PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR

SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS

Design Criteria
1.

2.

3.

Design period: Each drop of water has to satisfy the hydraulics for continuous flow from raw water
source to village ohsrs, having through pipeline networks,
i) The unique design period for all units even for pump sets: 30 years (Ultimate)
Population Forecast :Geometrical growth rate based on practical observations ,approximately
i) 1% for Rural interior habs,
ii) 2% may for Mandal HQrs/Pilgrim Centers/Rural habs on main roads and
iii)At least 5% for habs under SUB-URBAN Areas for a/c Migration growth rate.
Per Capita Water Demand: Depends on source availability & affordability of Rural Water
Supply Projects, the minimum required LPCD are in account of water losses due to
treatment, transmission ,distribution & other Unaccounted for Water,
i) Raw water: (70-100 LPCD+ non-domestic requirements) at SOURCE.
ii) Clear water: (65-90 LPCD+ non-domestic requirements) at WTP.
iii) Clear water: (60-80 LPCD+non-domestic requirements) at ohsr.
iv) Clear water: (At least 55-70 LPCD+non-domestic requirements) at Village Distribution points.
Note* add for non-domestic requirements: schools, collages, hostels, hospitals, offices,

Anganvadies, Public Markets, bus & railway stations centres, GP office, for livestocks &
floating population demands, fire frightening etc.,
Note * 135LPCD+additional demands for Urban Area/contemplated, at consumer end,
Note * minimum of 100LPCD as per PURA, at consumer end.
4.
Raw Water Pumping / Operating hours as per power availability & operating feasibility up to
WTP :6-16 hours, preferable <=12 hours, for F.S. against the design & for practical considerations
on real grounds, for avoiding the disturbance from leakages/uncertainties, and to meet the increased
demands if any by increasing the operating hours(>12) for future incremental demands (LPCD).
5.
Clear Water Pumping / Operating hours from WTP onwards, as per power availability &
operating feasibility of Gravity mains in village environments (no street lighting between
villages along the pipe line alignments) detection & rectification of leakage/failures of Gravity mains
during night is not possible :6-12 hours, preferable <=10 hours, for F.S. against the design & for
practical considerations on real grounds, for avoiding the disturbance from additional
withdrawals/leakages/uncertainties, and also to meet the increased demands if any by increasing
the operating hours(>10) for future incremental demands (LPCD).
6.
Source intake: Intake pipe lines system: Preferable for 2 lines, one for standby.
i. The diameter of intake pipe lines provided for 0.80 m/s minimum velocity to avoid silting.
7.
Infiltration/jack wells, raw water collection wells: with suitable well Diameter for pumping
arrangements etc.,
ii. 10 to 15 min. of flow, str stable for overturning /for scouring/SBC.
8. Transmission Pipe lines:
I. For Pumping Mains : pumping is preferable for single pipe lines but not for pipe line networks for
more than 2 villages., Optimum diameter of pipe <= 7.6x (Q in LPM) ^0.46 mm
II. For Gravity Mains : Single pipe lines and Even for pipe line Networks,
Approximate diameter of pipe in mm <= 6 x (Q in LPM) ^0.5
No residual heads required over discharging points (over MWL of Tanks).
9. Distribution System from village ohsr/Glsr:
a. The minimum residual head in the distribution system from village OHSR:
i.
At ferrule points
: 3.0 to 4.0m (for Rural)
b. Peak factor
: 24 to 12 (practical for Rural). For ensuring the adequate resedual heads at
all points when the short duration of water supply is taking place as all the villagers eagerly
awaiting for collection of water in peak demands as per habituations of villagers because the
systems are designed for very much less than the actual demands.
10.
Velocity Range in pipe lines: 0.6 to 3.0m/s
Note *** V=0.45m/s may be considered with frequent scour arrangements for hydraulic constraints.

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11. Frictional +other losses Per 1000m: As per CPHEEO manual,Modified Hazen-Williams formula,
h f =1.1* [607980 x (Q in lpm)^1.81] / [(d)^4.81] ,d: id of pipe in mm ,for CI pipes 34% more
12.

Summer Storage Tank:

a) Summer Storage Tanks to be designed for ultimate demand and for canal closure period duly
considering 50% evaporation and percolation losses.
Note*** SS Tank may be avoided by providing common raw water conveying main from sustainable
Reservoir / Dam for adjacent CPWSS.
13.
Clear water Sumps:
i)
ii)

14.
15.

16.

17.

18.
i)
ii)
iii)

iv)
v)
19.
20.

Capacity, generally for balancing

: 2.5 to 4 hours of inflow at WTP,
Capacity, 20% to 80% of total daily demand of habitations, may be provided at intermediate
booster stations as per power supply interruptions in coincidence with the head works water
supply timings, for less population and for hydraulic constraints for simultaneous supply.
iii) Sumps have to be designed for UPLIFT, CC layer above the bottom slab and or side walls
above the GL as possible may be provided.
OHSR/GLSR: capacity =1 to 1/2 of daily demand, depends on duration of filling as per power supply
timings at village & for water supply timings in peak demands as per usage of villages.
OHBR/GLBR :
i) Capacity of OHBR (approximate)
: 30 to 90 minutes of inflow
ii) The capacity shall be designed to avoid over flow/empty conditions during the pumping.
BPT (Break pressure tanks) :
i) Capacity of Intermediate BPT (approximate) : 30 to 90 minutes of inflow
ii) The capacity shall be designed to avoid over flow/empty conditions during the pumping.
iii) BPTs are designed to minimize the static heads in the pipeline for economy and or to avoid the
emptying of the pipe line during non-pumping hours.
iv) BPTs are also planned to isolate the gravity segments from the Trunk main for feasible
operations and controls.
v) The capacity of OHBR/BPT considered with respect to the staging as per stability criteria.
vi) For OHBR/BPT, to avoiding/minimizing the emptying of the pipe line due to gravity flow during
non-pumping hours, we have to install the pilot valves (mechanical or SCADA) at salient points
on Gravity mains and for branches for sumps & low-lying ohsrs.
vii) Avoid tall OHBRs /BPTs on soft soils which need the special pile foundations in addition to the
RAFT. Soil stabilization is preferable using sand/wooden piles & other techniques.
On line-GL Storage Tanks: Planned on Gravity mains at salient peak points from network analysis,
for the required capacity to compensate the water quantity from leakage/gravity drawls if any during
non-pumping hours, to avoid the emptying of the pipe line to safe guard the quality of the water.
i.
The pilot valves (mechanical or SCADA) has to be installed for controlling overflow of GLSTs.
Pump sets: Planned to suit the demand for covered habitations as well as for the next total
coverage based on the design of gravity mains from OHBR/GLBR
Discharge of pump sets in: LPM =1.1*Q (ultimate) for a/c losses in parallel pumps.
Head of pump set, H= LWL of OHBR/GLBR/BPT - LWL of SUMP+ (friction +other) losses.
Capacity of pump set, HP: (Q in LPM x total head) / (4500x efficiency)
i. Combined Efficiency Submersible :40-50% for wells
ii. Centrifugal MONO
: 50-60%
iii. Vertical turbine
: 60-70%
iv. Horizontal split casing
: 60-70%
Efficiency may be reduced by 10% to 15% for lower Q s at higher heads
The motors are to be suitably selected as per available standard ratings.
Slow Sand Filters: capacity= daily demand*24/raw water pumping hours
(Designed for raw water demand preferable for 100% standby arrangements with pretreatments)
Rapid Sand Filters: capacity =daily demand*24/raw water pumping hours
(Designed for raw water demand preferable 20% for extra arrangements)
No. of Units: Minimum of 2 units (Preferable one unit as standby arrangements).

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