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Introduction
Building reliable hardware requires all component tolerances to be accounted for during the design stage. Worstcase design techniques do not change the basic transfer
equations for an op amp circuit; rather, the components
assume a wide range of values that lead to a corresponding
range of output voltages. This becomes complicated
because active and passive components have different
error sources and tolerances.
The sample design used as a teaching aid is a singlestage op amp configured as an amplifier: the circuit is
designed, the effects of passive components are calculated,
the effects of steady state versus drift errors are discussed,
and methods of eliminating errors are discussed. Op amps
have internal error sources, but they are left as the subject
of another article because component drift tolerances
almost always overshadow op amp internal error sources.
Circuit equations not developed here are taken from
Reference 1.
DRIFT
TOLERANCE (D)
(%)
0.25
2
2
5
15
TOTAL
TOLERANCE (T)
(%)
0.75
3
4
10
25
42
Analog and Mixed-Signal Products
www.ti.com/sc/analogapps
2Q 2002
Amplifiers: Op Amps
(1)
V (R + RG )
R2 = REF F
1 R1 = 3.086R1
bRG
VIN
VCC
VOUT
R2
VREF
(5)
RF
RG
All resistors used in this sample design are 1%, and the
reference voltage is 2.5 V with P = 1% and D = 2%.
Equation 3 establishes the ratio of RF to RG as 16:1; and this
ratio is satisfied by a large number of discrete resistor values
like 16 and 1 , 160 and 10 , 1600 and 100 , or
160 k and 10 k. The designer establishes the impedance of the design by picking a resistor value that scales
the remaining values. Low-value resistors draw more
current, have better frequency response, and load the op
amp; while high-value resistors are noisy and susceptible
to printed circuit board leakage. Let us pick 10 k for RG,
and then RF = 160 k. These resistor values are a good
compromise because they are in the middle of the impedance range; if another resistor selection must be made
later they can be selected higher or lower to satisfy network interactions. Equation 4 is algebraically manipulated
to yield Equation 5.
R1
Worst-case analysis
R
G
R1 + R2 RG
(2)
RF
RG
(3)
R1 RF + RG
b = VREF
R1 + R2 RG
(8)
(9)
(4)
(1 + T)R1
(1 + T)RF
(1 + T)RF + (1 T)RG
VOUT( MAXT) = VIN
+ (1 + T)VREF (1 + T)R + (1 T)R
)
1
T
R
(1 T)RG
1
2
G
(6)
(1 + P)R1
(1 + P)RF
(1 + P)RF + (1 P)RG
VOUT( MAXP ) = VIN
+ (1 + P)VREF (1 + P)R + (1 P)R
)
1
P
R
(1 P)RG
1
2
G
(7)
43
Analog Applications Journal
2Q 2002
www.ti.com/sc/analogapps
Amplifiers: Op Amps
(11)
Signal
Input
RG
9.53 k
RF
160 k
R GP
1 k
+5 V
1 F
+5 V
2.5-V
Reference
R2
38.3 k
.01 F
V OUT
TLV247x
R1
11.3 k
R1P
2 k
44
Analog and Mixed-Signal Products
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2Q 2002
Amplifiers: Op Amps
Reference
For more information related to this article, you can download an Acrobat Reader file at www-s.ti.com/sc/techlit/
litnumber and replace litnumber with the TI Lit. # for
the materials listed below.
Document Title
TI Lit. #
1. Op Amps for Everyone, Design Reference . . .slod006
Summary
www.ti.com/sc/device/TLV247x
VREF
Digital
Reference
Input
.
.
.
Reference
DAC
Signal
Input
Digital
Gain
Input
.
.
.
Gain
Control
DAC
VOUT
Gain
Control
Pin
45
Analog Applications Journal
2Q 2002
www.ti.com/sc/analogapps
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