Chapter 0 - Preliminary Pages

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
LAW OF WAR MANUAL
JUNE 2015
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
FOREWORD
The law of war is of fundamental importance to the Armed Forces of the United States.
The law of war is part of who we are. George Washington, as Commander in Chief of
the Continental Army, agreed with his British adversary that the Revolutionary War would be
carried on agreeable to the rules which humanity formed and to prevent or punish every
breach of the rules of war within the sphere of our respective commands. During the Civil War,
President Lincoln approved a set of Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the
United States in the Field, which inspired other countries to adopt similar codes for their armed
forces, and which served as a template for international codifications of the law of war.
After World War II, U.S. military lawyers, trying thousands of defendants before military
commissions did, in the words of Justice Robert Jackson, stay the hand of vengeance and
voluntarily submit their captive enemies to the judgment of law in one of the most significant
tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason. Reflecting on this distinctive history, one
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff observed that [t]he laws of war have a peculiarly
American cast. And it is also true that the laws of war have shaped the U.S. Armed Forces as
much as they have shaped any other armed force in the world.
The law of war is a part of our military heritage, and obeying it is the right thing to do.
But we also know that the law of war poses no obstacle to fighting well and prevailing. Nations
have developed the law of war to be fundamentally consistent with the military doctrines that are
the basis for effective combat operations. For example, the self-control needed to refrain from
violations of the law of war under the stresses of combat is the same good order and discipline
necessary to operate cohesively and victoriously in battle. Similarly, the law of wars
prohibitions on torture and unnecessary destruction are consistent with the practical insight that
such actions ultimately frustrate rather than accomplish the mission.
This manual reflects many years of labor and expertise, on the part of civilian and
military lawyers from every Military Service. It reflects the experience of this Department in
applying the law of war in actual military operations, and it will help us remember the hardlearned lessons from the past. Understanding our duties imposed by the law of war and our
rights under it is essential to our service in the nations defense.
Stephen W. Preston
General Counsel of the Department of Defense
ii
PREFACE
This manual is a Department of Defense (DoD)-wide resource for DoD personnel
including commanders, legal practitioners, and other military and civilian personnel on the law
of war.
This manual has many distinguished antecedents that have provided important guidance
to the U.S. Armed Forces. For example, General Order No. 100, the Instructions for the
Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, commonly known as the Lieber Code,
was prepared by Professor Francis Lieber and approved by President Abraham Lincoln during
the Civil War in 1863.1 A similar code related to naval warfare titled The Law and Usages of
War at Sea: A Naval War Code was prepared by then-Captain Charles H. Stockton and
approved by President William McKinley in 1900. 2 The War Department published instructions
for the armed land forces of the United States in a 1914 manual titled Rules of Land Warfare,
which was updated in 1917, 1934, and 1940. 3
After World War II, in connection with U.S. ratification of the 1949 Geneva
Conventions, the Department of the Navy published Naval Warfare Information Publication 102, Law of Naval Warfare, in 1955, 4 and the Department of the Army published Field Manual 2710, The Law of Land Warfare, in 1956, which was updated in 1976. 5 The Department of the
Army also published pamphlets on international law applicable in peace and war in the 1960s,
and, in 1979, an updated version of the pamphlet on the law of peace. 6 The Department of the
Air Force published in 1976 Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, International Law The Conduct of
Armed Conflict and Air Operations, which was updated in 1980. 7 More recently, the Judge
Advocate General of the Air Forces School has published a manual titled Air Force Operations
and the Law in 2002, with new editions in 2009 and 2014. 8 The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast
E. D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, General Orders No. 100, Instructions for the Government of Armies
of the United States in the Field, Apr. 24, 1863, reprinted in INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF
THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD (Government Printing Office, 1898).
2
John D. Long, Secretary of the Navy, General Orders No. 551, The Laws and Usages of War at Sea, Jun. 27, 1900,
reprinted as Appendix I in U.S. Naval War College, International Law Discussions, 1903: The United States Naval
War Code of 1900, 101 (1904).
3
War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff, Rules of Land Warfare (Apr. 25, 1914); War Department, Office of
the Chief of Staff, Rules of Land Warfare (Apr. 25, 1914 with Changes Nos. 1 and 2, corrected to Apr. 15, 1917);
War Department, Basic Field Manual, Volume VII, Military Law, Part Two: Rules of Land Warfare (Jan. 2, 1934);
War Department Field Manual 27-10, Rules of Land Warfare (Oct. 1, 1940).
4
Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval Warfare Information Publication 10-2,
Law of Naval Warfare (Sept. 1955), reprinted as Appendix in ROBERT W. TUCKER, THE LAW OF WAR AND
NEUTRALITY AT SEA (U.S. Naval War College International Law Studies, Volume 50, 1955).
5
Department of the Army Field Manual 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare (Jul. 18, 1956 with Change 1, Jul. 15,
1976).
6
Department of the Army Pamphlet 27-161-2, II International Law (Oct. 23, 1962); Department of the Army
Pamphlet 27-161-1, I International Law: The Law of Peace (Sept. 1, 1979).
7
Department of the Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, International Law The Conduct of Armed Conflict and Air
Operations (Nov. 19, 1976).
iii
Guard have published several editions of The Commanders Handbook on the Law of Naval
Operations starting in 1987 and most recently in 2007. 9 Helpful annotated supplements have
also been published. 10
In addition to these major publications, DoD components have produced many other
publications that have supported DoD lawyers in giving advice on the law of war. For example,
since 1895, the Naval War College has published its International Law Studies journal. 11 The
Judge Advocate General of the Armys Legal Center & School has published many editions of a
Law of Armed Conflict Deskbook, a Law of Armed Conflict Documentary Supplement, and an
Operational Law Handbook. 12
The preparation of this manual also has benefited greatly from consulting foreign experts
and resources for example, the 2004 edition of the Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict by
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. 13 In this way, the preparation of this manual is no
different from its predecessors. For example, the 1956 Army Field manual benefited from
considering a draft of what ultimately became the 1958 United Kingdom law of war manual, and
the preparation of the 1914 War Department manual benefited from the Rules of Land Warfare
prepared by officers of the English Army and Professor Lassa Oppenheim. 14 The law of war
Department of the Air Force, The Judge Advocate Generals School, Air Force Operations and the Law (3rd ed.,
2014); Department of the Air Force, The Judge Advocate Generals School, Air Force Operations & the Law: A
Guide for Air, Space, and Cyber Forces (2nd ed., 2009); Department of the Air Force, Office of the Judge Advocate
General, Air Force Operations & the Law (1st ed., 2002).
Department of the Navy, Naval Warfare Publication 9, The Commanders Handbook on the Law of Naval
Operations (Jul. 1987); Department of the Navy, Naval Warfare Publication 1-14M / Marine Corps Warfighting
Publication 5-2.1 / Commandant Publication P5800.1, The Commanders Handbook on the Law of Naval
Operations (Oct. 1995); Department of the Navy, Naval Warfare Publication 1-14M / Marine Corps Warfighting
Publication 5-12.1 / Commandant Publication P5800.7A, The Commanders Handbook on the Law of Naval
Operations (Jul. 2007).
10
Department of the Navy, Office of the Judge Advocate General, Annotated Supplement to the Commanders
Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, NWP (Rev.A)/FMFM 1-10 (1989); U.S. Naval War College, Center for
Naval Warfare Studies, Oceans Law and Policy Department, Annotated Supplement to the Commanders Handbook
on the Law of Naval Operations (1997).
11
See, e.g., U.S. Naval War College, International Law Studies, Vol. 88, Non-International Armed Conflict in the
Twenty-first Century (2012).
12
See, e.g., The Judge Advocate Generals Legal Center and School, U.S. Army, International and Operational Law
Department, Law of Armed Conflict Deskbook (2014); The Judge Advocate Generals Legal Center and School, U.S.
Army, International and Operational Law Department, Law of Armed Conflict Documentary Supplement (2014);
The Judge Advocate Generals Legal Center and School, U.S. Army, International and Operational Law
Department, Operational Law Handbook (2014).
13
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, Joint Service Publication 383, The Joint Service Manual of the Law of
Armed Conflict (2004).
14
See War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff, Rules of Land Warfare, Preface 7 (Apr. 25, 1914) (Especial
use was made of the Rules of Land Warfare, prepared by officers of the English Army and Prof. L. Oppenheim,
LL.D., and of Prof. Nagao Arigas book, La Guerre Russo-Japonaise, which deals so carefully and thoroughly with
the laws and usages of war during one of the greatest wars of recent times.).
iv
manuals of Germany, Australia, and Canada were also helpful resources in the preparation of this
manual. 15
The preparation of this manual has also benefited from the participation of officers from
the United Kingdoms Royal Air Force and the Australian Royal Air Force on exchange
assignments with the U.S. Air Force. In addition, military lawyers from Canada, the United
Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia reviewed and commented on a draft of the manual in
2009 as part of review that also included comments from distinguished scholars.
Promulgating a DoD-wide manual on the law of war has been a long-standing goal of
DoD lawyers. Memoranda and meeting notes from the 1970s reflect that the international law
offices of the Department of the Armys Office of the Judge Advocate General and the
Department of the Navys Office of the Judge Advocate General generally agreed on a concept
plan for a new all-Services law of war manual that would be a resource for implementing the
1977 Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. 16 At the time, it was anticipated
that the United States would ratify the Protocols, which has not occurred.
The origin of this manual may be traced to work in the late 1980s to update Department
of the Army Field Manual 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare. 17 Then, in the mid-1990s, work
began on an all-Services law of war manual to reflect the views of all DoD components. It was
envisioned that the manual would provide not only the black letter rules, but also discussion,
examples of State practice, and references to past manuals, treatises, and other documents to
provide explanation, clarification, and elaboration. The present manual has sought to realize that
vision and thus it falls within the tradition of the 1914 War Department manual, as well as the
1989 and 1997 Commanders Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, which also adopted
this general approach of an annotated manual.
This manual is an institutional publication and reflects the views of the Department of
Defense, rather than the views of any particular person or DoD component. An effort has been
made to reflect in this manual sound legal positions based on relevant authoritative sources of the
law, including as developed by the DoD or the U.S. Government under such sources, and to
show in the cited sources the past practice of DoD or the United States in applying the law of
war.
This manual primarily has been prepared by the DoD Law of War Working Group, which
is chaired by a representative of the DoD General Counsel and includes representatives of the
15
Germany, Federal Ministry of Defence, Joint Service Regulation (ZDv) 15/2, Law of Armed Conflict Manual
(May 1, 2013); Australian Defence Force, Australian Defence Doctrine Publication 06.4, Law of Armed Conflict
(May 11, 2006); Canada, Department of National Defence, Joint Doctrine Manual B-GJ-005-104/FP-021, Law of
Armed Conflict at the Operational and Tactical Levels (Aug. 13, 2001).
16
Captain Bruce A. Harlow, JAGC, U.S. Navy, Memorandum for Mr. Waldemar H. Solf (DAJA-IA), Preparation
of New Law of War Manual (Dec. 28, 1976).
17
Remarks by W. Hays Parks, Customary Law and Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions for Protection
of War Victims: Future Directions in Light of the U.S. Decision Not to Ratify, 81 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW PROCEEDINGS 26 (Apr. 9, 1987) (I have the job of writing the new U.S. Army Field Manual
27-10, The Law of Land Warfare, so this panel is of particular interest to me.).
Judge Advocates General of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; the Staff Judge Advocate to the
Commandant of the Marine Corps; the offices of the General Counsels of the Military
Departments; and the Legal Counsel to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 18 This manual
has been reviewed by principals of these offices. The preparation of this manual has also
benefited significantly from the participation of experts from the Department of State, Office of
the Legal Adviser, and the Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, although the views in
this manual do not necessarily reflect the views of those Departments or the U.S. Government as
a whole.
Comments and suggestions from users of the DoD Law of War Manual are invited. All
such correspondence should be addressed by email to:
osd.pentagon.ogc.mbx.ia-law-of-war-manual-comments@mail.mil.
18
Department of Defense Directive 2310.01E, DoD Law of War Program 5.1.4 (May 9, 2006, Certified Current as
of Feb. 22, 2011) (providing for a DoD Law of War Working Group, consisting of representatives, at the election
by each of the GC, DoD; the General Counsel of each Military Department; the Counsel to the Commandant of the
Marine Corps; the Judge Advocate General of each Military Department; the Staff Judge Advocate to the
Commandant of the Marine Corps; and the Legal Counsel to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The DoD
Law of War Working Group shall develop and coordinate law of war initiatives and issues; support the research,
preparation, review, and updating of the DoD Law of War Manual; manage other law of war matters as they arise;
and provide advice to the General Counsel on legal matters covered by this Directive.).
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword .........................................................................................................................ii
Preface .............................................................................................................................iii
Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................vii
List of Abbreviations .....................................................................................................xvii
I General Background ............................................................................................................1
1.1 Purpose and Scope of This Manual ...........................................................................1
1.2 Use of Footnotes, Sources, Cross-References, and Signals in This Manual .............2
1.3 Definition of the Law of War.....................................................................................7
1.4 Object and Nature of War ..........................................................................................15
1.5 War as a Legal Concept..........................................................................................18
1.6 Law of War Distinguished From Certain Topics .......................................................20
1.7 Treaties .......................................................................................................................27
1.8 Customary International Law ....................................................................................29
1.9 Subsidiary Means of Determining International Law ................................................34
1.10 Legal Force of the Law of War ................................................................................36
1.11 Jus ad Bellum ...........................................................................................................39
II Principles .............................................................................................................................50
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................50
2.2 Military Necessity ......................................................................................................52
2.3 Humanity....................................................................................................................58
2.4 Proportionality ...........................................................................................................60
2.5 Distinction ..................................................................................................................62
2.6 Honor .........................................................................................................................66
III Application of the Law of War ........................................................................................70
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................70
3.2 Situations to Which the Law of War Applies ............................................................73
3.3 Status of the Parties and the Law of War ...................................................................73
3.4 When Jus in Bello Rules Apply .................................................................................78
3.5 Relationship Between Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum ..............................................86
3.6 Reciprocity and Law of War Rules ............................................................................89
3.7 Applying Rules by Analogy.......................................................................................92
3.8 End of Hostilities and the Application of the Law of War ........................................94
3.9 Law of War Duties Also Applicable in Peace ...........................................................96
IV Classes of Persons ..............................................................................................................98
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................98
vii
4.2 The Armed Forces and the Civilian Population.........................................................100

4.3 Lawful Combatants and Unprivileged Belligerents ...................................................103
4.4 Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Combatants ...........................................................106
4.5 Armed Forces of a State .............................................................................................112
4.6 Other Militia and Volunteer Corps ............................................................................118
4.7 Leve en Masse ..........................................................................................................125
4.8 Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Civilians ................................................................127
4.9 Military Medical and Religious Personnel ................................................................129
4.10 Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Military Medical and Religious Personnel .........133
4.11 Authorized Staff of Voluntary Aid Societies ...........................................................134
4.12 Staff of a Recognized Aid Society of a Neutral Country.........................................135
4.13 Auxiliary Medical Personnel ...................................................................................136
4.14 Personnel Engaged in Duties Related to the Protection of Cultural Property .........138
4.15 Persons Authorized to Accompany the Armed Forces ............................................142
4.16 Crews of Merchant Marine Vessels or Civil Aircraft ..............................................148
4.17 Spies, Saboteurs, and Other Persons Engaging in Similar Acts Behind
Enemy Lines ........................................................................................................150
4.18 Private Persons Who Engage in Hostilities .............................................................157
4.19 Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Unprivileged Belligerents ...................................162
4.20 Children....................................................................................................................166
4.21 Mercenaries ..............................................................................................................170
4.22 AP I Provisions on Civil Defense Personnel ...........................................................172
4.23 Law Enforcement Officers .......................................................................................172
4.24 Journalists ................................................................................................................173
4.25 Delegates or Representatives of the Protecting Powers ...........................................175
4.26 ICRC and Other Impartial Humanitarian Organizations .........................................176
4.27 Determining the Status of Detainees in Cases of Doubt ..........................................179
V The Conduct of Hostilities ..................................................................................................183
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................183
5.2 Principles for the Conduct of Hostilities ....................................................................185
5.3 Overview of Rules for the Protection of Civilians.....................................................185
5.4 Assessing Information Under the Law of War ..........................................................192
5.5 Rules on Conducting Assaults, Bombardments, and Other Attacks ..........................194
5.6 Discrimination in Conducting Attacks.......................................................................203
5.7 Military Objectives ....................................................................................................205
5.8 Combatants ................................................................................................................216
5.9 Civilians Taking a Direct Part in Hostilities ..............................................................222
5.10 Persons Placed Hors de Combat ..............................................................................232
5.11 Feasible Precautions in Conducting Attacks to Reduce the Risk of Harm to
Protected Persons and Objects .............................................................................237
5.12 Proportionality in Conducting Attacks ....................................................................241
5.13 Attacks on Facilities, Works, or Installations Containing Dangerous Forces .........247
5.14 Feasible Precautions to Reduce the Risk of Harm to Protected Persons and
Objects by the Party Subject to Attack ................................................................248
viii
5.15 Undefended Cities, Towns, and Villages .................................................................253

5.16 Prohibition on Using Protected Persons and Objects to Shield, Favor, or
Impede Military Operations .................................................................................258
5.17 Seizure and Destruction of Enemy Property............................................................261
5.18 Protection of Cultural Property During Hostilities ..................................................269
5.19 Sieges and Encircled Areas ......................................................................................288
5.20 Starvation .................................................................................................................291
5.21 Overview of Good Faith, Perfidy, and Ruses ..........................................................294
5.22 Treachery or Perfidy Used to Kill or Wound...........................................................296
5.23 Use of Enemy Flags, Insignia, and Military Uniforms ............................................298
5.24 Improper Use of Certain Signs ................................................................................300
5.25 Ruses of War and Other Lawful Deceptions ...........................................................302
5.26 Non-Forcible Means and Methods of Warfare ........................................................307
5.27 Prohibition Against Compelling Enemy Nationals to Take Part in the
Operations of War Directed Against Their Own Country ...................................310
VI Weapons .............................................................................................................................312
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................312
6.2 DoD Policy of Reviewing the Legality of Weapons .................................................313
6.3 Other Practices to Help Implement Law of War Obligations With Respect to
Weapons ...............................................................................................................316
6.4 Prohibited Weapons ...................................................................................................317
6.5 Lawful Weapons ........................................................................................................318
6.6 Weapons Calculated to Cause Superfluous Injury.....................................................334
6.7 Inherently Indiscriminate Weapons ...........................................................................340
6.8 Poison, Poisoned Weapons, Poisonous Gases, and Other Chemical Weapons .........343
6.9 Biological Weapons ...................................................................................................350
6.10 Certain Environmental Modification Techniques ....................................................352
6.11 Weapons Injuring by Fragments Not Detectable by X-Rays...................................355
6.12 Landmines, Booby-Traps, and Other Devices .........................................................356
6.13 Cluster Munitions.....................................................................................................380
6.14 Incendiary Weapons.................................................................................................382
6.15 Laser Weapons .........................................................................................................387
6.16 Riot Control Agents .................................................................................................389
6.17 Herbicides ................................................................................................................392
6.18 Nuclear Weapons .....................................................................................................393
6.19 Explosive Ordnance .................................................................................................395
6.20 Explosive Remnants of War ....................................................................................400
VII Wounded, Sick, Shipwrecked, Dead, and the Medical Services ...................................410
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................410
7.2 Application of the Protections of the GWS and GWS-Sea........................................413
7.3 Respect and Protection of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked .............................415
ix
7.4 Search, Collection, and Affirmative Protection of the Wounded, Sick,

Shipwrecked, and Dead .......................................................................................420
7.5 Humane Treatment and Care of Enemy Military Wounded, Sick, and
Shipwrecked in the Power of a Party to the Conflict ...........................................424
7.6 Accountability Information From the Enemy Military Wounded, Sick,
Shipwrecked, and Dead .......................................................................................428
7.7 Treatment and Handling of Enemy Military Dead ....................................................430
7.8 Respect and Protection of Categories of Medical and Religious Personnel ..............435
7.9 Captured Medical and Religious Personnel ...............................................................438
7.10 Military Medical Units and Facilities ......................................................................444
7.11 Ground Transports of the Wounded and Sick, or of Medical Equipment ...............451
7.12 Hospital Ships, Sick-Bays in Warships, and Coastal Rescue Craft .........................453
7.13 Chartered Medical Transport Ships .........................................................................465
7.14 Military Medical Aircraft .........................................................................................466
7.15 Display of the Distinctive Emblem to Facilitate Identification ...............................470
7.16 Protection of Civilians Who Are Wounded, Sick, Infirm, or Expectant
Mothers ................................................................................................................477
7.17 Civilian Hospitals and Their Personnel ...................................................................478
7.18 Land and Sea Civilian Hospital Convoys ................................................................481
7.19 Civilian Medical Aircraft .........................................................................................482
7.20 AP I Provisions on the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked ......................................483
VIII Detention: Overview and Baseline Rules ....................................................................486
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................486
8.2 Humane Treatment of Detainees ...............................................................................492
8.3 Security Measures ......................................................................................................495
8.4 Interrogation ...............................................................................................................496
8.5 Adequate Food, Drinking Water, and Clothing .........................................................497
8.6 General Conditions of Detention Facilities................................................................497
8.7 Segregation of Detainees ...........................................................................................498
8.8 Medical Attention ......................................................................................................499
8.9 Administration and Discipline in Detention Facilities...............................................500
8.10 Contacts With the Outside World ............................................................................500
8.11 Religious Exercise ...................................................................................................501
8.12 Intellectual, Physical, and Recreational Activities ..................................................502
8.13 Adequate Working Conditions ................................................................................503
8.14 Procedures for Detention .........................................................................................503
8.15 National Accountability for Detention.....................................................................506
8.16 Criminal Procedure and Punishment .......................................................................508
IX Prisoners of War (POWs) .................................................................................................511
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................512
9.2 General Principles Applicable to the Treatment of POWs ........................................515
9.3 POW Status ................................................................................................................517
x
9.4 National-Level GPW Implementation Measures .......................................................522

9.5 Humane Treatment and Basic Protections for POWs ................................................524
9.6 Security Measures With Respect to POWs................................................................529
9.7 POW Effects and Articles of Personal Use................................................................530
9.8 Interrogation of POWs ...............................................................................................532
9.9 Evacuation From Combat Areas ................................................................................534
9.10 Transit or Screening Facilities .................................................................................536
9.11 General Conditions in POW Camps: Location, Safety, Hygiene, and Living
Conditions ............................................................................................................538
9.12 Segregation of POWs...............................................................................................544
9.13 Food, Water, Tobacco, and Clothing for POWs ......................................................545
9.14 Medical Attention for Interned POWs .....................................................................548
9.15 Religious Exercise by POWs ...................................................................................550
9.16 Intellectual, Physical, and Recreational Activities ..................................................551
9.17 Canteens for POWs ..................................................................................................553
9.18 Financial Resources of POWs .................................................................................555
9.19 POW Labor ..............................................................................................................562
9.20 POW Correspondence and Relief Shipments ..........................................................569
9.21 Private Legal Matters of POWs ...............................................................................577
9.22 Internal Discipline of POW Camps .........................................................................578
9.23 POW Requests, Complaints, and Reports About Conditions of Captivity ..............582
9.24 POW Representatives ..............................................................................................584
9.25 POW Escapes ...........................................................................................................591
9.26 General Principles Applicable to POW Discipline ..................................................595
9.27 Disciplinary Proceedings and Punishment...............................................................598
9.28 Judicial Proceedings and Punishment ......................................................................603
9.29 Transfer of POWs From the POW Camp ................................................................610
9.30 Transfer of POWs to the Custody of Another Detaining Power .............................611
9.31 National Accounting of the Detention of POWs .....................................................613
9.32 Role of the Protecting Power in the GPW ...............................................................618
9.33 Access to POWs by the Protecting Powers, ICRC, and Relief Organizations ........621
9.34 Death of POWs ........................................................................................................622
9.35 Exchanges and Other Release and Repatriation of POWs During Hostilities .........626
9.36 Direct Repatriation and Accommodation in Neutral Countries During
Hostilities .............................................................................................................627
9.37 Release and Repatriation After Hostilities ...............................................................632
9.38 Procedure on Release and Repatriation After Hostilities ........................................638
9.39 Code of Conduct for U.S. Armed Forces .................................................................640
X Civilians in the Hands of a Party to the Conflict .............................................................644
10.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................645
10.2 National-Level GC Implementation Measures ........................................................647
10.3 Protected Person Status ............................................................................................648
10.4 Derogation for Security Reasons .............................................................................654
10.5 Humane Treatment and Other Basic Protections for Protected Persons..................655
xi
10.6 Measures of Control and Security............................................................................659

10.7 General Treatment of Protected Persons in a Belligerents Home Territory ...........662
10.8 Expulsion From Areas Within a Belligerents Home Territory and Departure
and Transfers of Protected Persons From a Belligerents Home Territory .........664
10.9 Internment ................................................................................................................667
10.10 Segregation of Internees ........................................................................................671
10.11 Safety, Hygiene, and Living Conditions in Places of Internment..........................672
10.12 Canteens for Internees............................................................................................675
10.13 Food, Water, Tobacco, and Clothing for Internees ................................................677
10.14 Medical Attention for Internees .............................................................................678
10.15 Religious Exercise by Internees .............................................................................680
10.16 Intellectual, Physical, and Recreational Activities ................................................682
10.17 Internee Labor ........................................................................................................683
10.18 Internees Articles of Personal Use........................................................................685
10.19 Financial Resources of Internees ...........................................................................686
10.20 Administration of Places of Internment and Discipline.........................................689
10.21 Internee Petitions, Complaints, and Reports About Conditions of
Internment ............................................................................................................690
10.22 Internee Committees ..............................................................................................692
10.23 Internee Correspondence and Relief Shipments ....................................................696
10.24 Private Legal Matters of Internees .........................................................................703
10.25 Internees and Visits of Family and Friends ...........................................................705
10.26 Internee Escapes.....................................................................................................706
10.27 General Provisions Applicable to Both Judicial and Disciplinary Sanctions
Regarding Internees .............................................................................................707
10.28 Disciplinary Proceedings and Punishment.............................................................708
10.29 Judicial Proceedings Regarding Protected Persons in Occupied Territory or
Internees in a Belligerents Home Territory ........................................................713
10.30 Transfers of Internees From the Place of Internment ............................................717
10.31 National Accounting for Protected Persons in Its Power.......................................720
10.32 Role of the Protecting Power in the GC.................................................................725
10.33 Access to Internees by Protecting Powers, ICRC, and Other Relief
Organizations .......................................................................................................727
10.34 Death of Internees ..................................................................................................729
10.35 Release, Return, Repatriation of Internees After the Close of Hostilities .............732
XI Military Occupation ..........................................................................................................735
11.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................735
11.2 When Military Occupation Law Applies .................................................................744
11.3 End of Occupation and Duration of GC Obligations ...............................................750
11.4 Legal Position of the Occupying Power ..................................................................752
11.5 Duty of the Occupying Power to Ensure Public Order and Safety ..........................754
11.6 Protection of the Population of an Occupied Territory............................................756
11.7 Authority of the Occupying Power Over Inhabitants ..............................................758
11.8 Administration of Occupied Territory .....................................................................761
xii
11.9 Local Law and Legislation.......................................................................................763

11.10 Ordinary Courts in Occupied Territory..................................................................767
11.11 Criminal Law in Occupied Territory .....................................................................769
11.12 Movement of Persons in Occupied Territory.........................................................777
11.13 Protection of Children in Occupied Territory ........................................................780
11.14 Food and Medical Supplies for the Civilian Population ........................................781
11.15 Public Health and Hygiene ....................................................................................782
11.16 Spiritual Assistance................................................................................................784
11.17 Relief Efforts and Consignments ...........................................................................785
11.18 Enemy Property During Occupation ......................................................................788
11.19 Protection of Cultural Property During Occupation ..............................................798
11.20 Labor of Protected Persons in Occupied Territory ................................................800
11.21 Judges and Other Public Officials..........................................................................806
11.22 Public Finances and Taxes .....................................................................................807
11.23 Other Economic Regulation of Occupied Territory...............................................817
XII Non-Hostile Relations Between Belligerents .................................................................822
12.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................822
12.2 Principle of Good Faith in Non-Hostile Relations ...................................................825
12.3 Methods for Communication Between Belligerents ................................................826
12.4 The White Flag of Truce to Initiate Negotiations ....................................................827
12.5 Rules for Parlementaires ..........................................................................................829
12.6 Military Passports, Safe-Conducts, and Safeguards ................................................834
12.7 Cartels ......................................................................................................................839
12.8 Capitulations Negotiated Instruments of Surrender ..............................................839
12.9 Capitulations Subjects Usually Addressed ...........................................................843
12.10 Capitulations Violations and Denunciation ........................................................845
12.11 Armistices and Other Cease-Fire Agreements .......................................................847
12.12 Armistices Subjects Usually Addressed .............................................................852
12.13 Armistices Violations and Denunciation ............................................................856
12.14 U.N. Security Council Cease-Fires ........................................................................858
XIII Naval Warfare ................................................................................................................860
13.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................860
13.2 Legal Boundaries of the Oceans ..............................................................................862
13.3 Overview of Rules for Naval Engagements.............................................................870
13.4 Enemy Warships ......................................................................................................873
13.5 Enemy Merchant Vessels .........................................................................................874
13.6 Enemy Vessels Exempt From Capture or Destruction ............................................877
13.7 Submarine Warfare ..................................................................................................879
13.8 Belligerent Control of the Immediate Area of Naval Operations ............................880
13.9 Maritime and Airspace Zones: Exclusion, War, Operational, Warning, and
Safety ...................................................................................................................882
13.10 Blockade ................................................................................................................886
xiii
13.11 Naval Mines ...........................................................................................................892

13.12 Torpedoes ...............................................................................................................898
13.13 Deception by Naval Forces, Including the Use of Enemy or Neutral Flags ..........898
XIV Air and Space Warfare ..................................................................................................900
14.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................900
14.2 Legal Boundaries of Airspace ..................................................................................904
14.3 Aircraft Status ..........................................................................................................909
14.4 Status of Aircrew on Military Aircraft.....................................................................912
14.5 Measures Short of Attack: Interception, Diversion, and Capture ...........................914
14.6 Belligerent Control of Aviation in the Immediate Vicinity of Hostilities ...............916
14.7 Airspace Zones.........................................................................................................916
14.8 Attacks Against Military Objectives in the Air .......................................................917
14.9 Air Attacks Against Military Objectives on the Ground .........................................920
14.10 International Law And Warfare in Outer Space ....................................................922
XV The Law of Neutrality ......................................................................................................929
15.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................929
15.2 Application of the Law of Neutrality .......................................................................933
15.3 Overview of the Neutrality Laws Framework of Reciprocal Rights and
Duties ...................................................................................................................939
15.4 Remedies for Violations of Neutrality Law .............................................................943
15.5 Prohibition on the Use of Neutral Territory as a Base of Operations ......................946
15.6 Neutral Persons ........................................................................................................950
15.7 Neutral Waters .........................................................................................................954
15.8 Passage of Belligerent Vessels and Aircraft Through International Straits and
Archipelagic Sea Lanes........................................................................................957
15.9 Additional Rules Applicable to Neutral Ports, Roadsteads, and Internal
Waters ..................................................................................................................959
15.10 Neutral Airspace ....................................................................................................964
15.11 Belligerent Right of Angary...................................................................................965
15.12 Neutral Commerce and Carriage of Contraband ...................................................967
15.13 Belligerent Right of Visit and Search of Merchant Vessels and Civil
Aircraft .................................................................................................................973
15.14 Acquisition of Enemy Character by Neutral-Flagged Merchant Vessels and
Neutral-Marked Civil Aircraft .............................................................................977
15.15 Capture of Neutral Vessels and Aircraft ................................................................979
15.16 Belligerent Forces Taking Refuge in Neutral Territory.........................................984
15.17 POWs or Internees Brought to, or Received by, a Neutral State ...........................989
15.18 Authorized Passage of Wounded and Sick Combatants Through Neutral
Territory ...............................................................................................................991
XVI Cyber Operations ...........................................................................................................994
xiv
16.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................994

16.2 Application of the Law of War to Cyber Operations ...............................................996
16.3 Cyber Operations and Jus ad Bellum .......................................................................998
16.4 Cyber Operations and the Law of Neutrality ...........................................................1002
16.5 Cyber Operations and Jus in Bello...........................................................................1003
16.6 Legal Review of Weapons That Employ Cyber Capabilities ..................................1008
XVII Non-International Armed Conflict (NIAC) ................................................................1010
17.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1010
17.2 Application of International Law to NIACs ............................................................1015
17.3 Special Agreements Between Parties to the Conflict ..............................................1023
17.4 A States Use of Its Domestic Law and NIAC ........................................................1025
17.5 Principle of Distinction in NIAC .............................................................................1029
17.6 Respect and Humane Treatment of Persons Taking No Active Part in
Hostilities in NIAC ..............................................................................................1032
17.7 Rules on Conducting Attacks in NIAC ....................................................................1033
17.8 Impartial Humanitarian Organizations and Humanitarian Activities During
NIAC ....................................................................................................................1035
17.9 Protection of the Civilian Population in NIAC ........................................................1035
17.10 Protection of Children in NIAC .............................................................................1037
17.11 Protection of Cultural Property in NIAC ...............................................................1038
17.12 Use of Captured or Surrendered Enemy Personnel in NIAC ................................1039
17.13 Weapons in NIAC ..................................................................................................1041
17.14 Protection of the Wounded, Sick, Shipwrecked, and Dead in NIAC ....................1042
17.15 Protection of Medical and Religious Personnel and Medical Transports in
NIAC ....................................................................................................................1044
17.16 Display of the Distinctive Emblem in NIAC .........................................................1045
17.17 Detention in NIAC .................................................................................................1046
17.18 Non-Intervention and Neutral Duties in NIAC......................................................1047
XVIII Implementation and Enforcement of the Law of War .............................................1052
18.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1052
18.2 Prudential Reasons Supporting the Implementation and Enforcement of the
Law of War ..........................................................................................................1055
18.3 Duties of Individual Members of the Armed Forces ...............................................1057
18.4 Commanders Duty to Implement and Enforce the Law of War .............................1059
18.5 Role of Judge Advocates and Legal Advisers .........................................................1061
18.6 Dissemination, Study, and Other Measures to Facilitate Understanding of
Duties Under the Law of War ..............................................................................1063
18.7 Instructions, Regulations, and Procedures to Implement and Enforce the Law
of War ..................................................................................................................1066
18.8 Considering Law of War Obligations in the Planning of Military Operations ........1069
18.9 States Obligations With Respect to Violations of the Law of War ........................1070
18.10 Methods for Responding to Violations of the Law of War by the Enemy ............1077
xv
18.11 Protests and Demands to the Offending Party .......................................................1078

18.12 U.N. Security Council and Enforcement of the Law of War .................................1078
18.13 National Investigations of Alleged Violations of the Law of War ........................1082
18.14 International Mechanisms to Investigate Alleged Law of War Violations............1084
18.15 Protecting Power and Other Neutral Intermediaries ..............................................1085
18.16 Compensation for Violations of the Law of War...................................................1089
18.17 Retorsion ................................................................................................................1092
18.18 Reprisals .................................................................................................................1093
18.19 Discipline in National Jurisdictions of Individuals for Violations of the Law
of War ..................................................................................................................1100
18.20 Prosecution in International and Hybrid Courts ....................................................1108
18.21 Limits on the Punishment of Individuals Under the Law of War ..........................1113
18.22 Principles of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Crimes Under
International Law .................................................................................................1118
18.23 Theories of Individual Criminal Liability ..............................................................1122
XIX Documentary Appendix Notes on Treaties and Other Relevant Documents............1131
19.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1131
19.2 Lists of Treaties and Other Documents ...................................................................1131
19.3 Lieber Code ..............................................................................................................1138
19.4 1856 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law ..................................................1139
19.5 1864 GWS................................................................................................................1140
19.6 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration ..............................................................................1140
19.7 1899 and 1907 Hague Declarations on Weapons ....................................................1141
19.8 1899 Hague II and 1907 Hague IV Conventions and Annexed Regulations
Regarding Land Warfare......................................................................................1143
19.9 1907 Hague X ..........................................................................................................1146
19.10 1922 Washington Treaty on Submarines and Noxious Gases ...............................1146
19.11 1923 Hague Air and Radio Rules ..........................................................................1147
19.12 1925 Geneva Gas and Bacteriological Protocol ....................................................1148
19.13 1929 Geneva Conventions .....................................................................................1150
19.14 1930 London Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament
and 1936 London Protocol ...................................................................................1151
19.15 1935 Roerich Pact ..................................................................................................1151
19.16 1949 Geneva Conventions .....................................................................................1152
19.17 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention............................................................1157
19.18 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ...........................................................1159
19.19 Biological Weapons Convention ...........................................................................1159
19.20 1977 Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions ................................1160
19.21 CCW, CCW Amended Article 1, and CCW Protocols ..........................................1164
19.22 Chemical Weapons Convention.............................................................................1172
19.23 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court .................................................1174
19.24 1999 U.N. Secretary Generals Bulletin for U.N. Forces ......................................1175
19.25 2005 ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law .......................1175
19.26 AP III .....................................................................................................................1176
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
To make the manual easier to read, the use of abbreviations has often been avoided,
especially in the main text. Nonetheless, the following abbreviations of the titles of documents
have been used for frequently cited documents.
Abbreviation
1899 Hague II
1899 Hague II Reg.
1909 Declaration of London
1914 Rules of Land Warfare

1925 Geneva Gas and
Bacteriological Protocol
1928 Pan American Maritime
Neutrality Convention
1929 GPW
1929 GWS
1940 Rules of Land Warfare
1944 Chicago Convention
1954 Hague Cultural Property
Convention
1955 NWIP 10-2
1956 FM 27-10 (Change No. 1

1976)
Long Form
Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War
on Land, Jul. 29, 1899, 32 Stat. 1803
Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on
Land, annexed to Convention with Respect to the Laws and
Customs of War on Land, Jul. 29, 1899, 32 Stat. 1803,
1811
Declaration Concerning the Laws of Maritime War, Feb.
26, 1909, reprinted in James Brown Scott, The Declaration
of London, February 26, 1909: A Collection of Official
Papers and Documents Relating to the International Naval
Conference Held in London, December, 1908February,
1909 (1919)
War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff, Rules of
Land Warfare (Apr. 25, 1914)
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of
Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, and of
Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, Jun. 17, 1925, 94
LNTS 65
Pan American Maritime Neutrality Convention, Feb. 20,
1928, 47 Stat. 1989
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners
of War, Jul. 27, 1929, 47 Stat. 2021
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition
of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field, Jul. 27,
1929, 47 Stat. 2074
War Department, Field Manual 27-10, Rules of Land
Warfare (1940)
Convention on International Civil Aviation, Dec. 7, 1944,
61 Stat. 1180
Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the
Event of Armed Conflict, 249 UNTS 240
Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval
Operations, Naval Warfare Information Publication 10-2,
Law of Naval Warfare (Sept. 1955), reprinted as Appendix
in Robert W. Tucker, The Law of War and Neutrality at
Sea (U.S. Naval War College International Law Studies,
Volume 50, 1955)
Department of the Army Field Manual 27-10, The Law of
Land Warfare (Jul. 18, 1956 with Change 1, Jul. 15, 1976)
xvii
Abbreviation
1958 UK Manual
1976 Air Force Pamphlet 110-31
1989 NWP 9
1997 Multi-Service Detention

Regulation
1997 NWP 9
2001 Canadian Manual

2004 UK Manual
2006 Australian Manual
2007 NWP 1-14M
2013 German Manual

AJIL
AP I
AP II
Long Form
United Kingdom War Office, Manual of Military Law, Part
III: The Law of War on Land (1958)
Department of the Air Force Pamphlet 110-31,
International Law The Conduct of Armed Conflict and
Air Operations (Nov. 19, 1976)
Department of the Navy, Office of the Judge Advocate
General, Annotated Supplement to the Commanders
Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, NWP
(Rev.A)/FMFM 1-10 (1989)
Army Regulation 190-8 / Office of the Chief of Naval
Operations Instruction 3461.6 / Air Force Joint Instruction
31-304 / Marine Corps Order 3461.1, Enemy Prisoners of
War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other
Detainees (Oct. 1, 1997)
U.S. Naval War College, Center for Naval Warfare Studies,
Oceans Law and Policy Department, Annotated Supplement
to the Commanders Handbook on the Law of Naval
Operations (1997)
Canada, Department of National Defence, Joint Doctrine
Manual B-GJ-005-104/FP-021, Law of Armed Conflict at
the Operational and Tactical Levels (Aug. 13, 2001)
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, Joint Service
Publication 383, The Joint Service Manual of the Law of
Armed Conflict (2004)
Australian Defence Force, Australian Defence Doctrine
Publication 06.4, Law of Armed Conflict (May 11, 2006)
Department of the Navy, Naval Warfare Publication 1-14M
/ Marine Corps Warfighting Publication 5-12.1 /
Commandant Publication P5800.7A, The Commanders
Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations (Jul. 2007)
Germany, Federal Ministry of Defence, Joint Service
Regulation (ZDv) 15/2, Law of Armed Conflict Manual
(May 1, 2013)
American Journal of International Law
Protocol (I) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of
August 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims
of International Armed Conflicts, Jun. 8, 1977, 1125 UNTS
3
Protocol (II) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12
August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of
Non-International Armed Conflicts, Jun. 8, 1977, 1125
UNTS 609
xviii
Abbreviation
AP III
Appendix to 1985 CJCS Memo on

AP I
Bevans
Biological Weapons Convention
Bothe, Partsch, & Solf, New Rules

CCW
CCW Amended
CCW Amended Mines Protocol
CCW Protocol I
CCW Protocol III on Incendiary

Weapons
Long Form
Protocol (III) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12
August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an
Additional Distinctive Emblem, Dec. 8, 2005, 2404 UNTS
1
Appendix to John W. Vessey, Jr., Chairman, Joint Chiefs of
Staff, Review of the 1977 First Additional Protocol to the
Geneva Conventions of 1949, May 3, 1985.
Charles I. Bevans, Assistant Legal Adviser, Department of
State, Treaties and Other International Agreements of the
United States of America, 1776-1949 (13 Volumes, 19681976)
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,
Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological)
and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Apr. 10,
1972, 1015 UNTS 163
Michael Bothe, Karl Josef Partsch, & Waldemar A. Solf,
New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts (1982)
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of
Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to
be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects,
Oct. 10, 1980, 1342 UNTS 137
Amendment to Article I of the Convention on Prohibitions
or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional
Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively
Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Dec. 21, 2001,
2260 UNTS 82
Protocol (II) on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of
Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, as Amended on
May 3, 1996, Annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions
Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively
Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, May 3, 1996,
2048 UNTS 93
Protocol (I) on Non-Detectable Fragments, Annexed to the
Oct. 10, 1980, 1342 UNTS 137
Protocol (III) on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of
Incendiary Weapons, Annexed to the Convention on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain
Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be
Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects,
Oct. 10, 1980, 1342 UNTS 137
xix
Abbreviation
CCW Protocol IV on Blinding
Laser Weapons
CCW Protocol V on Explosive

Remnants of War
Chairmans Commentary to the

Copenhagen Process: Principles
and Guidelines
Chemical Weapons Convention
Copenhagen Process: Principles
and Guidelines
Digest of United States Practice in
International Law
ENMOD Convention
Final Record of 1949 Geneva
Diplomatic Conference
Final Report on the Persian Gulf
War
GC
GC Commentary
GPW
GPW Commentary
Greenspan, Modern Law of Land
Warfare
Long Form
Protocol (IV) on Blinding Laser Weapons, Annexed to the
Oct. 13, 1995, 1380 UNTS 163
Protocol (V) on Explosive Remnants of War, Annexed to
the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use
of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed
to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate
Effects, Nov. 28, 2003, 2399 UNTS 100
The Copenhagen Process on the Handling of Detainees in
International Military Operations, Chairmans Commentary
to the Copenhagen Process: Principles and Guidelines
(Denmark, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oct. 19, 2012)
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,
Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and
on Their Destruction, Jan. 13, 1993, 1974 UNTS 317
The Copenhagen Process on the Handling of Detainees in
International Military Operations, The Copenhagen
Process: Principles and Guidelines (Denmark, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Oct. 19, 2012)
Digest of United States Practice in International Law
(Department of State, Office of the Legal Adviser)
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other
Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques,
Dec. 10, 1976, 1108 UNTS 151
Diplomatic Conference of Geneva, Final Record of the
Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949 (Switzerland,
Federal Political Department, 1949)
Department of Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War:
Final Report to Congress (1992)
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian
Persons in Time of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 75 UNTS 287
Jean S. Pictet, Geneva Convention Relative to the
Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War:
Commentary (International Committee of the Red Cross,
1958)
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners
of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 75 UNTS 135
Jean S. Pictet, Geneva Convention Relative to the
Treatment of Prisoners of War: Commentary (International
Committee of the Red Cross, 1960)
Morris Greenspan, The Modern Law of Land Warfare
(1959)
xx
Abbreviation
Grotius, Law of War & Peace
GWS
GWS Commentary
GWS-Sea
GWS-Sea Commentary
Hague IV
Hague IV Reg.
Hague IX
Hague V
Hague VIII
Hague X
Hague XI
Hague XIII
ICJ Statute
ICRC AP Commentary
Long Form
Hugo Grotius, The Law of War and Peace: De Jure Belli
ac Pacis Libri Tres (translated by Francis W. Kelsey, 1925)
of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,
Aug. 12, 1949, 75 UNTS 31
Jean S. Pictet, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of
the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in
the Field: Commentary (International Committee of the
Red Cross, 1952)
of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed
Forces at Sea, Aug. 12, 1949, 75 UNTS 85
Jean S. Pictet, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of
the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
Members of Armed Forces at Sea: Commentary
(International Committee of the Red Cross, 1960)
Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War
on Land, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2277
Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on
Land, Annex to Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and
Customs of War on Land, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2295
Convention (IX) Concerning Bombardment by Naval
Forces in Time of War, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2351
Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of
Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land, Oct.
18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2310
Convention (VIII) Relative to the Laying of Automatic
Submarine Contact Mines, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2332
Convention (X) for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of
the Principles of the Geneva Convention, Oct. 18, 1907, 36
Stat. 2371
Convention (XI) Relative to Certain Restrictions with
Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval
War, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2396
Convention (XIII) Concerning the Rights and Duties of
Neutral Powers in Naval War, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2415
Statute of the International Court of Justice (Annex to the
Charter of the United Nations), Jun. 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1055
Jean S. Pictet et al., Commentary on the Additional
Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12
August 1949 (International Committee of the Red Cross,
1987)
xxi
Abbreviation
ICTR
ICTR Statute
ICTY
ICTY Statute
J.A.G.S. Text No. 11, Law of

Belligerent Occupation
Lauterpacht, II Oppenheims
International Law
Levie, Documents on POWs
Levie, POWs
Lieber Code
LNTS
LOS Convention
Message from the President
Transmitting AP II
Long Form
International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of
Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious
Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed
in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens
Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations
Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States,
between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
Statute of the ICTR, Annex to U.N. Security Council
Resolution 955 (1994), U.N. Doc. S/RES/955(1994) (Nov.
8, 1994).
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons
Responsible for Serious Violations of International
Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the
Former Yugoslavia since 1991
Statute of the ICTY, Annex to Report of the SecretaryGeneral Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council
Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 (May 3, 1993),
adopted by U.N. Security Council Resolution 827 (1993),
U.N. Doc. S/RES/827(1993) (May 25, 1993).
U.S. Army, The Judge Advocate Generals School Text
No. 11, Law of Belligerent Occupation (Jun. 1, 1944,
reissued Jul. 2, 1945)
Lassa Oppenheim, International Law, Volume II: Disputes,
War and Neutrality (edited by H. Lauterpacht, 7th ed.,
1952)
Howard S. Levie, Documents on Prisoners of War (U.S.
Naval War College International Law Studies, Volume 60,
1979)
Howard Levie, Prisoners of War in International Armed
Conflicts (U.S. Naval War College International Law
Studies, Volume 59, 1978)
E. D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, General
Orders No. 100, Instructions for the Government of Armies
of the United States in the Field, Apr. 24, 1863, reprinted in
Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United
States in the Field (Government Printing Office, 1898).
League of Nations Treaty Series
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Dec.10,
1982, 1833 UNTS 396.
Message from the President of the United States
Transmitting the Protocol II Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of August 12, 1949, and Relating to the
Protection of Victims of Noninternational Armed Conflicts,
Concluded at Geneva on June 10, 1977, Treaty Doc. 100-2
(1987)
xxii
Abbreviation
Transmitting AP III, CCW
Amended Article 1, and CCW
Protocol V on Explosive
Remnants of War
Long Form
transmitting Protocol Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the
Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (The
Geneva Protocol III), Adopted at Geneva on December 8,
2005, and Signed by the United States on that date; The
Amendment to Article 1 of the Convention on Prohibitions
Weapons Which May Be Deemed to be Excessively
Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (The CCW
Amendment); and The CCW Protocol Explosive
Remnants of War (The CCW Protocol V), Treaty Doc.
109-10 (2006)
Transmitting LOS Convention
transmitting the United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea, with Annexes, and the Agreement Relating to the
Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, with Annex, Adopted at
New York on July 28, 1994 and signed by the United
States, Subject to Ratification on July 29, 1994, Treaty
Doc. 103-09 (1994)
Message From the President of the United States
Transmitting the 1925 Geneva Gas Transmitting The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in
and Bacteriological Protocol
War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, and of
Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, Signed at Geneva
June 17, 1925, Executive J (1970)
Transmitting the 1954 Hague
Transmitting the Hague Convention for the Protection of
Cultural Property Convention
Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (the
Convention) and, for Accession, the Hague Protocol,
Concluded on May 14, 1954, and Entered into Force on
August 7, 1956 with Accompanying Report from the
Department of State on the Convention and the Hague
Protocol, Treaty Doc. 106-1 (1999)
xxiii
Abbreviation
Transmitting the CCW Amended
Mines Protocol, Protocol III on
Incendiary Weapons, and Protocol
IV on Blinding Laser Weapons

Transmitting the Chemical
Weapons Convention

Transmitting the VCLT
Moores Digest
Official Records of the CDDH
Outer Space Treaty
Public Papers of the Presidents

Regulations for the Execution of
the 1954 Hague Cultural Property
Convention
Roerich Pact
Rome Statute
Long Form
Message From the President of the United States
Transmitting Protocols to the 1980 Convention on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the use of Certain
Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be
excessively injurious or to Have Indiscriminate effects:
The Amended Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on
the Use of Mines, Booby-traps or other devices (Protocol II
or the Amended Mines Protocol); The Protocol On
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary
Weapons (Protocol III or the Incendiary Weapons
Protocol); and the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons
(Protocol IV), Treaty Doc. 105-1 (1997)
Transmitting the Convention on the Prohibition of
Development, Production, Stockpiling, and use of
Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, Opened for
Signature and Signed by the United States at Paris on Jan.
13, 1993, Treaty Doc. 103-21 (1993)
Transmitting the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Signed for the United States on April 24, 1970, Executive L
(1971)
John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law (8
Volumes, 1906)
Official Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the
Reaffirmation and Development of International
Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, Geneva
1974-1977 (16 Volumes, 1978)
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in
the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the
Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Jan. 27, 1967, 610
UNTS 205
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
(National Archives and Records Administration, Office of
the Federal Register)
Regulations for the Execution of the Convention for the
Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed
Conflict, Annexed to the Hague Cultural Property
Convention, May 14, 1954, 249 UNTS 270
Treaty between the United States of America and other
American Republics on the Protection of Artistic and
Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments, Apr. 15,
1935, 49 Stat. 3267
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 17,
1998, 2187 UNTS 90
xxiv
Abbreviation
Spaight, Air Power and War
Rights
Spaight, War Rights on Land
Stat.
Technical Annex to CCW
Amended Mines Protocol
Long Form
James Maloney Spaight, Air Power and War Rights (3rd
ed., 1947)
James Maloney Spaight, War Rights on Land (1911)
United States Statutes at Large
Technical Annex to Protocol (II) on Prohibitions or
Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other
Devices, as Amended on May 3, 1996, Annexed to the
May 3, 1996, 2048 UNTS 144
Technical Annex to CCW Protocol Technical Annex to Protocol (V) on Explosive Remnants of
V On Explosive Remnants of War War, Annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or
Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons
Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to
Have Indiscriminate Effects, Nov. 28, 2003, 2399 UNTS
132
Trial of the Major War Criminals
Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International
Before the IMT
Military Tribunal (42 Volumes, 1947-1949)
Trials of War Criminals Before the Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military
NMT
Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 (15 Volumes,
1949-1953)
Tucker, The Law of War and
Robert W. Tucker, The Law of War and Neutrality at Sea
Neutrality at Sea
(U.S. Naval War College International Law Studies,
Volume 50, 1955)
U.N. Charter
Charter of the United Nations, Jun. 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031
U.N. Law Reports
United Nations War Crimes Commission, Law Reports of
the Trials of War Criminals (15 Volumes 1947-1949)
U.S. Response to ICRC CIHL
John B. Bellinger, III, Legal Adviser, Department of State,
Study
& William J. Haynes II, General Counsel, Department of
Defense, Letter to Dr. Jacob Kellenberger, President,
International Committee of the Red Cross, Regarding
Customary International Humanitarian Law Study, Nov. 3,
2006, reprinted in 46 International Legal Materials 514
(2007).
U.S.C.
United States Code (as of the date of publication of this
manual)
UNTS
United Nations Treaty Series
Vattel, The Law of Nations
Emer de Vattel, The Law of Nations, or the Principles of
the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of
Nations and Sovereigns (translated by Charles Fenwick,
1916)
VCLT
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 23, 1969,
1155 UNTS 331
xxv
Abbreviation
Von Glahn, The Occupation of
Enemy Territory
Whitemans Digest
Winthrop, Military Law &
Precedents
Long Form
Gerhard von Glahn, The Occupation of Enemy Territory
(1957)
Marjorie M. Whiteman, Assistant Legal Adviser,
Department of State, Digest of International Law (15
Volumes, 1963-1973)
William Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents (2nd. ed.,
1920)
xxvi

Chapter 0 - Preliminary Pages

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 0 - Preliminary Pages

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

LAW OF WAR MANUAL

4.2 The Armed Forces and the Civilian Population.........................................................100

5.15 Undefended Cities, Towns, and Villages .................................................................253

7.4 Search, Collection, and Affirmative Protection of the Wounded, Sick,

9.4 National-Level GPW Implementation Measures .......................................................522

10.6 Measures of Control and Security............................................................................659

11.9 Local Law and Legislation.......................................................................................763

13.11 Naval Mines ...........................................................................................................892

16.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................994

18.11 Protests and Demands to the Offending Party .......................................................1078

1909 Declaration of London

1914 Rules of Land Warfare

1956 FM 27-10 (Change No. 1

1997 Multi-Service Detention

2001 Canadian Manual

2013 German Manual

Appendix to 1985 CJCS Memo on

Biological Weapons Convention

Bothe, Partsch, & Solf, New Rules

CCW Amended Mines Protocol

CCW Protocol III on Incendiary

CCW Protocol V on Explosive

Chairmans Commentary to the

J.A.G.S. Text No. 11, Law of

Message from the President

Message from the President

Outer Space Treaty

Public Papers of the Presidents

Вам также может понравиться