Themediallemniscusmaybeconsideredastheupwardcontinuationoftheposteriorfuniculusofthe

spinalcordandtoconveyconsciousimpulsesofmusclesenseandtactilediscriminationMidBrain
Activation.Fibersaresaidtopassthroughthemediallongitudinalfasciculusfromthenucleusofthe
abducentnerveintotheoculomotornerveoftheoppositesideandthroughthisnervetotheRectus
medialisoculi.Neithertheinsularlobenorthelimbiclobeisatruelobe.Thebraincanbedividedinto
twomajorparts:thelowerbrainstemandthehigherforebrain.Thelefthalfcontrolstherightsideof
thebodyandtherighthalfcontrolstheleftsideofthebody.Thediencephalonconsistsofacomplex
collectionofnucleilyingsymmetricallyoneithersideofthemidline.Nervesreachfromyourbrainto
yourfaceearseyesnoseandspinalcordMidBrainActivationForAdults.Therightbraincontrols
theleftsideofthebody.Eachhemisphereconsistsof4lobes:Performhighlevelcognitivefunctions
suchasreasoningabstractionconcentrationandexecutivecontrolProvideforinformationstorageor
memoryControlvoluntaryeyemovementInfluencesomaticmotorcontrolofactivitiessuchas
respirationGIactivityandbloodpressurePerformmotorcontrolofspeechinthedominant
hemisphereusuallytheleftContainthemotorcortexthatcontrolsvoluntarymotorfunctionContain
thepremotorcortexormotorassociationareasthatareinvolvedwithgeneralizedmovementParietal
Lobesinterpretsensoryinformationtodefinesizeshapeweighttextureconsistencyandawarenessof
bodypartsMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thehippocampusisalsolocatedinthetemporallobe
whichiswhythisportionofthebrainisalsoheavilyassociatedwiththeformationofmemories.
ThebasalgangliaisfoundinthewhitematterMidBrainActivation.Distinctlyhumantraits
includinghigherthoughtlanguageandhumanconsciousnessaswellastheabilitytothinkreasonand
imaginealloriginateinthecerebralcortex.Thischemicalhasmanyrolesinthebrainandcanaffect
behaviorsleepmoodandmemory.Thecerebellumlittlebrainisthesecondlargestregionofthebrain.
TheyarisefromthecerebralhemispheresIandIIfromtheMidbrainIIIandIVfromtheponsVVI
VIIandVIIIandfromthemedullaIXXXIandXII.Anotherstrongpieceofevidenceisthatthe
substantianigrawheremostdopamineisproducedhasbeenseentoundergostructuralandcellular
changesinapersonwithschizophrenia.Thereissomeevidencethattheinsularcorticalareasare
involvedinnociceptionandregulationofautonomicfunction.Formoreinformationaboutthe
neocortexclickhere.Manyofthesecondarysensoryfibersofthetrigeminalcrosstheraphfromits
terminalnucleusandpassupwardtothethalamusbyamoreorlessseparatebutcloselyassociated
pathwayknownasthecentraltractofthetrigeminalnervewhichalsoliesonthedorsalaspectofthe
lemniscus.Thispartofthereticularsystemprojectstothemidlinegroupofthethalamuswhichalso
playsaroleinwakefulnessMidBrainActivationForAdults.
Researchhasshownthattherightcerebralhemisphereisresponsibleforsuchfunctionsasinnovation
intuitionandcreativityMidBrainActivation.Likethespinalcordthebrainismadeofmainlygray
matterandwhitematterarrangedindistinctlayers.Thenervoussystemisyourbodysdecisionand
communicationcenter.Becausethenucleiofthevagusnervearefoundinthemedullaitisacenter
forcirculationandrespiration.Afunctionallyorganizedsystemisasetofneuronslinkedtogetherto
conveyaspecifictypeofinformationtoaccomplishaparticulartask.Thesomatosensorycortexisa
bandthatrunsoverthetopofthebrainiswhereourbrainregistersatouchonanypartofourbody.
Theyemergefromtheuppersurfaceoftheponsoneoneithersideofthemiddlelineanddivergingas
theypassupwardandforwarddisappearintothesubstanceofthecerebralhemispheres.Thedorsal
rootfibersenterthespinalcordatthedorsolateralsulcusandthefibersoftheventralrootfibersexit
thespinalcordinnumerousfinebundlesthroughtheventralfuniculus.Thecerebralcortexisa
functionallyorganizedorgan.Insteadthecerebellumservestomodifythesesignalsandmakemotor
movementsaccurateanduseful.
Itisinvolvedinthecoordinationofmotormovementsaswellasbasicfacetsofmemoryandlearning.
IfyouwereinadeepsleepandIstimulatedyourReticularFormationyouwouldinstantlywakeup
andnotbetiredatall.Thecerebralcortexconsistsofvarioustypesofcorticesaswellasclosely
relatedsubcorticalstructuressuchasthecaudatenucleusputamenglobusamygdalaandthe
hippocampalformationMidBrainActivationForAdults.Theinferiorsurfaceofthetemporallobe
restsonthetentoriumcerebelli.Therearesubcorticalareasinthetelencephalonlikethebasalganglia

andtheamygdaloidnucleuscomplex.Itsthecenterforvomitingcoughingandhiccupping.The
pituitaryglandisconnectedtoandcontrolledbythehypothalamusthecontrolcenterforthe
autonomicnervoussystemandtheneuroendocrinesystemMidbrainwhichservesasthepathwayfor
thecerebralhemispheresandlowerbrainandasthecenterforauditoryandvisualreflexes.Thepars
compactaismainlyaninputtothebasalgangliacircuitsupplyingthestriatumwithdopamine.The
leftandrighthemispheresmaylookthesamebuteachsidefunctionsdifferentlyMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Thesuperiorbrachiumextendslateralwardfromthesuperiorcolliculusand
passingbetweenthepulvinarandmedialgeniculatebodyispartlycontinuedintoaneminencecalled
thelateralgeniculatebodyandpartlyintotheoptictract.
Thesuperiorcolliculiarepartofthevisualsystemrelayinginputfromtheoptictracttothelateral
geniculatebodiesofthethalamus.Theefferentprojectionsincludecorticobulbarcortextobrainstem
andcorticospinalcortextospinalcordaxons.Ventriclesarefluidfilledcavitiesinthebrainthereare
fourofthem.TransverseSectionthroughthePons.OKletsbreakthebraindownintothreeareasthe
hindbrainMidbrainandforebrain.AtthecaudalrearMidbraincrossedfibresofthesuperior
cerebellarpedunclethemajoroutputsystemofthecerebellumsurroundandpartiallyterminateina
largecentrallylocatedstructureknownastherednucleus.OlfactoryNerveIisthesensorynervefor
thesenseofsmellOpticNerveIIisthesensorynerveforthereceiptofprimaryvisualstimuli
OculomotorNerveIIIinnervates4ofthe6musclesinvolvedineyemovementisresponsiblefor
elevatingtheuppereyelidandinvolvedwithpupillaryconstrictionTrochlearNerveIVisresponsible
fordownwardandinwardeyemovementTrigeminalNerveVisamixednervewhichisinvolvedin
sensationsofpaintemperatureandlighttouchoftheentirefacescalpnoseandmouthandwhich
innervatesthemusclesofmasticationAbducensNerveVIisresponsibleforrotatingtheeyelaterally
FacialNerveVIIisamixednervewhich:Innervatesthemusclesoffacialexpressionandis
responsibleforclosingtheeyessmilingwhistlingshowingtheteethwrinklingthenoseandbrowand
grimacingControlstearingandsalivationMediatestastetotheanteriortwothirdsofthetongue
MediatessensationfromtheskinliningtotheexternalauditorymeatusAcousticNerveVIIIis
involvedinthesenseofhearingbalanceandorientationinspaceGlossopharyngealNerveIXisa
mixednervewhichinnervatesthepharynxtastereceptorsonthetongueparotidglandandbackofthe
earVagusNerveXisamixednervewhichinnervatesthesoftpalatepharynxlarynxthoracicand
abdominalorgansincludingtheheartlungsandvisceraandexternalauditorymeatus.Peoplewho
sufferbraindamagewhetherasaresultofanexternalimpactorfromastrokeoftenlosesome
cognitivefunctionbutnonethelessremainabletoeatsleepandbreath.Eachbumponthesurfaceof
thebrainisknownasagyruswhileeachgrooveisknownasasulcus.Theentericsubdivisionisa
complexneuronalnetworkwithinthewallsofthegastrointestinalsystemandcontainsmoreneurons
thanthespinalcordMidBrainActivationForAdults.
Thesetworegionsworktogetherasakindofcircuit.Thenigrostriatalpathwayoriginatesinthe
substantianigraMidBrainActivationForAdults.Oculomotornervewith8itsnucleusoforigin.7E
isasectiontakenatthelevelofthejunctionoftheMidbrainwiththediencephalon.Inaddition
motorskillsandbasicawarenessaredependentonthispartofthebrainMidBrainActivationFor
Adults.Cerebrumconsistsof:2Cerebralhemispheresthatareincompletelyseparatedbythegreat
longitudinalfissureMidBrainActivationForAdults.Inpursuitofthatgoalparentsmakeenormous
sacrificesandgotogreatlengthsMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thisclearwateryfluidis
producedbythechoroidplexus.Alsowithintheponsbaseandtegmentumarelongitudinally
ascendinganddescendingfibers.Thesecondmajorderivativeoftheprosencephalonisthe
diencephalon.
Illnessesmostcommonlyassociatedwiththisregionofthebrainarestrokeschizophreniaand
Parkinsonsdisease.Itispossibletoidentifyonthecerebralcortexprimarysensoryareassecondary
sensoryareasprimarymotorareapremotorareasupplementarymotorareaandassociationareas
whicharedevotedtotheintegrationofmotorandsensoryinformationintellectualactivitythinking
andcomprehensionexecutionoflanguagememorystorageandrecall.Becauseoftheareasizeofthe
graymatterfittingitintotheskullcausesfolds.Afferentfibersconveysensoryinformationfrom

sensoryreceptorsintheskinmucousmembranesandinternalorgansandfromtheeyeearnoseand
mouthtotheCNStheefferentfibersconveysignalsfromcorticalandsubcorticalcenterstothespinal
cordandfromtheretothemuscleorautonomicgangliathatinnervatethevisceralorgans.Thereare
severalpiecesofevidencetosupportthishypothesisincludingthefactthatsomethemosteffective
medicationsforthetreatmentofpsychosisarethosethatreducedopamineactivity.Sectionthrough
theMidbrain.Itconsistsoftheamygdalatheseptumandthehippocampus.Thetwohemispheresare
dividedbythelongitudinalcerebralfissureandconnectedbyamassivebundleoffiberscalledthe
corpuscallosum.Theautonomicnervoussystemisoftenconsideredaseparateentityalthough
composedpartiallyinthePNSandpartiallyintheCNSitinterfacesbetweenthePNSandtheCNS.
Themotorcortexisjustinfrontofthesomatosensorycortexanditsendsoutsignalstomusclesto
makethemmoveMidBrainActivationForAdults.