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A defined centre is said to be oxidised if the electron density decreases, and reduced if
electron density increases, during a reaction. The rule is:
Loss of electrons equates with Oxidation and Gain of electrons equates with
Reduction.The oxidation of a defined centre can be changed in two ways.Firstly by Single
Electron Transfer (SET) to the defined centre (reduction) or from the defined centre (oxidation).
For example, the iron(III) ion, Fe3+, can be reduced to iron(II), Fe2+. The reaction can also occur
in the oxidation direction.
The reduction electron can either be provided by a chemical reducing agent (often a
metal) or electrochemically.
Electron flow by way of single electron transfer oxidation and reduction can be
predicted using standard reduction potential data (below).
The second method of changing the oxidation number is by reversal of bond
polarisation at the defined centre.
Hydrogen is electropositive and it renders the carbon of methane, CH4, electron rich
and it is defined as having an oxidation number of -4. However, the carbon of carbon dioxide
has an oxidation number of +4 because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon. (Each
bond contributes once.)
It follows that Redox Chemistry can proceed by three types of redox reaction:
OXIDATION STATES
Before we go any further into redox, we must understand oxidation states. The idea of
oxidation state began with whether or not a metal was attached to an oxygen. Unattached
(free) atoms have an oxidation state of zero. Since oxygen almost always takes in two
electrons when it is not a free element, the combined form of oxygen (oxide) has an oxidation
state of minus two. The exception to a combined oxygen taking two electrons is the peroxide
configuration. Peroxide can be represented by -O-O- where the each dash is a covalent bond
and each O is an oxygen atom. Peroxide can be written as a symbol, (O2) 2-. The oversimplified way of showing this is that each oxygen atom has a negative one oxidation state, but
that is not really so because the peroxides do not come in individual oxygen atoms. Peroxides
are not as stable as oxides, and there are very many fewer peroxides in nature than oxides.
H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen in compound always an oxidation state of plus one except as a hydride. A
hydride is a compound of a metal and hydrogen. Hydrides react with water, so there are no
hydrides found in nature. The formula XH or XH2 or XH3 or even XH4 where X is a metal is
the general chemical formula for hydride.
The rules for oxidation state are in some ways arbitrary and unnatural, but here they are:
1. Any free (unattached) element with no charge has the oxidation state of zero. Diatomic
gases such as O2 and H2 are also in this category.
2. All compounds have a net oxidation state of zero. The oxidation state of all of the
atoms add up to zero.
3. Any ion has the oxidation state that is the charge of that ion. Polyatomic ions (radicals)
have an oxidation state for the whole ion that is the charge on that ion. The ions of
elements in Group I, II, and VII (halogens) and some other elements only have one
likely oxidation state.
4. Oxygen in compound has an oxidation state of minus two, except for oxygen as
peroxide, which is minus one.
5. Hydrogen in compound has an oxidation state of plus one, except for hydrogen as
hydride, which is minus one.
6. In radicals or small covalent molecules, the element with the greatest electronegativity
has its natural ion charge as its oxidation state
KNOW THIS
Now would be a good time to try the oxidation state problems beginning the practice
page at the end of this chapter. Problems 1-30 are good examples for practice of assigning
oxidation states.
IS IT A REDOX REACTION?
A redox reaction will have at least one type of atom releasing electrons and another
type of atom accepting electrons. How can you most easily tell if a reaction is redox? Label
every atom on both the reactant and product side of the equation with its oxidation number. If
there is a change in oxidation number from one side of the equation to the other of the same
species of atom, it is a redox reaction. Each complete equation must have at least one atom
species losing electrons and at least one atom species gaining electrons. The loss and gain of
electrons will be reflected in the changes of oxidation number.
Lets take the following equation: K2(Cr2O7) + KOH
2 K2(CrO4) + H2O Is it a
redox equation or not? Potassium dichromate and potassium hydroxide make potassium
chromate and water. Some of the atoms are easy. All of the oxygens in compound have an
oxidation state of minus two. All of the hydrogens have an oxidation state of plus one.
Potassium is a group one element, so it should have an oxidation state of plus one in the
compounds. That seems to make sense because dichromate and chromate ions have a
charge of minus two and there are two potassium atoms in each compound. Hydroxide ion has
a charge of minus one and it has one potassium. But what about the chromium atoms? We
can do a little primitive math on the material either from the starting point of the compound or
the ion to find the oxidation state of chromium in that compound.
The entire compound must have a net oxidation state of zero, so the oxidation
numbers of two potassiums one chromium and four oxygens must equal to zero. 2 K + Cr + 4
O = 0 We know the oxidation state of everything else but the chromium. 2(+1) + Cr + 4 (-2) = 0
and Cr = +6. Or we could do it from the point of view of the chromate ion. Cr + 4 O = -2 The
oxygens are minus two each. Cr + 4 (-2) = -2 Either way Cr = +6. Now the dichromate; 2 K + 2
Cr + 7 O = 0 and 2 (+1) + 2 Cr + 7 (-2) = 0. Then 2 Cr = +12 and Cr = +6. You can do the math
for the dichromate ion to see for yourself that the chromium does not change from one side of
this equation to the other. As suspicious-appearing as the equation might have seemed to you,
it is not a redox reaction.
Consider copper metal in silver nitrate solution becomes silver metal and copper II
nitrate. The oxygens do not change. Oxygen in compound is negative two on both sides. The
nitrogen can not change. It does not move out of the nitrate ion where it has an oxidation state
of plus five. (Is that right?) The other two have to change because they both are elements with
a zero oxidation state on one side and in compound on the other. Silver goes from plus one to
zero and Copper goes from zero to plus two.
AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + Ag (not a balanced reaction)
Think of this on a number line. The copper is oxidized because its oxidation number
goes up from zero to plus two. The silver is reduced because its oxidation number reduces
from plus one to zero.
HALF REACTIONS
Consider the reaction: AgNO3 + Cu
Cu(NO3)2 + Ag (not a balanced reaction) .Half
reactions are either an oxidation or a reduction. Only the species of atom that is involved in a
change is in a half reaction. In the above reaction, silver goes from plus one to zero oxidation
state, but to account for everything, the electrons must be placed into the half reaction. e- +
Ag+ Ag0 (Reduction) Notice that the half reaction must be balanced in charge also and that
the only way to balance it is to add electrons to the more positive side. The other half reaction
is that of copper. Cu0 Cu+2 + 2 e- (Oxidation)
This time the material is oxidized and the electrons must appear on the product side.
We must double the silver half reaction to cancel out the electrons from right to left. The two
half reactions can be added together to make one reaction, thus.
2( e- + Ag+ Ag0)
Cu0 Cu+2 + 2 e- and the total reaction is:
Cu0 + 2Ag+ Cu+2 + 2Ag0
In the complete reaction the number of electrons lost must equal the number of
electrons gained. The number of electrons used in the reduction half reaction must equal the
number of electrons produced in the oxidation half reaction. The entire half reactions must be
multiplied by numbers that will equalize the numbers of electrons, and the final complete
balanced chemical reaction must show these number relationships.
One of the important bits of information from adding the half reactions in this case is
that the entire chemical equation will have to have two silver atoms for every copper atom in
the reaction for the reaction to balance electrically. This type of information from the half
reactions is sometimes the easiest or only way to balance a chemical equation. The redox
balancing problems beginning with number 31 at the end of the chapter are good help for your
further understanding.
From doing this math on a number of materials, you will find that it is possible to get
some strange-looking oxidation states, to include some fractional ones. The oxidation state
math works on fractional oxidation states also, even though fractional charges are not
possible.
REDUCTION OR OXIDATION?
A reduction of a material is the gain of electrons. An oxidation of a material is the loss
of electrons. This system comes from the observation that materials combine with oxygen in
varying amounts. For instance, an iron bar oxidizes (combines with oxygen) to become rust.
We say that the iron has oxidized. The iron has gone from an oxidation state of zero to
(usually) either iron II or iron III. This may be difficult to remember. The easier way to tell if a
half reaction is a reduction or oxidation is to plot the changing ion into the number line. If the
oxidation state of the ion goes up the number line, it is an oxidation. If it goes down the number
line, it is a reduction. Based on the KIS principle (Keep It Simple), remember only one rule for
this.
Someone, in a fit of perversity, decided that we needed more description for the
process. A material that becomes oxidized is a reducing agent, and a material that becomes
reduced is an oxidizing agent.
COMING ATTRACTIONS
ELECTROLYSIS
Water, aluminum, copper
ELECTROPLATING
chromium, gold,
ELECTRIC CELLS
carbon zinc , etc electrical potential and voltages
Because both reduction and oxidation are going on side-by-side, this is known as a
redox reaction.
Oxidising and reducing agents
An oxidising agent is substance which oxidises something else. In the above example,
the iron(III) oxide is the oxidising agent.
A reducing agent reduces something else. In the equation, the carbon monoxide is the
reducing agent.
These are old definitions which aren't used very much nowadays. The most likely
place you will come across them is in organic chemistry.
Definitions
Notice that these are exactly the opposite of the oxygen definitions.For example, ethanol
can be oxidised to ethanal:
You would need to use an oxidising agent to remove the hydrogen from the ethanol. A
commonly used oxidising agent is potassium dichromate(VI) solution acidified with dilute
sulphuric acid.
Note: The equation for this is rather complicated for this introductory page. If you are
interested, you will find a similar example (ethanol to ethanoic acid) on the page dealing with
writing equations for redox reactions.
Ethanal can also be reduced back to ethanol again by adding hydrogen to it. A
possible reducing agent is sodium tetrahydridoborate, NaBH 4. Again the equation is too
complicated to be worth bothering about at this point.
Oxidising agents give oxygen to another substance or remove hydrogen from it.
Reducing agents remove oxygen from another substance or give hydrogen to it.
It is essential that you remember these definitions. There is a very easy way to do this. As long
as you remember that you are talking about electron transfer:
A simple example
The equation shows a simple redox reaction which can obviously be described in terms of
oxygen transfer.
Copper(II) oxide and magnesium oxide are both ionic. The metals obviously aren't. If
you rewrite this as an ionic equation, it turns out that the oxide ions are spectator ions and you
are left with:
Looking at it the other way round, the copper(II) ions are removing electrons from the
magnesium to create the magnesium ions. The copper(II) ions are acting as an oxidising
agent.
Warning!
This is potentially very confusing if you try to learn both what oxidation and reduction mean
in terms of electron transfer, and also learn definitions of oxidising and reducing agents in the
same terms.
Personally, I would recommend that you work it out if you need it. The argument (going on
inside your head) would go like this if you wanted to know, for example, what an oxidising
agent did in terms of electrons:
That means that an oxidising agent takes electrons from that other substance.
When magnesium reduces hot copper(II) oxide to copper, the ionic equation for the reaction is:
Note: I am going to leave out state symbols in all the equations on this page. This topic is
awkward enough anyway without having to worry about state symbols as well as everything
else. Practice getting the equations right, and then add the state symbols in afterwards if your
examiners are likely to want them.
How do you know whether your examiners will want you to include them? The best
way is to look at their mark schemes. You should be able to get these from your examiners'
website. There are links on the syllabuses page for students studying for UK-based exams.You
can split the ionic equation into two parts, and look at it from the point of view of the
magnesium and of the copper(II) ions separately. This shows clearly that the magnesium has
lost two electrons, and the copper(II) ions have gained them.
These two equations are described as "electron-half-equations" or "half-equations" or "ionichalf-equations" or "half-reactions" - lots of variations all meaning exactly the same thing!
Any redox reaction is made up of two half-reactions: in one of them electrons are
being lost (an oxidation process) and in the other one those electrons are being gained (a
reduction process).
Note: If you aren't happy about redox reactions in terms of electron transfer, you MUST read
the introductory page on redox reactions before you go on.
Working out electron-half-equations and using them to build ionic equations
In the example above, we've got at the electron-half-equations by starting from the
ionic equation and extracting the individual half-reactions from it. That's doing everything
entirely the wrong way round!
In reality, you almost always start from the electron-half-equations and use them to
build the ionic equation.
Example 1: The reaction between chlorine and iron(II) ions
Chlorine gas oxidises iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions. In the process, the chlorine is
reduced to chloride ions.
You would have to know this, or be told it by an examiner. In building equations, there
is quite a lot that you can work out as you go along, but you have to have somewhere to start
from!
You start by writing down what you know for each of the half-reactions. In the chlorine
case, you know that chlorine (as molecules) turns into chloride ions:
The first thing to do is to balance the atoms that you have got as far as you possibly can:
ALWAYS check that you have the existing atoms balanced before you do anything
else. If you forget to do this, everything else that you do afterwards is a complete waste of
time!
Now you have to add things to the half-equation in order to make it balance completely.
All you are allowed to add are:
electrons
water
hydrogen ions (unless the reaction is being done under alkaline conditions - in which
case, you can add hydroxide ions instead)
In the chlorine case, all that is wrong with the existing equation that we've produced so far
is that the charges don't balance. The left-hand side of the equation has no charge, but the
right-hand side carries 2 negative charges.
That's easily put right by adding two electrons to the left-hand side. The final version of
the half-reaction is:
Now you repeat this for the iron(II) ions. You know (or are told) that they are oxidised
to iron(III) ions. Write this down:
The atoms balance, but the charges don't. There are 3 positive charges on the righthand side, but only 2 on the left.
You need to reduce the number of positive charges on the right-hand side. That's
easily done by adding an electron to that side:
Combining the half-reactions to make the ionic equation for the reaction
What we've got at the moment is this:
It is obvious that the iron reaction will have to happen twice for every chlorine molecule
that reacts. Allow for that, and then add the two half-equations together.
But don't stop there!! Check that everything balances - atoms and charges. It is very
easy to make small mistakes, especially if you are trying to multiply and add up more
complicated equations.
You will notice that I haven't bothered to include the electrons in the added-up version.
If you think about it, there are bound to be the same number on each side of the final equation,
and so they will cancel out. If you aren't happy with this, write them down and then cross them
out afterwards!
Now all you need to do is balance the charges. You would have to add 2 electrons to
the right-hand side to make the overall charge on both sides zero.
The manganese balances, but you need four oxygens on the right-hand side. These
can only come from water - that's the only oxygen-containing thing you are allowed to write into
one of these equations in acid conditions.
By doing this, we've introduced some hydrogens. To balance these, you will need 8
hydrogen ions on the left-hand side.
Now that all the atoms are balanced, all you need to do is balance the charges. At the
moment there are a net 7+ charges on the left-hand side (1- and 8+), but only 2+ on the right.
Add 5 electrons to the left-hand side to reduce the 7+ to 2+.
This is the typical sort of half-equation which you will have to be able to work out. The
sequence is usually:
Combining the half-reactions to make the ionic equation for the reaction
The two half-equations we've produced are:
You have to multiply the equations so that the same number of electrons are involved
in both. In this case, everything would work out well if you transferred 10 electrons.
But this time, you haven't quite finished. During the checking of the balancing, you
should notice that there are hydrogen ions on both sides of the equation:
You can simplify this down by subtracting 10 hydrogen ions from both sides to leave
the final version of the ionic equation - but don't forget to check the balancing of the atoms and
charges!
You will often find that hydrogen ions or water molecules appear on both sides of the
ionic equation in complicated cases built up in this way. Always check, and then simplify where
possible.
Example 3: The oxidation of ethanol by acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
This technique can be used just as well in examples involving organic chemicals.
Potassium dichromate(VI) solution acidified with dilute sulphuric acid is used to oxidise
ethanol, CH3CH2OH, to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH.
The oxidising agent is the dichromate(VI) ion, Cr 2O72-. This is reduced to chromium(III) ions,
Cr3+.
We'll do the ethanol to ethanoic acid half-equation first. Using the same stages as
before, start by writing down what you know:
And finally balance the charges by adding 4 electrons to the right-hand side to give an
overall zero charge on each side:
The dichromate(VI) half-equation contains a trap which lots of people fall into!
Start by writing down what you know:
What people often forget to do at this stage is to balance the chromiums. If you don't
do that, you are doomed to getting the wrong answer at the end of the process! When you
come to balance the charges you will have to write in the wrong number of electrons - which
means that your multiplying factors will be wrong when you come to add the half-equations . . .
A complete waste of time!
Now all that needs balancing is the charges. Add 6 electrons to the left-hand side to
give a net 6+ on each side.
Combining the half-reactions to make the ionic equation for the reaction
What we have so far is:
What are the multiplying factors for the equations this time? The simplest way of
working this out is to find the smallest number of electrons which both 4 and 6 will divide into in this case, 12. That means that you can multiply one equation by 3 and the other by 2.
Note: Don't worry too much if you get this wrong and choose to transfer 24 electrons instead.
All that will happen is that your final equation will end up with everything multiplied by 2. Your
examiners might well allow that.
The multiplication and addition looks like this:
Now you will find that there are water molecules and hydrogen ions occurring on both
sides of the ionic equation. You can simplify this to give the final equation:
Redoks Kimia
Analisis chemogenesis mengidentifikasi lima jenis mekanisme reaksi yang
berbeda elektronik, di sini, dan salah satunya adalah kimia redoks.
Halaman ini membahas berbagai jenis oksidasi dan pengurangan perilaku
reaksi yang ada di balik dengan mudah menghafal: MINYAK RIG, Oksidasi
Apakah [elektron] Rugi dan Pengurangan Apakah [elektron] Keuntungan
Pengantar kimia redoks ChemistryRedox berkaitan dengan aliran elektron
bersih ke dan dari pusat ditetapkan selama reaksi kimia. Sebuah pusat
dapat didefinisikan:
Sebuah pusat pasti dikatakan teroksidasi jika penurunan densitas
elektron, dan berkurang jika elektron meningkatkan densitas, selama
reaksi. Peraturannya adalah:
Kehilangan elektron setara dengan Oksidasi dan Keuntungan elektron
setara dengan oksidasi Reduction.The pusat ditetapkan dapat diubah
dalam dua ways.Firstly Transfer Elektron Single (SET) ke pusat
didefinisikan (pengurangan) atau dari pusat didefinisikan (oksidasi) .
Misalnya, besi (III) ion Fe3 +, dapat direduksi menjadi besi (II), Fe2 +.
Reaksi ini juga dapat terjadi dalam arah oksidasi.
Elektron pengurangan dapat diberikan oleh suatu bahan kimia reduktor
(sering logam) atau elektrokimia.
aliran elektron dengan cara transfer elektron tunggal dan reduksi oksidasi
dapat diprediksi dengan menggunakan data standar pengurangan
potensial (di bawah).
Metode kedua mengubah bilangan oksidasi adalah dengan pembalikan
polarisasi ikatan di pusat didefinisikan.
Hidrogen elektropositif dan menerjemahkan karbon metana, CH4, elektron
kaya dan didefinisikan sebagai memiliki bilangan oksidasi -4. Namun,
karbon dioksida karbon memiliki 4 bilangan oksidasi karena oksigen lebih
elektronegatif dari karbon. (Obligasi Setiap kontribusi sekali.)
Karbon mampu ada di beberapa bilangan oksidasi:
Pembakaran metana menjadi karbon dioksida merupakan oksidasi karbon
karena bilangan oksidasi karbon meningkat dari -4 ke 4
Hal berikut yang Redoks Kimia dapat melanjutkan dengan tiga jenis reaksi
redoks:
sebagai sebuah hidrida. hidrida adalah senyawa dari logam dan hidrogen.
Hidrida bereaksi dengan air, sehingga tidak ada hidrida ditemukan di
alam. The XH formula atau XH2 atau XH3 atau bahkan XH4 dimana X
adalah logam adalah rumus kimia umum untuk hidrida.
Aturan bilangan oksidasi dalam beberapa cara sewenang-wenang dan
tidak wajar, tetapi di sini mereka adalah:
1. Setiap bebas (tidak terikat) unsur dengan tanpa biaya memiliki
keadaan oksidasi nol. gas diatomik seperti dan H2 O2 juga
dalam kategori ini.
2. Semua senyawa memiliki bilangan oksidasi nol bersih. Keadaan
oksidasi semua atom menambahkan hingga nol.
3. ion Setiap memiliki keadaan oksidasi yang muatan ion itu. ion
poliatomik (radikal) telah keadaan oksidasi bagi seluruh ion
yaitu muatan ion itu. Ion dari unsur-unsur di Grup I, II, dan VII
(halogen) dan beberapa unsur lain hanya memiliki satu negara
kemungkinan oksidasi.
4. Oksigen dalam senyawa memiliki keadaan oksidasi dua minus,
kecuali untuk oksigen sebagai peroksida, yang minus satu.
5. Hidrogen dalam senyawa memiliki keadaan oksidasi ditambah
satu, kecuali hidrogen sebagai hidrida, yang minus satu.
6. Dalam radikal atau molekul kovalen kecil, unsur dengan
elektronegativitas terbesar memiliki muatan ion alami sebagai
negara oksidasi yang
Sekarang akan menjadi saat yang baik untuk mencoba masalah keadaan
oksidasi awal halaman praktek pada akhir bab ini. Masalah 1-30 adalah
contoh yang baik untuk praktek menugaskan bilangan oksidasi.
SETENGAH REAKSI
Perhatikan reaksi: AgNO3 + Cu Cu (NO3) 2 + Ag (bukan reaksi seimbang).
Reaksi Setengah dapat berupa oksidasi atau suatu pengurangan. Hanya
jenis atom yang terlibat dalam suatu perubahan dalam reaksi setengah.
Pada reaksi di atas, perak pergi dari plus satu ke nol oksidasi, namun
untuk memperhitungkan segala sesuatu, elektron harus ditempatkan ke
SELALU periksa bahwa Anda memiliki atom yang ada seimbang sebelum
Anda melakukan hal lain. Jika lupa untuk melakukan hal ini, hal-hal lain
yang Anda lakukan setelah itu adalah membuang-buang waktu!
Sekarang Anda harus menambahkan sesuatu ke dalam persamaansetengah untuk membuat keseimbangan sepenuhnya.
Semua Anda diijinkan untuk menambahkan adalah:
elektron
air
ion hidrogen (kecuali reaksi ini dilakukan dalam kondisi basa - dalam hal
ini, Anda dapat menambahkan ion hidroksida sebagai gantinya)
Dalam kasus klorin, semua yang salah dengan persamaan yang ada
bahwa kami telah dihasilkan selama ini adalah bahwa biaya tidak
seimbang. Sisi kiri persamaan memiliki tanpa dikenakan biaya, namun sisi
kanan membawa 2 beban negatif.
Itu mudah dibetulkan dengan menambah dua elektron ke sisi kiri. Versi
terakhir dari reaksi-setengah adalah:
Sekarang Anda mengulang ini untuk besi (II) ion. Kau tahu (atau diberi
tahu) bahwa mereka dioksidasi menjadi besi (III) ion. Catat ini:
Saldo atom, namun tuduhan tidak. Ada 3 muatan positif di sisi kanan, tapi
hanya 2 di sebelah kiri.
Anda harus mengurangi jumlah muatan positif di sisi kanan. Itu mudah
dilakukan dengan menambahkan elektron pada sisi tersebut:
Menggabungkan setengah-reaksi untuk membuat persamaan ion untuk
reaksi
Apa yang kami punya saat ini adalah:
Jelas bahwa reaksi besi harus terjadi dua kali untuk setiap molekul klorin
yang bereaksi. Memungkinkan untuk itu, dan kemudian menambahkan
dua setengah-persamaan bersama-sama.
Tetapi jangan berhenti di situ! Periksa apakah semua saldo - atom dan
beban. Sangat mudah untuk membuat kesalahan-kesalahan kecil,
terutama jika Anda mencoba untuk berkembang biak dan menambah
persamaan yang lebih rumit.
Anda akan melihat bahwa aku tidak peduli untuk menyertakan elektron
dalam versi ditambahkan-up. Jika Anda berpikir tentang hal ini, ada terikat
untuk menjadi nomor yang sama di setiap sisi dari persamaan terakhir,
maka mereka akan membatalkan keluar. Jika Anda tidak puas dengan ini,
menuliskannya lalu lintas mereka keluar setelah itu!
Contoh 2: Reaksi antara hidrogen peroksida dan manganat (VII) ion
Contoh pertama agak sederhana kimia yang mungkin telah datang di.
Teknik ini bekerja sama dengan baik selama lebih rumit (dan mungkin
tidak familiar) kimia.
elektron salah - yang berarti bahwa faktor mengalikan Anda akan salah
bila Anda datang untuk menambahkan setengah persamaan. . . J-buang
waktu!
Sekarang keseimbangan oksigen dengan menambahkan molekul air. . .
. . . dan hidrogen dengan menambah ion hidrogen:
Sekarang semua yang menyeimbangkan kebutuhan adalah biaya. Tambah
6 elektron pada sisi kiri untuk memberikan 6 + bersih di setiap sisi.
Menggabungkan setengah-reaksi untuk membuat persamaan ion untuk
reaksi
Apa yang telah kami sejauh ini adalah:
Apa faktor mengalikan untuk persamaan kali ini? Cara sederhana bekerja
ini adalah untuk menemukan jumlah elektron yang terkecil kedua 4 dan 6
akan dibagi menjadi - dalam hal ini, 12. Itu berarti bahwa Anda bisa
kalikan satu persamaan dengan 3 dan yang lainnya dengan 2.
Catatan: Jangan khawatir terlalu banyak jika Anda mendapatkan salah dan
memilih untuk mentransfer 24 elektron sebagai gantinya. Semua yang
akan terjadi adalah bahwa persamaan akhir Anda akan berakhir dengan
segala dikalikan dengan 2. pemeriksa Anda mungkin mengizinkan itu.
Penggandaan dan penambahan tampak seperti ini:
Sekarang Anda akan menemukan bahwa ada molekul air dan ion hidrogen
yang terjadi pada kedua sisi persamaan ionik. Anda bisa
menyederhanakan ini untuk memberikan persamaan terakhir:
OLEH :
ANGGUN ANDREYANI
NOVY PRADIKA P
SANTY
TANTRI
YOSI SANIA
KELAS : X A
SMAN 2 PONTIANAK
TAHUN AJARAN 2009/2010