International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

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International Journal of Engineering Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijengsci

A nonlocal sinusoidal shear deformation beam theory with application

to bending, buckling, and vibration of nanobeams
Huu-Tai Thai a,, Thuc P. Vo b,c
a

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
School of Engineering, Glyndwr University, Mold Road, Wrexham LL11 2AW, UK
c
Advanced Composite Training and Development Centre, Glyndwr University, Unit 5, Hawarden Industrial Park, Deeside, Flintshire CH5 3US, UK
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 28 December 2011
Received in revised form 10 January 2012
Accepted 18 January 2012
Available online 20 February 2012
Keywords:
Nonlocal theory
Sinusoidal theory
Bending
Buckling
Vibration
Nanobeam

a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a nonlocal sinusoidal shear deformation beam theory for the bending,
buckling, and vibration of nanobeams. The present model is capable of capturing both
small scale effect and transverse shear deformation effects of nanobeams, and does not
require shear correction factors. Based on the nonlocal differential constitutive relations
of Eringen, the equations of motion as well as the boundary conditions of the beam are
derived using Hamiltons principle. Analytical solutions for the deection, buckling load,
and natural frequency are presented for a simply supported beam, and the obtained results
are compared with those predicted by the nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory. The comparison rmly establishes that the present beam theory can accurately predict the bending,
buckling, and vibration responses of short nanobeams where the small scale and transverse
shear deformation effects are signicant.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Nanostructures are widely used in micro- and nano-scale devices and systems such as biosensors, atomic force microscopes, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) due to their superior
mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties (Li, Bhushan, Takashima, Baek, & Kim, 2003). In such applications, small
scale effects are often observed. These effects can be captured using size-dependent continuum mechanics such as strain gradient theory (Nix & Gao, 1998), modied couple stress theory (Ma, Gao, & Reddy, 2008), and nonlocal elasticity theory (Eringen, 1972). Among these theories, the nonlocal elasticity theory initiated by Eringen is the most commonly used theory.
Unlike the local theories which assume that the stress at a point is a function of strain at that point, the nonlocal elasticity
theory assumes that the stress at a point is a function of strains at all points in the continuum.
Based on the nonlocal constitutive relation of Eringen, a number of papers have been published attempting to develop
nonlocal beam models for predicting the responses of carbon nanotubes. The nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam theory (EBT)
and Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) rst proposed by Peddieson, Buchanan, and McNitt (2003) and Wang (2005), respectively, were adopted by many researchers to investigate bending (Civalek & Demir, 2011; Wang, Kitipornchai, Lim, & Eisenberger, 2008; Wang & Liew, 2007), buckling (Murmu & Pradhan, 2009; Wang, Varadan, & Quek, 2006; Wang, Zhang, Ramesh,
& Kitipornchai, 2006), and vibration (Wang & Varadan, 2006; Wang, Zhang, & He, 2007; Zhang, Liu, & Xie, 2005) responses of
carbon nanotubes. A complete development of EBT and TBT was presented by Reddy and Pang (2008) who provided the ana-

Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 2220 4154.

E-mail address: thaihuutai@hanyang.ac.kr (H.-T. Thai).
0020-7225/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijengsci.2012.01.009

H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo / International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

59

lytical solutions for the deection, buckling load, and natural frequency of nanobeams with various boundary conditions. It
should be noted that the EBT is only applicable for slender beams where the shear deformation effect is negligible. However,
it underestimates deection and overestimates buckling load as well as natural frequency for short beams. The TBT accounts
for the shear deformation effect for short beams by assuming a constant shear strain through the height of the beam. Therefore, a shear correction factor is required to compensate for the difference between the actual stress state and the constant
stress state. To avoid the use of shear correction factor, higher-order shear deformation theories were developed based on
the assumption of the higher-order variation of axial displacement through the height of the beam, notable among them
are the third-order theory of Reddy (2007), generalized theory of Aydogdu (2009), rened theory of Thai (2012), and
sinusoidal shear deformation theory of Touratier (1991).
The sinusoidal shear deformation theory of Touratier (1991) is based on the assumption that the transverse shear stress
vanishes on the top and bottom surfaces of the beam and is nonzero elsewhere. Thus there is no need to use shear correction
factors as in the case of TBT. This theory is also employed to predict the response of laminate plate (Zenkour, 2004) and
functionally graded sandwich plates (Zenkour, 2005a, 2005b, 2006). The aim of this paper is to propose a nonlocal sinusoidal
theory which accounts for both small scale and shear deformation effects of nanobeams. The small scale effect is taken into
account by using the nonlocal constitutive relations of Eringen, while the shear deformation effect is captured using the
sinusoidal shear deformation theory (Touratier, 1991). The nonlocal equations of motion and boundary conditions are
derived using Hamiltons principle. Analytical solutions for the deection, buckling load, and natural frequency are presented
for simply supported nanobeams, and the obtained results are compared with those predicted by the TBT to verify the
accuracy of the present solution.
2. Equations of motion of the sinusoidal beam theory
Consider a beam length L and rectangular cross section b  h, with b being the width and h being the height. The x-, y-,
and z-coordinates are taken along the length, width, and height of the beam, respectively. Equations of motion are derived
using Hamiltons principle. The principle can be stated in analytical form as (Reddy, 2002)

dU dV  dKdt

where dU is the variation of the strain energy; dV is the variation of the potential energy; and dK is the variation of the kinetic
energy.
According to the sinusoidal theory, the displacement eld is chosen based on the assumption that the transverse shear
stress vanishes on the top and bottom surfaces of the beam and is nonzero elsewhere. The displacement eld is given as
(Touratier, 1991)

u1 x; z; t ux; t  z dw
fu
dx
2

u2 x; z; t 0
u3 x; z; t wx; t

where f = (h/p) sin(pz/h), u and w are the axial and transverse displacements, respectively, of a point on the midplane of the
beam and u is the rotation of the cross section about the y-axis. The only nonzero strains are
2

ex

du
d w
du
z 2 f
dx
dx
dx
pz

cxz cos

3a

3b

It can be observed from Eq. (3b) that the transverse shear strain cxz is zero at the top (z = h/2) and bottom (z = h/2) surfaces
of the beam thus satisfying the traction free conditions for rxz.
The variation of the strain energy of the beam can be stated as

dU

rx dex rxz dcxz dAdx

!
2
ddu
d dw
ddu
M
N
P
Qdu dx
2
dx
dx
dx

where N, M, P, and Q are the stress resultants dened as

N; M; P

1; z; f rx dA and Q

cospz=hrxz dA

The variation of the potential energy of the applied loads can be expressed as

dV 

Z
0

qdwdx 

Z
0

N0

dw ddw
dx
dx dx

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H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo / International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

where q and N0 are the transverse and axial loads, respectively.The variation of the kinetic energy is obtained as

dK

qu_ 1 du_ 1 u_ 3 du_ 3 dAdz




L
_ ddw
_ 24m2 dw
_
_
dw
ddw
6m2
_ u
_
_ dx
_ u_ wd
_ w
_ m2
_ du


d
m0 ud
u
u

dx dx
dx
p3 dx
p2
0
Z

where dot-superscript convention indicates the differentiation with respect to the time variable t; q is the mass density; and
(m0, m2) are mass inertias dened as

m0 ; m2

1; z2 qdA

Substituting the expressions for dU, dV, and dK from Eqs. (4), (6), and (7) into Eq. (1) and integrating by parts, and collecting
the coefcients of du, dw, and du, the following equations of motion of the beam are obtained

du :

dN

m0 u
dx

9a

du :

dP
6m2
24m2 dw

Q 2 u
dx
p
p3 dx

9b

dw :

d M
2

dx

q  N0

d w
2

dx

24m2 du
d w
 m2 2
m0 w
3
p dx
dx

9c

The boundary conditions of the present theory are of the form

specify u or N
specify u or P
specify w or
dw
dx

specify

dM
dx

10

2
 N0 dw
m2 ddxw  24m
dx
p3 u

or M

3. Nonlocal theory
3.1. Constitutive relations
Unlike the local theory, the nonlocal theory assumes that the stress at a point depends not only on the strain at that point
but also on strains at all other points of the body. According to Eringen (1983), the nonlocal stress tensor r at point x is expressed as

r  lr2 r s

11
2

where s is classical stress tensor at a point x related to the strain by the Hookes law; l = (e0a) is the nonlocal parameter
which incorporates the small scale effect, a is the internal characteristic length and e0 is a constant appropriate to each material. The nonlocal parameter depends on the boundary conditions, chirality, mode shapes, number of walls, and type of motion (Arash & Wang, 2012). So far, there is no rigorous study made on estimating the value of the nonlocal parameter. It is
suggested that the value of nonlocal parameter can be determined by experiment or by conducting a comparison of dispersion curves from the nonlocal continuum mechanics and molecular dynamics simulation (Arash & Ansari, 2010; Wang,
2005). In general, a conservative estimate of the nonlocal parameter is e0a < 2.0 nm for a single wall carbon nanotube (Wang
& Wang, 2007).
3.2. Stress resultants
For an isotropic material in a one-dimensional case, the nonlocal constitutive relation in Eq. (11) takes the following
forms
2

rx  l ddxr2x Eex
2

rxz  l ddxr2xz Gcxz

12

where E and G are the elastic and shear modulus of the beam, respectively. By substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (12) and the subsequent results into Eq. (5), the stress resultants are obtained as
2

Nl

d N
2

dx

EA

du
dx

13a

H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo / International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

2

d M

Ml

EI

dx
2

Pl

dx

24EI du
p3 dx

13b

6EI du
p2 dx

13c

d P

dx

Q l

d w

d Q

24EI d w

p3 dx2

61

GA
u
2

13d

1; z2 dA

14

dx

where

A; I

4. Equations of motion in terms of displacements

The nonlocal equations of motion of the proposed beam theory can be expressed in terms of displacements (u, w, u) by
substituting stress resultants in Eq. (13) into Eq. (9) as
2

EA

d u

l
m0 u

dx

24EI d w

p3 dx3
4

EI

d w
4

dx

!
2

d u

!
!
2
3

GA
6m2
d u
24m2 dw
d w
l 2 
l 3

u 2 u
2
2
p
p3 dx
dx
dx
dx
2

6EI d u

p2
3

15a

dx

24EI d u

p3 dx3

ql

d q
2

dx

 N0

d w
2

dx

l

!
4
d w
4

dx

15b

!
!
!
3
2
2
4

24m2 du
d u
d w
d w
d w
 l 2  m2
l 4
 l 3 m0 w

2
p3 dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
15c

The equations of motion of local beam theory can be recovered from Eq. (15) by setting the nonlocal parameter l equal to
zero. Also, the equations of motion of the nonlocal EBT can be obtained from Eq. (15) by setting the rotation u equal to zero.
It can be seen from Eq. (15) that the axial deformation u is uncoupled from transverse deformations (u, w). Thus, the equations of motion for the transverse response of the beam are reduced to Eqs. (15b) and (15c).

5. Analytical solution of simply supported beams

Consider a simply supported beam with length L subjected to transverse load q and axial load N0. The simply supported
boundary conditions of the beam are

w M 0 at x 0; L

16

The following expansions of the generalized displacements (u, w) satisfy the boundary conditions in Eq. (16)
1
P

ux; t
wx; t

n1
1
P

/n eixt cos ax
17
W n eixt sin ax

n1

p
where i 1, a = np/L, (un, Wn) are coefcients, and x is the natural frequency. The transverse load q is also expanded in
the Fourier sine series as

qx

1
X

Q n sin ax

18

n1

where

2
Qn
L

L
0

8
for sinusoidal load q0
>
< q0 n 1
4q0
n

1;
3;
5;
.
.
.
for
uniform load q0
qx sin axdx np
>
:2
np
Q sin 2 n 1; 2; 3; . . . for point load Q 0 at the center
L 0

19

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H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo / International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

Substituting the expansions of u, w, and q from Eqs. (17) and (18) into the equations of motion Eq. (15), the closed-form
solutions can be obtained from the following equations



s11

s12

s12

s22  k

 k x2

m11

m12

m12

m22



/n

Wn

20

kQ n

where
2
s11 GA
6EI
2
p2 a ;
6m2

3
s12  24EI
p3 a ;
24m2

m11 p2 ;

m12  p3 ;

s22 EIa4

m22 m0 m2 a2 ;

k 1 la2 ;

21

k kN0 a2

The static deection is obtained from Eq. (20) by setting N0 and x equal to zero

wx

1
X
n1

kQ n
sin ax
s22  s212 =s11

22

The buckling load is obtained from Eq. (20) by setting q and x equal to zero

N0

s22  s212 =s11

ka2

23

By setting q and N0 in Eq. (20) equal to zero, the natural frequency can be obtained from the following equation

m11 m22  m212 k2 x4  m11 s22 m22 s11  2s12 m12 kx2 s11 s22  s212 0

24

The closed-form solutions of the EBT can be obtained from Eq. (20) by setting /n equal to zero. Thus, the deection w, buckling load N0, and frequency x of the EBT are expressed as

wx

1
1
X
X
kQ n
kQ n
sin ax
sin ax
s22
EIa4
n1
n1

25

s22
EIa2

2
ka
k

r s
s22
EIa4
x

km22
km0 m2 a2
N0

26
27

6. Results and discussion

Table 1 shows the nondimensional deection, critical buckling load, and fundamental frequency of a simply supported
beam subjected to uniform load. The obtained results are compared with those reported by Thai (2012) based on nonlocal
Table 1
Nondimensional deection w, critical buckling load N, and fundamental frequency x of simply supported beams.
L/h

l nm2

Deection w

Frequency x

Buckling load N

TBT (Thai, 2012)

Present

TBT (Thai, 2012)

Present

TBT (Thai, 2012)

Present

0
1
2
3
4

1.4321
1.5674
1.7028
1.8381
1.9734

1.4317
1.5671
1.7025
1.8379
1.9733

8.9509
8.1468
7.4753
6.9061
6.4174

8.9533
8.1490
7.4773
6.9079
6.4191

9.2740
8.8477
8.4752
8.1461
7.8526

9.2752
8.8488
8.4763
8.1472
7.8536

10

0
1
2
3
4

1.3346
1.4622
1.5898
1.7173
1.8449

1.3345
1.4621
1.5897
1.7173
1.8449

9.6227
8.7583
8.0364
7.4244
6.8990

9.6231
8.7587
8.0367
7.4247
6.8994

9.7075
9.2612
8.8713
8.5269
8.2196

9.7077
9.2614
8.8715
8.5271
8.2198

20

0
1
2
3
4

1.3102
1.4359
1.5615
1.6871
1.8128

1.3102
1.4358
1.5615
1.6871
1.8128

9.8067
8.9258
8.1900
7.5664
7.0310

9.8068
8.9258
8.1901
7.5665
7.0310

9.8281
9.3763
8.9816
8.6328
8.3218

9.8282
9.3764
8.9816
8.6329
8.3218

100

0
1
2
3
4

1.3024
1.4274
1.5525
1.6775
1.8025

1.3024
1.4274
1.5525
1.6775
1.8025

9.8671
8.9807
8.2405
7.6130
7.0743

9.8671
8.9807
8.2405
7.6130
7.0743

9.8679
9.4143
9.0180
8.6678
8.3555

9.8679
9.4143
9.0180
8.6678
8.3555

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H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo / International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

Table 2
First three nondimensional frequencies x of simply supported beams.
L/h

x1

l nm2

x2

x3

TBT (Thai, 2012)

Present

TBT (Thai, 2012)

Present

TBT (Thai, 2012)

Present

0
1
2
3
4

9.2740
8.8477
8.4752
8.1461
7.8526

9.2752
8.8488
8.4763
8.1472
7.8536

32.1665
27.2364
24.0453
21.7642
20.0293

32.1948
27.2604
24.0664
21.7833
20.0470

61.4581
44.7247
36.8831
32.1036
28.8023

61.6192
44.8420
36.9798
32.1878
28.8778

10

0
1
2
3
4

9.7075
9.2612
8.8713
8.5269
8.2196

9.7077
9.2614
8.8715
8.5271
8.2198

37.0962
31.4105
27.7303
25.0996
23.0989

37.1009
31.4146
27.7339
25.1029
23.1019

78.1547
56.8753
46.9034
40.8254
36.6272

78.1855
56.8977
46.9219
40.8415
36.6416

20

0
1
2
3
4

9.8281
9.3763
8.9816
8.6328
8.3218

9.8282
9.3764
8.9816
8.6329
8.3218

38.8299
32.8786
29.0263
26.2727
24.1785

38.8308
32.8793
29.0270
26.2733
24.1790

85.6619
62.3385
51.4087
44.7469
40.1454

85.6671
62.3422
51.4118
44.7496
40.1478

100

0
1
2
3
4

9.8679
9.4143
9.0180
8.6678
8.3555

9.8679
9.4143
9.0180
8.6678
8.3555

39.4517
33.4051
29.4911
26.6934
24.5657

39.4517
33.4051
29.4912
26.6934
24.5657

88.6914
64.5431
53.2268
46.3294
41.5652

88.6915
64.5432
53.2269
46.3295
41.5653

Deflection/Buckling load/Frequency ratios

1.1

Bending

1.08

Buckling
Vibration

1.06
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0

10

20

30

40

50

L/h
L
Fig. 1. Effect of transverse shear deformation on the deection, critical buckling load, and fundamental frequency ratios for a simply supported beam with
e0a = 1 nm.

TBT for a wide range of small scale coefcient and length-to-depth ratio L/h. Shear correction factor and Poissons ratio are
taken as 5/6 and 0.3, respectively. The side of nanobeam L is assumed to be 10 nm. Nondimensional deection, buckling load,
and natural frequency are dened as

100EI
q0 L 4

Ncr L2
N
;
EI

r
m0
x xL
EI
2

28

It can be seen that the results of present theory are in excellent agreement with those predicted by TBT for all values of
small scale coefcient and length-to-depth ratio even for short beams at the higher vibration modes where the effects of
transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are signicant (see Table 2). It is worth noting that the TBT requires a shear
correction factor to satisfy the free transverse shear stress conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the beam, whereas
the present theory satises the free transverse shear stress conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the beam without
using any shear correction factors.

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H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo / International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

Frequency ratio

0.95

0.9
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.7
0

10

20

30

40

50

L/h
L
Fig. 2. Effect of transverse shear deformation on higher frequency ratios for a simply supported beam with e0a = 1 nm.

Table 3
First ve frequencies (THz) of a simply supported single-walled carbon nanotube with e0a = 1.0 nm.
Modes

1
2
3
4
5

L/d = 5

L/d = 10

L/d = 20

L/d = 100

EBT

Present

EBT

Present

EBT

Present

EBT

Present

1.0459
2.5622
3.7911
4.7180
5.4019

0.9939
2.2006
2.9689
3.4516
3.7723

0.3283
1.0459
1.8294
2.5622
3.2171

0.3237
0.9939
1.6550
2.2006
2.6310

0.0885
0.3283
0.6643
1.0459
1.4402

0.0881
0.3237
0.6445
0.9939
1.3364

0.0036
0.0145
0.0324
0.0572
0.0885

0.0036
0.0145
0.0324
0.0570
0.0881

Bending

Deflection/Buckling load/Frequency ratios

1.4

Buckling
1.3

Vibration

1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0

0.5

1
e0a (nm)

1.5

Fig. 3. Effect of small scale on the deection, critical buckling load, and fundamental frequency ratios for a simply supported beam with L/h = 10.

The effect of shear deformation on the bending, buckling, and vibration responses of nanobeams is shown in Fig. 1 for a
simply supported beam with e0a = 1 nm. In this gure, the deection, buckling load, and frequency ratios are dened as the
ratios of those predicted by present theory to the correspondences predicted by EBT where the shear deformation effect is
omitted. It is observed that, the effect of shear deformation is to increase the deections and decrease the buckling loads and

65

H.-T. Thai, T.P. Vo / International Journal of Engineering Science 54 (2012) 5866

Frequency ratio

0.9

0.8

0.7
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3

0.6

0.5

0.4
0

0.5

1
e0a (nm)

1.5

Fig. 4. Effect of small scale on higher frequency ratios for a simply supported beam with L/h = 10.

natural frequencies, and this effect is signicant for short beams at higher vibration modes (see Fig. 2). This indicates that the
shear deformation effect results in a reduction of the beam stiffness. Another illustration of the shear deformation effect is
also shown in Table 3 for a simply supported single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with diameter d = 0.678 nm and effective tube thickness t = 0.066 nm (Yakobson, Brabec, & Bernholc, 1996). The material properties of SWCNT are (Wang et al.,
2007): E = 5.5 TPa, m = 0.19, and q = 2.3 g/cm3. The results of present theory obtained from Eq. (24) are compared with those
of EBT from Eq. (27) for various values of length-to-diameter ratio L/d. It can be seen from Table 3 that the frequencies
obtained by present theory are smaller than those given by EBT. The difference between present theory and EBT is signicant
for higher modes and small L/d. For example, for the fundamental mode n = 1, the differences are only 5.23% and 0.45% for
short tube (L/d = 5) and long tube (L/d = 20), respectively. However, for the higher mode, say n = 5, the differences are 43.20%
and 7.77% for short tube (L/d = 5) and long tube (L/d = 20), respectively. So the present beam should be used to predict the
responses of short beams at higher modes where the shear deformation effect is signicant.
To illustrate the small scale effect on the responses of nanobeams, Fig. 3 plots the deection, buckling load, and frequency
ratios with respect to the small scale coefcient e0a for a simply supported beam with L/h = 10. It is noted that the values of
e0a should be smaller than 2.0 nm for a SWCNT as pointed out by Wang and Wang (2007). The deection, buckling load, and
frequency ratios are dened as the ratios of those predicted by the nonlocal theory to the correspondences predicted by the
local theory (i.e., e0a = 0). It can be seen that the deection ratio is greater than unity, whereas the buckling load and
frequency ratios are smaller than unity. It means that the local theory underestimates the deections and overestimates
the buckling loads as well as natural frequencies of the nanobeams compared to the nonlocal one. This is due to the fact that
the local theory is unable to capture the small scale effect of the nanobeams. The difference between the local and nonlocal
theories is especially signicant for the higher modes (see Fig. 4). In general, the effects of small scale and shear deformation
are similar, and the inclusion of the small scale and shear deformation effects will reduce the stiffness of the beam, and
consequently, leads to an increase in the deections and a reduction of the buckling loads and natural frequencies.
7. Conclusions
A nonlocal sinusoidal beam theory is developed for the bending, buckling, and vibration of nanobeams. The present model
is capable of capturing both small scale and shear deformation effects of nanobeams, and does not require shear correction
factors. Based on the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen, the equations of motion as well as the boundary
conditions of the beam are derived using Hamiltons principle. Analytical solutions for deection, buckling load, and natural
frequency are presented for a simply supported beam, and the obtained results are compared well with those predicted by
the TBT. It is observed that the inclusion of the small scale and shear deformation effects lead to an increase in the deections
and a reduction of the buckling loads and natural frequencies of nanobeams.
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