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KJM 573
CAD CAM CAE

Introduction to CAD CAE CAM

Semester Dis08 ~ April 09

What is Computer-aided design (CAD)

The use of computer technology to aid in the


design of a product. Current packages range
from 2D vector base drafting systems to 3D
solid and surface modelers.

Vector graphics (also called geometric modeling or object-


oriented graphics) is the use of geometrical primitives such
as points, lines, curves, and polygons, etc..
A design drawing for an engine.

Origins and terminology

CAD originally meant Computer-Aided Drafting because of its original use as a


replacement for traditional drafting.

Now, CAD usually means Computer Aided Design to reflect the fact that modern
CAD tools do more than just drafting.

CAD is sometimes translated as "computer-assisted"

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Computer-aided design (CAD)

CAD is used to design, develop and


optimize products, which can be fulfill
consumers requirement

CAD is extensively used in the design


of tools and machinery, and even in the
drafting and design of all types of
buildings.

CAD is mainly used for detailed


engineering of 3D models and/or 2D
drawings of physical components,
The CAD process. .
CAD also used throughout the
engineering process from conceptual
design and layout of products, through
strength and dynamic analysis of
assemblies to definition of
manufacturing methods of
components.

Computer-aided design (CAD)

CAD benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly


shortened design cycle.

CAD enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print it
out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings.

Commercial Floor Plan

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Fields of use
The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Industry
Architecture
Architectural engineering
Interior Design
Interior Architecture
Building engineering
Civil Engineering and Infrastructure
Construction
Roads and Highways
Railroads and Tunnels
Water Supply and Hydraulic Engineering Fully editable digital multi-CAD mockup
Storm Drain, Wastewater and Sewer systems
Mapping and Surveying Bio-mechanical systems
(Chemical) Plant Design Electronic design automation (EDA)
Factory Layout Electronic and Electrical (ECAD)
Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) Digital circuit design
Mechanical (MCAD) Engineering Electrical Engineering
Automotive - vehicles Power Engineering or Power Systems Engineering
Aerospace Power Systems CAD
Consumer Goods Power analytics
Machinery Manufacturing process planning
Shipbuilding Industrial Design
Software applications
Apparel and Textile CAD
Fashion Design
Garden design
Lighting Design

History
A turning point was the
development of SKETCHPAD
system in MIT in 1963 by Ivan
Sutherland

The distinctive feature of


SKETCHPAD was that it allowed
the designer to interact with his
computer graphically: the design
can be fed into the computer by
drawing on a CRT monitor with a
light pen. Effectively, it was a Sketchpad
prototype of graphical user
interface, an indispensable
feature of modern CAD.

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History

• First commercial applications of CAD -large companies (automotive,


aerospace, electronics industries)
1. 1964 GM with DAC-1 (Design Augmented by Computer); ; Bell GRAPHIC 1
2. 1971 Renault (Bezier) – UNISURF car body design and tooling.

• 1971 Dr. P. J. Hanratty, wrote ADAM (Automated Drafting And Machining)


code and supplied to companies McDonnell Douglas (Unigraphics),
Computervision (CADDS)

• 1960s and 1970s foundation of CAD systems United Computing,


Intergraph, IBM, Intergraph IGDS in 1974 (which led to Bentley
MicroStation in 1984)

• CAD implementations have evolved dramatically since then.

• 2D in the 1970s, it was typically limited to producing drawings similar to


hand-drafted drawings.

• Solid modeling in the 1980s, have allowed more versatile applications of


computers in design activities.

History

• 1981 Key products of solid modelling packages launched -Romulus


(ShapeData) and Uni-Solid (Unigraphics) based on PADL-2 and the release
of the surface modeler CATIA (Dassault Systemes).

• Autodesk was founded 1982 by John Walker, which led to the 2D system
AutoCAD.

• The next milestone was the release of Pro/ENGINEER in 1988, which


heralded greater usage of feature-based modeling methods and parametric
linking of the parameters of features.

• End 80s~early 90s. Ian Braid development the B-rep solid modeling kernels
(engines for manipulating geometrically and topologically consistent 3D
objects) Parasolid (ShapeData) and ACIS (Spatial Technology Inc.)

• Release of mid-range packages; SolidWorks in 1995, SolidEdge


(Intergraph) in 1996, IronCAD in 1998.

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Major Software Provider

Annual
Company Name recenue Product Name Product Type Origin
(US&)
AutoCAD and
CAD
Architectural Desktop
Autodesk $1,840M California USA
Mechanical Desktop CAD
Autodesk Inventor CAD
CATIA CAD/CAM/CAE
Dassault System $1,100M France
Solidworks CAD
Parametric Technology
$700M Pro/ENGINEER CAD USA
Corporation
Siemens PLM Solutions NX CAD/CAID/CAM/CAE USA -UGS
(Formerly UGS Corp. $1,100M Siemens-
Unigraphics Solutions) Solid Edge CAD German

CAD Capabilities

1. Wireframe geometry creation

• A wire frame model is a visual


presentation of an electronic
representation of a three
dimensional or physical object
used in 3D computer graphics
wireframe cube, icosahedron, and approximate sphere

• The wire frame format is also well


suited and widely used in
programming tool paths for DNC
(Direct Numerical Control)
machine tools.

A surface shaded object (not A wireframe image using hidden


wireframe) line removal

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CAD Capabilities

2. 3D parametric feature based modelling, Solid modelling (link)

3. Freeform surface modeling

4. Automated design of assemblies, which are collections of parts


and/or other assemblies

CAD Capabilities

5. Create Engineering drawings from the solid models

Isometric projection of the object

Sectional views are indicated by the


direction of arrows

Multiple views and projections


1st Angle and 3rd angle projection

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CAD Capabilities

An example of a CAD engineering drawing.

CAD Capabilities

6. Import/Export routines to exchange data with other software packages

There are basically three methods of transferring data from one CAD
system to another.
• Direct CAD system export/import
• Direct 3rd party translators.
• Intermediate data exchange formats
1. IGES
2. STEP
3. VDA-FS
4. DXF
5. Parasolid
6. JT
7. DRG

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CAD Capabilities
7. Output directly to a Rapid Prototyping or Rapid Manufacture Machine for
industrial prototypes

8. Reuse of design components

9. Ease of modification of design of model and the production of multiple


versions

10. Automatic generation of standard components of the design

11. Validation/verification of designs against specifications and design rules

12. Simulation of designs without building a physical prototype

13. Output of engineering documentation, such as manufacturing drawings,


and Bills of Materials to reflect the BOM required to build the product

14. Output of design data directly to manufacturing facilities

15. maintain libraries of parts and assemblies

16. calculate mass properties of parts and assemblies

17. aid visualization with shading, rotating, hidden line removal, etc...

The Effects of CAD

Starting in the late 1980s, the development of readily affordable CAD


programs that could be run on personal computers

One CAD operator could readily replace at least three or five drafters
using traditional methods.

Engineers began to do their own drafting work, further eliminating the


need for traditional drafting departments.

This trend mirrored that of the elimination of many office jobs


traditionally performed by a secretary as word processors,
spreadsheets, databases, etc. became standard software packages
that "everyone" was expected to learn.

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The Effects of CAD

Today, hardware and software costs have come down. Even high-end
packages work on less expensive platforms and some even support
multiple platforms.

The adoption of CAD in engineering schools was not without


resistance, however.
• sketching on a computer screen did not replicate the skills associated
with practice of sketching in a sketchbook.
• students would be hired for their computer skills rather than their
design skill, as was indeed common in the 1990s.

Today, education in CAD is now accepted across the world in schools of


engineering.

COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS

 CAD - Computer Aided Design


 CADD - Computer Aided Design and Drafting
 CAE - Computer Aided Engineering
 CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing
 CAPP - Computer Aided Process Planning
 CATD - Computer Aided Tool Design
 CAP - Computer Aided Planning

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COMPUTER AIDED ENVIRONMENT

Product Cycle in computerized manufacturing


environment

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

 A technology which incorporates computer based tools to create and


store product design information.

 Design is an activity which needs to be organized and consider all aspect in


product development.

 Complexity of design process increases with number and diversity of


components present in final part.

 Example of software: AutoCAD, CATIA,Solidworks

Stages in Design Process


Design Phase Required CAD tools
Conceptualization Geometric modeling technique
Graphic aids
Manipulation
Visualization and RPT
Modelling and simulation All above
Animation
Assemblies
Analysis Analysis packages
Customized programs and packages
Optimization Customized applications
Structural optimzation (eg FEA)
Evalution Dimensioning
Tolerances
Bill of materials
RPT and CNC
Communication and Drafting and detailing
documentation

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CAD advantages

COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM)

 Technology which translates product design into information required for


overall process planning of its production-the manufacturing process.

 This involves factory management and control with aid of computerized


systems and may include numerical machine tools and robotics

 Example of software: Mastercam, SPC software

 Types of production: Mass production, Batch production, Job shop


production

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CAM in Manufacturing Activity


Industrial manufacturing can be categorized into:

Mass Production
• Very high volume justifying the used of special purpose machine
and transfer lines
• Very flexible

Batch Production
• Making of job in medium lots
• Transfer lines may not be used but special purpose machines
which can be easily modified through jigs and fixtures can be used

Job shop production


• Manufacture of very small lots, often of single jobs
• No special purpose machines or tooling are economically justified
• Normally uses general purposed machines and tooling and can be
a lengthy and error prone process

Types of Computer Controlled Machines

• CAM can be applied in all three


types of manufacturing activities

• Application is more important in


batch and job shop production
due to the amount of data and
flexibility required.

• Numerical control (NC) can


provide flexibility in
manufacturing.

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Manufacturing phases
Manufacturing Phase Required CAM tools

Process planning CAPP techniques


Cost analysis
Material and tooling specification
Part programming CNC, Robot and CMM
Programming
Analysis Analysis packages
Customized programs and packages
Inspection Inspection software

Assembly Robotic simulation and programming

CAM advantages

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COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING (CAE)

 Category of software that helps in the design, assessment, and manufacture


of engineering products.
 CAE covers a wide spectrum of engineering disciplines such as:
structural,thermal,fluid flow(eg gases and liquids), Electromagnetics,
Optimzation.
 Example of software: ABAQUS,ANSYS etc.
 In general, there are three phases in any computer-aided engineering task:
• Pre-processing – defining the model and environmental factors to be
applied to it. (typically a finite element model)
• Analysis solver (usually performed on high powered computers)
• Post-processing of results (using visualization tools)

Example:

FEA of random vibration in a beam. Colors


or gray scales are often used to show
degrees
of stress and deflection (Courtesy of
Algor, Inc.)

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