bodies buried
around the house)
Bibliography: Boronean et al. 1997; 1999; Boronean / Boronean
2009; Bonsall 2008.
66b. Location: Schela Cladovei (mun. Drobeta-Turnu Severin,
Mehedini County) Canton (km 854)
Cultural manifestation: Starevo-Cri
Description: the number of Early Neolithic graves is not known;
they are few compared to the Mesolithic ones; three possible such
graves were pointed out; two of them were flexed on a side (right and
left), were oriented towards NE and NW; grave goods: clay weight
Observations: the relationship of the graves with other complexes
is not known
Bibliography: Boronean / Boronean 2009.
67. Location: Suceveni (com. Suceveni, Galai County)
Stoborani
Description: double grave; male, 17 years, flexed on the left side, oriented towards the E; near the abdomen skull fragments belonging to a
child; grave goods: grinding stone, animal bones, shells, large fish bone
Observations: the grave was located 4 m SE from House # V
Bibliography: Dragomir 1996, 188-190.
68a. Location: Sultana (com. Mnstirea, Clrai County)
Malu Rou
Cultural manifestation: Boian
Description: one individual, stretched on the back
Observations: the grave (G 35) was found in the Gumelnia cemetery located on the terrace; a Boian settlement is located in the vicinity, in the place called Terasa Gherie / Valea lui Malciu and another
one a little bit further at the Irrigation Station
Bibliography: erbnescu / Trohani 1978, 21-22; Andreescu et al.
2011; Lazr et al. 2012.
68b. Location: (com. Mnstirea, Clrai County)
Malu Rou
Discovery type: a) cemetery; b) isolated grave(s) (?); c) articulated
bodies inside the settlement area; d) disarticulated, fragmented and
Description: a) 48 graves by 2011 (the excavation continues); flexed
mostly on the left side, oriented towards the E; there are some cases of
disarticulated skeletons and secondary inhumations; grave goods: pot-
23
tery, lithic artifacts (flint blades, polished stone axe), shell and stone
beads; possible meat offerings indicated by animal bones and river
shells; the presence of several waste pits in the cemetery was signaled;
all age and sex groups represented; b) 1 grave so far, discovered in 1974
(3 graves in other sources); adult, flexed on a side, oriented N-S; a
polished stone chisel in the hand, near the head; c) adult, flexed on the
left side, oriented towards SE, possible grave goods: an animal bone; d)
adult mandible, probably male
Observations: a) located 200 m W of the tell settlement; b) located
300 m S of the tell settlement; c) the grave was found in 1942, at -1.00
-1.50 m, in an archaeological layer situated on the SW slope of the tell;
d) found in 1923, at -2.80 m, in a Gumelnia layer
Bibliography: Coma 1960a, 11; 1974b, 148-149; Lazr 2010;Lazr
et al. 2008; 2009; 2012; Andreescu et al. 2010; 2011; 2012.
69. Location: Sultana (com. Mnstirea, Clrai County)
Valea Orbului / Odaia Vldicii
Cultural manifestation: Boian (Bolintineanu phase or Bolintineanu
and Giuleti phases, according to different sources)
Description: 253 graves up to 2007; the inhumations were mainly
individual, with the deceased in flexed position on the left side, on
the back, but with the head and feet turned to the left, or face down
with flexed feet to right or left; the orientation was mainly to the SE;
grave goods: shell, rock, bone or copper jewelry, bone idols; all age and
sex groups represented; the excavation was not completed; the burials
were made on the two slopes of a valley, with differences of ritual between the graves of each slope (north-eastern or south-western)
Observations: two possible pair settlements in the vicinity, but no
connection between the cemetery and these settlements established yet
Bibliography: erbnescu 2002; erbnescu / Androne 2003;
erbnescu et al. 2004, 2008; erbnescu / Soficaru 2006.
70. Location: Stoeneti (known as Tangru, that was unified
to Stoeneti in 1968) (com. Stoeneti, Giurgiu County)
Description: a fragment of mandible and several long bones
Observations: found in 1956-1957, in various places and at various
depths
Bibliography: Coma 1960a, 18; 1974b, 150.
71a. Location: Vdastra (com. Vdastra, Olt County)
Mgura Fetelor / Mgura Cetii
Cultural manifestation: Vdastra
Description: fragments of a skull and two other small disarticulated bones
Observations: no data regarding the context of the findings
71b. Location: Vdastra (com. Vdastra, Olt County)
Mgura Fetelor / Mgura Cetii
Cultural manifestation: Slcua
24
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Description: a child (Infans II) grave discovered by C. Mateescu

in 1946; the deceased was flexed on the left side, oriented towards the
E (direction of the look SSW 36); grave goods: few pottery fragments
and clay beads
Observations: no data regarding the context of the grave, the spatial relationship with other archaeological features
72. Location: Vrti (com. Dorobanu, Clrai County)
Grditea Ulmilor / Boian A
Discovery type: a) cemetery, b) articulated bodies inside the settlement area
Description: the total number of graves and the relationship of
these graves with the settlement is not always clear. The number of
graves varies from 14 (in the published synthesis) to 18 (if we add up
the information from various excavation reports); some of them were
located inside the settlement area, some of them outside the settlement,
near its margin; all age groups represented both inside and outside the
settlement; all sex groups represented; flexed on the left side, oriented
between NNE and ESE, mainly towards NE with one exception towards
SW; grave goods: shell beads (2 cases), copper needle (1 case)
Observations: Bibliography: Coma 1958, 404; 1959a; 1959b; 1961b; 1962a;
1973a; 1974a, 207-211.
73. Location: Vrti (com. Dorobanu, Clrai County)
Grditea Ulmilor / near Boian B
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (A1 and A2 phases)
Description: more than 120 graves: 4 graves attributed to the
Gumelnia A1 phase, 117 graves attributed to the Gumelnia A2 phase;
flexed on the left side (117 cases) or on the right side (12 cases), seated
(1 case); oriented mostly between NNE and SSE; grave goods: in 28
graves, clay lamps, flint and bone tools, copper needles, pottery; gold
artifacts, shell beads; all age and sex groups represented
Observations: the cemetery was founded on top of two successive Gumelnia settlements from an evolved phase; the attribution of
graves per phases is questionable; there is a mention of a grave from
the end of the Gumelnia culture also
Bibliography: Coma 1962a; 1973a; 1974a; 1995.
74. Location: Vidra (com. Vidra, Ilfov County) Mgura
Ttarilor / Mgura Jidovilor
Cultural manifestation: Gumelnia (A1 phase and maybe A2
phase)
Description: a) 4 graves of which 3 children; G1 adult, flexed
on the right side, oriented towards NW; grave goods: two flint blades,
red stones; three vertebras, ribs and a skull from a different individual found in the pit these bones wear cut marks; G2 child,
beneath the legs of G1; G3 and G4 two children, located close to
each other, flexed on the right side, oriented towards NW, grave
goods: rectangular clay plates; b) isolated human skulls found inside
25
houses, near hearths; mandible was found in the defense ditch # 1

Observations: no data regarding the relationship of the graves with
other archaeological structures
Bibliography: Rosetti 1934, 38-39; Rosetti / Morintz 1961, 73;
Coma 1974a, 212.
75. Location: Zimnicea (Teleorman County) Cetate
Description: adult, flexed on a side, grave goods: shell beads
Observations: the grave was found in the area of the Dacian settlement (info Al. Alexandrescu)
Persistance and change in the burial practice
In order to delineate behavioral traits across space and time we need
a fair number of discoveries to analyze. As we can notice both on the
general distribution map (fig. 1a) and from the graphic based on this
map (fig. 1b), the number of discoveries is not equilibrated both temporally and spatially. This situation is sometimes determined by the
area covered by a cultural manifestation, as is the case with the Schela
Cladovei culture, identified so far only in the Iron Gates area (fig. 2).
But in most of the cases, the larger or smaller number of discoveries is
due to the different zonal archaeological activity. The large interest of
the archaeologists for the Gumelnia culture led to the largest number
of finds attributed to this culture (fig. 1b). The intensity of discoveries
attributed to the Boian and Gumelnia cultures from Clrai County
(fig. 8, 9) is the result of a more ample survey activity in the area compared to other counties.
Although the categories of discoveries vary for each cultural manifestation, some traits can be distinguished:
Groups I and II (Schela Cladovei and Starevo-Cri cultures) (fig. 2,
3) are characterized by the presence of osteological human remains only
inside the settlement area, both articulated and disarticulated. If we consider only the Romanian area, it would seem that this is the pattern of
the spatial relationship between the living and the dead. The discovery
of a Starevo-Cri cemetery at Malk Preslavec (Boyadiev 2009, 4), in
Bulgaria, is an indicator that the burial of the deceased outside the living
space started at least beginning with the Early Neolithic period.
Group III (Vina and Dudeti cultures) (fig. 4, 5) can be characterized by diversity. Each culture is represented by three discoveries,
each discovery belonging to a different category. The novelty of this
period is the isolated graves that can be a hint for possible cemeteries,
as mentioned before. In both cases (Almjel and Cldraru) a settlement was located in the immediate vicinity. At Cldraru, a cemetery
is also located in the same area, with the possibility (in the absence
of absolute dating), that some of the graves could be attributed to
the Dudeti culture. Vina cemeteries are known in the Serbian area,
at Boto and Gomolava (Bori 1996), which, in spite of the reduced
number of discoveries, is an indicator that the burial of deceased in
cemeteries was a practice, even if it was not yet clearly attested for the
Romanian area.
Groups IV and V (Vdastra, Hamangia, Boian, Gumelnia and
Slcua cultures) (fig. 6-9) are characterized by the presence of all
26
Fig. 1a. General map with all the discoveries
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
27
Fig. 1b. Graphic illustrating the number

of sites / culture with osteological human remains
categories of discoveries, including well-established cemeteries. An

exception to this is the Vdastra culture, but this could be the result
of the extremely limited number of finds attributed to this cultural
manifestation.
The constant trait identified so far is the presence of osteological human remains, articulated or disarticulated, inside the settlement area. An innovation, if we consider only the discoveries
from the Romanian space, appears to be the presence of cemeteries, starting with the end of the Neolithic and beginning of the
Chalcolithic (group IV of cultures). But the Starevo-Cri cemetery
from Bulgaria and the Vina ones from Serbia (mentioned above)
seem to indicate that the use of cemeteries for disposal of the deceased was a long established practice, starting at least from the
Early Neolithic period.
The presence of the articulated bodies inside the settlement areas (fig. 12a), considered as graves, was attributed, in the Romanian
literature, to the burial practice of certain periods and cultural manifestations.
Sometimes, the interpretation put the accent on the burials of
children inside the living space (Coma 1988-1989; Bodea 1997). The
presence of adult individuals buried inside the settlement area and of
children buried in cemeteries seems to contradict, at least in most of
the situations researched so far, the age-related choice for the place of
burial (Koglniceanu 2008).
A new direction of analysis was proposed by Yavor Boyadiev, who
argued that, as long as the number of burials inside the settlements
is not representative for the population of that settlement, we cannot
speak of practice, but should speak of exception ( 2001).
This theory is supported also by the sites where there are both articulated bodies (a limited number of them) inside the settlement area and
an extramural cemetery.
The disarticulated human remains inside the settlement area
were as frequently attested as the articulated bodies (fig. 12b, 13a).
According to body parts, these can be divided into the following
groups: skull, long bones of the members and the rest of the bones.
The skull and the long bones can represent the result of a selection.
28
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Fig. 2. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Schela Cladovei culture
Fig. 3. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Starevo-Cri culture
29
30
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Fig. 4. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Vina culture
Fig. 5. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Dudeti culture
31
32
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Fig. 6. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Vdastra culture
Fig. 7. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Hamangia culture
33
34
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Fig. 8. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Boian culture
Fig. 9. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Gumelnia culture
35
36
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
Fig. 10. Sites with osteological human remains attributed to the Slcua culture
37
Fig. 11. Graphic illustrating the number of cemeteries (a) and of isolated graves (b) per cultural manifestation.
The values indicate the number of sites for each culture
Fig. 12. Graphic illustrating the number of articulated bodies inside the settlement area (a) and of disarticulated, fragmented and
dispersed human remains inside the settlement area (b) per cultural manifestation.
The values indicate the number of sites for each culture
They are easy to gather and carry, as compared with the fragile or small
bones. In addition, the skull was in various societies invested with special significance which transformed it in an object to be preserved. Of
course, to consider a bone the result of a selection, repetition must be
confirmed so intentionality can be assumed.
Two main directions of interpretations were formulated regarding
these body parts: cultic and funerary. According to the context of discovery, these can be connected to the houses, hearths, pits or in the strata.
The largest number of cemeteries and isolated graves were attributed to the Gumelnia culture (fig. 11). Isolated graves appear only
occasionally in other cultural manifestations.
Some interesting observations can be made based on this general
review of the data.
First of all, an attempt to follow the recurrence of the categories of
finds, by themselves or in patterned combinations (fig. 13b) showed
the following:
a) In most of the cases, the discoveries belonged to only one category: only cemeteries 23%, only isolated graves 14%, only disarticulated human remains inside the settlement area 21%, only articulated bodies inside the settlement area 21%.
b) The most frequent combination of categories is the one bringing together articulated and disarticulated human remains inside the
settlement area 11%. This is not surprising, as it might be a reflec-
38
Raluca KOGLNICEANU
b
Fig. 13. a Graphic illustrating the articulated bodies vs. the disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human remains inside the
settlement area, per cultural manifestation; b table illustrating the frequency of occurrence of a certain category of discovery, either alone, or in various combinations, per culture. The values indicate the number of sites for each culture
tion of intense human activity involving the human remains inside the
living space, be it for burial or other cultic reasons. The disarticulated
remains, when they are found in the archaeological layer (and not in
a clearly articulated context) could be the result of the disturbing of
graves and other complexes involving human remains. From a predictive point of view, in a site where one of these two categories is found,
the other one should also be expected.
c) The sites most intensely and extensively researched (Radovanu,
Oltenia, Pietrele, Hrova and Sultana Malu Rou) provided
the most complex combination of categories: cemetery (+ isolated
graves, possible indicator of a second cemetery) + articulated bodies
inside the settlement area + disarticulated bodies inside the settlement area. Although all these sites were attributed to the Gumelnia
culture (all its phases of evolution), we consider that this image is the
result of the extensive research, and that if other sites, both from the
Gumelnia culture and from other cultural manifestations, would be
researched in a similar manner, they could provide a similar, complex image.
39
Another observation regards the memory of space, which applies both for the living and for the dead in several cases. That many
Gumelnia settlements were built on top of Boian ones is a known fact
and it led to the formation of the tells. It seems that in some cases, ,
the cemeteries were also used for a long period of time, even across
cultures. Such examples are the Hamangia cemetery from Cernavoda
and the Boian cemetery from Cldraru. They were both used for
a very long period. In the Cldraru case it is even possible that the
earliest graves were from the time of the nearby Dudeti settlement.
Another newer case seems to be the one of the Gumelnia cemetery
from Sultana Malu Rou, where a possible earlier (Boian?) grave was
also found.
Instead of conclusion
The main purpose of this material was to update older synthesis and to
lay the ground for new angles of viewing the funerary discoveries.
The number of finds per period, per area or per culture is too heterogeneous to draw any final conclusions. We could notice how regional or personal interest led to different quantity and quality of the
published data. The synthesis of the information could, none the less,
lead to some observations regarding possible patterns in the spatial
relationship between the living and the dead.
The deceased seemed to have played an important role in the communities, their presence close to the living being a permanent marker
even when and where cemeteries were used for the burials.
Acknowledgements: Research financed by the project The socio-humanistic sciences in the context of a globalized evolution the development and implementation of the postdoctoral research and studies
program, contract code: POSDRU/89/1.5/S/61104, project co-financed
by the European Social Fund through the Development of the Human
Resources 2007-2013 Sectorial Operational Program.
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46
Raluca KOGLNICEANU

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Dr. Raluca Koglniceanu
Giurgiu County Museum
3, C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea St.
RO-080024 Giurgiu
raluca.kogalniceanu@gmail.com

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Human Remains from the

Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic

plexes in their immediate vicinity, the focus being placed mostly on

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

in one of the following contexts: below house floor, with no visible

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Description: a human skull without mandible, a human sacrum,

Discovery type: isolated grave

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Discovery type: disarticulated, fragmented and dispersed human

Description: grave of an adult, flexed on the right side, with the

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

copper jewelry (beads, bracelets, pendants) and also meat offerings;

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Bibliography: Boronean 1987; 1992; 2000; 2002; Boronean et al.

28. Location: Curteti (com. Frsinet, Clrai County)

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Observations: the settlement is located in the vicinity

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Bibliography: Nica 1981; Andreescu et al. 2008.

Description: a fragment of inferior mandible

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Description: at least 22 bone fragments coming from at least 19

Observations: the grave was found near the settlement at Mgura

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

57b. Location: Ostrovu Corbului (com. Hinova, Mehedini

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

metacarpal in the archaeological layer; d) 2 graves (G 24 and G 25):

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Description: a child (Infans II) grave discovered by C. Mateescu

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

houses, near hearths; mandible was found in the defense ditch # 1

Fig. 1a. General map with all the discoveries

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Fig. 1b. Graphic illustrating the number

categories of discoveries, including well-established cemeteries. An

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Tapper, B. 2005. Mgura, com. Mgura,

Andreescu, R.R. / Moldoveanu, K. /

Andreescu, R.R. / Lazr, C.A. / Florea,

2012. Bucureti. 136.

Andrieescu, I. 1937. Planches des dcouvertes fortuites et des fouilles faites

Berciu, D. / Morintz, S. 1959. Spturile

Blteanu, A.C. 1997. 3.5. Anthropology.

Berciu, D. / Morintz, S. / Roman, P.

Blteanu, C. / Blteanu, C. 1996. Studiul

Berciu, D. / Morintz, S. 1957. antierul

Schela Cladovei 1965-1968. Dup 40 de

Human Remains from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic...

Aluta 10-11, 23-31.

mplinirii a 60 de ani. Bucureti. 83-106.

Coma, E. 1977. Neoliticul Judeului

Coma, E. 1959a. Spturile de salvare

Coma, E. 1975. Nouvelles donnes

Coma, E. 1959b. Spturi arheologice la

Coma, E. 1974a. Istoria comunitilor

Coma, E. 1958. Cteva date despre ritul

Coma, E. 1974b. Die Bestattungssitten

Coma, E. 1956. Rezultatele sondajelor