UNIT 2

PREPARATION ANB:INTERPRETATION OF PLANS

Structure
2.1 Introduction
() ~ ? J J ~ C ~ I V ~ S

2.2 Working Drawings

2.3 Architectural Synlbols

2.4 Reading ~ i n l i l Drawings
e
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4

Reacting Sc,?leil Drawings

Readng Floor 1)rawings
Reading Sectlo~ialDrawings
Reading Elevatio~i1)rawiogs

2.5 Reading Specialised Drawings

2.6 Coinpuler Aided Design and Drafting

2.1 INTRODUCTION

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In the previous unit, you learut about tlle site plaluling alld were inroduced to site
organisation. Once a site 1las been so identified for collslruclion ant1 thc design has been
completed adecluately by the architectlengineer, the construclion work is awarded Lo a
contractor. The initial phase of construction ilivolves mobilisntioll illcludilig site
clearance and organisation. 1'Liis is then followed by the aclual conslruction. I11 all these
construction activities starting site pl'anning, site clearance and sile organisation to those
of construction implementation, have one aspect conunon and lllat pertains to
requirement of reading and interpretating the drawings received fronl the design ol'l'ice.
Therefore, in this section, you will study the preparation uld interpretation of different
types of drawings. Drawing can be defined ns the language nl'the engineer and the
architect. You can understand the construction drawings by interpreting both the graphic
language and the written text accomnpanying it. The graphic language js composed of
pictorial and multi-view drawings. These drawings are prepared at various scales and use
architectural symbols to convey informalion relating to size, shapc and materials to be
ysed in conslruction.
In this mit, working drawings, and uchitectural symbols will be explained to you. The
method of reading simple plans will be explained. An intrriductioil to computer aided
design and drafting is illso included.

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Objectives

This unit will help you to-develop a clear idea of tlle inuportance 6f drawings in
construction. ~ l ' i e studing
r
this unit, you sbsuld be able lo
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distinguish between pictorial drawing and multiview drawing,

use proper arcl~itecturalsymbols iu your work,

chobse proper scale for your drawings,

' interpret and

understand plans, sections m d elevgtions,

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distinguish b&ween dimple and specialiscd drawinks, and

appreciate the scope of computers for design and drafting.
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2.2
C'

W ~ R K I N GDRAWINGS ;

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any

types of drawings are required to provide all the inii,mition required to consttuct
what the architects nnd engineers have designed. Tilree-dimp;rsional objects ctmbe drawn
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Site Plrurlrir~g

on a drawing sheet using two methods : (1) Pictorial drawings, and ( 2 ) Multi-view
drawings. These are briefly explained below :
Pictorial Drawing
A pictorial drawing represents how the object looks to the eye. Figure 2.1 sbows a
pictorial drawing of a building. This type of drawing is useful lo show the client
will look like. This type of drawing is esl,c.cially useful
how Ule proposed buildi~~g
projecls to ordinary people.
in explail~i~lg

Figure 2.1 : Pictolid Drawing

Multi-view Drawing
Although pictorial drawings are very effeclive in showing at a glancc,lhe general .
design ol'a structure, they are not sufficicntly precise to accuralely qesc 'heall
elements of the design. For example, tllcy generally will not have ady tlil ensions
111arked on tl~em.For this reason, multi-view (meaning several v ~ e w drawings
)
are
provided for use in the aclual collstruction of buildings. Multi-view drawings are
also called orthographic drawings. Orhographic drawings represent ll~ecxact form
wld size of each side of an objecl in two or more views (or planes) usu:~llyat right
angles Lo each other.

To visualise and understand Inultiview (orlhographic) ptc?jeclion, imaginc ;I

structure surrounded by imaginary wansparent planes as shown in Figurc 2.2.

y TOP VIEW

PROJECTION PLANE

Figure 2.2 : A P~wjectionBox Sl~owsThwc Plzrnes (SUI-f:lccs)of n Builtling

Zf you draw the outline of the structure on the imaginary transparent plit~les,you
create
orthographic views : the front view on the front plan&, tl~cs ~ d e
- - view onthqthevarious
side plane and the top view on the top plane. Now inlagine'Ulat the
front plane is hinged on all tlie four edges. When the planes of the top, boltom and
the sides are swung out born the front plane ilS shown in Figure 2.1. Lq six views
of the object are shown exact1y.a~Uley are pnsitio~led?n an orlhographpc drawing.
Study the position of each view as it relates t t i the front view : the rig111 view is to

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the right of the front view, the left view is to the lel't,.the top ( roof ) view is on the
top, the botto~llview is on the bottoln and the rear view is to the left of the left-side
mew, si11cc when U~isview hinges around t o the back, it would f d l into thls
p,oSition.

P r r l ~ ~ r i ~ tr111cl
ion
I ~ ~ t t - ~ . l ) ~ . e iI aI tPlan5
~i o ~ ~

ROOF VIEW

L E F T SIDE VlEW

It
FRONT ELLV.

ROOF VIEW

BOTTOM VlLW

REAR E L N .

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LEFT SIDE VIEW

RIGHT SIDE ViEW

BOTTOM VlEW

Figure 2 3 : Multi-view 1)rnwivilig

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All the six views discussod above are rarely used U) depict architectural structures.
The Ulree drawings colmllo~llyused are Lhe plan, section and elevation. They arc
briefly explained below :

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The plan view is very importalt, as it gives the rn:lximu~n inlormation rtbout Ihe
building. The plan view is obtained as follows. Figure 2.4 (a) shows the
iso~netricview of a building.
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F i ~ u r c2.4 (a) : bo;netric View of o Uuildilig

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Now assume that a horizontal cut is ~ ~ ~thr'ough

a d e t l ~ builtlil~g
e
at the sill level
and the top section is removed, as in Figure 2.4 (b). Looking straight down from
the top at the remaining part of thc building is what is seen as llle floor plan.
The floor plan shows the complete interior detzlils of the building. It also sbows
tlie location of walls, doors and wi~ldowopening. Conlplete dimensions are
nlarked on the plan drawing.

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Site f l & m i i i

N w assurrie that a vertical cut is made through tile building i ~ shown

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2.4 (c) and one part is removed. Looking into the builtlilig one sees
section view. The sectional view gives details of fountlalions. tile viuloub
heights and vertical dimensions of Uie building.

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Figu1.c 2.4 (c) : Mctl~utlnf O h t i u d n ~Sectiorr

Figure 2.4 (b): Method of O b t a i ~ n gPlan

Elevution Views

Elevations u e drawings of a building as it is seen fro111different sides. D~llcre~lt

elevatio~lsare indicaled by different names, l l l e front of Li builtliilg lh drnwu as
. h e fro111elevation, the right side is drawn as the right side e1evaliou;Llle lclt
side is drawn :is Illc'left side elevation ru~dthe back of tlle building is d r i t w ~as
the rear elevation. The most co~ll~nonly
used drawing is Llle fro111elevi~lion.

./-Roof

Parapet wall
.lab

FRONT ELEVATION

SECTION

C ---,,------,,,
,J

PLAN
--

Figure 2.5 : Plno, Section nntl 1Slcvntion,oC Buildilig

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Figure 2.5 shows the plan, section :uid elevdion 01' a simple one hetlroomed
building. Where sufficient detail callnot be shown o n a regular plan, secllon ant1
elevation drawing, detail drawings tire madc. These are draw11to larger scale
and include information about the constructio~lof Lh;tl part o f the buiiding.
Figure 2.5 (c) shows the delzul drawing of a lintel-curn-sunshade.
Besides the above, tllere are other drawings which ;He also importiult. Two of
them nanlely structural clrawing uid survey drawing will he introduced here imd
otl~erswill be inlroduced later.
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Structul-a1Drawings
Structural dri~wingssl~owthe structural details of an elenlcnl. They can'be plan
views, sectional views or elevation views. They call also he :I con1hinatic')n c:)f Ihe
above. The7it: drawings provide information about the ~nalerial,size, specificatic)ns
etc. required for its n1aluf;lcturc or fabrication. Figure 2.6 shows the derails of n
sinlple steel truss.

LIN ISA100 75 x 6
MAlN TIE 60 6 0 K 6
PRINCIPAL RAFTER 21SA906086

SLOPE O F ROOF - 3 0 '

MAIN STRUT 7 5 7 5 x 6 '

2 I S A 30 6 0 r 6

DETAIL- C

D E T A I L 01

DETAIC- E

( b ) T Y P I C A L D E V S OF JOINTS
(RIVETS

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t i c , MIN. ED GE

DI S TA N C E - 2 s n m . PI T C H s o m m )

6 m m THICK

D'MENS'OnS INmm

Survey Drawing

Most construction projects involve a certain cjua~ltityof earthwork. I11 building

constructiou Lhis may be excavating t'or ihe basemeat and the I'oundation. Civil
constructions such as highways, generally need 1nuc11inore cullillg and filling to
produce Lhe desired levels. Topographical drawings ilidicate tlie a)ntour and layout
of the land,
When very large areas are iilvolved the survey may be inade from aerial
photographs. Through the use of stereoscopic instruments, variations in clevaLions
can be accurately measured 011 aerial photographs. This i~lformatio~l
is the11
converted into drawings. On topographical drawings, soinctimes called contour
drawings, contour lines show the elevations in feet above the sea level. The
difference in elevation from one contcvr line to Ule next is uallcd tl~econlour
interval. It is usually given on Ule drawing. For exaii~ple,the contour interval ox
the plot of land shown in Figure 2.7 is 5 feet.

Site Planning

Figure 2.7 : Contouv I ) I - I I W ~:111d

I I ~ a L;mtl Plot

2.3 ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS

In a constructic,~~
drawilip ilpilrt fro111w;lll, tliickncss. dimensions of sp:lcus alicl elcu~cncs
Inany olher details have Lo he shown. These ciul be conveniently shown h)l i~siny
architeclural sy~ilbols.When llicse synibols ;ire placed on Lhe tlrawi~lg.the clnglliccs who
builds the structure will gel n completc picturc ol Llle build~npo r struc~ure.Flyuses 2 . 8
and 2.9 show smile ,uchileclural symbols. llwy ilre grouped under following lour Iic;~ds
(a) conventiorlal signs for tllalerials
(Figure 2.8)
(b) symbols for doors auld wi~ldows

(Figure 2.9)

symbols for siu~itaryfittings

(Figure 2.9)

(c)

(d) syrl~bolsfor electrical fittings

(Figure 2.9)

BRICK

EARTH

STOWE WARE MARBLE

P O R C E L A I N ETC.

H A R D CORE

/ /

CAST S T O N E
NATURAL STONE

REINFORCED CONCRETE

PL 4 S T E R '

PARTITION BLOCK

ASBESTOS, FELT ETC.

STEEL, COPPER, ALUMINIUM

LEAD, ZINC

GLASS

WOOD

FIBRE BOARD,
INSULATION BOARD

WRQUGHT

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Figure 2.8 : Co~~ventiooitl

Siglls for Mnierinls

Figure 2.12 shows a drawing where some of the symbols Sro~nFigures 2.8 and 2.9 11:~ve
been incorporated. It is important to note that the list of symbols given are 1~71
exhaustive
but only represent the conmlon ones used in practice.

r"slm

FUSE B O A R D M a l n

TOP HUNG WINDOW

BATH TUB

HORIZONTAL
CENTRE H U N G

SHOWERSTALL

VERTICAL
CENTRE HUNG

WATER CLOSET

SIDE HUNG
WlNDOW IN
ELEVATION

a
0 a
RH

METER

LIGHT POINT

URINAL

I.AVATORY'BASIN~~
Wall
Pedestal

P L A I N "ITCHEN

~ ; N ~ t o A u o

DOUBLE SWING
DOOR

ww

POLDINGDOOR

w':

2- l e a f

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'D

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~ ' WATER
~4
METER
401WM
',v ,* 'bl FIRE EXTINGUISHER

3- K

ALARM

Bell

rn
e-,"r

C E l L l f f i FAN

FE

AS

PUMP

15Arnpr

BELLPUSH

Wall &Pedestal
type

~OLDINGDOOR b v
Centre hung
~ O L D D IO O~R

t)
5 Amps

Side hung

6
'

O n e way Two woy

3PlNY)CKET

DRINKING
FOUNTAIN

Bulk h e a d

SWITCH
SINK-!E!S

Slngle l e a f

El
8
0 O

Bracket P e n d a n t

C o r n e r Wall F l o o r
hung

Double leaf

DOUBLE SWING
DO0 a

e f?

DR.LIGHT POINT

single leaf
SINGLE SWING
DOOR

M A I N SWITCH

European l n d l a n

LH

/'-

SINGLE SWING

T3

Dl~trl.

exn AusT

FAN

Buzzer

00

2-leaf

SLIDINGOOOR
ROLI.INt DOOR

&?

REVOLVINGDOOR

ELE. HEATER

WASHING MACHINE
VENT OUTLET

C_/G

TELEPHONE

EARTHING

RAIN WATER OUTLET

RWO

S Y M B O L S F0.R
DOORS b WINDOWS-

SYMBOLS FOR
S Y M B O L S FOR
SANITARY FITTLNGS ELECTRICAL FITTINGS

k'igure 2.9: Arr1~itrct~~r.d

Sy111l)ol'.

1 SAQ 1
(a)

D e h e t l ~ cSollowing tcrnls : workirig dr:iwing, pictorial drawinj:. ~l~ulti-\~iew

drawing, orthographic tlrawing ancl contour interval.

(b)

Name l'ivc i ~ n p o r i ~ m
drawings
t
iind cxpliiin thc111 hricfly.

(c) Idelltify the syr11boIs S ~ ~ O W

helow
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(d) Identify the t'oIlowing conventional signs :

Site Planning

2.4 READING SIMPLE DRAWINGS

It is important that you sl~ouldhe able ro read simple drawings. In this secllon i~fler
introducing the idea ol "scales" you will be taught to read plan, section ant1 ulcva~ion
drawings.

2.4.1 Reading Scaled Drawings

Wllen the drawing of an ob~ectis made to Lhe same scale (size) ;IS the i~ctualI-~bject
i t is
called full scale (1 : I). However, architectural structures are obviously too large to be
drawn to full size. They rnust therefore be reduced in scaie to fit oil rlornlal ilrawing
sheets. Thus, the inain function of a scale is to enalde the designer to draw il buildiiig to a
convenient size and to enable Ule builder tc:) tl~inkin relation to the actual size of the
suucture as he uses the drawing t o construct the building. When a drawing is prepared to
a reduced scale, one nleter may actually he drawn 2 cln long. O n dle reduced scale. the
builder does not think mrl should not think of tl~is2 cnl line as actually representing 2 cm
but think of it as being I m long. If the area to he represented is very large, the reduction
ratios wii'l be very large. A very large plot can be reduced as much as 200 Limes. while a
d'etailed drawing lnay be reduced only one or two ti~nesits actual size. Figure 2.10 shows
the common scales used to reduce construclio~~
drawings.

. pDrawing

MetricSenle

Large Plot Plaris

Small Plat Plnlls
Floor Plau
Detail 1)1,awiugs

F i g u l ~2.10: Scnle Selectiolt

2.4.2 Reading Floor Drawings

The t-loor plan is the niost important of all architectural drawings sincc it col~tainsnlore
inlormation pertaining to the design and construction of the struclure than ;111yother
single drawing. There are two basic types of tloor plans na~nely:
(a) General-desi~afloor plans
(b) Working-drawing tloor plans
General-design Floor Platls

General-design floor plans are used only to show the basic layout, arrangenlent of
areas and design features. They do not show full details. They arc not fully
dimensio~lcd.General-design plaiis are also called line plans. Plans of this type
rzige fro111 very simple floor plan sketches to very detailed ones. For exanlple,
Figure 2.11 (a) s11ows a simple free hand line skelcl~of a residential building,
whereas Figure 2.11 (b) sl~owsa detailed dimensioned line sketch of the same, but
without indicating any wall thicluiess.

figure 2.11 (a) : Floor Plnu Sketcl~(FIP~

H N I Line
~ sketch)

A l l DIMENSIONS A R E IN

Cm

Figure 2.11 (b) : FIool* Plnl~Skrtch (Tletniled Di~nellsionedLine Sketcl~)

Working-drawing Floor Plans

Line pl'ms are sudicienl lo show rough layouts and preliminary designs for
presentations and sales purpose, but are nal accurate or complete enough to bc
used as working drawings Lor huilding purposes. Figure 2.12 shows an accurale
floor plan co~llplelcwith di~~~e!lsions
and material symbols. Such :I plan is
mcessary for constructiotl purposes. Thus, the pri~nefunction of a
working-drawing I'loor plan is to co~mnunicatethe design information to tlle
con traclor.

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN Cm

Rgurc 2.12 : Working Drawing

2.4.3 Reading Sectional Drawings

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Figure 2.13 (a) shows how a sectional view of a buildi~lgis oblained. It shows how a
imaginary vertical cutting plane is used to cut througli the entire building. ('Inekut portion
is removed and the remaining portion gives the sectional view of the building. f i e
position of the cutting plane is normally shown by a cutlilig plane linc drawn on t l ~ eUoor
plan as show11 in Figures 2.13 (b) and (c). Figure 2.13 (b) shows a simple cutting plane
line, which is a straight line passing tlirough the plan. The portio11 left of the cutting plan
is removed and the section is viewed in the direcliori o C the uraws. Figure 2,13 (c) sllows
an offset cutting plane line. Figure 2.13 (d) shows a longitudinal section and a transverse
section across a plan.
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CUTTING-PL A N E LINE

Site Plimni~lg

CUTTING-PL A NE

(a)The Cuttir~g-11l;mei ~ r l t lC~rttil~g

I'~:IIIC
Liilt'

(b) Sirr~pleCutting-pl:lnr Lilies

L,
(c) Offset C l ~ t t i n p p l a ~Linrs
~e

(d) T r ~ s v e r . s aen c l 1,ougitudinnl Cutting-pl;u~cLiilca

Figure 2.13 : Sectioi~nlDri~wings

2.4.4 Reading Elevation Drawings

Elevation drawing represent the exterior view of a structure. Figurc 2.14 shows the four
basic elevation plmes of projection ant1 their relationship when elcvi~tionsiuc projecldii
on the same plane (flat) as Ihe tloor plan. The frout view of a structure i s known ils tllf
front elevation. The view projected from Ule rear of the tloor plan is known as lllc rear
elevation. The View projected from the right side of the front is known as llle rig111
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elevation and the view projected fr(11ronl the left side oS the front is known iIS Ulc lefl
elevatioi~.When tlicse elevations are pro,jected 011 the same tlrawing s l ~ c ras
t the floor
plan, the rear elevation appears to be upsiilr down and the rig111 :md left e1cv;~lions~app~nr
to rest on their sides. Because most clevnlion drawings are prepared ;it a large scale fuld
because the desirability oi'scch~gdrawillgs as we norillally view tllcm, each elevation is
usually show^^ with tile ground line as the bottom iuid the roof line as Ihe top.

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a

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a
LL

LEFT SIDE ELEVATION I WEST)

F ~ ~ I2.14
I I .:~Elevation Ihnwing
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2.5 READING SPECIALISED DRAWINGS

When the designer needs to conlmunicate more delailed inrormalion to the builder than is
possible on basic plans, specialised drawings are prepnxcd. Sonle ol' the specialised plans
are foundation plans, floor framing, electrical plans, plumbing plans etc. Previous
chapters covered the pri~lciplesarid practices involved ie reading each type of
cor~structiondrawings. In this section the basic guidelines for reading and interpreting a
s developed with special emphasis on Ule relationship m d
complete set of p l q ~ are
consistency among plan features ancl dimensions. Following are the delailed set of
construction drawings relating to a sirigle structurelproject :
(a) Floor plan
(b) Foundatio~lplan

(c)
(d)
(e)
(0

Front elevation
Rear elevation
Right elevation
Left elevatior~

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(g) Plot plims

(h)

Landscape plans

(i)

Survey plans

Sectional drawings

(k)

Floor Framing clrawi~ips

(1)

Colulnn/wall framing plans

(m) Roof plans

(11) Electrical plals

(o) Air-cc:)nditic>l~iiig
plans
(p) Piurnbing plans
(il) Door ruld Wintlow schedules
(r)

Finish schedules

(s)

Specifications

(t) Building cost and esti~nate

It is iinportmt in reading and studyilrg a complete set of l>lans t.o study then1 in correct
secluence. Since the floor plan reveals nlore of the arru~gementsof Lhe design than ally
other plan, it should be studied first. If lllcre are a number of iloor ld:uls, sl.udy then1 in
sequence froln the ground Iloor to Llie uppernlost floor. Then stucly the h)untlation plan,
which is the floor plan of the support system. Next study elevations, which l>roviclea
good impression of the total appemance of the clzsign. Afler this exp:uld your studies lo
location plans, including landscape, surveys and plot plaus. This hclps us 10 oriel~rthe
structure to its surroundings. After rliis is done, swdy construction c1el;lils and sections:
then specialised plans, sucll as electrical p l a ~ ~
and
s plumbing pliuns. Scheilules.
specifications and cost estilnates should be studied last si~lcethey ;Ire hcttel. u~ldesstood
after a firm grasp of the constructio~lis acquired.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING (CADD) -

2.6

CAD has made a major change in the way draw~ngsare prepared. Using CAD, tile
designer enters i~lforrnalioninto the compuler one lime, tlien recalls and revises 111;~~
information to produce the l'inal desigll drawings. A CAD workslation consists of il
compuler, computer peripherals and sof'tware.
A CAD system can store, all the data necessary to c o ~ ~ ~ p l e tdesign
e l y a conslruclion
project. It thus offers solne big advantages over manual methods. Designs c i hc
~ chanpcd
without having to be conlpletely redrawn. Parts of a drawiilg done l'or one proiecl cilll he
saved, then retrieved for use in a later prc~ject.'Drawingscall be done in Iaycrs so that a
basic design outline can be used lor several purposes. In some large consl~.uctionprojecls,
drawings are directly supplied as CAD compuler files.
CAD systems are available on various hardware and soi'lwarc plalforins. The most
popular software on the PC platform is AUTOCAD. The s~rnplerCAD sysleitis are
limited to drafting of drawings. The more advanced syslellls help in 3-D visualisi~tionand
interference checking. Interference checking is parlicularly useful when, nunibcr of
in Uie design process. This woul[l
designers w i t h differen1 specificnlions are i~~volved
identify interference problems before tlie drawings are released f o ~construc[ion i ~ l d
preveut re-work.
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SAQ 2
(a) Defiiw the ter~lw: I'ull scale, :11111 reiluction scale.

(hf What engineer's scale is uscd for drawing

(i) small plot plan, iultl
(ii) floor plan.

SAQ 3
(a)

Dclirlc flooa plan. Nilme aud 1)1idly cxplain lbc two bau~ctypL5s
01 kkoor pl;#aa?3

(h)

Bricfly explain the t~~llowing

:
"( i )

(ii)

scctionikl tiirawing.

e1ev;ltiora drira~ing,i~rltl

(iii) speci;tlisecl (lhilwing.

a g CAD
e ~ system ovce n ~ i ~ t ~n1ct1boc.l~.
iii~l
(c) Sl;lt~;I few a ~ I \ ~ ; ~ n t or

Activity 1
Measure the plan dimensions of your house. Draw to a suitable scale, the plan of
your house. In the plan, mark all the architectural sylnbols that you have learnt in
this unit. Sllow the drawing to your counsellor.

2.7 SUMMARY
In this unit, we have discussed the i~nportailceof drawings a~xlhow to read them. We
have seen that whereas a pictorial drawing shows how t l ~ eobject looks to llle eye,
multi-view drawing describes all the elements of the design. The plan view givcs the
maximum information about tile building. The sectiollal view gives details of
foundations, the various heights and verdcal dimensic>usof the building. Elevalions are
drawings of a building as it is seen from different sides. Structural drawings show tile .
structural details of the element. The main funclion of a scaled drawing is to enable the
designer to draw a building to a convenient size and to enable the builder to think in
relation to the actual size of the structure as he uses the drawing to COllSErUCt llle building.
General-design floor pl'ans are used only to show the basic layoul, itrrangelncnt o f areas
and design features wl~creasworking drawing floor plans shows nil accurate plm
complete wilh dimensions and material symnhols. When llle desiguer needs to
communicate more detailed informalion to tile builder than is possible on basic plans,
specialised drawings are prepared. Finally we have tried to understaild llle use of
computers in drawings.

2.8 ANSWERS TO SAQs

Refer the relevant precediqg text in the unit or other useful books on tlle topic lisled in
the section "Further Readinj" at the end of tlle block to get Ule answers of the SAQs.