Conclusion:

On this fieldwork the objectives were met, we have fully developed our skills
for determining the horizontal distance of a sloping ground by breaking the
tape method up and down the slope and I had acquired new knowledge in
determining the horizontal distance of a sloping ground by using the tape
and the Abney hand level. Taping on sloping ground is our third field
exercise for the day that which is composed of two methods. For the first
method we needed more equipment compared to the second field work
because we have to deal with sloping ground. Our group started by preparing
and inspecting all the equipment that we need for this task. When we got to
the site our group established a starting point on top of the slope. From the
top we pulled 5 meters to the second point wherein we have one person who
checks if the tape is straight horizontal and a plumb bob to keep the far end
of the tape aligned vertically with the second point. We did the same process
all the way to the other of the measured distance. The second method that
we used to measure a sloping ground is by using an Abney hand level. The
concept behind the hand level is Pythagorean theory. By getting one of the
angle and the hypotenuse the elevation of the slope could be measured.

Field work difficulties (Solutions Included):

Error is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured
value of a quantity. Errors result from instrument imperfections, personal
limitations, and natural conditions affecting the measurement. An error is
either systematic or random. A mistake is not considered an error, but is a
blunder on the part of the observer such as the failure to record each 100 ft
in taping, misreading a tape, forgetting to level the instrument, etc.
Errors in taping may also be caused by one or more of the following reasons:
First, The tape is not the standard length. This results in systematic error
which may be eliminated by standardizing the tape or comparing the true
length of the tape with some permanent standard of length. Second, Poor
alignment of the tape. Both tapeman are required to be constantly aware of
the condition of the tape as they move along the line. The instrument
operator also helps ensure that the tape is on the line over the entire length
from point to point. Poor alignment results from sloppy or lazy habits
developed by the tape men. Third, the tape is not horizontal. This error
produces an effect similar to that due to poor alignment. Once again, this
error results from a sloppy procedure and with a little care may be virtually
eliminated. Even an experienced tapeman probably underestimates the rate
of slope. This may be a large source of error and in rough or deceptive
terrain, a hand level may eliminate the error. Fourth, Tape twisted or not
straight. When taping through fairly dense undergrowth, when the wind is
blowing, over a stubble field, keeping all parts of the tape in perfect
alignment with both ends is difficult. The error in this case is systematic and
variable and has the same effect as that which arises from measuring with a
tape that is too short. Lastly, Human error of observations. There are
accidental errors caused by misreading the tape, improper setting of pins
and stakes, and errors due to plumbing improperly due to inexperience or
sloppy procedure. All accidental errors may be kept to a minimum by
exercising care and following proper procedures.

Introduction:
One family of group of distance measuring instruments consists of tapes,
chains, lines, rules, rods, and other calibrated linear devices which can be
laid end to end to accumulate a distance between points. The ancient
surveyors used ropes, lines, cords, rods fixed in length and so on. They even
used pacing when approximate results were found to be satisfactory. Slopes
are considerable and the ground surface is smooth, but inclined, then taped
measurements are directly made as stated in previous part, but with the
tape on the ground or parallel to the ground.

For sloping ground or uneven ground, taping is handled in a similar manner

to taping over level ground. The tape is held horizontally, but one or both
tapeman have to use plumb bobs. Sometimes the large elevation difference
makes it impossible to use an entire tape. In such situations only part of the
tape is used. The headman holds the zero-end and the rear tapeperson hold
a convenient distance which will allow the selected length of tape to be
horizontal. All individual measurements must be recorded.
Another procedure for measuring up or down a slope is called the "breaking
chain method. The rear tapeman holds the 30 m end of the tape over a
point while the front tapeman proceeds forward until it becomes impossible
to keep the tape horizontal, e.g., at the 25 m mark. The rear tapeman then
moves up to the front tapeman and holds the chain at the 25 m mark over
the new point while the front tapeman proceeds until the 0 mark of the chain
is reached at which point the whole process is repeated. Each 30 meter

length of tape must be recorded individually. However, Instead of breaking

the tape every few feet on a steep but uniform slope, it may be desirable to
tape along the slope, determine the slope angle with an Abney hand level
and then compute the horizontal distance.

Field Work Procedures:

A. Breaking the tape method.
Our professor designated two points on a sloping ground to be
measured by us and marked the lowest point down hill as A and up hill
as B. Then, we had set the range poles behind points A and B. Front
tapeman held the reeled out tape while the 0-mark elevated by about
a breast high held by the rear tapeman directly over point A with the
use of the plum bob. Next, Front tapeman aligned himself along the
course with the aid direction gave by the rear tapeman. The front
tapeman while holding the end of the tape length, he pulled the tape
taut to make the tape horizontal. After that, front tapeman marked a
chalk on the pavement and the rear tapeman leaved point A and
moved up the slope to mark the previously driven by the front
tapeman. Then, front tapeman moved further upward. We did the
same procedure when we had measured down the slope.
B. Tape and Abney Hand Level
The same two points we had used, but this time the 0-mark is now on
the front tapeman. Then, an Abney Hand level was used with the pole
on the stations occupied such as the first point A and the level will be
more accurate in seeing the alignment of the end courses A and B.

Next, the front tapeman held the 0-mark and marked the pavement at
the observed station after it was aligned at B and after pulling the tape
taut. After the sloping distance was measured, the rear tapeman
carefully recorded it. Then, using Abney Hand level, the observed
station was sighted and the angle was carefully determined and
recorded the reading on the data sheet. The instrument man with
Abney hand level and the range pole moved up the hill until he had
reached the previous station marked by the front tapeman. Lastly, the
same procedure was followed until we had reached point B.