Guo, Boyun / Petroleum Production Engineering, A Computer-Assisted Approach

Guo-prelims Final Proof page xvii 29.12.2006 10:39am

List of Figures
Figure 1.1:
Figure 1.2:
Figure 1.3:
Figure 1.4:
Figure 1.5:
Figure 1.6:
Figure 1.7:
Figure 1.8:
Figure 1.9:
Figure 1.10:
Figure 1.11:
Figure 1.12:
Figure 1.13:
Figure 1.14:
Figure 1.15:
Figure 1.16:
Figure 1.17:
Figure 1.18:
Figure 1.19:
Figure 1.20:
Figure 1.21:
Figure 1.22:
Figure 3.1:
Figure 3.2:
Figure 3.3:
Figure 3.4:

Figure 3.5:
Figure 3.6:
Figure 3.7:
Figure 3.8:
Figure 3.9:
Figure 3.10:
Figure 3.11:
Figure 3.12:
Figure 3.13:
Figure 3.14:
Figure 3.15:
Figure 3.16:
Figure 3.17:
Figure 3.18:
Figure 3.19:
Figure 3.20:
Figure 4.1:
Figure 4.2:
Figure 4.3:

A sketch of a petroleum production

system.
A typical hydrocarbon phase diagram.
A sketch of a water-drive reservoir.
A sketch of a gas-cap drive reservoir.
A sketch of a dissolved-gas drive reservoir.
A sketch of a typical flowing oil well.
A sketch of a wellhead.
A sketch of a casing head.
A sketch of a tubing head.
A sketch of a Christmas tree.
Sketch of a surface valve.
A sketch of a wellhead choke.
Conventional horizontal separator.
Double action piston pump.
Elements of a typical reciprocating
compressor.
Uses of offshore pipelines.
Safety device symbols.
Safety system designs for surface wellhead
flowlines.
Safety system designs for underwater
wellhead flowlines.
Safety system design for pressure vessel.
Safety system design for pipeline pumps.
Safety system design for other pumps.
A sketch of a radial flow reservoir model:
(a) lateral view, (b) top view.
A sketch of a reservoir with a constantpressure boundary.
A sketch of a reservoir with no-flow
boundaries.
(a) Shape factors for various closed
drainage areas with low-aspect ratios.
(b) Shape factors for closed drainage areas
with high-aspect ratios.
A typical IPR curve for an oil well.
Transient IPR curve for Example Problem
3.1.
Steady-state IPR curve for Example
Problem 3.1.
Pseudosteady-state IPR curve for
Example Problem 3.1.
IPR curve for Example Problem 3.2.
Generalized Vogel IPR model for partial
two-phase reservoirs.
IPR curve for Example Problem 3.3.
IPR curves for Example Problem 3.4,
Well A.
IPR curves for Example Problem 3.4,
Well B
IPR curves for Example Problem 3.5.
IPR curves of individual layers.
Composite IPR curve for all the layers
open to flow.
Composite IPR curve for Group 2 (Layers
B4, C1, and C2).
Composite IPR curve for Group 3 (Layers
B1, A4, and A5).
IPR curves for Example Problem 3.6.
IPR curves for Example Problem 3.7.
Flow along a tubing string.
DarcyWiesbach friction factor diagram.
Flow regimes in gas-liquid flow.

Figure 4.4:
Figure 4.5:
Figure 5.1:
Figure 5.2:
Figure 5.3:
Figure 6.1:
Figure 6.2:
Figure 6.3:
Figure 6.4:
Figure 6.5:
Figure 6.6:
Figure 6.7:
Figure 7.1:
Figure 7.2:
Figure 7.3:
Figure 7.4:
Figure 7.3:
Figure 7.4:
Figure 8.1:
Figure 8.2:
Figure 8.3:
Figure 8.4:
Figure 8.5:
Figure 8.6:
Figure 8.7:
Figure 8.8:
Figure 8.9:
Figure 8.10:
Figure 8.11:
Figure 8.12:
Figure 8.13:
Figure 8.14:
Figure 9.1:
Figure 9.2:
Figure 9.3:
Figure 9.4:
Figure 10.1:
Figure 10.2:
Figure 10.3:
Figure 10.4:

Pressure traverse given by Hagedorn

BrownCorreltion.xls for Example.
Calculated tubing pressure profile for
Example Problem 4.5.
A typical choke performance curve.
Choke flow coefficient for nozzle-type
chokes.
Choke flow coefficient for orifice-type
chokes.
Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.1.
Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.4.
Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.5.
Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.6.
Nodal analysis for Example Problem 6.8.
Schematic of a multilateral well trajectory.
Nomenclature of a multilateral well.
Nodal analysis plot for Example Problem
7.1.
Production forecast for Example Problem
7.2.
Nodal analysis plot for Example Problem
7.2.
Production forecast for Example Problem
7.2
Production forecast for Example Problem
7.3.
Result of production forecast for Example
Problem 7.4.
A semilog plot of q versus t indicating an
exponential decline.
A plot of Np versus q indicating an
exponential decline.
A plot of log(q) versus log(t) indicating a
harmonic decline.
A plot of Np versus log(q) indicating a
harmonic decline.
A plot of relative decline rate versus
production rate.
Procedure for determining a- and b-values.
A plot of log(q) versus t showing an
exponential decline.
Relative decline rate plot showing
exponential decline.
Projected production rate by an
exponential decline model.
Relative decline rate plot showing
harmonic decline.
Projected production rate by a harmonic
decline model.
Relative decline rate plot showing
hyperbolic decline.
Relative decline rate plot showing
hyperbolic decline.
Projected production rate by a hyperbolic
decline model.
A simple uniaxial test of a metal specimen.
Effect of tension stress on tangential stress.
Tubingpacker relation.
Ballooning and buckling effects.
A typical vertical separator.
A typical horizontal separator.
A typical horizontal double-tube
separator.
A typical horizontal three-phase
separator.

Guo, Boyun / Petroleum Production Engineering, A Computer-Assisted Approach Guo-prelims Final Proof page xviii 29.12.2006 10:39am

xviii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 10.5:
Figure 10.6:
Figure 10.7:
Figure 10.8:
Figure 10.9:
Figure 10.10:
Figure 10.11:
Figure 10.12:
Figure 11.1:
Figure 11.2:
Figure 11.3:
Figure 11.4:
Figure 11.5:
Figure 11.6:
Figure 11.7:
Figure 11.8:
Figure 11.9:
Figure 11.10:
Figure 11.11:
Figure 11.12:
Figure 11.13:
Figure 11.14:
Figure 11.15:
Figure 11.16:
Figure 11.17:
Figure 11.18:
Figure 12.1:
Figure 12.2:
Figure 12.3:

Figure 12.4:
Figure 12.5:
Figure 12.6:
Figure 12.7:
Figure 12.8:
Figure 12.9:

A typical spherical low-pressure

separator.
Water content of natural gases.
Flow diagram of a typical solid desiccant
dehydration plant.
Flow diagram of a typical glycol
dehydrator.
Gas capacity of vertical inlet scrubbers
based on 0.7-specific gravity at 100 8F.
Gas capacity for trayed glycol contactors
based on 0.7-specific gravity at 100 8F.
Gas capacity for packed glycol
contactors based on 0.7-specific gravity
at 100 8F.
The required minimum height of packing
of a packed contactor, or the minimum
number of trays of a trayed contactor.
Double-action stroke in a duplex pump.
Single-action stroke in a triplex pump.
Elements of a typical reciprocating
compressor.
Cross-section of a centrifugal
compressor.
Basic pressurevolume diagram.
Flow diagram of a two-stage
compression unit.
Fuel consumption of prime movers using
three types of fuel.
Fuel consumption of prime movers using
natural gas as fuel.
Effect of elevation on prime mover
power.
DarcyWiesbach friction factor chart.
Stresses generated by internal pressure p
in a thin-wall pipe, D=t > 20.
Stresses generated by internal pressure p
in a thick-wall pipe, D=t < 20.
Calculated temperature profiles with a
polyethylene layer of 0.0254 M (1 in.).
Calculated steady-flow temperature
profiles with polyethylene layers of
various thicknesses.
Calculated temperature profiles with a
polypropylene layer of 0.0254 M (1 in.).
Calculated steady-flow temperature
profiles with polypropylene layers of
various thicknesses.
Calculated temperature profiles with a
polyurethane layer of 0.0254 M (1 in.).
Calculated steady-flow temperature
profiles with polyurethane layers of four
thicknesses.
A diagrammatic drawing of a sucker rod
pumping system.
Sketch of three types of pumping units:
(a) conventional unit; (b) Lufkin Mark II
unit; (c) air-balanced unit.
The pumping cycle: (a) plunger moving
down, near the bottom of the stroke;
(b) plunger moving up, near the bottom
of the stroke; (c) plunger moving up,
near the top of the stroke; (d) plunger
moving down, near the top of the stroke.
Two types of plunger pumps.
Polished rod motion for (a) conventional
pumping unit and (b) air-balanced unit.
Definitions of conventional pumping
unit API geometry dimensions.
Approximate motion of connection point
between pitman arm and walking beam.
Sucker rod pumping unit selection chart.
A sketch of pump dynagraph.

Figure 12.10:

Figure 12.11:

Figure 12.12:
Figure 12.13:
Figure 13.1:
Figure 13.2:
Figure 13.3:
Figure 13.4:
Figure 13.5:
Figure 13.6:
Figure 13.7:
Figure 13.8:
Figure 13.9:
Figure 13.10:
Figure 13.11:
Figure 13.12:
Figure 13.13:
Figure 13.14:
Figure 13.15:
Figure 13.16:
Figure 13.17:
Figure 13.18:
Figure 13.19:
Figure 13.20:
Figure 13.21:
Figure 13.22:
Figure 13.23:
Figure 13.24:
Figure 13.25:
Figure 14.1:
Figure 14.2:
Figure 14.3:
Figure 14.4:
Figure 14.5:
Figure 14.6:
Figure 14.7:
Figure 14.8:
Figure 14.9:
Figure 14.10:
Figure 14.11:
Figure 14.12:
Figure 15.1:
Figure 15.2:

Pump dynagraph cards: (a) ideal card,

(b) gas compression on down-stroke,
(c) gas expansion on upstroke, (d) fluid
pound, (e) vibration due to fluid pound,
(f) gas lock.
Surface Dynamometer Card: (a) ideal
card (stretch and contraction), (b) ideal
card (acceleration), (c) three typical
cards.
Strain-gagetype dynamometer chart.
Surface to down hole cards derived from
surface dynamometer card.
Configuration of a typical gas lift well.
A simplified flow diagram of a closed
rotary gas lift system for single
intermittent well.
A sketch of continuous gas lift.
Pressure relationship in a continuous gas
lift.
System analysis plot given by GasLift
Potential.xls for the unlimited gas
injection case.
System analysis plot given by GasLift
Potential.xls for the limited gas injection
case.
Well unloading sequence.
Flow characteristics of orifice-type
valves.
Unbalanced bellow valve at its closed
condition.
Unbalanced bellow valve at its open
condition.
Flow characteristics of unbalanced valves.
A sketch of a balanced pressure valve.
A sketch of a pilot valve.
A sketch of a throttling pressure valve.
A sketch of a fluid-operated valve.
A sketch of a differential valve.
A sketch of combination valve.
A flow diagram to illustrate procedure of
valve spacing.
Illustrative plot of BHP of an
intermittent flow.
Intermittent flow gradient at mid-point
of tubing.
Example Problem 13.8 schematic and
BHP build.up for slug flow.
Three types of gas lift installations.
Sketch of a standard two-packer
chamber.
A sketch of an insert chamber.
A sketch of a reserve flow chamber.
A sketch of an ESP installation.
An internal schematic of centrifugal
pump.
A sketch of a multistage centrifugal
pump.
A typical ESP characteristic chart.
A sketch of a hydraulic piston pump.
Sketch of a PCP system.
Rotor and stator geometry of PCP.
Four flow regimes commonly
encountered in gas wells.
A sketch of a plunger lift system.
Sketch of a hydraulic jet pump
installation.
Working principle of a hydraulic jet
pump.
Example jet pump performance chart.
Temperature and spinner flowmeterderived production profile.
Notations for a horizontal wellbore.

Guo, Boyun / Petroleum Production Engineering, A Computer-Assisted Approach Guo-prelims Final Proof page xix 29.12.2006 10:39am

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 15.3:
Figure 15.4:
Figure 15.5:
Figure 15.6:
Figure 15.7:
Figure 15.8:
Figure 15.9:
Figure 15.10:
Figure 15.11:
Figure 15.12:
Figure 15.13:
Figure 15.14:
Figure 15.15:
Figure 15.16:
Figure 15.17:
Figure 15.18:
Figure 15.19:
Figure 15.20:
Figure 16.1:
Figure 16.2:
Figure 17.1:
Figure 17.2:
Figure 17.3:

Measured bottom-hole pressures and

oil production rates during a pressure
drawdown test.
Log-log diagnostic plot of test data.
Semi-log plot for vertical radial flow
analysis.
Square-root time plot for pseudo-linear
flow analysis.
Semi-log plot for horizontal pseudoradial flow analysis.
Match between measured and model
calculated pressure data.
Gas production due to channeling behind
the casing.
Gas production due to preferential flow
through high-permeability zones.
Gas production due to gas coning.
Temperature and noise logs identifying
gas channeling behind casing.
Temperature and fluid density logs
identifying a gas entry zone.
Water production due to channeling
behind the casing.
Preferential water flow through highpermeability zones.
Water production due to water coning.
Prefracture and postfracture temperature
logs identifying fracture height.
Spinner flowmeter log identifying a
watered zone at bottom.
Calculated minimum flow rates with
Turner et al.s model and test flow rates.
The minimum flow rates given by Guo
et al.s model and the test flow rates.
Typical acid response curves.
Wormholes created by acid dissolution of
limestone.
Schematic to show the equipment layout
in hydraulic fracturing treatments of oil
and gas wells.
A schematic to show the procedure of
hydraulic fracturing treatments of oil
and gas wells.
Overburden formation of a hydrocarbon
reservoir.

Figure 17.4:
Figure 17.5:
Figure 17.6:
Figure 17.7:
Figure 17.8:
Figure 17.9:
Figure 17.10:
Figure 17.11:
Figure 17.12:
Figure 17.13:
Figure 18.1:
Figure 18.2:
Figure 18.3:
Figure 18.4:
Figure 18.5:
Figure 18.6:
Figure 18.7:
Figure 18.8:
Figure 18.9:
Figure 18.10:
Figure 18.11:
Figure 18.12:
Figure 18.13:
Figure 18.14:

xix

Concept of effective stress between

grains.
The KGD fracture geometry.
The PKN fracture geometry.
Relationship between fracture
conductivity and equivalent skin factor.
Relationship between fracture
conductivity and equivalent skin factor.
Effect of fracture closure stress on
proppant pack permeability.
Iteration procedure for injection time
calculation.
Calculated slurry concentration.
Bottom-hole pressure match with threedimensional fracturing model
PropFRAC.
Four flow regimes that can occur in
hydraulically fractured reservoirs.
Comparison of oil well inflow
performance relationship (IPR) curves
before and after stimulation.
A typical tubing performance curve.
A typical gas lift performance curve of a
low-productivity well.
Theoretical load cycle for elastic sucker
rods.
Actual load cycle of a normal sucker rod.
Dimensional parameters of a
dynamometer card.
A dynamometer card indicating
synchronous pumping speeds.
A dynamometer card indicating gas lock.
Sketch of (a) series pipeline and
(b) parallel pipeline.
Sketch of a looped pipeline.
Effects of looped line and pipe diameter
ratio on the increase of gas flow rate.
A typical gas lift performance curve of
a high-productivity well.
Schematics of two hierarchical networks.
An example of a nonhierarchical
network.