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Pope Benedict XV (Latin: Benedictus XV; 21 November 1854 22 January 1922), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa,[lower-alpha 1] was Pope from
3 September 1914 to his death in 1922. His ponticate
was largely overshadowed by World War I and its political, social and humanitarian consequences in Europe.
BOLOGNA
the unication of Italy, was largely dominated by antiCatholic and anti-clerical politics. With his doctorate in
Law and at legal age, he again asked his father for permission to study for the priesthood, which was now reluctantly granted. He insisted however, that his son conduct his theological studies in Rome not in Genoa, so
that he would not end up as a village priest or provincial
Monsignore.[9]
Della Chiesa entered the Collegio Capranica and was
there in Rome when, in 1878, Pope Pius IX died and was
followed by Pope Leo XIII. The new pope received the
students of the Capranica in private audience only a few
days after his coronation. Shortly thereafter, della Chiesa
was ordained a priest by Cardinal Raaele Monaco La
Valletta on 21 December 1878.[10]
From 1878 until 1883 he studied at the Ponticia Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici in Rome. It was there,
on every Thursday, that students were required to defend a research paper, to which cardinals and high members of the Roman Curia were invited. Cardinal Mariano
Rampolla took note of him and furthered his entry in
the diplomatic service of the Vatican in 1882, where he
was employed by Rampolla as a secretary and soon to be
posted to Madrid.[11] When Rampolla subsequently was
appointed Cardinal Secretary of State, della Chiesa followed him. During these years, della Chiesa helped negotiate the resolution of a dispute between Germany and
Spain over the Caroline Islands as well as organising relief
during a cholera epidemic.
His ambitious mother, Marchesa della Chiesa, is said to
have been discontented with the career of her son, cornering Rampolla with the words, that in her opinion, Giacomo was not properly recognised in the Vatican. Rampolla allegedly replied, Signora, your son will take only a
few steps, but they will be gigantic ones.[12]
Just after Leo XIII's death in 1903, Rampolla tried to
make della Chiesa the secretary of the conclave, but the
Holy College elected Rafael Merry del Val, a conservative
young prelate, the rst sign that Rampolla would not be
the next Pope. When Cardinal Rampolla had to leave his
post with the election of his opponent Pope Pius X, and
was succeeded by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, della
Chiesa was retained in his post.
2
2.1
Bologna
Archbishop
2.2
Cardinal
3 Ponticate
3 PONTIFICATE
3.1
Peace eorts
3.3
5
tempted to get Germany and AustriaHungary involved
in protesting to its Turkish ally. The Pope himself sent
a personal letter to the Sultan, who was also Caliph of
Islam. It had no success, as over a million Armenians
died, either killed outright by the Turks, or as a result of
maltreatment or from starvation.[36]
The pope was also disturbed by the Communist revolution in Russia. The Pope reacted with horror to
the strongly anti-religious policies adopted by Vladimir
Lenin's government along with the bloodshed and
widespread famine which occurred during the subsequent
Russian Civil War. He undertook the greatest eorts trying to help the victims of the Russian famine, raising
ve million in 1921 alone.[42] Following the dissolution
of the Ottoman Empire, concerns were raised in the Vatican about the safety and future of the Catholics in the
Holy Land.
4 DIPLOMATIC AGENDA
Diplomatic agenda
4.2 France
4.5
Poland
5 CHURCH AFFAIRS
5
5.1
Church aairs
Theology
5.4 Mariology
Pope Benedict personally addressed in numerous letters
the pilgrims at Marian sanctuaries. He named Mary the
Patron of Bavaria, and permitted, in Mexico, the Feast
of the Immaculate Conception of Guadaloupe. He authorised the Feast of Mary Mediator of all Graces.[6]
9
have died herself. For the salvation of mankind, she
gave up her rights as the mother of her son and sacriced him for the reconciliation of divine justice, as
far as she was permitted to do. Therefore, one can
say, she redeemed with Christ the human race.[59]
6 Writings
During his seven-year ponticate, Benedict XV wrote a
total of twelve encyclicals. In addition to the encyclicals mentioned, he issued In hac tanta on St. Boniface
(14 May 1919), Paterno iam diu on the Children of
Central Europe (24 November 1919), Pacem, Dei munus
pulcherrimum on Peace and Christian Reconciliation (23
May 1920), Spiritus Paraclitus on St. Jerome (September 1920), Principi Apostolorum Petro on St. Ephram the
Syrian (5 October 1920), Annus iam plenus also on Children in Central Europe (1 December 1920), Sacra propediem on the Third Order of St. Francis (6 January 1921),
In praeclara Summorum on Dante (30 April 1921), and
Fausto appetente die on St. Dominic (29 June 1921).
He condemned the misuse of Marian statues and pictures, dressed in priestly robes, which he outlawed 4 April
1916.[55]
10
can be rectied.[61]
The origin of the evil is a neglect of the precepts and
practices of Christian wisdom, particularly a lack of love
and compassion. Jesus Christ came down from Heaven
for the very purpose of restoring among men the Kingdom of Peace, as He stated, A new commandment I
give unto you: That you love one another.[62] This message is repeated in John 15:12, in which Jesus says,
This is my commandment that you love one another.[63]
Materialism, nationalism, racism and class warfare are
the characteristics of the age instead, so Benedict XV described:
6.3
Quod iam diu was an encyclical given at Rome at St. Peters on 1 December 1918, in the fth year of his Pontificate. It requested that, after World War I, all Catholics
of the world pray for a lasting peace and for those who
are entrusted to make such during peace negotiations.
The pope noted that true peace has not yet arrived, but the
Armistice has suspended the slaughter and devastation by
land, sea and air.[71] It is the obligation of all Catholics
to invoke Divine assistance for all who take part in the
peace conference, as the encyclical states. The Pope
concludes that prayer is essential for the delegates who
to dene peace, as they are in need of much
Race hatred has reached its climax; peoples are are to meet
[72]
support.
more divided by jealousies than by frontiers; within
one and the same nation, within the same city
there rages the burning envy of class against class;
6.4 Maximum illud
and amongst individuals it is self-love which is the
supreme law over-ruling everything. [64]
Maximum illud is an apostolic letter of Benedict XV issued on November 30, 1919, in the sixth year of his ponticate. It deals with the Catholic missions after World
6.2 Humani generis redemptionem
War I. Benedict XV recalled the great Apostles of the
The encyclical Humani generis redemptionem from 15 Gospel who contributed much to the expansion of misand
June 1917, deals with blatant ineectiveness of Christian sions. He reviewed the recent history of the missions
[73]
stated
so
as
the
purpose
of
the
apostolic
letter.
The
enpreaching. According to Benedict XV, there are more
cyclical
rst
turned
to
the
bishops
and
superiors
in
charge
preachers of the Word than ever before, but in the state
of public and private morals as well as the constitutions of the Catholic missions, noting the need to train local
and laws of nations, there is a general disregard and for- clergy. Catholic missionaries today continue to be respiritual one which must be
getfulness of the supernatural, a gradual falling away from minded that their goal is a [74]
carried
out
in
a
seless
way.
the strict standard of Christian virtue, and that men are
slipping back into the shameful practices of paganism.
[65]
The Pope squarely put part of the blame on those ministers of the Gospel who do not handle it as they should. It
is not the times but the incompetent Christian preachers
who are to blame, for no one today can say for sure that
the Apostles were living in better times than ours. Perhaps, the encyclical states, that the Apostles found minds
more readily devoted to the Gospel, or they may have
met others with less opposition to the law of God.[66] As
the encyclical tells, rst are the Catholic bishops. The
Council of Trent taught that preaching is the paramount
duty of Bishops.[67] The Apostles, whose successors the
bishops are, looked upon the Church as something theirs,
for it was they who received the grace of the Holy Spirit to
begin it. Saint Paul wrote to the Corinthians, Christ sent
us not to baptize, but to preach the Gospel. [68] Council of Trent Bishops are required to select for this priestly
oce those only who are t for the position, i.e. those
who can exercise the ministry of preaching with prot
to souls. Proting souls does not mean doing such eloquently or with popular applause, but rather with spiritual fruit. [69] The Pope requested that all the priests
who are incapable of preaching or of hearing confession
be removed from the position.[70] The encyclical helps to
draw out the message that priests must concentrate on the
Word on God and the benetting of souls before their own
selves.
Benedict XV underlined the necessity of proper preparation for the work in foreign cultures and the need to
acquire language skills before doing such work. He
requested a continued strive for personal sanctity and
praised the seless work of the religious females in
the missions.[75] Mission, however, is not only for
missionaries, but all Catholics must participate through
their apostolate of prayer, by supporting vocations, and
by helping nancially. [76] The encyclical in concluded
with the naming of several organizations which organize and supervise mission activities within the Catholic
Church.[77]
11
sighted. He remained neutral during the battles of the
Great War, when almost everybody else was claiming
sides. Like that of Pius XII during World War II, his
neutrality was questioned by all sides then and even to
this day.[81]
Benedict XV personally had a strong devotion to the
Blessed Virgin Mary. He gave his support to an understanding of Mary as Mediatrix of All Graces by approving a Mass and oce under this title for the dioceses of Belgium. Benedict armed that together with
Christ, she redeemed the human race by her immolation of Christ as his sorrowful mother as described in his
apostolic letter Inter Sodalicia.
a new pope in 1914, and became known as Il Piccolito or The Little Man. Benedict XV was dignied in
bearing and courtly in terms of matters, but his appearance was not that of a pope. He had a sallow complexion, a mat of black hair, and prominent teeth. Everything
about him seemed crooked, from his nose to his eyes and
shoulders.[78]
He was renowned for his generosity, answering all pleas
for help from poor Roman families with large cash gifts
from his private revenues. When he was short on money,
those who would be admitted to an audience would often be instructed by prelates not to mention their nancial woes, as Benedict would inevitably feel guilty that he
could not help the needy at the time. He also depleted
the Vaticans ocial revenues with large-scale charitable
expenditure during World War I. Upon his death, the Vatican Treasury had been depleted to the equivalent in Italian lire of U.S. $19,000.[79]
12
13
REFERENCES
10
10.1
Views of successors
Pius XII
10.2
Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI showed his own admiration for Benedict XV following his election to the papacy on 19 April
2005. The election of a new Pope is often accompanied by conjecture over his choice of papal name; it is
widely believed that a Pope chooses the name of a predecessor whose teachings and legacy he wishes to continue.
Ratzingers choice of Benedict was seen as a signal that
Benedict XVs views on humanitarian diplomacy, and his
stance against relativism and modernism, would be emulated during the reign of the new Pope.
During his rst General Audience in St. Peters Square on
27 April 2005, Pope Benedict XVI paid tribute to Benedict XV when explaining his choice: Filled with sentiments of awe and thanksgiving, I wish to speak of why I
chose the name Benedict. Firstly, I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the
Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I
place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples.
11
See also
12 Notes
[1] English: James Paul John Baptist della Chiesa
13 References
[1] Miranda, Salvador. Della Chiesa, Giacomo, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International
University
[2] CHIESA 1922 GENNAIO. Araldicavaticana.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
[3] Franzen 379
[4] Franzen 380
[5] Franzen 382
[6] AAS 1921, 345
[7] George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families and
Descendants of the Popes (2004:133)
[8] De Waal 7
[9] De Waal 1415
13
[10] De Waal 19
[11] De Waal 43
[14] De Waal 70
[15] De Waal 82
[12] Pollard 15
[13] De Waal 68
[31] Popes Name Pays Homage To Benedict XV, Took Inspiration From An Anti-War Ponti, WCBSTV, 20 April
2005.
14
14
14
External links
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