FOLIO PERTANDINCAN

OH! MEMANC CEMPAK (OMC)

KEMBARA SETEM PERINCKAT

KEBANCSAAN 2014

SEKOLAH MENENCAH
KEBANCSAAN PETRA JAVA
JALAN SEMARAK
93050 KUCHINC
SARAWAK

NO TELEFON : 082 - 254824

NO FAKS: 082-242507

FLORA
DAN
FAUNA

In Malaysia, there is a unique fauna life but also dangerous and poisonous such as spiders.
Spiders are classified as Araneae. The sets of larger Arachnid class include a group that also
contains scorpions, mites, ticks, and falangid. There are several types of spiders in Malaysia.
They are the Fighting Spider, the Curved Spiny Spider, St Andrew's Cross Spider, Golden
Orb-web Spider and some of which are poisonous. There are also the Thiania Bhamoensis,
a spider specie which is iridescent green-blue. Females are more green, males are more blue.

From the front view, the female's faces are black. And the males are white. These spiders
build a silken retreat by binding a pair of green leaves together where they rest, moult and
the lay their eggs. This habit is however, quite unusual for a jumping spider. Making a
single rivet to attach the leaves takes about half an hour.

41

FLORA AND FAUNA IN MALAYSIA,

MY BELOVED HOMELAND
Malaysia, situated in South East Asia, is my beloved homeland.
independence 51 years ago from the British Colony.

It had achieved its

It consists of 13 beautiful states

including the Federal Territories. Malaysia is well known for its vast varieties of flora and
fauna.

M,alays ia SOsen : Djalaysia SOsen

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Do you know that Malaysia is one of the 17 (12 by WWF) countries throughout the world to
be declared as a 'Megadiverse State'? It means that it is a country which focused on
majority of the fauna and flora at one particular place. It is thus a country which is rich in
biodiversity.
1

Malaysia is estimated to contain 20percent of the world's animal species and includes some
of the most bio diverse areas on the planet. The Malaysian rainforest is home to a great
variety of wildlife.

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! Minggu Setem 1996

: Stamp Week 1996

In Malaysia, more than 286 known species of mammals roam the forest, from the mighty
elephants to the littlest mousedeers and the ferocious tigers to the shy tapirs.

Most mammals live in the forest floor and in the trees like Mangroves, Cengal, Keruing,
Kapur, Ketapang and more.

Seeds of these trees are carried by animals such as birds, monkeys, butterflies, insects, bats
and wind to be spread to other places.

Malaysia's position in the humid tropical regions has made its national landscape with the
colorful variety of flora

and fauna. Biological diversity and richness has attracted the attention of the world and has
been recognized as one of the 12 countries' mega biodiversity in the world.

Apart from these, there are also various other animal that are equally interesting. Of birds
themselves, more than 742 species have been identified, including the beautiful Kelicap Pinang
to the tiny Hummingbird.

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The avifauna ofMalaysia includes a total of 781 species, of which 4 are endemic, 3 have
been introducedby humans, and 10 are rare or accidental. 45 species are globally threatened

The greatest variety of wild orchids are in the hills and mountains at Malaysia. Taman
Negara and Cameron Highlands in Pahang are two of the better-known localities for
observing orchids but real orchid admirers should visit Mount Kinabalu in Sabah.

Wild orchid plants are usually much smaller than their commercially-grown hybrid
counterparts.

15

Birds flying in the woods or in the garden and on the trees and fragrant flowers are scented
like Chrysolite, Kenanga, Tanjung and Penanga Lilin

There are many varieties of flowers found in Malaysia and there are some species that are
attractive and unique due to their special shape or rare fragrance. Most traditional Malay
landscape comprise of plants with fragrant flowers, leaves and wood. In fact, most traditional
poetry refer to these unique traits.

The Malaysian tropical rain forest is one of the most complex and rich ecosystem in the
world. The forest is home to about 14,500 species of flowering plants and trees. Two such
species are the Pulai tree and the Bungor tree wich are widely planted in garden and along
the highway. The fresh fruits of Perah tree are poisonous but can be consumed after cooking
while the aromatic essential oils obtained from the resin of Keruing gondola tree is used in
perfume production

Basically, over 620 species of birds have been recorded just in the Peninsular. Many are
endemic to the mountains of the peninsular, such as the Crested Argus. This specie has a

Pheasant or Argusianus Argus is the most beautiful pheasants in Malaysia, even in the world.
Plumage of male pheasants is very beautiful and interesting, which is reddish brown with
patches of fine black ink. There is also a fine white patch on the wings and tail feathers. Two
main tail feathers are longer which reach up to a meter and a half and nothing hit the ground.
The female pheasant is smallish and has a less attractive plumage and also rather short tails.

Tropical rain forests in Malaysia have more than 286 mammals. Some of these mammals
should be conserved to evade extinction of the species such as beavers, porcupines, weasels
ground, martens and foxes.

S P ESIE S

MAMALIA
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Malaysia has 10 monkey species.Among the most fascinating denizen of Malaysia's rain
forests are Red Leaf Monkeys, which are locally known as LotongMerah. The Proboscis
Monkey isunique and rare and yet it isan unmistakable denizen of Borneo. It is easily
recognized by the male's large nose. There are only about 1,000 population of this specie left
in Sarawak and Sabah together. Because of this, they are a strictly protected species.

Peninsular Malaysia holds three big cats: the Indochinese tiger, theleopard and also
the clouded leopard.

Wild cats can also be found in Malaysia. Some of the species can only be found in
Peninsular Malaysia, whereas some are just found in Borneo. In total, there nine species
living in the jungles of Malaysia.

There are about 22 recorded species of odonata in Malaysia. 0 these 33 species can be found in
Tasik Bera alone. The odonata species normally thrive where are bodies of unpolluted water.

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A decline in number of species of these creatures is a clear indication of the poor state of health
of our environment.

10

These insectson the trees and flowers either search for food or sip nectar. Malaysia has some
kinds of flowers which are rarely encountered, such as bunga peluru meriam and camellia
flowers.

In general, there are over 1,000 species of butterflies in Malaysia. Although the majority of
butterflies are found in the lowland in the primeval forest, they can be found in nearly every
type of habitat.

Malaysia ,.,.

RM l

Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers and play important ecological role as one of
the major agent of pollination

12

Plant form the basis for life on the earth and they threatened as never before. Malaysian hills
and mountain have the richest variety of flowering plants in the country. Gunung Kinabalu is
one of the world's richest mountains in terms of species diversity.

In Kinabalu Park alone more than 1,200 different species of orchids can be found- the
highest known concentration or orchid in any single place in the world.

13

One of the interesting and beautiful flora in Malaysia is the wild orchids. Wild orchids are an
amazing artistic display.

The spectacular array of colours, patterns and sizes has evolved over millennia to make them
more attractive to small insect pollinators and to take advantage of specific habitats .

..
RM5 :
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Persidangan Anggerik Sedunia Ke- 17
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MALAY.SIA 2002

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14

The greatest variety of wild orchids are in the hills and mountains at Malaysia. Taman
Negara and Cameron Highlands in Pahang are two of the better-known localities for
observing orchids but real orchid admirers should visit Mount Kinabalu in Sabah.

Wild orchid plants are usually much smaller than their commercially-grown hybrid
counterparts.

15

One threatened fauna is the Borneo orangutan, Pongee Pygmaeus.

It is a specie

of orangutan native to the island of Borneo and live in groups in the mangrove forests along
the coast and the banks of the rivers in Sabah and Sarawak. Some forests in Malaysia have
been turned into a wildlife sanctuary, especially for animals that are almost extinct. Forest
Reserve Kabili, Sepilok in Sabah and Forest Reserve Semonggok in Sarawak made
orangutan sanctuary. On the other hand, in the state of Johore, Peninsular Malaysia, the
Endau-Rompin Forest is a sanctuary to rhinocerous.

Among other faunas which are fully protected is the ibex. Ibex usual
the area of either lowlands, hills or mountains.

Malaysia 30sen

16

There are about 150 species offrog in Malaysia. Frogs and Toads are unique and special
creatures which look the same but not alike. Frogs have smooth skin and moist skin, while
toads have grumbled, clump-smooth and dry .Most frogs and toads live on the forest floor or
burrowing underground. In fact, there are some on the trees at different heights, living on the
edge or in ponds, lakes, rivers and lakes. The diversity of species of frogs and toads are very
high in the tropical climate of Malaysia which is hot and humid all year round. "Borneo
horned frog," the Megophrysnasutaare widely distributed in Malaysia.

Frogs or toads, are collectively known as the Amphibians. Amphibians are animals that
spend part of their lives in water and part of their lives on land. What makes an amphibian
unusual among the other vertebrates is its skin, which acts not only as a protective layer but
also as a respiratory organ. Frogs or toads are usually prey or food for snakes.

17

In Malaysia, there are about 141 species of snakes that live either in the water or on land. Of
these, only 16 species of snakes, 21 species of land and sea snakes are venomous
identified.Snakes such as the Cobra and Vipers Teach Cane belong to the dangerous snakes'
category and are often found near the place of residence or work whereas almost all of the
sea snakes can be harmful.

Snakes can be found along with aquatic plants such as lilies, water hyacinth and white
flowers in a pond or swamp.

18

Coastal areas, rivers and mangroves in Malaysia are home to fireflies. A firefly is an insect
that is quite unique because of abdominal tail glowing like lights, twinkling lights emit green
three times within one second at a time. It is a beetle with wings and usually called fireflies
or lowing bioluminescence as seen in the stomach in order to attract partners or victims.

Only males can fly while female fireflies wait on the ground. It produces a "cold light", with
no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies. It's chemically produced light from the lower abdomen
may appear yellow, green, or pale red.

19

The behaviors of nocturnal animals are rather unique. They are active at night and sleep
during the day. Nocturnal animals usually have a sense of hearing and smell, and their sense
of sight is very sharp. In the animal park, nocturnal animals are usually kept in captivity
glowing special night to reverse sleep-wake cycle, so that these animals will be awake at the
time of arrival of visitors.

Some animals have eyes that can be adjusted to the light of day and night, like a cat, but
others are just lovely eyes at night, like bats.

20

There is a

legen~

that says Ayam Serama is the offspring of cross breeding between the

pigeons and chickens. Another story tells of the origin of gift starting with the pigmy
chickens given by the King of Siam to the local sultans in ancient times. Some are believed
to have originated from Kelantan.

Malaysia

Ayam Kampung is the term given to the chickens that are kept in loose or free. Usually these

chickens are reared in rural areas. The scientific name for chicken is Gallus Domesticusas
they aris descended from the Red Jungle fowl, the Gallus gallus.

21

Eagles are warm-blooded animals. They have wings and their body is covered with feathers.
There are several types of hawks in Malaysia as Red Eagle, Sea Eagle, Eagle Hindik, Black
Eagle, and Crested Eagle.

Red Eagles are found in many coastal areas and swamps. Black Eagles are birds of mountain
forests. Eagles are predatory or carnivorous animals (carnivores).

22

Duck is the common name for birds from the sub family Anatinae. It is the largest group of
waterfowl (aquatic birds), and are normally found near water areas such as ponds, streams
and rivers.

They may be found in both fresh and saltwater areas. Ducks are related to swans and geese
and are the smallest of them in size.

Wild Duck Species

23

Betta splendens is a kind of fighting fish, which are produced through the cross-breeding of
fighting fish from Malaysia, Thailand and Kampuchea. These cross-bred species is a very
popular ornamental fish.

Goldfish is a domesticated marine life in Malaysia while the puffer fish is a kind of wild.

24

A wide range of rare vegetables species can be found in Malaysia. It has been estimated that
about 120 species of rare vegetables or ulam are being planted in the home gardens or are
still growing wild.

Terung asam

Peria katak

Solanum fero.r

Momortlica clwramia

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Some of the rare vegetables are known as ulam based on the way it is being consumed such
as pegaga, ulam raja or beluntas.

25

Malaysia possesses a rich diversity of tropical fruits. Besides the commercial fruits, there are
many other fruit species which are grouped under rare fruits. Most of the rare fruits are
seasonal, but there are also species that are non-seasonal, producing fruits throughout the
year. These rare fruits are usually grown in home gardens or orchards.

Among the fruits that can be found in home gardens are Cermai, Ceri Terengganu, and
Durian Nyekak.

The durian the most popular Malaysian fruit and fondly regarded as the 'king of fruit'. The
jack fruit is the world's largest fruit is cousin of the cempedak.

27

Tongkat Ali inhibits the under storey of lowland forest. Kacip Fatimah thrives in shady

places, normally as undergrowth in the forest. Kacip Fatimah is one of the most popular and
potent ingredient in traditional herbal Jamu' for afterbirth care. It is also used for treating
gonorrhea, dysmenorrheal, rheumatism, dysentery and flatulence .

Buah Keras of candlenut is native to Malaysia but now is distributed throughout the tropics.
It is a medium or large sized tree. Kerdas is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra

mostly wild in the forest.

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Mas Cotek is a wild plant which can be found in Kelantan, Pahang and Terengganu. Mas
Cotekis used traditionally to cure lung disease. It is also a well-known herb for women after

childbirth.

28

Root crops are the second most important source of carbohydrates in the world's food, the
most important being cereals. However, in the tropical world, root crops are proportionally
much more important. In fact, in many tropical countries where rice is not grown, they are
the staple diet.

In general, the protein content is low but some, like potato and yam provide significant
amounts of certain vitamins

29

One of the interesting, beautiful, attractive and unique flora in Malaysia is the spices due to
their special shape or rare fragrance. A variety of spices are available in Malaysia.

These are used to add flavor and aroma to food as well as being used for medicinal purpose.
Spices come in many forms such as leaves, berries, seeds, roots and in powder form.

30

Woodpecker is one of the fauna that can be found in Malaysia. In Malaysia, there are 25
species of woodpeckers. The beak is toothless and hard like a chisel. Many species of
woodpeckers are bright and colorful. However, female woodpeckers usually are less bright
and less colorful.

These birds can be seen perched vertically on the end of a hard tail in the trunk while the
beak is hard and chisel-shaped trunk with speed peck repeatedly like a machine gun firing.
Woodpecker can be found in various areas from the mangroves to the mountains.

31

At Malaysia, The Rose a well-loved flower with its beautiful, fragrant bloom and wide
range of colour is offen called the Queen of Flowers.

Roses and other flowering plants are used by Malay as "Bunga Rampai" for special
occasions such as wedding, while Chinese use the buds to flavor ordinary tea. The Indians
have found uses for the petals as flavoring or to add their scents to food.

Heliconia is one of the flora that can be found in Malaysia. There are about 40 different
species of Heliconia. The leaves of this plant are paddle-shaped, and they are related to the
banana family. Helicona are sometimes called "lobster claws" or "parrot flowers" because of
their beak-like "bracts" which can be orange, purple, red, yellow, pink, green or a
combination of these.

A bract is a leaf structure at the base of a flower. The heliconia's bracts are so large and
colourful that they almost hide the flowers altogether, which are tiny and are found inside
these bracts.

Highland in Malaysia such as Cameron Highlands in Pahang and Kundasang in Sabah also
promote the cultivation of tea and vegetables for commercial purposes.

Malaysia 1011
Kundasang Sabah

33

Malaysia has more than 300 species of freshwater fish such as the Sultan Fish, or also known
as lkan Jelawat, Ikan Patin, Keli, Baung, Sebalau and others.

Malaysia,.,.,

50sen

The best time to go fishing in the South China Sea is between February and November. In
the Andaman Sea, offLangkawi, the best time is between December and March.

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34

Keli Kayu Cloritu bt'llracl:uJ

Palm are one of the most well-know and extensively cultivated plant families. Most palms
are distinguished by their large evergreen leaves arranged at the top of an unbranched stem.

owever, many palms are exceptions to this statement, and palms in fact exhibit an enormous
diversity in physical characteristics. Palms also inhibit nearly every type of habitat from
rainforest to deserts. However the majority of the species are tropical or subtropical as few
palms can tolerate coid weather.

35

Live corals are the most important contributors to the structure of a saltwater reef in nature as
well as in reef aquariums. Feather stars are a group of crinoids without stalks, which is
different from sea lilies (stalked crinoids) that have a stalk throughout their life

Malaysia's exclusive economic zone IS 1.5 times larger than its land area, . The waters
around Sipadan Island are the most biodiverse in the world with around 600 coral species
and 1200 fish species.

Seashells are the hard protective layer of a marine animal. Seashells are commonly attributed
to marine molluscs which has various sub-categories such as gastropods (e.g. snails),
bivalves (e.g. clams) and chitons.

36

There are 599 islands, reefs and rock islands in Malaysia's waters. Of these islands, 244 of
them are located in the South China Sea. Five of these islands and reefs are Swallow Island,
Investigator Reef, Erica Reef, Mariveles Reef and Ardasier Reef. Important as there are in
terms of strategic and national security, the islands and reefs are also rich with diverse
marine ecosystem. Swallow Island is well known as a paradise for divers, for the
waters around the island is rich with diverse species of fish, corals, turtles, giant clams, sea
grass and marine mammals.

Erica Reef has a varied marine eco-system comprising corals, coral fish, Spinner Dolphins
and Bottlenose Dolphins among others. An example of the unique marine species that can be
found here is Sea Cucumber (Synapta meida). Ardasier Reef has a varied marine eco-system
with coral reefs, coral fish and the likes. Marine life such as Gastropod (Astraea rhodostoma)
are abundant in this reef.

37

The South China Sea surrounding East Malaysia and Brunei extend to great depths and
contain life forms which are both fascinating and mysterious. From the beautiful coral fishes
to the elusive deep-sea nautilus, these marine species descended from the ancient fish-like
creatures of the Ordovician period some 480 million years ago. Nautiluses represent the only
living members of the subclass Nautiloidea and are often considered to be "living fossils".

Malaysia -

50 sen

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Malaysia is also surrounded by an ocean which has hundreds of thousands or perhaps

millions of groups of organisms including plankton, sponges, corals, shrimp, crabs, starfish,
clams, sea horses, and so on. These marine animals look very unique and interesting.

40

Several animals have evolved to live a semi aquatic life, of which their survival depends on
their ability to access dry land and water habitats during different times of the day or during
their life cycle.

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50sen

Natural habitats in Malaysia including mangroves, freshwater swamps, rivers, and mudflats
provide both vertebrate and invertebrate semi aquatic animals, space and resources for their
use. There are crabs fiddle, mud crabs, fish belacak, mangrove snake, turtle valves, frogs
toads and ferrets water.

38

Ocean around Malaysia is among the areas with the highest biodiversity in the world is a
habitat for marine life such as Octopus, dolphins, humpback whales and more.

39

Today, there are 567 species of reptiles in Malaysia. The -major groups being crocodiles,
turtles, snakes, lizards and frogs. All reptiles are cold-blooded, which is why they warm
themselves in the sun, and have bodies covered in dry, horny scales.

Some reptiles lay eggs; others give birth to live young. All reptiles are vertebrates, animal
with backbones. They are low to the ground, and all except snakes and a few lizards have
four legs. The size of reptiles can range from the very tiniest of frogs that are smaller than a
person's.

: Malaysia -

RM 2

.....................

42

Diversity of flora and fauna in Malaysia become a tourist attraction and researchers. Pahang
National Park, Forest Mulu in Sarawak, Perak's Belum Forest has become a sanctuary for a
variety of wildlife.

43

The source of food for the animals in the forest is fruits and other small animals.

There are many types of fruits that are rarely found in tropical forests in Malaysia.like
Jambu Bol, Salak, Cerapu and Binjai

CERAPU
Garclnfo pralnlana

Some of the Malaysian fruits are seasonal, while others are available all year round, and
some seem to fruit without reason, as and when they like!

44

As trees grow close together, they obstruct sunlight from reaching the forest floor. This
situation has led to the forest floor vegetation, sparse. Part of the forest is dark and damp.
This layer is covered by leaves and dry rot thick. Conditions suitable for living plants PFI eat

The trees as well as shrubs in the tropical forest of Malaysia is also home to birds such as
quail, pikau ,mabparang sang serukrimba and sang serukgunung.

45

Malaysia's position surrounded by the sea makes it ideal as a habitat for marine life and
plants of all colors, beautiful, interesting, unique and rare species such as the Green Sea
Turtle, Thorny Seahorse, Leopard Moray Eel, Blue Sea Star, Mandarin fish and Red-Spotted
coral crab.

46

The coral reefs of Malaysia are among the finest in the world, in size and in spectacle. While
they may look like rocks or plants, corals are actually animals live. They formed a
'membrane' unique life cover rocks as always.

Malaysia 50sen

Malaysia

RM 1

They are formed by gradually accumulation and transformation of tiny soft bodied animals,
closely related to sea anemones. More than 3000 marine species live in coral reefs in
Malaysia and this is coming from the area of maintenance for more than half the entire
seafood supply.

47

Malaysia famous for its fauna which has a fragrant aroma and attractive. Daun Kesum used
for cooking traditional dishes such as asam laksa and asam pedas. While the mint used in
cooking to flavor candy, ice cream, cake and drinks cordials.

Malaysia is famous for the eyes of the world's biodiversity. Even tourism, preservation
and conservation can contribute to the economy. We as Malaysians should be proud
because Malaysia is recognized as a megadiverse country and 115 of the world's flora
and fauna in Malaysia. Yes, Malaysia is a small country, but still rich in animal and
plant diversity. Malaysia is truly rich when it comes to Flora and Fauna, a truly
marvellous wonder to see.

48