1

Little LFO
User Manual

Little LFO
by Little IO Co.

Contents
Overview
OscillatorStatus
Switch
StatusLight
OscillatorLabel
VolumeandEnvelope
Volume
Envelope
Attack(ATT)
Decay(DEC)
Sustain(SUS)
Release(REL)
Legato
OscillatorShapeSection
WaveSelector
Amplitude(AMP)
Phase(PHS)
PulseWidth(PW)
KeyboardSync(SNC)
OscillatorFrequencySection
SettingFrequencyControlSource
KeyboardFrequencyControl
MajorControl(SEMI):Semitoneoffset
MinorControl(PORT):Portamento
TempoFrequencyControl
Major(TEMPO):Tempo
Minor(CORR):PhaseCorrection
FreeFrequencyControl
Major(FRQ):Frequency
Minor(FINE):FineControl
ModulationSection
(SNC)Synchronization
(AMP)AmplitudeModulation
(FRQ)FrequencyModulation
(PHS)PhaseModulation
InternalModulationCycle
AudioOutputs
+ALLKEYS+
Oscillator Audio Outputs
AntiAliasing
PerformanceCVPorts(AsinPerformanceArts)
GateCV Input and Output
NoteCV Input and Output
EnvelopeCV Outputs
OscillatorCVInputs
Trim Knobs
Amplitude CV Input
Frequency CV Input
Phase CV Input
PulseWidth CV Input

OscillatorCVOutputs
BipolarOutput
UnipolarOutput
EnvelopedOutput

Overview
LittleLFOisamultiusesemimodularRackExtension.Itcanbeusedasasoundand/or
modulationsourceforReason.Asasoundsource,thereisahugevarietyofpossibilities.It
comeswith125Combinatorpatchesmadeby9patchdesigners,withinstrumentssuchas
synths,basses,drumkitsandsoundeffects.Asamodulationsource,thecombinationof
variousinternalmodulationandwaveformsgivesawiderangeofmodulationpossibilities.
CommonUses
Oscillatorsectionforasynthesizer
Modulationsectionforsynthesizeroreffects
Weirdnoisemakerforsoundeffectsorfun
CoolFeatures
Separateportamentoforeachoscillator
Pulsewidthcanbeusedonanywaveform
Allactiveoscillatorsarehookedintoamodulationcycle(SeeInternalModulationCycle
section)
Adjustablephasecorrectionfortemposyncedoscillators(SeePhaseCorrectioninthe
Tempo Frequency Controlsection)
MoreStandardFeatures
4Oscillators
15waveforms
Frequencycanbecontrolledbykeyboard,tempo,orfreelyset
Optionalantialiasing
Amplitude,frequency,phase,andpulsewidthcontrolsforeachoscillator
Keyboardsynchronizationforeachoscillator
Amplitude,frequencyandphasemodulationbetweenoscillators
Oscillatorsynchronization
ADSRenvelopeisautomaticallyhookeduptoamplitude,butalsohas2CVoutputs
CVinputsforoscillatoramplitude,frequency,phase,andpulsewidth
Audiooutputswithandwithoutenvelope
BipolarandunipolarCVoutputs,eachwithandwithoutenvelope
GateandnoteCVinputandoutput/throughput

Oscillator Status

Switch
Thisswitchturnstheoscillatoronandoff.Whentheoscillatorisoff,itisremovedfromthe
modulationcycle.

Status Light
Whentheoscillatorisatthetopofthewaveform,thelightisallthewayon.Whentheoscillator
isatthebottomofthewaveform,thelightisallthewayoff.Thisisausefulvisualizationwhen
theoscillatorsfrequencyisbelow10Hz.

Oscillator Label
Theoscillatorsarelabeled1,2,3,and4.

Volume and Envelope

Volume
TheVolumeslidercontrolstheoutputtoallaudiosources.
Minimum: dBFS(Allaudiosignalssilent)
Maximum: 0dBFS(Unalteredaudiosignals)

Envelope
ThereisasingleADSRenvelope(Attack>Decay>Sustain>Release)inLittleLFO.It
internallycontrolstheamplitudeofallsignalssenttotheenvelopedAudioandCVoutputs(See
OscillatorCVOutputsandAudioOutputs).
Attack (ATT)

064seconds

Decay (DEC)

064seconds

Sustain (SUS)

01scalingofamplitude

Release (REL)

064seconds

Theenvelopewillaffecttheamplitudeofallenvelopedoutputports.
Whenlegatoisoff,hittinganyMIDInotewillalwaysjumptotheattackpartoftheenvelope.When
legatoison,onlytriggernoteswilljumptotheattackpartoftheenvelope.

Legato
LegatochangesafewcontrolsthroughoutLittleLFO.Whenlegatoisoff,eachMIDInoteis
consideredadistincttrigger.Whenlegatoison,onlyMIDInotesthatareprecededbynoactive
notesareconsideredatrigger.Triggernotesretriggertheenvelopetoimmediatelyrestartfrom
theattack.Notesthatoverlaporoccurcontinuouslyareconsideredtied.Inlegatomode,tied
notesdonotrestarttheenvelope.Thiscanbeusefulfortyingnotestogetherintophrases.

Oscillator Shape Section

Thewaveshapesectionofeachoscillatorletsyouchoosefrom15differentwaveformssettheir
amplitude,phase,pulsewidthandkeyboardsynchronization.

Wave Selector
Choosefrom15differentwaveformsbyscrollingthroughthemwithup/downbuttons:
sine

downcurve

3pyramid

triangle

upcurve

5pyramid

square

3step

9pyramid

downsaw

4step

noise

upsaw

8step

smoothnoise

Ifyouwantantialiasedversionsofthesewaveforms,thereisatoggleonthebackthatyoumust
enable.

Amplitude (AMP)
ThiscontrolstheamplitudeoftheaudioandCVoutputsandaffectstheamountofinternal
modulationgiventothenextactiveoscillatorinthemodulationcycle.
Minimum: 0%
Maximum: 100%

Phase (PHS)
Thiscontrolsthepointinthewaveformatwhichitwillbeginplaying.
Minimum: 180(1halfwaveformbackward)

Maximum: +180(1halfwaveformforward)

Pulse Width (PW)

Pulsewidthchangesthelengthofthefirstandsecondhalvesofthewavelinearly,whilekeeping
theoverallwavelengththesame.Anywaveformwillbeaffectedbythepulsewidthcontrolofits
waveformsection.
Minimum: 0%
Maximum: 100%
Asanexample,hereishowpulsewidthaffectssquareandsinewaves.
PulseWidth
Amount

SquareWave

SineWave

PW:50%
Unchanged
Waveform

PW:20%

PW:80%

Keyboard Sync (SNC)

ThiswillresettheoscillatortothebeginningofitswaveformwhenthereisanewMIDIkeyhitor
thereisnewgateinput.Thiscontroldoesnotchangethefrequencyoftheoscillator.Keyboard
Syncisaffectedbythelegatocontrolonthetoprightofthedevice(seeLegatoinVolumeand
Envelope).Iflegatoisoff,allkeyhitsmaketheoscillatorrestartfromthebeginningofits
waveform.Iflegatoison,onlytriggernotesmaketheoscillatorrestart.

Note:Currently,oscillatorsfasterthan64Hzarenotkeyboardsyncediftheenvelopeis
engaged.Thismaychangeinafuturerelease.

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Oscillator Frequency Section

Thefrequencysectionletsyoucontrolthefrequencybyselectingacontrollingsourceand
modifyingitwithtwoknobs.

Setting Frequency Control Source

Youcancontrolthefrequencyofeachoscillatorinthreedifferentways:throughthekeyboard,
throughthetemposyncedfrequencies,orbyfreelysettingtheexactfrequency.Tosetthe
frequencycontrolsource,clickonthebuttonnexttothedesiredfrequencycontrolsource:
Keyboard,TempoorFree.TheMajor(larger)andMinor(smaller)knobschangefunctionality
dependingonwhichfrequencycontrolsourceisselected.

Keyboard Frequency Control

Inthissetting,thefrequencyiscontrolledbyMIDInotesandnotestriggeredthroughthenoteand
gateCVinput.
Note:BeforeanynoteiseversenttoLittleLFO,keyboardfrequencycontrolledoscillatorswill
defaulttoMIDInote0,whichisabout8.18Hz.
Major Control (SEMI): Semitone offset
ForeverynotesenttoLittleLFO,theoscillatorsfrequencywillbesettothespecified
numberofsemitonesawayfromthatnotesfrequency.Forexample,settingthisknobto
+7willcausethisoscillatorsfrequencytobeamusicalfifthabovethenotesenttoLittle
LFO.Thisisusefulforharmonizingoscillatorsandaddingsuboscillators.
Minimum: 32semitones
Maximum: +32semitones
Minor Control (PORT): Portamento

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Portamentoisaglidebetweennotes.Playingonenoteandthenanotherwillcausethe
frequencyglidefromthefirstnotetothesecondcontinuously.Theportamentoknobsets
thetimeittakestomakethefullglidefromthelowestMIDInotepossibletothehighest
MIDInotepossible.Smallernotechangeswilltakelesstime.
Minimum: 0seconds
Maximum: 10seconds
Iflegatoison,therewillonlybeaglidebetweentiednotes(seeLegatoinVolumeand
Envelope).

Tempo Frequency Control

Inthissetting,thefrequencyiscontrolledrelativetotheoveralltempo(BPM).
Major (TEMPO): Tempo
Thisknobsetsthefrequencytoafractionofthetempo.Forexample,4/4meansonce
every4beats.So,theperiodis4beats,andthefrequencyissetaccordingly.Asanother
example,1/4meansonceeverybeat,sotheperiodis1beat.Asanotherexample,4/4T
means3timesforevery2timesthatthe4/4wouldplay.Inotherwords,4/4Tis1.5times
thefrequencyof4/4.The24possibletemposyncedvaluesare32/4,16/4,12/4,8/4,7/4,
6/4,8/4T,5/4,4/4,3/4,4/4T,2/4,3/8,2/4T,1/4,3/16,1/4T,1/8,1/8T,1/16,1/16T,1/32,
1/32T,and1/64.
Notethattheoscillatorkeepsplayingitdoesnotstartorstoponparticularbeats.The
beatsarejustusedtodeterminetheperiodofthewaveform,whichequivalentlysetsthe
frequency.So,inthe4/4example,theoscillatorsfrequencyissetsothatthebeginning
ofthewaveformoccursatthebeginningofthefirstbeatoffourbeats.
Minor (CORR): Phase Correction
Theoscillatorsbasefrequencyissetbyfrequencysectionontheoscillatoritself,
whetherbykeyboardfrequencycontrol,tempofrequencycontrol,orfreefrequency
control.TheoscillatorsfrequencycanbemodulatedbyanotheroscillatororCV
frequencyinput.Thus,collectively,theinfluencesthataffecttheoscillatorsfrequencyare
thefrequencycontrolknobontheoscillatoritself,frequencymodulationfromanother
oscillator,orfrequencymodulationfromCVinput.
Atemposyncedoscillatorisinphasewiththetempowhenthebeginningofthe
oscillatorswaveformoccursatthepointsintimespecifiedbytheTEMPOknob.For
example,iftheTEMPOknobissetto4/4andtheoscillatorisinphasewiththetempo,
thenthebeginningofthewaveformwilloccuronceeveryfourbeats,atthebeginningof
thefirstbeat.

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Ifthetemposyncedoscillatorsfrequencyisbeingchangedbytheinfluencesmentioned
above,itispossibleforittogetoutofphasewiththetempo.Thismayormaynotbe
desirable.Phasecorrectionpullstheoscillatorbackinphasewiththetempo.
TheCORRknobsetshowlongittakestocorrectthephaseoftheoscillator.
Minimum: 0seconds(immediatecorrection)
Maximum: (nocorrection)
WhentheCORRknobissetto0,correctionhappensimmediately.Whenitssetto,
thecorrectiontakesforever,or,inotherwords,thereisnocorrection.
Withimmediatecorrection,thentheoscillatorwillimmediatelybesetinphasewiththe
tempo.Inthiscase,frequencymodulationfromanotheroscillatororfromCVinputhave
noeffect.ChangingtheTEMPOknoboftheoscillatoritselfresultsinclickingbecausethe
phaseisimmediatelychanged.
Withnocorrection,theoscillatorsfrequencywillbethenormalresultofallinfluenceson
thefrequencyacombinationoftheTEMPOknobsbasefrequency,thefrequency
modulationfromanotheroscillator,andthefrequencymodulationfromtheCVinput.This
allowstheoscillatortogetoutofphasewiththetempo.
Withsomecorrection,e.g.iftheCORRknobissetto1second,thentheoscillators
phasewillbepulledbackinphasewiththetempooveratimespanof1second.So,ifthe
TEMPOknobischangedtoanewposition,thenwithin1secondtheoscillatorsphase
willsmoothlyshifttobeinphasewiththetempo.Thiswillnotcauseclicking.Ifthe
oscillatorsfrequencykeepschangingmorethanonceasecond,eitherduetofrequency
modulationormultiplechangestotheTEMPOknob,thenthephasewillnevercatchup.
Thiscanbeaninterestingeffect.
TryThis:Settheoscillatortoalowfrequency,modulateitsfrequency,andchangethe
CORRknobtocreatedifferenttypesofrepeatingwaveforms.

Free Frequency Control

Inthissetting,thefrequencyisspecifiedinHz.
Major (FRQ): Frequency
Minimum:

0Hz

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Maximum:

4096Hz

Minor (FINE): Fine Control

ThisknobalsosetsthefrequencyinHz,givingfingergrainedcontrolwithinasmaller
range.ItsvalueisaddedtothevalueoftheFRQknobtodeterminethefrequency.
Minimum: 12semitones(1octave)
Maximum: +12semitones(1octave)
Note:BysettingboththeFRQandFINEknobstotheirmaximumvalues,itispossibletosetthe
oscillatorfrequencytoamaximumof8192Hz.

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Modulation Section
Themodulationsectioncontrolsfrequency,amplitude,andphasemodulationaswellas
synchronization.Theinternalmodulationcycledetermineswhichoscillatorismodulatingwhich
(seeInternalModulationCycle).Whendescribingmodulation,itisimportanttodistinguish
betweenthemodulationandcarrierfrequencies.Forexample,ifOscillator2ismodulating
Oscillator1,thenOscillator2isthemodulatorandOscillator1isthecarrier.Inthisexample,the
modulationsectionhighlightedbelowdetermineshowOscillator2modulatesOscillator1.

Ingeneral,amodulationsectionhasamodulatorandacarrier.Themodulatorisalwaysthe
oscillatorimmediatelytotherightofthemodulationsection.Thecarrierisdeterminedbythe
internalmodulationcycle.
Note:Intheknobcontrolsforamplitude,frequency,andphasemodulation,negative
percentagesactasifthemodulatorsignalwasinverted.

Synchronization (SNC)
TurningSNConmakeitsothat,wheneverthemodulatorarrivesbackatthebeginningofits
waveform,itforcesthecarrierwavetojumptothebeginningofitswaveform.Thiscausesthe
carrierwavetohavethesamebasefrequencyofthemodulatorwave.

Amplitude Modulation (AMP)

Thecarrieramplitudeismodulatedby,atamaximum,thepercentageofitsfrequencyspecified
setbytheAMPknob.Whenthemodulatorisatitstrough,itwillreducetheamplitudeofthe
carrierbytheAMPknob.Whenthemodulatorisatitspeak,itwillnotreducetheamplitudeofthe
carrieratall.
Minimum: 100%
Maximum: 100%
NotethatthemaximumamplitudeofthecarrierissetbytheAMPknobintheWaveShape
sectionofthecarrieroscillator.Together,thesetwocontrolssettheminimumandmaximum
amplitudeofthecarrierfrequency.Forexample,withtheamplitudemodulationat50%andthe
carrieramplitudeat60%,thecarrieramplituderangesfrom60%whenthemodulatorisatits

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peakto30%whenthemodulatorisatitstrough.

Frequency Modulation (FRQ)

Thecarrierfrequencyismodulatedby,atamaximum,thepercentageofitsfrequencysetbythe
FRQknob.
Minimum: 100%
Maximum: 100%
Forexample,ifthecarrierbasefrequencyis400Hzandthefrequencymodulationknobissetto
100%,thenthecarriermodulatesbetween800Hzwhenthemodulatorisatitspeakto0Hz
whenthemodulatorisatitstrough.Withthemodulationknobat50%,thecarrierwouldmodulate
between600Hzand200Hz.

Phase Modulation (PHS)

Thecarrierphaseismodulatedby,atamaximum,thepercentageofhalfaperiod(180)setby
thePHSmodulationknob.Thecarrierphasecanbeshiftedforward180andbackward180,
enablingfull360modulation.
Minimum: +100%(180ahead)
Maximum: 100%(180behind)
IfthePHSknobissettoapositivevalue,then,whenthemodulatorisatitspeak,thecarrieris
aheadofitsbasephasebythatvalue,and,whenthemodulatorisatitstrough,thecarrieris
behinditsbasephasebythatvalue.IfthePHSknobissettoanegativevalue,thereverseis
true.
Note:Inthemodulationcycle,ifalloscillatorsarephasemodulatingeachother,youmaycreate
phasemodulationfeedbackwhichsoundslikeverynoisystatic(similartowhitenoise).

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Internal Modulation Cycle

Allactiveoscillatorsareautomaticallyhookedintoamodulationcycle.Themodulationgoesright
toleftandwrapsaroundendtoend.

Forexample,ifalloscillatorsareturnedon,thenOscillator4willmodulateOscillator3,whichwill
modulateOscillator2,whichwillmodulateOscillator1,whichwillmodulateOscillator4.
Anyinactiveoscillatorisleftoutofthecycle.

Asanotherexample,ifonlyOscillators1and3areturnedon,thenOscillator3willmodulate
Oscillator1,andOscillator1willmodulateOscillator3.
Bydefault,themodulationcontrolsareallsetto0,sonomodulationwilloccuruntiltheseare
changed.Forspecificsonmodulationcontrols,seeModulation Section.

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Audio Outputs
Audiooutputsprovidetheaudiodataindifferentformats.
Note:Trianglesonbothsidesofanoutputmeanthatitisenveloped.

+ALL KEYS+

The+ALLKEYS+outputisasumofalloscillatorsinkeyboardfrequencycontrolmode.This
audiooutputisenveloped,asindicatedbytheenvelopetriangles.+ALLKEYS+isconvenientfor
usingLittleLFOasasynth.

Oscillator Audio Outputs

Oscillatoraudiodataisavailableenvelopedorunenveloped.Theenvelopedaudiooutputison
therightunenvelopedisontheleft.

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Anti Aliasing

Bydefault,antialiasingisoff.Turningitonremovesaparticularkindofdissonancefromthe
audiooutputswhenplayinghighernotes.
Note:Evenifantialiasingisturnedon,aliasingmaystilloccurwithoscillatorsyncing,pulsewidth
modification,andaggressivemodulation.Thismaychangeinalaterrelease.

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Performance CV Ports

(AsinPerformanceArts)

Gate CV Input and Output

ThereisaGateCVinputporttocontroltheenvelopeonLittleLFO.ThiscanbepairedwithNote
CVinputlikeinmanyotherdevicestocreatemonophonickeyboardinput.
ThereisalsoaGateCVoutputportthatcanactasathroughputoftheGateCVinput.GateCV
inputandthegateinformationofMIDInotessentdirectlytoLittleLFOalsocomesoutthrough
thisport.GateCVoutputdatacanbesenttootherCVinputportstocreatevelocitytracking.
TryThis:CreateavelocitytrackedoscillatorbyconnectingthegateCVoutputtoanoscillator
AMPCVinput.Thefasteryouhitanote,thelouderthatoscillatorwillbe.Maybeturndownthe
baseamplitudeofthatoscillatoronthefrontofthedevice.

Note CV Input and Output

ThereisaNoteCVinputporttocontrolthefrequencyofkeyboardcontrolledoscillators.Thiscan
bepairedwithGateCVinputlikeinmanyotherdevicestocreatemonophonickeyboardinput.
ThereisalsoaNoteCVoutputportthatactsasathroughputoftheNoteCVinput.NoteCVinput
andthenoteinformationofMIDInotessentdirectlytoLittleLFOcomeoutthroughthisport.Note
CVoutputdatacanbesenttootherCVinputportstocreatekeyboardtracking.
TryThis:CreateakeyboardtrackedvibratoortremolobyconnectingthenoteCVoutputtoa
temposyncedoscillatorsFREQCVinput.Thehigherthenote,thehighertheoscillators
frequency.UsethetrimknoboftheFREQCVinputtolimittheeffecttowithinthedesired
range.

Envelope CV Outputs
LittleLFOhasasingleADSRenvelopewhichcontrolstheamplitudeoftheenvelopedCV
outputs.TheEnvelopeCVoutputsprovidesjusttheenvelopeinformationitself.Thevalueranges
between0and1asspecifiedbytheattack,decay,sustain,andreleasevalues.Withthe

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EnvelopeCVout,thisdatacanalsobesenttootherinputportstocontrolthingssuchas
frequency,pulsewidth,etc.

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Oscillator CV Inputs
Inadditiontotheinternalmodulationonthefrontofthedevice,theoscillatorscanbemodulated
usingtheCVinputsonthebackofthedevice.Theamplitude,frequency,phase,andpulsewidth
ofeachoscillatorcanbemodulatedviatheseCVinputs.

Trim Knobs
EachoscillatorCVinputhasatrimknobthatreducestherangeoftheeffect.
Minimum: 0(0%)
Maximum: 127(100%)
Bydefault,thetrimknobsaresetto127andthusallowthemaximumrangeoftheeffect.Ifthe
trimknobissetto,forexample,63,thentherangeoftheeffectisreducedbyabouthalf.

Amplitude CV Input (AMP)

TheAMPCVinputaddsorsubtractsfromtheoscillatorsbaseamplitudesetonthefrontofthe
device.Themaximumrangeoftheeffectis100%oftheoscillatorsbaseamplitude.For
example,withthetrimknobsetto127andtheoscillatorsbaseamplitudeat50%,thenthe
maximumAMPCVinputwillraisetheoscillatorsamplitudeto150%andtheminimumAMPCV
inputwillreducetheoscillatorsamplitudeto50%.
Note:Percentagesover100%arehardclipped.Negativepercentagesinvertthewaveform.

Frequency CV Input (FREQ)

TheFREQCVinputaddsorsubtractsfromtheoscillatorsbasefrequencysetonthefrontofthe
device.Thisporthasnoteresolution,sothemaximumrangeoftheeffectis127semitones
fromtheoscillatorsbasefrequency.IfthetrimknobissettoNsemitones,thentherangeofthe
effectisNsemitones.
Note:SincetheFREQCVinputporthasnoteresolution,plugginginnoteCVoutputfromthe
MatrixPatternSequencer,RPG8,orotherdeviceswillcausetheoscillatortoshiftitsbase
frequencybythatmanysemitones.

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TryThis:Plugintwofrequencycontrolsourcestotwodifferentoscillatorstocreate
nonstandardpolyphony.

TryThis:TurnonOscillators1and2andsetthemtokeyboardfrequencycontrolmode.For
eachoscillator,turnonaMatrixSequencerandhookitsnoteCVoutputintotheoscillators
FREQCVinputanditsgateCVoutputintotheoscillatorsAMPCVinput.Thencreatesome
modulationbetweentheoscillators.WhenbothMatrixesareplayingnotesatthesametime,
theoscillatorsaremodulating,butwhenonlyoneMatrixisplayinganotethereisno
modulation.DistributororOchenKspolysplittercanbeusedaswell.

Phase CV Input (PHS)

ThePHSCVinputshiftsthephaseoftheoscillatorfromtheoscillatorsbasephasesetonthe
frontofthedevice.Themaximumrangeoftheeffectis180.

Pulse Width CV Input (PW)

ThePWCVinputaddsorsubtractstofromtheoscillatorsbasepulsewidthsetonthefrontof
thedevice.Themaximumrangeoftheeffectis50%.Forexample,withthetrimknobsetto127
andtheoscillatorsbasepulsewidthat50%,thenthemaximumPWCVinputwillincreasethe
oscillatorspulsewidthto100%andtheminimumPWCVinputwilldecreasetheoscillators
pulsewidthto0%.Pulsewidthiscappedbetween0%and100%.

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Oscillator CV Outputs

OscillatorCVoutputisavailableinfourforms.Theaudiodatacanbeadjustedbytheenvelopeor
not,anditcanbebipolarorunipolar.Thesixoscillatoraudiooutputportsarehighlightedabove.
Theyformtworowsandthreecolumnswhichcorrespondtothetablebelow.
NotEnveloped

NotEnveloped

Enveloped

Bipolar

Notenveloped,
bipolarCVoutput

Notenveloped,
bipolarCVoutput

Enveloped,
bipolarCVoutput

Unipolar

Notenveloped,
unipolarCVoutput

Notenveloped,
unipolarCVoutput

Enveloped,
unipolarCVoutput

Bipolar
BipolarCVoutputvaluescanrangefrom1to1.Thecenterofthewaveformcorrespondstothe
value0.Forexample,iftheoscillatoramplitudeis80%,thenitsbipolarCVoutputrangesfrom
0.8to0.8.

ExamplebipolarCVoutputforawaveformwithamplitude80%

OnepossiblewaytousethisistoplugtheCVoutputofoneoscillator,callitOscillatorA,intothe

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frequencyCVinputofanotheroscillator,callitOscillatorB.ThenOscillatorBwillhaveahigher
frequencywhenOscillatorAsCVoutputispositiveandlowerfrequencieswithOscillatorAsCV
outputisnegative.

Unipolar
UnipolarCVoutputvaluescanrangefrom0to1.Thewaveformisbottomalignedat0and
verticallyscaleddownbyhalftofitwithinthe0to1range.Forexample,ifthewaveforms
amplitudeis80%,thenthenitsunipolarCVoutputrangesfrom0to0.8.

ExampleunipolarCVoutputforawaveformwithamplitude80%

Enveloped
EnvelopedCVoutputvaluesareamplitudeadjustedbytheenvelope.
TryThis:PluganenvelopedCVoutputfromoneoscillatorintothefrequencyCVinputof
anotheroscillator.Thiswillcauseavibratoeffectinthesecondoscillatorwhichslowlycomes
inwiththeattackoftheenvelope.