Aircraft & Engine - Technical

General
(CPL/Airline Entry Competencies Written
& Interview Preparation Capsule)

DC Electrics
Basic Principles
Introduction
Units of Electricity
Complex DC Circuits
Switches
Manual Switches
Automatically Operated Switches
Circuit Protection
Introduction
Fuses
Circuit Breakers
Capacitance
Batteries
Primary Cells
Secondary Cells
Aircraft Batteries
Magnetism
General Magnetism
Electromagnetism
Generators & Alternators
Simple Generator
Generators & Alternators
Generator Control
DC Motors
Basic Motors
Practical Motors
Aircraft DC Electrical Power Systems
Simple Generator Systems
System Monitoring
Multiple Generator Systems
Bonding & Screening

AC Electrics
Introduction to AC
Basic AC Theory
Resistance
Induction
Capacitance
Reactance
Impedance
Power
Alternators
Basic Alternators
Practical AC Generators
Parallel Operation
System Components
Practical Aircraft Systems
Split Busbar Systems
Parallel Busbar Systems
Transformers
AC Motors
Semiconductors
Logic Gates

Principles of Flight
Introduction, Definitions & Overview
The Atmosphere
Basics
Dynamic Pressure & Airspeeds
Basic Aerodynamic Theory
Subsonic Airflow
Lift
Lift Coefficient & Equation
Density Coefficient & Altitude
Lift Curve
Lift/Drag Ratio
Factors affecting Lift

3-Dimentional Airflow
Wing Tip Vortices
Wake Turbulence
Ground Effect
Drag
Drag Family Tree
Parasite Drag
Induced Drag
Factors affecting Parasite Drag
Total Drag
Power Requirement
Summary
Stalling
Introduction
Stall Speeds & Warning Systems
Stall Characteristics
Super/Deep Stall
Factors affecting Stall Speeds
Spinning
Special Phenomena of Stall
High Speed Buffet (Shock Stall)
High Lift Devices (Flaps)
Trailing Edge Flaps
Leading Edge Flaps
Stability
Longitudinal Stability
Directional Stability
Lateral Stability
Controls
Introduction
Aerodynamic Balance
Powered Flying Controls
Mass Balance
Longitudinal Control
Lateral Control
Directional Control
Trimming
Flight Mechanics
Straight & Level Flight
Straight Climb
Descent
Turning
Asymmetric Thrust

Minimum Control Speeds

High Speed Flight
Introduction
Shockwaves
Mach Number
Swept Wing
Supersonic Flights
Limitations
Manoeuvre Load
Gust Loads
Landing Gear & Flap Limitation Speeds
Aeroelasticity
Windshear
Propellers
Introduction
Fixed Pitch Propellers
Variable Pitch Propellers
Propeller Turning Effects

Airframes & Systems

Structures
Loads applied to the Airframe
Airframe Construction
Materials Used & Failure Statistics
Hydraulics
Basic Principles of Hydromechanics
Fluids, Pipelines & Seals
Basic Hydraulic Systems
Pumps
System Components
Actuators & Motors
Pressure Control
Flow Control
Controls & Indicators
High Pressure Pneumatic Systems
Landing Gear
Fixed Gear & Shock Absorption
Retractable Landing Gear
Nose Gear

Operation & Indication

Safety Features
Wheels & Tyres
Wheels
Tyre Contruction
Tyre Use
Aircraft Wheelbrakes
Construction & System Operation
Anti-skid & Auto-brakes
Compenents & Brake Kinetic Energy
Flight Controls
Introduction
Pitch Control
Yaw Control
Roll Control
Aerodynamic Balance
Flaps & Slats
Trimming
Spoilers & Speed Brakes
Manual Flight Controls
Powered Controls
PFC Feel & Redundancy
Fly By Wire
Pneumatics
Ram Air Systems
Bleed Air Systems
Air Conditioning
Pressurisation
Pressurisation Control & Operation
Ice & Rain Protection
Detection
Areas Requiring Protection
Mechanical Protection
Thermal Protection
Fluid Protection
Windscreeen Protection
Propeller Protection
Emergency Systems & Protection
Emergency Equipments
Emergency Exit Provisions
Emergency Lighting
Oxygen Systems
Introduction

 Flight Crew Supplemental Oxygen

Passenger Supplemental Oxygen
First Aid Oxygen
Protective Breathing Equipment
Fire & Smoke
Fire Detection
Fire Extinguishing
Fire Extinguishants
Smoke Detection
APU & Toilet Fire Protection
Cargo Compartment Classifications
Fuel Systems
Fuel Types
Storage Systems
Fuel Distribution
Quantity Indication
Refueling

Piston Engines
Introduction
Terminology
Dynamics The Study of Energy
Newtons Second Law of Motion
Newtons Third Law of Motion
Thermodynamics
Bernoullis Theorem
The Venturi
The Gas Laws
Induction Stroke
Compression Stroke
Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Engines General
Engine Design
Definitions
Theoretical Timing Diagram
The Practical Four Stroke Cycle
Ineffective Crank Angle
Valve Timing
Indicator Diagram
Indicated Horse Power

Fuel

Specific Fuel Consumption

Efficiency
Compression Ratio
Engine Components
Crankshaft
Connecting Rods
Pistons
Piston Rings
Cylinder Barrel
Cylinder Head
Valve Operating Mechanism
The Sump
Carburettor
Accessory housing & Wheelcase
Valve Clearance

Types of Fuel
Manufacturing Specifications
Fuel Grades
Requirements of Fuel
The Combustion Process
Flame Rate
Detonation
Concept
Causes of Detonation
Effects of Detonation
Recognition of Detonation
Fuel Quality Control
Performance Number
Fuel Additives
Advantages of High Octane Ratings
Pre-ignition
Fuel Combination
Mixture
Chemically Correct Ratio
Practical Mixture Ratio
Weak Mixture
Manual Mixture Control
Necessity of Mixture Control
Maintaining Correct Mixture
Carburettors
Basic Requirements of a Carburettor
Simple Float Chamber Carburettor

Modifications to the Simple Carburettor

Slow Running Systems
Idle Cut-off Valve
Mixture Control
Power Enrichment
The Accelerator Pump
Priming
Fuel Injection
Indirect Fuel Injection
Fuel Pumps
Fuel Manifold Valve
Alternate Air
Engine Icing
Induction System Icing
Indications
Actions to be taken if Engine Icing is suspected
Engine Considerations
Fuel Injected Engines
Operational Procedures
Ignition Systems
Dual Ignition System
Magnetos
Step Up Transformer
Ignition Control
Spark Augmentation
Lubrication
Tasks of the Lubrication System
Tasks of Lubricant
Dry Sump System
Wet Sump System
Advantages of the Dry Sump System
System Components
Lubrication System Monitoring Instruments
Viscosity
Types of Oil
Operational Considerations
Cooling
Reasons for Cooling
Overcooling
Two types of cooling systems
Air cooling
Main Factors governing System Efficiency
CHT Gauge

 Operational Procedures
Power Augmentation
Atmosphere
ISA
Density Altitude
Reasons for Power Augmentation
Engine Power Output
Superchargers & Turbo-chargers
Centrifugal Compressors
Manifold Pressure
Externally Driven Superchargers (Turbo-chargers)
The Waste Gate
Absolute Pressure Controller
Throttle Sensitivity
Differential Pressure Controller
Triple Controller System
Waste Gate Position
Normally Aspirated vs Supercharged
Internally Driven Superchargers
Supercharger Controls
Automatic Boost Control
Effect of Altitude on Engine Power Output
Reference RPM
Static Boost
Final Comparison Turbo-charger vs Supercharger
Propellers
Introduction Purpose of the Propeller
Fixed Pitch Propellers
Variable Pitch (Constant Speed) Propellers
Alpha & Beta Ranges and Control
Principle of Operation
Single Acting Propeller
Double Acting Propeller
Operation of Constant Speed Propeller
Feathering Type Propellers
Propeller Windmilling
Propeller Control
Feathering a Single Acting Propeller
Feathering a Double Acting Propeller
Auto-feathering (Safety Feature)
Synchroscope
Synchrophasing
Reduction Gearing

Purpose of a Torquemeter
Checks to be carried out after Engine Start

Gas Turbine Engines

Introduction
Jet Propulsion
The Reaction Engine
Brief History of Jet Engines
The Principle of Gas Turbine Engine
Working Cycle of Jet Engine
Pressure-Volume Diagram
Constant Pressure Combination
Temperature Limit of the Engine
Application of Gas Laws in Jet Engine
Duct Design
Airflow Through
Pure Turbo-jet
Turbo-prop
Turbo-shaft
Low By-pass ratio engine
High By-pass ratio engine & Turbo-fans
Propulsive Efficiency
Modular Construction Methods
Air Intakes
Basics
Pitot Type Intake
Secondary Air Intake Doors
Supersonic Intakes
Supersonic Diffusers
Convergent Divergent Diffusers
Center Body Diffusers
Operational Considerations
Compressors
Types
Principle of the Centrifugal Compressor
Pros & Cons of Centrifugal Compressors
Principles of the Axial Flow Compressor
Maintaining the axial velocity of the airflow
Compressor Considerations

Compressor Stall
Compressor Surge
Airflow Control
Variable Inlet Guide Vanes
Variable Stator Vanes
Compressor Bleeds
Multi-spool Compressors
Compressor Surge Envelop
Engine Construction
Fan Blades
Compressor & Turbine Contamination
Combustion Chambers
Task of the Combustion Chamber
Temperature increase allowed
Flame rate of Kerosene
Components of a Combustion Chamber
Types of Combustion Chamber
Multiple Combustion Chamber System
Air/Fuel Ratio
Pressure Losses in the Chamber
Combustion Stability
Fuel Spray Nozzles
Turbine Assembly
Task of the Turbine Assembly
Stresses in the Turbine
Turbine Blade Materials
The Turbine Stage
Free (Power) Turbine
Multi-Spool Engines
Blade Shape
Turbine Blade Fixing
Losses in the Turbine
Temperature Measurement
Exhaust Systems
Task of the Jet Pipe
Jet Pipe Design
Inlet and Exhaust Danger Areas
Gas Parameter Changers in the Jet Pipe
Typical Exhaust Systems
Low Ratio By-pass Engine
High Ration By-pass Engine
Noise Suppression
Reverse Thrust

Basics
Clamshell Doors
External Door (Bucket) Reversers
Cold Stream (Blocker) Reversers
Indication & Safety Systems
In-system Safeguards
Restrictions of use
Performance
Introduction
Thrust Equivalent Horse Power (TEHP)
Specific Fuel Consumption
Variation of Thrust with Engine RPM
Engine Power Nominations
Variation of Thrust with:
Altitude Change
Temperature
Aircraft Speed
Variation of TEHP with Altitude Change
Effect of Aircraft Speed on TEHP
Thrust Augmentation
Water Injection Systems
Turbo-jet & Turbo-propeller Systems
Methods of Injection
Thrust Augmentation & Afterburning
The Afterburner
Bleed Air
Bleed Air & Its Uses
Sources of Bleed Air
Effect of using Bleed Air
Air for Internal use in the Engine
Air for Engine Cooling
Turbine Blade Cooling
Nozzle Guide Vane & Turbine Disc Cooling
Sealing
Disposal of Cooling & Sealing Air
Gear Boxes & Accessory Drives
Accessory Gearbox
Expansion of the Compressor Shaft
Stub Shaft Drive
Idler Gear Drive
Spreading the Load
The Shear Neck
Ignition Systems

Introduction
Direct Current High Energy Ignition Unit (HEIU)
HEIU Components
Igniter Plugs
Surface Discharge Igniter Plugs
Engine Starting
System Requirements
Starter Motors
Basics
Electric Starter Motor
Air Starter Motor
Normal Start Cycle
The Start System
Relationship between RPM & EGT
Operation of the Blowout Cycle
The Relight System
Hot Start
Wet Start
Hung Start
Engine Rundown Time
Engine Fuel Systems
Introduction
System Components
Low Pressure (Backing) Pump
Fuel Cooled Oil Cooler (FCOC)
Fuel Heater
Low Pressure Fuel Filter
Fuel Flowmeter
Fuel Temperature Sensing
Fuel Pressure Sensing
High Pressure Fuel Pump
Types of Fuel Control Systems
Electronic Engine Control
Gas Turbine Fuels
Brief History of Jet Fuels
Fuel Production & Specifications
Types of Jet Fuels
Fuel Color
Jet Fuel Additives
Water in the Fuel
Waxing
Effects of Specific Gravity
Lubrication

 Reasons for Lubrication

Lubrication Systems
Pressure Relief Valve Lubricating System
Full Flow Lubrication System
The Oil Tank
Oil Pumps
Oil Coolers
Magnetic Chip Detectors
Centrifugal Breather
Filters
Types of Lubricating Oils
Oil Contents Check
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
Introduction
The APU Engine
APU Operations in Flight
APU Control & Operation
System Protection
APU Fire Protection
Instrumentation
Introduction
Types of Engine Instrument Display
Thrust & Power Measuring Instruments
Low Ratio By-pass Engine Power Measurement
High Ratio By-pass Engine Power Measurement
Engine Torque
Helical Gear Torque Meter System
Electronic Torque Meter
Engine RPM
Mechanical Tachometer
Electrical Generator System
Speed Probe
Synchroscope
Temperature Sensing Equipment
Turbine Gas Temperature
Probe Material
Pressure
Pressure Indication
Engine Vibration
Fuel Gauges
Float Fuel Gauge System
Capacitance Type Fuel Gauge System
Remote (Signal) Transmission System

Desynn Operation
Selsynn Transmission System (Syncro)
Electronic Instruments of Engine & Airframe Systems
Measurements
EICAS
Display Units
EICAS Display Modes
Display Select Panel
Alert Messages
Warning & Caution Lights
Display Unit Failure
Standby Engine Indicator
Maintenance Control Panel
ECAM
Display Units
Display Modes
Flight Phase-Related Mode
ECAM Control Panel

Syllabus prescribed by DGCA can be found here:

http://dgca.nic.in/cars/d7b-b4.pdf
If you have any queries, kindly drop a message. Itd be
my pleasure to get back to you with suitable replies at
the earliest.
Best Regards,
Capt. Omkar Sathe