Sludge Disposal3annex PDF

$SSHQGL[
/LWHUDWXUH

*HQHUDO/LWHUDWXUH
*HQHUDOVWXGLHV
ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES; Contamination des sols par les lments en traces : les risques et
leur gestion; Editions Lavoisier Tec et Doc, Rapport 42, aot 1998, 435 p.
ADEME and RECYVAL ; 2001 ; Compost de boues de stations dpuration municipales : qualit
performances agronomiques et utilisations
ADEME Arthur Andersen; 1999; Situation du recyclage agricole des boues dpuration urbaines en
Europe et dans divers autres pays du monde
ADEME and CEMAGREF; 1999; Utilisation des dchets organiques en vgtalisation, Guide des
bonnes pratiques
ADEME and FNDAE; 1998; Connaissance et matrise des aspects sanitaires de l'pandage des
boues d'puration des collectivits locales
ADEME; 1997; Aspects sanitaires et environnementaux de l'pandage des boues d'puration
urbaines, journes techniques ADEME 5-6 juin 1997
ADEME, Trame; 1997; Les matriels de reprise des boues rsiduaires urbaines aprs stockage
ADEME, ENSAIA, INRA Nancy; 1996; La valeur phosphate des boues rsiduaires urbaines
ADEME, Agences de l'eau; 1995; Les diffrents procds de stockage des boues d'puration avant
valorisation en agriculture
ADEME, INAPG, ADEPRINA; 1995; La valeur azote des boues rsiduaires urbaines
ADEME, INRA Bordeaux, FNDAE; 1995; Les micropolluants mtalliques dans les boues
rsiduaires des stations d'puration urbaines. Collection "valorisation agricole des boues
d'puration.
ADEME, IRH environnement, FNDAE; 1995; Les micropolluants organiques dans les boues
rsiduaires des stations d'puration urbaines. Collection "valorisation agricole des boues
d'puration
ADEME, ENVN, FNDAE et ENSP; 1994; Les germes pathognes dans les boues d'puration
urbaines. Collection "valorisation agricole des boues de station d'puration"
AEA TECHNOLOGY PLC; 1999; Compilation of EU dioxin exposure and health data,
http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment-/dioxin/download.htm
AGENCE DE L'EAU RHIN MEUSE ET RECYVAL; 1998; Etude de la qualit des boues
d'puration pandues sur le territoire de l'Agence de l'eau
AGENCE DE L'EAU RHIN MEUSE; 1997; Le recyclage agricole des boues d'puration, actes du
colloque du 9 octobre 1997
AGENCES DE LEAU; Le recyclage agricole des boues dpuration : intrt et contraintes; Les
tudes des Agences de leau n61, 1998. http://www.eaufrance.tm.fr/francais/etudes/index.asp
AGENCES DE L'EAU/MINISTRE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT; 1994; L'assainissement des
agglomrations : techniques d'puration actuelles et volutions, tude inter AE n27
AGENCES DE L'EAU/MINISTRE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT; 1996; Approche technicoconomique des cots d'investissement des stations d'puration, tude inter AE n40

AMSA Association of municipal sewage agencies; 1992; Sludge analysis survey of 59 member
agencies
AMT DER BGLD LREG, ABT. XIII/3 Gewsseraufsicht, Technical university Wien, Institut fr
Wassergte und abfallwirtschaft, Ziv-Ing Bro DDI Dieter Depisch; Klrschlammkonzept fr
das Burgenland; Frstenfeld/Oberwart
ANDRE - AFNOR; 1997; Normalisation dans le domaine de la caractrisation des boues et bonnes
pratiques pour leur valorisation ou limination
ASSOCIATION PLE ENVIRONNEMENT SUD AQUITAIN Proceedings of the conference; 23
- 24 February 2000; Les boues: quels enjeux? Quelles solutions?
ATV; 1996; Landwirtschaftliche Klrschlammverwertung
AZCARTE HWDO; 1998; Produccion y destino final de los lodos de depuracion en la Union Europea
- situaccion actual y perspectivas futuras
BAIZE D, JANIEC S.; Les lments traces mtalliques dans les sols. ; Editions INRA, pages 1-52,
1994.
BAIZE D.; Mobilit, Bio-disponibilit teneurs totales; Editions INRA, pages 9-12, 1994.
BAIZE D.; Teneurs totales en lments traces mtalliques dans les sols (France); Editions INRA,
1997, 406 pages
BMU sterreich; 1999; Gewsserschutzbericht
CECIL LUE HING, DAVID R; ZENZ AND RICHARD KUCENRITHER; 1996; Municipal
sewage sludge management: processing, utilisation and disposal
CEMAGREF; 1999; Evaluation des cots des filires d'utilisation agricole des boues rsiduaires
issues des stations d'puration urbaines
CHAMBERS et NICHOLSON; 2001 (in press); Beneficial effects of biosolids on soil quality and
fertility; ADAS report for the UK Water Industry Research Ltd
CHAMBRE D'AGRICULTURE; 1993; Le recyclage agricole des dchets, supplment n804
CIWEM; 1995; Sewage sludge: introducing treatment and management; Handbooks of UK
wastewater practice
CIWEM; 1995; Sewage sludge: utilisation and disposal; Handbooks of UK wastewater practice
CIWEM; 1996; Sewage sludge: stabilisation and disinfection; Handbooks of UK wastewater
practice
CNISF-AGHTM; Pollutec 98; 1998; Les boues de station d'puration biologiques : approche
technico-conomique des diffrentes filires, incidences sur les procds amont et le cot de
l'eau
COLIN F.; Connaissances actuelles en matire dutilisation agricole des boues rsiduaires urbaines;
Editions IRH, pages 37-54, 1980.
COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DES INDUSTRIES AGRICOLES ET ALIMENTAIRES;
Mtaux lourds et aliments; Stage de formation continue CIIA, 21-22 octobre 1999, INA-PG
PARIS.
CSHPF Ministre de la sant, France; 1996; rapport du groupe de travail sur les risques sanitaires
lis l'utilisation des boues rsiduaires
CSHPF. Section de lalimentation et de la nutrition; Plomb, Cadmium et mercure : valuation et
gestion du risque; Editions Lavoisier Tec et Doc, 231 pages, 1996.
CSHPF. Section des eaux; Risques sanitaires lis aux boues dpuration des eaux uses urbaines;
Editions Lavoisier Tec et Doc, 106 pages, 1998.

CSHPF; 1997; Recommandations sanitaires concernant lutilisation des boues rsiduaires en

agriculture
CSHPF; 1997; Risques sanitaires lis aux boues d'puration des eaux uses urbaines, dition
Lavoisier Tec & Doc
DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; MADSEN HW DO; 1998; Effect of
Organic Chemicals in sludge applied to Soil,
DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; 1997; Use of waste products in
agriculture, environmental project n366
DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; 1997; Soil quality criteria for celected
compounds, Work Report N 83
DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; 1995; Soil Quality criteria for selected
inorganic compounds, Work Report N 48
DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; 1995; Soil quality criteria for selected
organic compounds, Work Report N 47
DAVIS HWDO; 1998; Review of the scientific evidence relating to the controls on the agricultural
use of sewage sludge, Part I & II; final report to the Department of Environment
DEGRMONT; 1994; Les boues : de la destination finale aux filires de traitement. Rencontres
techniques
DELGADO A.C.; 1992; Sludge treatment and disposal at sewage treatment plants in Spain.
Workshop on sludge disposal routes
DEPARTAMENT DE MEDI AMBIENT (JUNTA DE RESIDUS Y JUNTA DE SANEJAMENT)
I DEPARTAMENT DAGRICULTURA, RAMADERIA I PESCA DE LA GENERALITAT
DE CATALUNYA; 1997; Manual de gesti dels residus orgnics per a la seva aplicaci als sls
agrcoles. - Valoritzaci de residus orgnics dorigen agroindustrial i fangs de depuradora.
DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA SANTE; La diagonale des mtaux, tudes sur la teneur en
mtaux de lalimentation; Ministre de la Sant Publique et de lAssurance Maladie, 31 pages,
1995.
DOWDY R.H, GOODRICH R.D, LARSON W.E, BRAY B.J, PAMP D.E.; Effects of sewage
sludge on corn silage and animal products; Project summary, EPA-600/S2-84-075, 1984
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, JOINT RESEARCH CENTER; 2000; Workshop on problems
around sludge, 18-19 November 1999 Stresa, Proceedings
EUROPEAN COMMISSION; 2000; Report from the Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament on the implementation of community waste legislation for the period 1995 1997;
COM(1999)752; http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/rpt/1999/com1999_0752en01.pdf
EUROPEAN COMMISSION; 1999; Report from the Commission, Implementation of Council
Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment, as amended by
Commission
Directive
98/15/EC
of
February
1998;
COM(98)775,
http://www.europarl.eu.int/basicdoc/basicdoc-en.htm
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY; 2000; Down to earth: Soil degradation and sustainable
development
in
Europe,
Environmental
Issues
Series
n
16,
http://themes.eea.eu.int/toc.php/state/soil?doc=39303&l=en
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY; 2000; Dangerous substances in waste, technical report
n 38, http://reports.eea.eu.int:80/technical_report_no_38/en/tech38.pdf
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY; 1998; Sludge treatment and disposal: management
approaches
and
experiences;
Environmental
Issues
Series
n
7,
http://www.binary.eea.eu.int:800/s/sludge.pdf

EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU/JOINT RESEARCH CENTER ISPRA, 2000, Heavy Metal (Trace
Element) and Organic Matter Contents of European Soils results for preliminary evaluations
for 4 Member States
EUROPEAN WASTE WATER GROUP (EWWG); 1996; European Waste Water Catalogue
FAO/OMS; Codex Alimentarius; 1984.
GEMAS/COMIFER; Qualit des sols et qualit des productions agricoles; Actes des troisimes
rencontres de la fertilisation raisonne et de lanalyse de terre, 18-19-20 novembre 1997, Blois.
GENERALITAT DE CATALUNYA. Departament dAgricultura, Ramaderia i Pesca (agotado);
1995; Manual dutilitats dels fangs de depuradora com a adobs. Quaderns de divulgaci 12.
GRTTNER H.; 1992; Sludge production and disposal in Denmark
ICON; 2000; Pollutants in Urban waste water and sewage sludge; interim report
IFTS; 1995; Bilan et perspectives de dveloppement des matriels de sparation liquide-solide en
dshydratation des boues rsiduaires urbaines et industrielles, rapport ADEME n 95/021
IAWQ (International Association on Water Quality); 1998; A Global Atlas of Wastewater Sludge
and Biosolids Use and Disposal
INRA, 1999, Epandage de boues de station dpuration en conditions forestires, Situation actuelle
et perspectives, Rapport du dpartement forts et milieux naturels, Unit de recherche forestire
Pierroton, 10 pages
KABATA A, PENDIAS H.; Trace elements in soils and plants; Chapters 5-13, pages 67-296,
secondes dition, 1984.
LECLERCQ S.; 1993; Utilisation agricole des boues de stations d'puration au Danemark et en
Allemagne. Mmoire
L'OBSERVATOIRE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT n53; 1998; Boues : l'pandage confort ou
compromis?
MARECOS DO MONTE M.H.; 1997; Beneficial reuse of biosolids and effluents in Portugal:
practice and potential, in Beneficial reuse of water and biosolids, proceedings of the conference
of the Water environment federation, April 6-9 1997
MINISTRE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT; 1987; Guide technique sur les procds d'utilisation des
boues en agriculture
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE; 1998; Sources of phtalates and
nonylphenols in municipal waste water, a study in local environment, NERI technical report n
225
NATURVRDSVERKET (Swedish Environment Protection Agency), 1997, Tillstndet i svensk
kermark (Current status of Swedish arable soils), rapport 4778
OCKIER AND DE MUYNCK; 1989; Aquafin, Proceedings of the conference of the EWWG in
Venice: Sewage Sludge, reuse in agriculture in Flanders
OTV; 1997; Traiter et valoriser les boues. Collection OTV; http://www.otv.fr/actu/fouvrage.htm
PEE Bruxelles; 1998; Le compostage des boues d'puration en Belgique
PEE Irlande; 1998; Les boues d'puration en Irlande
PEE Londres; 1996; L'Echo de Big Ben n200 L'usage agricole des boues d'puration au Royaume
Uni
PEE Londres; 1998; La filire recyclage des boues d'puration au Royaume Uni.
PETIT K. - ENVA; 1996; Etude bibliographique sur la rsistance des parasites aux traitements des
boues de stations d'puration. Impact sur la sant publique. Thse de doctorat vtrinaire

REVEL J.C., ENSAR; 1993; Boues de station d'puration et sylviculture. Etude bibliographique
RIVM; 1997; Maximum permissible concentrations and negligible concentrations for metals,
taking background concentrations into account
SCHARF. S., Schneider M., Zethner G.; 1998; Recycling and disposal of Municipal Sewage
Sludge in Austria - Summary
SCHIMA; 1995; Landwirtschaftliche Klrschlammverwertung, Einflsse der Europischen
Integration
SEDE, WRc; 1994; Waste management -sewage sludge: survey of sludge production, treatment,
quality and disposal in the EU
SEDE.; 1997; Impact de lpandage des boues de la station Seine AVAL du SIAAP (Achres) sur
les teneurs en ETM des rcoltes.
SFSP - Collection sant et socit n6; 1997; Science et Dcision en sant environnementale. Les
enjeux de l'valuation et de la gestion des risques
SITEREM; 1998; Normes de qualit pour les produits/dchets valorisables sur les terres agricoles
dans le cadre dun plan denvironnement durable, rapport de synthse n R/HH09/9803 pour le
Ministre de la rgion wallone
SMITH S. R.; 1996; Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge and the environment 367 pp.
STEINMLLER H., VAF; 1999; Klrschlammkonzept Niedersterreich, Endbericht
STEINMLLER H.; 1997; Taggungsband des 10. Aachener Kolloquiums Abfallwirtschaft,
Verwertung organischer Abflle- Mode oder nachhaltige Lsung?
STEINMLLER H.; Das niedersterreichische Klrschlammkonzept, Erfahrungen und
Erkenntnisse
aus
der
Umsetzung
der
Studie
"Klrschlmmverwertung
nach
Schadstoffvermeidung",
in
:
"Finanzierung
un
Kostenoptimierung
in
der
Siedlungswasserwirtschaft"; 1997
SWT & FoE; 1998;A suitable case for treatment: the way forward for Scotlands sewage sludge
SYPREA; 1997; Le recyclage agricole : enjeux - contraintes et avenir
TC 308 WG 3 Guide 2; Guidelines of good practice for sludge production in relation to use or
disposal
UMK-AG; A concept for determining and assessing the relevance of harmful organic constituents
in sewage sludge; 1998
UMK-AG; Konzept zur Ermittlung und Bewertung der Relevanz schdlicher organischer
Inhaltsstoffe im Klrschlamm; 1997
UMWELTBUNDESAMT sterreich; 1998; berlegungen zur Verwendung organischer
Recyclingsderivate im Wald, http://ww.ubavie.gv.at
UMWELTBUNDESAMT sterreich; 1997; Zur Situation der Verwertung und Entsorgen des
kommunalen Klrschlammes in sterreich
UMWELTBUNDESAMT sterreich; 1995; Analytische Untersuchungen von Klrschlamm
UMWELTBUNDESAMT; 1995; Nicht gefhrliche Abflle Teil B
UMWELTBUNDESAMT; 1998; Nicht gefhrliche Abflle
UNIVERSITAT POLITCNICA DE CATALUNYA I CONSORCI DE LA COSTA BRAVA;
1996; Reutilitzaci dels fangs en lagricultura. Situaci actual i perspectives de futur a la Costa
Brava. Informe Tcnic
US EPA.; Standards for the use or disposal sewage sludge; Part 503, Federal register 58 (32) 93879401.

USEPA; Environmental regulations and technology, Control of pathogens and vector attraction in
sewage sludge; 1998
VDI Bildungswerk; 2000; Biogene Abflle/Holz/Klrschlamm Verwertung - Behandlung Beseitigung
WHO; 1995; Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater and
sewage sludge applications in agriculture
WHO; 1995; Effect of human viruses on public health associated with the use of wastewater and
sewage sludge in agriculture and aquaculture
WITTE H. - ATV; Model for the organization of the utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture
WOLSTENHOLME R., DUTCH J., MOFFAT A. J., BAYES C. D., TAYLOR C. M. A., A manual
of good practice for the use of sewage sludge in forestry, Forestry Commission Bulletin 107,
1992
WRc; 2001; Survey of wastes spread on land Draft final report
WRc; 2001; Evaluation of sludge treatments for pathogens reduction, Report for the European
Commission, DG Environment
WRc; 1999; Manual of good practice for the use of sewage sludge in land reclamation
WRc, ADAS, IACR; 1998; Effects of sewage sludge applications to agricultural soils on soil
microbial activity and the implications for agricultural productivity and long term soil fertility
WRc; 1993; An assessment of the environmental impact of recycling sewage sludge to agricultural
land, Research report
6WDWLVWLFDOGDWD
FAO Statistical data, http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?-subset=agriculture
EUROSTAT; 1998; Agriculture, statistical yearbook
EEA/Eurostat; 1998; Europe's environment: Statistical Compendium for the second assessment
OECD; 1999; OECD environmental data, compendium 1999
/LWHUDWXUH FRQFHUQLQJ LQFLQHUDWLRQ DQG ODQGILOOLQJ XVHG IRU WKLV

VWXG\
COWI; 2000; A study on the Economic Valuation of Environmental Externalities from Landfill
Disposal and Incineration of Waste
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY;
http://www.binary. eea.eu.int/t/tech38.pdf
1999;
Dangerous
substances
in
waste,
OFFICE PARLEMENTAIRE D'VALUATION DES CHOIX SCIENTIFIQUES ET

TECHNOLOGIQUES; 1999; Les techniques de recyclage et de valorisation des dchets
mnagers et assimils, http://www.senat.fr/rap/o98-415/o98-415.html
SFSP - Collection sant et socit n7; 1999; L'incinration des dchets et la sant publique : bilan
des connaissances rcentes et valuation du risque
RENTZ, O., Sasse H., Karl U. ; 1999 ; Analyse der knftigen Entsorgung kommunaler
Klrschlmme in Baden-Wrttemberg durch Mitverbrennung, http://www-dfiu.wiwi.unikarlsruhe.de/~ssm-/veroeffd.htm

SASSE HW DO; 1999; Analyse comparative des filires doxydation des boues de stations
dpuration urbaines; Dchets, sciences et techniques 15, 10-14
SASSE HW DO; 1999; Analysis of the future utilisation of municipal sewage sludge in BadenWrttemberg; in R99, Recovery, Recycling, Re-integration Congress, Proceedings vol. V 232237, Geneva February 1999
LESOUAL J., PERROD, C.; 1998; Co-incinration et incinration des dchets solides et boues
rsiduaires, Degrmont et Lyonnaise des eaux Bordeaux
ERM; 1998; Economic evaluation on waste incineration
VEAUX HWDO; 1997; Bilan intgr des missions et installations fixes de combustion de mtaux
lourds en Alsace et dans le Bade-Wurtemberg; Pollution atmosphrique janvier-mars 1997 pp.
88-100.
AEA TECHNOLOGY PLC; 1995; Economic evaluation of the draft incineration directive
/LWHUDWXUHFRQFHUQLQJ/LIHF\FOHDVVHVVPHQW
AERM - Arthur Andersen; 1999; Audit environnemental et conomique des filires d'limination
des boues d'puration, http://www.eaufrance.tm.fr/francais/etudes/modele.asp?fiche_id=54
CHASSOT G. M.; CANDIDAS T.; 1998; kobilanz verschiedener Entsorgungsmglichkeiten fr
Klrschlamm, gwa 7/98 pp. 544-553
CHASSOT G. M.; CANDIDAS T.; 1997; kologische Beurteilung
Entsorgungsvarianten fr den Klrschlamm der ARA Region Bern, Bericht
vershiedener
CHASSOT G. M.; CANDIDAS T.; 1997; Dsapprovisionnement des boues d'puration :

comparaison de l'utilisation en agriculture et de l'incinration l'aide d'un bilan cologique,
rapport final pour l'Association bernoise des stations d'puration des eaux uses
FRANKE B.; HPER G.; 1995; kobilanz zur Klrschlammentsorgung in Bremen :
Landwirtschaft, Mitverbrennung, Flugstromvergasung; Korrespondenz Abwasser 9/95 pp.
1529-1541
FINNVEDEN HW DO; Solid waste treatment within the framework of life-cycle assessment. J.
Cleaner. Prod. 3 (4) pp. 189-199; 1996
TETZLAFF S. HWDO; 1993; kobilanz der Klrschlammentsorgung; Korrespondenz Abwasser 6/93
PP. 990-1004
SETAC; 1993; Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment: A 'Code of Practice'
CML; RIVM; 1992; Environmental life cycle assessment of products, backgrounds October 1992
6WXGLHVDQGUHSRUWVFRQFHUQLQJWKH$FFHVVLRQ&RXQWULHV
EEA / ETC IW; 1999; Implementation of the urban waste water treatment directive in the ten
Accession Countries
SOMLYODY L. AND SHANAHAN P.; 1997; Municipal wastewater treatment in central and
Eastern Europe: present situation and cost effective development; World Bank report.
TAIEX; 1999Application and enforcement of EU environmental legislation at sub-national level
for waste and water sector; preparatory report for Latvia; Workshop held at Jurmala on
30/11/99-01/12/99
TAIEX; 1999Application and enforcement of EU environmental legislation at sub-national level;
Estonia country report; waste management; workshop held in Tartu on 7-8/12/99


Estonia country report; water management; workshop held in Tartu on 7-8/12/99
Lithuania country report; workshop held in Kaunas on16-17/11/99

6FLHQWLILFOLWHUDWXUH
AICHBERGER, Bodenschutz und Sekundrrohstoffe, Verffentlichungen Bundesamt fr
Agrarbiologie Linz/Donau 22, 65-75, 2000
AICHBERGER et PERFAHL, Der Beitrag von Klrschlamm und Kompost zur Scwermetallbilanz
Landwirtschaftlicher Bden Obersterreichs, VDLUFA-Schriftenreihe 46, pp. 559-561, 1997
ALBERICCI HWDO; Trace metals in soil, vegetation and voles from mine land treated with sewage
sludge; Journal of Environmental Quality 18, 115-120; 1989
ALCOCK HW DO Persistence and fate of PCBs in sewage sludge amended agricultural soils;
Environmental pollution 93(1) 83-92; 1996
ALCOCK HWDO; The influence of multiple sewage sludge amendments on the PCB content of an
agricultural soil over time, Environmental Toxicology and chemistry 14(4); 1995
AMLINGER F., Heavy Metal Limits in soil Improver: Discussion Guidelines, 1994 in Soil
Improvers and growing media Guidelines for the safety of users, the environment and plants,
CEN TC report CR 13455, 1999
ANDERSSON A.; Some aspects on the significance of heavy metals in sewage sludge and related
products used as fertilizers; Swedish J. agri. Res. 7: 1-5, 1977
BTH E.; Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (a review);
Water, air and soil pollution 47, 335-379, 1989
BAIZE D., STERCKEMANN T., Of the necessity of knowledge of the natural pedo-geological
background content in the evaluation of the contamination of soils by trace elements, The
science of the total environment 264 pp. 127-139, 2001
BAIZE D.; Mobilit, Bio-disponibilit teneurs totales.; Editions INRA, pages 9-12, 1994.
BIRGITTE R.; Sewage sludge amended soils and heavy metals, 1997.
BRAGUGLIA (7$/, Fate of heavy metals in sludge incineration with fluidised bed and rotary
kiln furnaces, Open Meeting on Combustion, Ichia, Italy, May 22-25 2000
BROWN HWDO The movement of metals applied to soils in sewage sludge effluent; Water, air and
soil pollution 19; 43-54, 1986
CANALLI, TITTARELLI, SEQUI coord.; Chromium environmental issues, FrancoAngelli; 1997
CARRINGTON; The contribution of sewage sludge to the dessemination of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment, Technical report TR 71; WRc Medmenham, Marlow 1978
CARROLL and ROSS; A study to assess the environmental impact of injecting raw sludge into
agricultural soils; Final report to Environmental ProtectionService, Environment Canada,
Department of supply and service, Contract ISS80-00232. Waterworks, Waste and disposal
Department, City of Winnipeg; 1981
CECCHI HW DO, Lindagine di Federgasacqua sul sistema di raccolta e depurazione delle acque
reflue urbane in Italia. In L. Bonomo HW DO, Limpatto sul servizio idrico della direttiva CEE
91/271 concernente il trattamento delle acque reflue urbane, Proaqua Roma, 1996
CENNI R. HWDO, Legislative and environmental issues on the use of ash from coal and municipal
sewage sludge co-firing as construction material, waste management 21(1), 17-31, 2001
CHAMBERS HWDO, The value of biosolids to soil fertility, IQPCs 8th International sewage sludge
event, 5-7 July 2000
CHAMBERS HWDO; Recycling sludge to land - a sustainable strategy? IBC Conference - Sewage
sludge' 98; 1998

CHANEY R.L; Recycling municipal sludges and effluent on land, 1973.

CHANG A.C, PAGE A.L, FOSTER K.W, JONES T.E.; A comparison of Cadmium and Zinc
accumulation by four barley grown in sludge amended soils; Journal environment quality, vol
11, n3, 1982
CHANG HW DO; A methodology for establishing phytotoxicity criteria for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in
agricultural land application of municipal sewage sludges; 1992
CHAUDRI HW DO; Toxicity of organic compounds to the indigenous population of Rhizobium
leguminosarum biova trifolii in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem. 28(10/11), 1483-1487; 1996
CHAUSSOD HW DO, Etude des effets biologiques de la contamination des sols par le cuivre et le
cadmium, sur deux dispositifs exprimentaux de longue dure, compte rendu des travaux 19951997, INRA Dijon, 1998.
CHAUSSOD HW DO; Dchets urbains: impacts sur la qualit des sols et des produits, Actes des
3mes rencontres de la fertilisation raisonne et de l'analyse de la terre; 1997
CHRISTENSEN K.K., KRON E. & CARLSBEK M. Development of a Nordic system for
evaluating the sanitary quality of compost. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Final report, 2001
CLAPP, LARSON AND DOWDY; Sewage Sludge: Land utilisation and the environment; 1994
COKER; Biological aspects of the disposal utilisation of sewage sludge on land; Advances in
applied biology; 9, 257-322; 1983
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, DIRKZWAGER AND L'HERMITE,
COORD; Sewage sludge treatment and use: new developments, technological aspects and
environmental effects, proceedings of a conference held in Amsterdam on 19-23 September
1988; 1989
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, HALL, SAUERBECK AND
L'HERMITE, COORD.; Effects of organic contaminants in sewage sludge on soil fertility,
plants and animals, proceedings of a seminar held at Braunschweig on 6-8 June 1990; 1992
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, QUAGHEBEUR, TEMMERMAN AND
ANGELETTI, COORD; Organic contaminants in waste water, sludge and sediment,
occurrence, fate and disposal, proceedings of a workshop held in Brussels on 26-27 October
1988; 1989
COOLS D.; MERCKX R.; VLASSAK K.; VERHAEGEN J.; Survival of ( FROL and
(QWHUURFRFFXV spp. derived from pig slurry in soils of different texture, Applied Soil Ecology
17, pp. 53-62, 2001
CSHPF; Risques sanitaires lis aux boues d'puration des eaux uses urbaines, ditions Lavoisier
Tec & Doc; 1997
DAVIS A.P., SHOKOUHIAN M., NI S., Loading estimates of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in
urban runoff from specific sources, Chemosphere 44, 997-1009, 2001
DEAN HWDO; The risk to health of chemicals in sewage sludge applied to land, Waste management
research 3 251-278; 1985
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; Technical university
of Denmark; Uptake of toxic organics in plants and animals; in: management and fate of toxic
organics in sludge applied to land. Proceedings of the conference of Copenhagen; 1997
DIERCXENS P. HW DO; Apport par les boues de composs traces organiques dans les sols et les
cultures; Gaz, eaux, eaux uses, 67(3), 123-132, 1987
DIGNAC (7$/, Fate of wastewater organic pollution during activated sludge treatment: nature of
residual organic matter, Wat. res. 34(17) pp. 4185-4194, 2000

DIRKZWAGER A. H. HW DO, Production, treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in the
Netherlands, European Water Pollution Control, 7(2), 29-411, 1997
DOR F.; Impacts des rejets atmosphriques des incinrations de dchets mnagers et assimils;
1998
DOUBEN HWDO; Congener specific transfer of PCDD/Fs from air to cow's milk: an evaluation of
current modelling approaches; Environmental pollution 95(3) 333-344; 1997
DOWDY HWDO; Trace metal movement in an aeric Ochraqualf following 14 years of annual sludge
application, J. Environ. Qual. 20:119-123; 1991
DOWDY, PAGE AND CHANG; Management of agricultural land receiving Wastewater sludge in
Soil management for sustainability; 1991
DUARTE-DAVIDSON R., WILSON S.C., ALCOCK R.E., JONES K.C., Identification of priority
organic contaminants in sewage sludge, volume 1, UK Water Industry Research Limited, 1995
DUCROT HW DO; Risque sanitaire toxicologique li l'pandage agricole des boues de station
d'puration, revue md. vt. 147(6) 439-444; 1996
EDMONDS; Survival of coliform bacteria in sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut and
potential movement into groundwater; Applied Environmental Microbiology 32; 537-546; 1976
EFROYMSON R.A., MURPHY D.L., Ecological risk assessment of multimedia hazardous air
pollutants: estimating exposure and effects, The Science of the total environment, 274, 219-230,
2001
ELJARRAT HWDO; Decline in PCDD and PCDF levels in sewage sludges from Catalonia (Spain);
Environmental science and technology 33(15) pp. 2493-2498, 1999
ELJARRAT HWDO; Effects of sewage sludge contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,
dibenzofurans, and biphenyls on agricultural soils; Environmental Science and Technology,
31(10), 2765-2771, 1997
EMMERICH HW DO.; Movement of heavy metals in sewage sludge-treated soils, Journal of
environmental quality 11, 174-178; 1982
FINNVEDEN HW DO; Solid waste treatment within the framework of life-cycle assessment. J.
Cleaner. Prod. 3 (4) pp. 189-199; 1996
FRIES G. F.; Potential polychlorinated biphenyl residues in animal products from application of
contaminated sewage sludge to land, J. environ. Qual. 11(1) 14-20; 1982
FROST H.L. and KETCHUM L.H.; Trace metal concentration in durum wheat from application of
sewage sludge and commercial fertiliser, Advances in environmental research, 4(4), pp. 347355, 2000
GERRITSE HW DO., Effect of sewage sludge on trace element mobility in soil, Journal of
Environmental Quality 11, 359-364; 1982
GILLER HW DO; Toxicity of heavy metals to micro-organisms and microbial processes in
agricultural soils - a review; Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30, 1389-1414; 1998
GLANTZ and JACKS; Significance of (VFKHULFKLDFROL serotypes in waste water effluent; Journal
of the Water pollution control Federation 39, 1918-1921; 1967
GOMEZ HW DO; Dfinition des seuils de phytotoxicit de diffrents mtaux susceptibles dtre
rencontrs dans les boues de station dpuration pour des sols trs faible teneur ou trs fort
pouvoir de fixation vis--vis des cations; conv. Min. envir./ C.E.N. Cadarache/ INRA n 79-81,
108 p. ; 1982
GRIDEC; Evaluation des nuisances et impacts lis l'incinration d'ordures mnagres et
assimils; 1996

HAGENMAIER, H.; Untersuchungen der Gehalte an polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen,

polychlorierten
Dibenzofuranen
und
ausgewhlten
Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen
in
Klrschlmmen; 1988
HALL; Treatment and use of sewage sludge in the treatment & handling of wastes; 1992
HOLM HWDO; Measured soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc in plant pots and estimated
leaching outflows from contaminated soils, Water, air and soil pollution 102: 105-115; 1998
HUYLEBROEK; Review of research projects on ground-water pollution from agricultural use of
sewage sludge. Treatment and use of Sewage sludge. Commission of the European
Communities, Cost Project 68 Bis, Final Report III, Technical Annexes, 491-521, 1981
JACKSON AND EDULJEE; An assessment of the risks associated with PCDDs and PCDFs
following the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land in the UK, Chemosphere 29(12)
pp. 2523-2543; 1994
JACOBS HW DO; Effects of trace organics in sewage sludges on soil-plant systems and assessing
their risk to humans, in Land application of sludge, proceedings of a workshop; 1989
JAKSON AND ALLOWAY; The bioavailability of cadmium to lettuce and cabbage in soils
previously treated with sewage sludge; Plant and Soil 132; 179-186; 1991
JAKSON AND ALLOWAY; The transfer of cadmium from sewage sludge amended soil into the
edible components of food crops; Water, Air and Soil Pollution 57-58: 873-881; 1991
JENSEN HW DO; Speciation of heavy metals in landfill leachate polluted groundwater, wat. Res.
33(11) pp. 2642-2650; 1999
JONES HW DO; Measured and predicted volatilisation fluxes of PCBs from contaminated sludgeamended soils; Environmental pollution 97(3) 229-238; 1997
JONES HW DO; Organic chemicals in contaminated land: analysis, significance and research
priorities; Land contamination and reclamation 4(3) 189-197; 1996
JONES HWDO; The importance of long- and short-term air-soil exchanges of organic contaminants,
Inter. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 59 167-178; 1995
JONES K. C., DUARTE-DAVISON R.; Screening the environmental fate of organic contaminants
in sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils: II. The potential for transfers to plants and
grazing animals The science of the total environment 185, 59-70; 1996
JONES K.C. and SEWART A.P.; Dioxins and furans in sewage sludge: A review of their
occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in
sludge-amended agricultural systems; Critical reviews in environmental science and technology
27(1); 1997
JONES HW DO.; Enhanced survival of eggs of Ascaris following ingestion by earthworms;
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 73, 325; 1979
JUSTE C, MENCH M.; Long term application of sewage sludge and its effects on metal uptake by
crops in biogeochemistry of trace metal.; Lewis Publishers, pages 159-193, 1992.
JUSTE C.; Cadmium in soils bioavailability and possible ways to manage it in cadmium 92, Proc.
7th Intern. Cadmium comt. New Orleans Cadmium Assoc FP 69; 1992
KAMPE AND SAUERBECK; Schadstoffe im Boden insbesondere Schwermetalle und organische
Schadstoffe aus langjhriger Anwendung von Siedlungabfllen, Auftrag des UBA; 1986
KAMPE; Cd and Pb in the consumption of foodstuffs depending on various contents of heavy
metals; in LHermitte, and Ott, Processing and Use of sewage sludge, Reidel Publishing
company Dordrecht; 334-348, 1984
KENRICK HWDO.; Trace organics in British aquifers; Technical report TR 223, WRc Medmenham,
Marlow; 1985

KJELDSEN et CHRISTOPHERSEN, Composition of leachate from old landfills in Denmark,

submitted for publication, 2000
KLADIVKO AND NELSON; Surface runoff from sludge amended soils, Journal of the water
pollution control federation; 51; 100-110; 1979
KNIGHT HW DO; Determination of chemical availability of cadmium and zinc in soils using inert
soil moisture samplers, in environmental pollution 99 293-298; 1998
KNOCHE HWDO, Schwermetalltransfer Boden-Pflanze ; Ergebnisse der Auswertungen hinsichtlich
der Knigswasser- und Ammoniumnitrat-Extraktion anhand der Datenbank TRANSFER,
Forschungsbericht 107 06 001/20 UBA FB 98-120, Texte 11/99, Umweltbundesamt, 1999
KNOCHE H.; Schadstoffe in kosystemen - Ableitung von Bodennormwertkonzepten aus
vorliegenden Analysedaten; 1996
KREIN et SCHORER, Road runoff pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its
contribution to river sediment; Water Research, 34(16) pages 4110-4115, 2000
KROGMANN HWDO; Biosolids and sludge management, Water environment research; 1999
KROGMANN HWDO; Biosolids and sludge management, Water environment research; 1998
KROGMANN HW DO; Biosolids and sludge management, Water environment research 69(4) pp.
534-550; 1997
KRUSE AND BARRETT; Effects of municipal sludge and fertilizer on heavy metal accumulation
in earthworms; environmental pollution (Series A) 38, 235-244; 1985
LAGRIFFOUL HWDO, Cadmium toxicity effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents, and
activities of stress related enzymes in young maize plants (Zea mays L.), Plant and Soil 200, pp.
241-250, 1998
LARKIN HWDO; Persistence of virus on sewage irrigated vegetables; Journal of the environmental
engineering division of the American Society of Civil Engineers; 102; 29-35; 1976
LISK D.J, BOYD R.D, TELFORD J.N, BABISH J.G, STOEWSAND G.S, BACHE C.A,
GUTENMANN W.H.; Toxicologic studies with swine fed corn grown on municipal sewage
sludge-amended soil; Journal of Animal Science, vol. 55, n3, pages 613-618, 1982.
LUE-HING HWDO.; Viral and bacterial levels resulting from land application of digested sludge; in
Sopper HWDO Utilization of municipal sewage effluent and sludge on forest and disturbed land,
The pensylvania State University Press, pp. 445-462; 1979
MAGNUSSON AND HNEL; Pelleted Municipal Sludge A Key Element in Future Resource
Cycling and Sustainable Forest Management, presented at th XXI IUFRO World Congress, 712 August, Kuala Lumpur; 2000
MARANI HWDO, Partitioning of heavy metals in sewage sludge incineration, Annali di Chimica 88,
pp. 887-899, 1998
MBILA HWDO; Pedogenesis of heavy metals polluted soils; non published thesis, 2000.
MCBRIDE M.; rowing food crops on sludge-amended soils: problems with the U.S. environmental
protection agency method of estimating toxic metal transfer; Environmental toxicology and
chemistry 17(11); 2274-2281; 1998
MCBRIDE M.; Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge: are USEPA regulations
protective?; Journal of environment quality 24(1) 5-17; 1995
MCBRIDE M.; Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge: are USEPA regulations
protective; Journal environment quality 24; 5-18; 1995
MCGRATH; Persistent organic pollutants and metals from sewage sludge: their effects on soil,
plants and the foodchain, in: Workshop on problems around sludge, proceedings, Langenkamp,
Marmo eds; 2000

MCGRATH HW DO; Long-term effects of metals in sewage sludge on soils, micro-organisms and
plants; Journal of industrial microbiology 14, 94-104; 1995
MCGRATH and LANE; An explanation for the apparent losses of metals in a long-term field
experiment with sewage sludge; environmental pollution 60, 235-256; 1989
MCGRATH, BROOKES and GILLER; Effects of potentially toxic metals in soil derived from past
applications of sewage sludge on nitrogen fixation by 7ULIROLXP UHSHQV L.; Soil Biology and
Biochemistry 20, 415-424; 1988
MCGRATH S.P.; Long term studies of metal transfers following application of sewage sludge in
Pollutant transport and fate in ecosystems; Blackwell Scientific publication, pages 301-317,
1987.
MCLACHLAN AND RICHTER; Uptake and transfer of PCDD/Fs by cattle fed naturally
Contaminated feedstuffs and feed contaminated as a result of sewage sludge application 1.
Lactating cows, J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(3) 1166-1172; 1998
MCLACHLAN HWDO; Persistence of PCDD/Fs in a Sludge-amended soil; Environmental science &
technology 30(8) 2567-2571; 1996
MCLACHLAN HW DO; Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludge:
sources and fate following sludge application to land, The science of the total environment
185:109-123; 1996
MELANEN HW DO.; Leaching resulting from land application of sewage sludge and slurry;
publications of the Water research institute, 61. Veshiallitus National Board of Waters,
Finland
MENCH HW DO, Cadmium availability to wheat in five soils series from the Yonne district,
Burgundy, France, Environmental pollution 95(1), pp. 93-103, 1997
MENCH M, JUSTE C, SOLDA P.; Effets de lutilisation de boues urbaines en essai de longue
dure : accumulation des mtaux par les vgtaux suprieurs; Socit botanique franaise,
Actualit botaniques 139 : 141-156, 1992
MICHELIN HWDO, Evaluation de ltat de contamination dun sol agricole par les lments traces
mtalliques li des apports rguliers de boues rsiduaires urbaines depuis 1985, in press, 2001
MIEURE HWDO; Terrestrial safety assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, chemosphere 21(12) 251-262; 1990
MININNI HWDO, Partitioning of Cr, CU, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by rotary kiln and
fluidized bed furnaces, Water research and technology, 41(8) pp. 61-68, 2000
MOOLENAAR S.W.; Indicators of sustainability of heavy metals management in agro-systems;
The science of total environment 201, 155-169, 1997.
MOREL J.L.; Bioavailability of trace elements to terrestrial plants in Soil ecotoxicology; Lewis
Publishers, pages 141-176, 1997.
NICHOLSON HWDO; The effect of long-term soil acidification on the mobilisation of cadmium in
agricultural soils;
NICHOLSON HW DO.; Sources of heavy metals to agricultural soils in England and Wales,
Proceedings of the 5th Intern. Conf. on the Biogeochem. of Trace Elements, Vienna, 1999, pp
264-265, 1999
NILSSON C., Swedish environmental protection agency; Organic pollutants in sewage sludge,
contribution to human exposure to certain estrogen-perturbing compounds; 1996
NRIAGU J.; Global metal pollution, poisoning the biosphere; environment 32(7) 7-33; 1990
O' CONNOR G. A.; Organic compounds in sludge-amended soils and their potential for uptake by
crop plants, The science of the total environment 185(1996) 71-81; 1996

OCONNOR HW DO; Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics; Review of

environmental contamination and toxicology, 121, 129-155; 1991
MAN HWDO; Transport fate of organic compounds with water through landfills, Wat res. 33(10)
pp. 2247-2254; 1999
PAHREN HWDO; Health risks associated with land application of municipal sludge, journal WPCF
51(11); 1979
PALACIOS HWDO, The influence of organic amendment and nickel pollution on tomato fruit yield
and quality, J. Environ. Sci. Health B34(1), 133-150 1999
PERROTEY S.; Impacts cotoxicologiques et toxicologiques des mtaux lourds; ADEME; 1993
PETIT K.; ENVA; Etude bibliographique sur la rsistance des parasites aux traitements des boues
de stations d'puration. Impact sur la sant publique. Thse de doctorat vtrinaire; 1996
PIEPER HW DO; Determination of PCDD/F for hazard assessment in a municipal landfill
contaminated with industrial sewage sludge. Chemosphore 34 (1) pp 121-129; 1997
POHL & al.; Public health assessment for dioxins exposure from soil. Chemosphere 31 (1) pp.
2437-2454; 1995
PRADEL J.P.; Utilisation agricole des boues des stations dpuration des eaux uses, des composts
de dchets mnagers et de dchets verts dans le dpartement du Val dOise; ENITA Bordeaux,
1997.
PRESTON HWDO; Assessment of the bioavailability of soil pollutants using lux-based biosensors:
an inter-disciplinary approach, in: contaminated soil '98, 123-132; 1998
RAPPE HW DO; PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal sewage sludge and effluents from the state of
mississippi, organohalogen compounds vol. 28, pp. 105-110; 1996
ROBERTS and JOHNSON; Dispersal of heavy metals from abandoned mine workings and their
transferance through terrestrial food chain; Environmental Pollution, 16, 293-310; 1978
SAUERBECK D. and LBBEN S., Auswirkungen von Siedlungsabfllen auf Bden,
Bodenorganismen und Pflanzen, BMFT Verbundvorhaben, Forschungszentrum Jlich, 416 p.
1991
SAUERBECK
D.
and
STYPERECK
P.,
Schwermetallakkumulation
durch
Klrschlammanwendung - Ergebnisse aus 25 langjhrigen Feldversuchen, VDLUFA
Schriftenreihe, 23, Kongreband 1987
SAUERBECK D., Welche Schwermetallgehalte in Pflanzen drfen nicht berschritten werden, um
Wachstumsbeeintrchtigungen zu vermeiden, Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, Sonderheft 39,
pp.108-129, 1982
SCHMIDT J. P.; Understanding phytotoxicity thresholds for trace elements in land applied sewage
sludge; J. Environ. Qual. 26:4-10; 1997
SCRIMSHIRE, personal communication
SEWART HWDO; PCDD/Fs and non-o-PCBs in indigested UK sewage sludges; Chemosphere 30(1),
51-67
SIDHU HWDO; Hazardous air pollutants formation from reactions of raw meal organics in sement
kilns; Chemosphere, 42, 499-506, 2001
SLOAN HW DO; Long-term effect of biosolids applications on heavy metal bioavailability in
agricultural soils in J. Environ. Qual. 26, 966-974; 1997
SLOAN, Dowdy and Dolan; Recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals sixteen years after
application, in Journal of environmental quality 27(6) 1312-1317; 1998

SMITH S.R.; Are controls on organic contaminants necessary to protect the environment when
sewage sludge is used in agriculture; 1999
SMITH S.R.; Long-term effect of Zinc, Copper, and Nickel in sewage sludge-treated agricultural
soil, proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the bioavailability of trace elements,
June 23-26 1997, pp. 691-692
SNYMAN H.G, DE JONG J.M, AVELING T.A.S. (1998); The stabilization of sewage sludge
applied to agricultural land and the effects on maize seedlings; Water Science Technics, vol 38,
n2, pages 87-95.
SOLMAZ; Thermische Entsorgung von Klrschlmmen, Korrespondenz Abwasser 45(10), pp.
1886-1899; 1998
SORBER and MOORE; Survival and transport of pathogens in sludge-amended soil; a critical
literature review, US EPA Report n EPA/600/2-87/028; National technical information service,
Springfield, Virginia; 1987
STARK B.A. HWDO. Implications of research on the uptake of PTEs from sewage sludge by grazing
animals, Report to the DETR and MAFF, 1998
STEHOUWER R., WOLF A., Quality of land applied biosolids in Pennsylvania; Biocycle pp. 4449; 1999
STEVENS J., GREEN N., JONES K.C., Survey of PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs in UK sewage
sludge, Chemosphere, 44,6; 1455 1462; 2001
STRAUCH D.; Pathogenic micro-organisms in sludge: anaerobic digestion and disinfection
methods to make sludge usable as fertilizer; European water management 1(2) ; 12-26; 1998
SWEETMAN, A. J. and JONES, K. C.; Declining PCB concentrations in the UK atmosphere:
evidence and possible causes; Environ. Sci. Technol.; 34: 863-869; 2000
TETZLAFF S. HWDO; kobilanz der Klrschlammentsorgung; Korrespondenz Abwasser 6/93 PP.
990-1004; 1993
TRASSAERT AND PEUCHOT; ADEME-IFTS; Bilan et perspectives de dveloppement des
matriels de sparation liquide solide en dshydratation des boues rsiduaires urbaines et
industrielles; 1995
TSAGARAKIS K.; HORAN N.; MARA D.; ANGELAKIS A.; Management of solids from
municipal wastewater treatment plants in Greece, 4th European Biosolids and Organic Residuals
Conference, Wakefield, 15-17/11/99 Paper No 35
VIGERUST and SELMER-OLSEN; Basis for metal limits relevant relevant to sludge utilisation; in
Davis HW DO; Factors influencing sludge utilisation practices in Europe, Elsevier Applied
Sciences Publishers Ltd, Barking, pp. 26-42; 1986
WANG HW DO; The chlorobenzene content of archived sewage sludge; the science of the total
environment 121 159-175; 1992
WANG M.J., MCGRATH S.P. JONES K.C.; Chlorobenzenes in field soil with a history of
multiple sewage sludge applications, Environmental science and technology 29, 356-362; 1995
WELCH and LUND; Soil properties, irrigation water quality and soil moisture level influences on
the movement of nickel in sewage sludge-treated soils, journal of environmental quality 16,
403-410; 1987
WERTHER J., OGADA T., sewage sludge combustion, Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science 25; 55-116; 1999
WERTHER J., OGADA T., PHILIPPEK C., Verbrennungs- und Emissionsverhalten
zentrifugenfeuchter Klrschlmme in Wirbelschichtfeuerungen, Chemie Ingenieur Technik (68)
9/96, pp. 1068-1069, 1996

WERTHER J., OGADA T., PHILIPPEK C., CO- und NOx-Emissionen bei der Verbrennung von
Kommunalen Klrschlmmen in der Wirbelschicht, Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 66 (10) pp. 1361-1364,
1994
WHITWHAM M., Les pailles de crales, valuation du potentiel de pailles mobilisables des fins
nergtiques, Les cahiers du CLIP n 10, september 1999
WIART, J., REVEILLERE, M.; La teneur en lments traces mtalliques des boues des stations
d'puration urbaines franaises, TSM n 12, Dc. 1995
WILD et JONES; Organic chemicals in the environment, Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon uptake
by carrots grown in sludge amended soil, J. Environ. Qual. 21:217-225; 1992
WILD HW DO; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in crops from long-term field experiments
amended with sewage sludge, Environmental pollution 76, 25-32; 1992
WILD HWDO; The influence of sewage sludge applications to agricultural land on human exposure
to polychlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs, Environmental pollution 83 357-369; 1994
WILD HW DO; The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of archived sewage sludges,
Chemosphere 20(6) 703-716; 1990
WILLIAMS HWDO Metal movement in sludge amended soils: A nine-year study, Soil Science 143,
124-131, 1987
WILSON HW DO; Persistence of organic contaminants in sewage sludge-amended soil: a field
experiment; Journal of environmental quality 26(6) 1467-1477; 1997
WILSON HW DO; Volatile organic compounds in digested United Kingdom sewage sludges;
Environmental Science and Technology 28, 259-266; 1994
WITTER HWDO.; A study of the structure and metal tolerance of the soil microbial community six
years after cessation of sewage sludge application; Environmental Toxicology and chemistry,
19(8), 1983-1991, 2000
WITTER; Limit values for heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge and soil that protect soil
micro-organisms, in: Workshop on problems around sludge, Proceedings, Langenkamp and
Marmo eds; 2000
WITTER HWDO; Where's the limit? Changes in the microbiological properties of agricultural soils at
low levels of metal contamination; Soil Biol. Biochem. 29(9) 1405-1415; 1997
WITTER; Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils critical to micro-organisms, Swedish
environmental protection agency, report 4079; 1992
WITTER; Towards zero accumulation of heavy metals in soils: an imperative or a fad? Fertiliser
research 43:225-233; 1996
YANG Y., RATTE D., SMETS B. F., PIGNATELLO J. J., GRASSO D.; Mobilization of soil
organic matter by complexing agents and implications for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
desorption, Chemosphere 43(2001) 1013-1021
ZHAO F.J., DUNHAM S.J., MCGRATH S.P.; Lessons to be learned about soil-plant metal
transfers from the 50 years sewage sludge experiment at Woburn, UK, in: Extended abstracts of
4th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements June, 23-26 1997
ZMIROU D.; Traitement des dchets et risques sanitaires pour les riverains: vidences et
incertitudes. Colloque ADEME, Recherche, Sant, Dchets: quelles priorits?; 1996

$SSHQGL[
$YHUDJHVOXGJHFRPSRVLWLRQLQWKH
0HPEHU6WDWHVDQGWKH$FFHVVLRQ
&RXQWULHV

6RXUFHVRIWKHGDWD
Member States
0DLQVRXUFHVDUH
European Commission; 2000; Report from the Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament on the implementation of community waste legislation for the period 1995 1997;
COM(1999)752
ADEME Arthur Andersen; 1999; Situation du recyclage agricole des boues dpuration urbaines en
Europe et dans divers autres pays du monde
AEA Technology plc; 1999; Compilation of EU dioxin exposure and health data
$GGLWLRQDOVRXUFHVDUH
For Denmark: Answer to the questionnaire
For Finland: Puolanne; Production and disposal of sewage sludge in Finland; National Board of
waters and the environment; 1992
For Germany: Leschber; Organic pollutants in German Sewage Sludges and Standardization of
Respective Parameters; Deutsches Institut fr Normung 1996
For Ireland: McGrath, 1996, Utilisation of sewage sludge in agriculture, future perspectives
For Italy: Answer to the questionnaire
For Netherlands: Dirzwager HW DO, Production, treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in the
Netherlands, in Europ. Wat. Poll. Control 7(2)
For Portugal: Sequeira and Domingues 1993 in Marecos do Monte 1997
For Sweden: Statistics Sweden 1998 and Nilsson C.; Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludge; 1996
For United Kingdom: CIWEM; Handbooks of UK wastewater practice; 1995
Accession Countries
The presented data originates from the questionnaires sent for the purpose of this study

((&
$7
1997
20 - 80 000
30 - 90 000
-
'DWHIRUPHWDOV
1PJNJ'0
3PJNJ'0
.PJNJ'0
PJNJ'0
20 - 40
0.5 - 2
&G
1000 - 1750
40 - 275
&U
1000 - 1750 100 - 500
&X
16 - 25
0.3 - 2
+J
300 - 400
20 - 80
1L
750 - 1200
40 - 130
3E
2500 - 4000 450 - 2 000
=Q
PJNJ'0
3$+
3&%
8,1 - 38
3&'')QJ7(NJ'0
(2;
$2;

/$6
13(
'(+3
QEJZP
6DOPRQHOOD
(QWHULFYLUXV
&ROLIRUP
(FROL
9LDEOH+HOPLQWKHJJV
6WUHSWRFRFFL
(QWHURFRFFL
%(
1997
-
'.
1995
43 000
31 000
2 800
),
1997
32 000
28 000
-
)5
1997
40 000
45 000
-
'(
1997
34 833
20 750
-
*5
3
75
156
1.1
32
154
938
2.33
38.0
262
1.33
24.0
78.8
748
1.04
84
290
1.3
34
39
606
2.9
58.8
309
3
31.9
106.7
754.2
1.8
0,018 - 11,9
<0.005 - 0.140 0,038 0,243
0,7 - 55
0,006 - 0,018
5 - 226
<0.02
374
8.1
24.0
23 - 270
32 000
160 000
3870
-
See Further information concerning LAS in appendix 3

,7
(,
1993
27 558
10 386
-
/8
1997
30 300
45 700 (P205)
-
1/
1997
1 200
300
-
37
1993
-
(6
1997
43 800
39 000
-
6(
1998
38 112
27 702
-
8.
1996
43 395
22 394
-
1.4
46
274
1
23
63
809
2.8
165
641
0.6
54
150
562
1.18
75
317
0,78
90
79
1010
3.8
51
206
1.9
24
128
1628
0.4
16
39
0.5
9
13
143
2.3
72
289
66
200
1 555
2
204
301
1
46
200
911
1.2
35.7
394.1
1.1
18.2
35.4
545.4
3.3
157
568
2.4
57
221
792
0,1 - 0,6
0,01 - 0,04
15 - 45
140 - 280
20 - 60
0,067
-
9.7
0.08
-
64
-
1.8
1 - 10
0.1
0,01 - 21
0,02 - 115 9 - 192
22.8
25 - 660
-

-
((& %XOJDULD
'DWH
'U\PDWWHU
2UJDQLF0DWWHU'0
1'0
3'0
.'0
PJNJ'0
&G
&U
&X
+J
1L
3E
=Q
&R
$V
0R
0Q
PJNJ'0
3$+
3&%
3&'')
$2;
/$6
13(
'(+3
QEJZP
6DOPRQHOOD
(QWHULFYLUXV
&ROLIRUP
(FROL
9LDEOH+HOPLQWKHJJV
6WUHSWRFRFFL
(QWHURFRFFL

20 - 40
1000 - 1750
1000 - 1750
16 - 25
300 - 400
750 - 1200
2500 - 4000
&\SUXV
&]HFK
5HSXEOLF
1995 - 1999 1997/99
22-73
12-45
67-72
51.96
3,75 - 4,53
3.52
1,97 2,27
1.65
0,25 0,26
0.35
(VWRQLD
+XQJDU\
/DWYLD
/LWKXDQLD
0DOWD
3RODQG 5RPDQLD 6ORYDNLD 6ORYHQLD
37
43
1.09
1.1
-
15
51
3.5
1.7
0.16
1990 - 1993
37,5
67,02 mg/kg DM
1454 mg/kg DM
610,4 mg/kg DM
14,1
56,2
4,6
0,9
0,3
1999
1-35
57.3
3.4
2.2
0.17
1,85 3,5
22 - 133
129 - 202
0,4
30 - 32
44 - 70
659 - 1173
-
2.7
197.4
239.8
3.44
39.9
113.7
1450
12.5
3.6
-
38.9
418.1
0.92
75.3
79.7
592.6
9.1
389.4
7.5
168
290
3.1
65
109
1654
-
11,78
694,94
348,65
143,73
123,75
874,2
12,53
4,29
-
4,5
98,0
290
4,2
38
148
1680
7,7
3,2
-
2.5
239
587
2.7
141
112
1 452
-
0.23
296
-
3.5
0.09
22
-
1,8
0,07
320
-
4,3.104/100g
0
-
$SSHQGL[
3ROOXWDQWVGHVFULSWLRQ

/HDG3E
3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
Lead is largely used in the industry for pipes, battery, and ammunition production. It is also
incorporated to paintings. Its use in petrol is being reduced.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
There are two main origins for lead in sludge: water from road runoff and alteration of old pipes.
Industrial effluents may also contain lead. Their contribution to the sludge content is of about 20 %.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Origin of lead in soil is described in the following figure [Juste 1990]. It appears that most of the
lead found in soil originates from atmospheric deposition.
12%
19%
68%
Agricultural wastes
Sludges
Fertilizers
Atmospheric fallouts
1%
Figure 1: Origin of lead in soil [Juste, 1990]

According to the country, lead average level in European soils ranges between 10,5 and 35 mg/kg
DM in sandy soils, and between 12 and 36 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [European Commission, Joint
Research Center].
Lead is one of the OHDVWPRELOH metal in soil. Lead is considered to be 100 times less mobile than
Cadmium given identical total molar concentrations of the two metals and pH levels within the
range of 5 to 9.
Leads ELRDYDLODELOLW\ in the soil is ORZand is only little influenced by soil pH. Lime treatment of
sludge would therefore not affect this property. Phosphates and sulphates, however, act as
effective immobilisation agents and can form complexes with lead.
&OD\and in particular RUJDQLFPDWWHU constitute the predominant absorption substratum; on the
contrary, contribution of iron and manganese oxides to lead retention is discussed.
The great affinity of Pb to organic matter explains its preferential accumulation in the soils
surface horizon. It is also cause of a higher sensitive to soil erosion, which would need further
documentation.
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Bioavailability of lead in soil is low. Plant absorption is therefore also low. Moreover, eventual
lead absorption by plant leads to rapid immobilisation.
Even in rural areas, 90 to 99% of lead in the above ground parts of the plant is of DWPRVSKHULF
RULJLQ. Lead is certainly one of the metals least readily transferred to the upper parts of the plant. It

has been reported that lead concentration in plants grown on soil containing several hundreds of
mg/kg of total Pb rarely exceeded 30 to 50 mg/kg DM.
Field studies also shown that there is little accumulation of lead in crops.
Leads specific SK\WR[LFLW\ is certainly one of WKHORZHVW of all the metal micropollutants.
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-Effect concentrations of
lead on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed that
the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various different soil
types, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied (mineralisation,
nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the population may vary
according to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the publication of the Danish
EPA.
2UJDQLVP
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
10 7 500
10 6 860
Plants
10 1 000
25 5 000
25 - > 15 996
50 10 830
Invertebrates
7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQVDQGDQLPDOV
It seems that only 5 to 10% of lead ingested via drinking water or foodstuffs is assimilated and, up
to 90% of which are stored in the skeleton. It transfers then slowly into the blood. Principal
excretion route is urine. Its half-life in blood is of about 20 30 days. Half-life in bones is about
10 to 20 years [Sfsp 1999].
Lead generates anaemia and renal disturbance. When exposed to high levels (1 200 g/l in blood),
paralysis of upper members and encephalopathy have been observed. Children exposed present
slower brain development. The long-lasting absorption of lead leading to lead in blood of 400 g/l
conducts to chronic intoxication. As a consequence, children may suffer from psychomotor and
intellectual disturbances, and adults from hypofertility.
The WROHUDEOHZHHNO\ H[SRVXUHKDVEHHQVHWDW JNJRIERG\ZHLJKWLQ>)$2DQG:+2@
A draft Commission regulation proposes to set maximum levels for some heavy metals in foodstuff
as described in the following table2. It must be stressed that those limit values have been set based
upon what is achievable using good working practice. The Scientific Committee for Food however
recommended that those values should be as low as reasonably achievable.
Draft Commission regulation setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff amending
commission regulation EC n 194/97 of 31 January 1997. ENTR/5799/99 rev 1 - EN

)RRGVWXII
1.
Cows milk (liquid, as consumed)
0D[LPXPOHYHO
0,02 mg/l
2. Meat of cattle, sheep and pig, poultry meat (except game)

2.1. Edible offal of cattle, pig and poultry
0,05 mg/kg
0,5 mg/kg
3.
Fish
0,2 mg/kg
4.
Crustaceans
1,0 mg/kg
5.
Bivalve molluscs
2,0 mg/kg
6.
Cereals, leguminous and pulses, excluding bran and germ
0,2 mg/kg
7.
Vegetables, excluding brassica, leafy vegetables, mushrooms and potatoes

- 7.1 Brassica, leafy vegetables and mushrooms
- 7.2 Potatoes
0,1 mg/kg
0,3 mg/kg
0,15 mg/kg
8.
Fruits (as consumed)
0,1 mg/kg
9.
Fats and oils, including milk fat
0,1 mg/kg
10. Fruits juices
0,05 mg/l
11. Wines, including liqueur wines, sparkling wines, ciders, perry and fruit wines
0,1 mg/l

=LQF=Q
Zinc is used in surface treatment and is mostly used in alloys. It is also found in battery, as
protective layer in the building industry, in textile, pharmaceutical and insecticide industry.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
Zinc originates mostly from pipe alteration, and in a secondary extent, from industrial effluents.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Origin of zinc in soil is described in the following figure [Juste 1990]. It appears that most of the
zinc found in soil originates from agricultural wastes spread on land.
18%
1%
Agricultural wastes
Sludges
Fertilizers
20%
61%
Figure 2: origin of Zinc in soil [Juste, 1990]

According to the country, zinc average level in European soils ranges between 18 and 106 mg/kg
DM in sandy soils, and between 35 and 76 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [European Commission, Joint
Research Center].
The most common and mobile form of Zn is Zn2+ although other ionic forms may exist in soil.
Clays, Fe and Al hydroxides as well as organic matter may strongly bind this metal.
Zn is considered as PRUHVROXEOH than other trace metals in soil. It becomes highly DYDLODEOHand
YHU\PRELOHLQ DFLGLFVRLOV
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Zn can be absorbed by many plant species. Roots often contain more Zn than the above ground
parts of the plant. However Zn bound to small organic compounds is transported within the plant
via the xylem.
=LQFV HVVHQWLDO IXQFWLRQV within the plants are linked to the metabolism of sugars, proteins,
phosphate, auxins3 and nucleic acids. Zn also affects plants resistance to stresses caused by
drought or pathogenic agents.
Plant hormone regulating growth, particularly cell elongation

The WKUHVKROGIRUGHILFLHQF\ has been assessed to be around 10 to 20 mg/kg of dry matter but the
values vary according to the interactions between Zn and the other elements in the plants.
3K\WRWR[LFLW\ can be considered as occurring at zinc levels in the plant in excess of 100 to 400
mg/kg of dry matter.
Most plants show VLJQLILFDQWWROHUDQFHWRH[FHVVLYHOHYHOV of Zn. Beet and spinach are the most
sensitive. The symptoms are chlorosis, retarded plant growth and modifications to the roots.
Cd, Cu and Fe are the metals that compete most strongly with zinc for absorption and transfer.
Generally, there is antagonism but, depending on the Cd/Zn ratio there can be synergetic effects.
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
zinc on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed that
EPA.
2UJDQLVP
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
2.5 1000
4.6 1000
Plants
0.35 50
1.8 250
Invertebrates
10 326
10 1000
7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQDQGDQLPDOV
=LQF LV HVVHQWLDO in animal kingdom for many physiological processes: growth and cellular
differentiation, reproductive functions and embryo development, the integrity of the skin and
healing, the immune system, the development and functioning of the nervous system and the
sensory system. Zinc is also involved in gene expression.
Maximum tolerable dietary levels for animals have been assessed to be about 500 mg/kg DM
[Smith 1996]. Any evaluation of the dangers associated with zinc must take into account the two
following points:
- Zincs ELRDYDLODELOLW\ GHSHQGV RQ HQGRJHQRXV IDFWRUV (metabolism, homeostasis) and
H[RJHQRXVIDFWRUV (the effects of proteins, food fibre),
- Zinc LQWHUDFWVZLWKPHWDOV: zinc reduces the bioavailability of copper and protects against the
toxic effects of cadmium and nickel [Martin, 1996].
=LQFLVIL[HGLQWKHERQHVOLYHUDQGNLGQH\V.
0HDWDQGFHUHDO products are the food categories that contribute most to the human intake of zinc,
providing respectively 41% and 21% of total contribution [Hercberg, 1991; Lalau et Al, 1996].
The average daily intake in France is estimated as being between 8,5 to 11,7 mg per day [Maland,
1994]. The recommended nutritional amount of zinc is 15 mg per day for human beings [Bupin,
1992].
The average contribution from food only covers 60 to 70% of the nutritional level in zinc.
$Q LQFUHDVH LQ ]LQF OHYHOV LQ IRRG ZKLOH VWLOO UHPDLQLQJ ZLWKLQ DFFHSWDEOH WROHUDQFHV FRXOG
SURYHEHQHILFLDOWRKXPDQKHDOWK

&DGPLXP&G
Cadmium is a soft, ductile metal which is usually obtained as a by-product from the smelting of
lead and zinc ores. The principal use of cadmium is as a constituent in alloys and in the
electroplating industry. Other uses of cadmium include paints and pottery pigments, corrosionresistant coating of nails, screws, etc, in process engraving, in cadmium-nickel batteries, and as
fungicides. Cadmium is also naturally present in soils and mineral fertilisers.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
Cadmium in sludge has mainly an industrial origin, but can also originate from household
effluents: cadmium is present in cosmetic products and gardening pesticides. It also comes from the
runoff of raining water, after atmospheric deposition of the metal.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Origin of Cadmium in soil is described in the following figure.
20%
40%
Agricultural wastes
Sludges
Fertilizers
2%
38%
Figure 3: origin of cadmium in soil [Juste 1990]

According to the country, cadmium average level in European soils ranges between 0,1 and 1
mg/kg DM in sandy soils, and between 0,2 and 0,3 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [European
Commission, Joint Research Center].
Cadmium is relatively mobile compound in most soils. It is more mobile than zinc but less mobile
than nickel [Legret HWDO, 1988]. Its mobility essentially depends on the pH; the metals adsorption
to the soils solid phase can be multiplied threefold for every unitary increase in pH in a range from
4 to 8.
On land spread with sludge at Woburn (Great Britain), bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar trifolii failed to fix any nitrogen because of the toxic effects of the heavy metals on itself. In
the studied soils, cadmium levels were significantly higher than those of other heavy metals
[Chaudri, 1992]. These high levels of cadmium would explain the lack of nitrogen fixation when
the levels of other trace elements (particularly copper and zinc) are low.
Available data would suggest that cadmium in the soil at levels of around 3 mg/kg has no negative
effect on symbiotic N2 fixation.

8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Cd may be DEVRUEHG by plants. The S+ level is one of the most important factors controlling
cadmium absorption. Transfer factors are given in the main part of the report.
Compared with other micropollutants such as Cu or Pb, transfer of Cd to the above ground parts of
the plant may be considered as significant. Concentration in roots represents only 2 to 5 times that
in the above ground parts but cadmium is transferred only with difficulty to reproductive or storage
organs of the plant.
The export of cadmium by crops must be considered as negligible, the percentage of metal
exported in comparison to the amount present in the substratum never being greater than 1%.
However, FDGPLXPOHYHOV in the liver and kidneys increased DFFRUGLQJWRWKHGRVDJHRIVOXGJH
applied to the crops.
No deficiency level for cadmium is known. On the contrary, cadmium is well known as a KLJKO\
SK\WRWR[LF element. Besides UHWDUGLQJ JURZWK, phytotoxicity also occurs through FKORURVLV,
which can be followed in the case of acute cadmium poisoning by QHFURVLV. Phytotoxicity levels
for cadmium are given in the main part of this report.
Other compounds including Fe, Se, Mn and particularly Zn are antagonistic to Cd.
The growth of cadmium-resistant plants such as tomatoes and cabbages is only affected when
cadmium concentration in soil reaches five to ten times levels that affect sensitive plants such as
soya, spinach, lettuce and many leguminous plants.
7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOV
Cadmium is particularly highly toxic to animals. Even a diet based on foodstuffs containing very
low levels of cadmium would cause growth deficiencies in rats and goats [Anke HW DO, 1984].
Experimentally, cadmium also provoked cancers on some animal species.
Cadmium accumulates in the organism as its biological half-life is about 30 years.
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
cadmium on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed
that the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various different
soil types, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied (mineralisation,
EPA.
2UJDQLVP
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
1.5 1000
2.6 1000
Plants
0.35 50
1.8 250
Invertebrates
10 326
10 - 1000
7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQV
Highest cadmium concentrations are generally found in the renal cortex, and by increasing
exposure levels, the metal may also be stored in the liver. Long term exposure to cadmium leads to

renal dysfunction, and epidemiological studies carried out on exposed workers population showed
a wide variety of effects, such as:
- Irritation of upper respiratory tract
- Metallic taste in the mouth
- Cough
- Chest pain
Cadmium and cadmium compounds have been classified as FDUFLQRJHQLF.
No dose-response function is available for non-carcinogenic effects. The Food and Agriculture
2UJDQLVDWLRQ )$2 LQGLFDWHV PD[LPXP GDLO\ H[SRVXUH YDOXH RI J RI FDGPLXP SHU GD\ ,Q
February 1993, the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on food additives agreed to maintain the
provisional tolerable weekly intake of cadmium at 7 g/kg body weight.
9HJHWDEOHV DQG FHUHDOV contribute the most to the cadmium exposure, representing 60% of the
WRWDOH[SRVXUH&XUUHQWHVWLPDWHVRIFDGPLXPLQWDNHDUHRQDYHUDJH JSHUSHUVRQSHUGD\LH
around 33% of the tolerable weekly intake [Becloitre, 1998].
)RRGVWXII
0D[LPXPOHYHO
1.
Meat of cattle, lamb, pig and poultry
0,05 mg/kg
2.
Meat of horse
0,2 mg/kg
3.
Liver of cattle, lamb, pig horse and poultry
0,5 mg/kg
4.
Kidney of cattle, lamb, pig, horse and poultry
1,0 mg/kg
5.
Fish
0,05 mg/kg
6.
Crustaceans, except crab
0,5 mg/kg
7.
Molluscs and crab
1,0 mg/kg
8. Cereals, except wheat grain and rice

8.1 Wheat grain and rice
0,1 mg/kg
0,2 mg/kg
9.
0,2 mg/kg
Soybeans and peanuts
10. Vegetables and fruits, excluding leafy vegetables, root vegetables, mushrooms
and potatoes
0,05 mg/kg
10.1 Leafy vegetables and mushrooms
0,2 mg/kg
10.2 Root vegetables and potatoes
0,1 mg/kg

1LFNHO1L
Nickel is used for the production of stainless steel and in alloys for coins and different instruments
production. It is also used for metal surface treatment and battery production.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
Nickel in sludge originates from household effluents (cosmetic products and pigments) but also
from industrial effluents from the activities mentioned above.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
According to the country, nickel average level in European soils ranges between 2,9 and 38,2
The KLJK PRELOLW\ DQG ELRDYDLODELOLW\ of nickel of H[RJHQRXV RULJLQ (sludge, salts) in
comparison with other metals has frequently been observed. On the other hand, there is
insufficient information regarding the potential mobility of the nickel pre-existing in soil.
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
The majority of plants only DEVRUE Ni with GLIILFXOW\ In the case of cereal crops, and particularly
barley and oats, Ni may be transferred to the grain at the moment of senescence. Transfer factors
are given in the main part of this report.
Co, Cu, Fe and Zn compete with nickel during its absorption and transfer.
Nickels SK\WRWR[LFHIIHFWV are well known. In fact, Ni is classified, along with Cd, Co, Hg and
T1, as one of the PRVWWR[LFmetals. 1LFNHOKRZHYHULVDOVRLPSRUWDQWIRUSODQWV and is involved
in the metabolism of nitrogen. Toxicity and deficiency levels are given in the report.
The production of biomass is rapidly affected. In non-accumulative plants it can be suspected that
phytotoxicity would occur at nickel levels in the plant in excess of 5 to 10 mg/kg of dry matter.
Palacios HW DO [1999] studied the specific impact of sewage sludge application on tomato fruit
yield and quality. It was reported that sewage sludge addition to the calcareous soil of the
experiment significantly increased fruit yield but did not adversely affect the quality and the
nutritional status of the tomato fruit. Only the highest addition rate of Ni to the sludge amended
calcareous soil (240 mg.kg-1) had negative effects on fruit yield and quality and caused a Ni
accumulation in fruit which could be considered as an hazard for human health.
7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOV
1LFNHO LV HVVHQWLDO to the functioning of urease in animals and deficiency causes functional
problems in the liver and disrupts iron nutrition.
&KURQLFWR[LFLW\ often appears at the reproductive level. Its effects are linked with concentrations
of nickel in food about 250 mg/kg of dry matter or 5 mg/1 in drinking water. There is a risk of
chronic toxicity in cattle, sheep and pigs when their daily feed regularly contains more than 50
mg/kg of nickel.

(FRWR[LFRORJ\
nickel on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed that
EPA.
2UJDQLVP
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
17 1470
10 1470
Plants
50 335
12.5 500
Invertebrates
50 85
37 2500
7UDQVIHUWRKXPDQV
1LFNHOLQWDNHKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGWREHWZHHQDQG JGD\ZLWKJIRUGULQNLQJZDWHU
Individual daily requirements are about 35 g. Acute toxicity only occurs in adults following
absorption of around 250 mg of the metal ingested in the form of soluble salts.
Nickel is not a metal that accumulates to any significant extent throughout the food chain.

&RSSHU&X
Major sources of copper are from the industry (copper industry, non-ferrous metals industry,
incineration).
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
Copper in sludge and wastewater comes mainly from household effluents (domestic products, pipes
corrosion) but can also have an industrial origin (surface treatments, chemical and electronic
industry).
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Origin of copper in soil is described in the following figure.
16%
1%
Agricultural wastes
Sludges
Fertilizers
55%
28%
Figure 4: origin of copper in soil [Juste, 1990]

According to the country, copper average level in European soils ranges between 5,6 and 23 mg/kg
DM in sandy soils, and between 7,4 and 23,8 mg/kg DM in clay soils. [European Commission,
Joint Research Center].
Metals fix themselves preferentially to the soil organic matter, iron and manganese oxides and
clays. The distribution of copper between these three fractions depends on the soils pH level, the
quantity and the composition of the organic matter. It tends to migrate very little.
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Copper is essential to plant nutrition. It plays an important role in photosynthesis and respiration.
Coppers phytotoxic effects are retarded growth of the roots and the above ground parts, thickening
of the roots and chlorosis. Levels of toxicity, deficiency as well as transfer factors are given in the
main part of this report.

The largest proportion of the copper present in the roots is not transferred to the above ground
parts. The transport to and localisation of the metal in the various organs are controlled by the
plants nitrogen metabolism process.
The absorption of copper by plants depends on the soils pH, which controls the activity of the
Copper ions contained in the soil solution. Zn, Ca, K and N have an antagonistic effect on such
absorption.
A pH levels lower than 6, symptoms of phytotoxicity occur when the level of exchangeable Cu
exceeds 25 mg/kg in sandy soils and 100 mg/kg in clay-laden soils [Bonneau and Souchier, 1979].
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
copper on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed that
EPA.
2UJDQLVP
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
10 1445
10 3323
Plants
20 400
15 1600
Invertebrates
13 2609
27 2609
7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOVDQGKXPDQV
Copper is implied in many physiological functions including hematopoesis, elastin and collagen
synthesis, and in oxydo-reduction reactions. Copper is also a co-enzyme in many metalo-proteins.
It is an essential element, of low toxicity.
Copper is not considered as human carcinogenic.
Instead, pathological symptoms are more related to copper deficiency. However, more data is
needed in order to describe dose response functions.
The main sources of copper in human food are meat products (27% of total contribution), cereals
(28%), fruit and vegetables (21%) and dairy products (13%).
Adult copper requirements vary between 1.5 to 3 mg per day [Food and Nutrition Board, 1989].

&KURPLXP&U
Large amounts of chromium are found in terrestrial crust. The most important part of the extracted
chromium is used in alloys, for instance to produce stainless steel. It is also used for its heat
resistance and wood protection properties, and, in chemical industry, as tanning agent, and
pigment. Chromium may be found in several forms, mainly trivalent (referred to as CrIII), or
hexavalent (referred to as CrVI).
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
According to the level of industrialisation of the region, the origin of chromium found in sludge
can be divided as follows:
- 35 to 50 % from industry (surface treatment, tannery, chemical oxidation),
- 9 to 50 % from runoff (dust, pesticide, fertilisers),
- 14 to 28 % from household effluent.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
SYPREA5 assessed the origin of chromium in soil. Results are summarised below:
2ULJLQ
$PRXQWJKD\HDU
Sludge
Fertiliser
Agricultural waste
120
800 - 1000
40 - 60
According to the country, chromium average level in European soils ranges between 6,4 and 59
Chromium mobility in soil seems to be very low. Below 1% of the total Chromium in soil can be
extracted using current reagents. It depends however on its form. Trivalent chromium is mainly
bound to the soil particles, primarily to organic matter, clay or other negatively charged
compounds, or it may precipitate as trivalent oxides. Hexavalent chromium is anionic, does not
interact with clay and organic matter and remains mobile in solution. In inorganic soils with high
pH, added hexavalent chromium may persist for a long time, however, if organic matter is present,
hexavalent chromium may be reduced to the trivalent form [Danish EPA 1995].
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
The essential nature of chromium with regard to plants is unknown, however it is a normal
component of plants. Cases of phytotoxicity due to chromium are rare and vary according to the
species concerned. The symptoms are chlorosis occurring in the young leaves.
French professional organisation for organic waste supply to land

Whatever its form, the metal concentrates essentially in the URRWV and is very little transferred to the
upper parts of the plant (< 10% of the total).
Transfer factors are given in the main part of this report.
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
chromium on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. As Chromium III
and VO do not present the same level of toxicity, values are given for the two different states. It
must be stressed that the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols:
various different soil types, organisms, duration are taken into account, the effects studied
(mineralisation, nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different, and the impact level on the
population may vary according to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the
publication of the Danish EPA.
2UJDQLVP
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
50 260
5.3 1300
Plants
50 1360
50 5000
Invertebrates
32 320
155 1000
Microorganisms
0.09 520
1 5.3
Plants
0.35 230
1.8 750
10 15
&KURPLXP,,,
&KURPLXP9,
Invertebrates
&KURPLXPLVHVVHQWLDO to human and animal nutrition as it is implied in the sugar metabolism.
The two different oxidation states do not present the same level of toxicity, the hexavalent form
being more toxic. Hexavalent chromium, contrary to the trivalent form, easily crosses membranes
and binds to cellular proteins. The toxic effect of the hexavalent form is to a large degree due to the
strong oxidizing effect of this ion [Danish EPA 1995]. It has been shown that chromium could have
JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO HIIHFWV, as well as impacts on the nasal wall and mucous membranes. Once
absorbed, chromium is very little assimilated (about 0,43% assimilation) and through mechanisms
that are little understood. &KURPLXP9, has been classified as FDUFLQRJHQLFto humans.
Deficiency symptoms may be observed when present at too low concentration in diet. Studies of
human nutrition have shown that our daily diet is RIWHQ GHILFLHQW LQ &KURPLXP Measurements
carried out on different diets in North America and Europe showed GDLO\LQWDNHV varying from 20
to 30 g per day and lying slightly below what should be contained in a normal daily diet (50-200
g) [National Research Council, 1980].

0HUFXU\+J
Mercury exists under GLIIHUHQWFKHPLFDOIRUPV determining its WR[LFLW\ and ELRDYDLODELOLW\
Under its LQRUJDQLFIRUP, mercury is present in the air as dust or in water. It has a natural presence
in the environment, but also originates partly from industrial activity: mining, founding, coal
combustion, incineration. Mercury can easily be found under its gaseous form.
Under RUJDQLF IRUP, mercury is mainly present in alimentation as it results from a biological
process and therefore concentrates in the food chain.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
Mercury comes from pharmaceutical products, broken thermometers, runoff water, to what
industrial discharge may be added.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Navarre HWDO [1980] assessed the origin of mercury in soil. Results are summarised below.
2ULJLQ
$PRXQWPJKD\HDU
Atmospheric deposition
200
Fertilisers
245
Agricultural wastes
62
According to the country, mercury average level in European soils ranges between 0,03 and 0,05
In most soils, mercury is singularised by its essential ability to methylise through the actions of
aerobic or anaerobic bacteria or by simple chemical reaction with the fulvic acids produced by
organic matter.
The formation of these highly volatile organic compounds is the reason of VLJQLILFDQW losses,
representing some 30 to 60% of the mercury added to the soil, occurring in open field conditions.
Once added to the soil, mercury is also UDSLGO\ LPPRELOLVHG in the form of carbonates and
phosphates fixed by iron, aluminium and manganese oxides and particularly by the organic matter,
with which it forms highly stable organo-metallic compounds.
The S+ OHYHO does QRW appear to be D GHWHUPLQLQJ IDFWRU capable of affecting the PRELOLW\ of
mercury in the soil.
Because mercury is strongly bound to the solid phase, its concentration in the soil solution is
SUDFWLFDOO\XQGHWHFWDEOH. Mercury tends to remain in the soils VXUIDFHKRUL]RQ.

7UDQVIHUWRSODQWV
Plants grown on soils with current mercury concentrations rarely contain mercury levels exceeding
50 g kg-1 of dry matter.
Toxicity of mercury to plant depends on the speciation, affecting its penetration into living
organisms.The volatilisation of mercury in the soil and its absorption by the above ground parts of
plants can increase the level of mercury in plants [Lindberg et al, 1979].
The Biological Concentration Factors (BCF) (with dry matter reference) between pH 4 and 6 are
0.02 for potato and 0.10 for cabbage [Sauerbeck and Stypereck, 1988]
In the case of cereals, +JOHYHOVUDQJH from 10 to 25 g kg-1 of dry matter in the grain and from 25
to 50 g kg-1 of dry matter in the stalk.
95% of the mercury absorbed by plants accumulates in the URRWV. The effect of the soils S+OHYHO
on the metals ELRDYDLODELOLW\ is highly variable.
The metal found in the above ground parts of the plant essentially originates from mercury
absorbed from the atmosphere through direct contact and absorption by the leaves stomata.
Mercury is also singularised by its significant ability to transfer from one plant organ to another.
2UJDQLF RU LQRUJDQLF FRPSRXQGV of mercury DUH WR[LF WR PRVW SODQWV, with a phytotoxicity
threshold varying from 0.5 mg kg-1 of dry matter for rice to 3 mg kg-1 of dry matter for other
species, corresponding to a total concentration of mercury in the soil of around 50 mg kg-1.
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
LQRUJDQLF mercury on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be
stressed that the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various
different soil types, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied
(mineralisation, nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the
2UJDQLVP
Microorganisms
Plants
Invertebrates
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
0.03 100
0.1 502
1 50
1 250
0.121 1.21
0.121 6.05
Under its metal form, PHUFXU\ LV YRODWLOH and penetrates the body through inhalation, food
ingestion and dental amalgam. Dermal exposure should also not be neglected. The half-life time of
mercury is about 70 days for methylmercury (MeHg), 40 days for Hg2+ and between 35 and 90
days for Hg.
Metal mercury impacts on human health have mainly been observed on the nervous system.
Symptoms are trembling (initially affecting hands) and emotional fragility [Sfsp 1999].
Neuromuscular affections have also been observed. Other forms of non-organic mercury may also
induce renal dysfunction. Methylmercury has effects on nervous system, inducing development
delaying [Sfsp 1999].

Methylmercury has been classified as possibly FDUFLQRJHQLF according to studies carried out on
animals, but data available for humans does not allow concluding. Other forms of mercury have not
been classified yet regarding their carcinogenicity.
Mercury levels in cereals, meat products, fruits and vegetables range from 6 to 20 JNJ 'DLU\
products and the soil strata contain only low amounts of mercury. )LVK is the SULPDU\VRXUFH of
mercury in food.
In terms of human consumption, the WHO and FAO recommend a maximum daily intake of 43 g
per day for the total amount of mercury absorbed by an human adult and 29 g per day in the case
of methyl-mercury.
)RRGVWXII
1.
Fishery products, except those in 1.1
1.1 Anglerfish (Lophius spp.)
0D[LPXPOHYHO
0,5 mg/kg
1,0 mg/kg
Atlantic catfish (Anarhichas lupus)

Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Blue ling (Molva dipterygia)
Bonito (Sarda spp.)
Eel (Anguilla spp.)
Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Little tuna (Euthynnus spp.)
Marlin (Makaira spp.)
Pike (Esox lucius)
Plain bonito (Orcynopsis unicolor)
Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnes coelopepis)
Rays (Raja spp.)
Redfish (Sebastes marinus, S. mentella)
Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus)
Scabbard fish (Lepidopus caudatus, Aphanopus carbo)
Shark (all species)
Sturgeon (Acipenser spp.)
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)
Tuna (Thunnus spp.)

6XPPDU\RISURSHUWLHVRFFXUUHQFHIDWHDQGWUDQVIHURIWKHSULQFLSDORUJDQLFFRQWDPLQDQWJURXSVIRXQGLQVHZDJHVOXGJHDQGVOXGJHWUHDWHGVRLOV>6PLWK@
&RPSRXQGJURXS
3RO\QXOHDUDURPDWLF
K\GURFDUERQV3$+V
3KWKDODWHDFLGHVWHUV
/LQHDUDON\EHQ]HQH
VXOSKRQDWHV/$6
Alkylphenols
3RO\FKORULQDWHGELSKHQ\OV
3&%V
3RO\FKORULQDWHG
GLEHQ]R3GLR[LQVDQG
)XUDQV
3&'')V
Organochlorines pesticides
3K\VLFRFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHV
&RQFHQWUDWLRQLQVOXGJH
Water soluble/volatile to lipophilic
1-10 mg kg-1
Generally lipophilic, hydrophobic

and non-volatile
Lipophilic
High
1-100 mg kg-1
Very high
50-15000 mg kg-1
100-3000 mg kg-1
1-20 mg kg-1
Lipophilic
Complex, > 200 congeners low
water solubility, highly lipophilic
and semi-volatile
Complex, 75 PCDD congeners, 135
PCDF congeners,
Low water solubility, highly
lipophilic and semi-volatile
Varied, lipophilic to hydrophilic,
some volatile
Very low <few g kg-1
'HJUDGDWLRQ
Weeks 10 years Strongly
adsorbed by soil O.M.
Rapid
Half-life <50 days
Very rapid in aerobic
environment
Rapid < 10 days
Very persistent
Half-life several years
Strongly adsorbed by soil O.M.
Very persistent
Half life several years
/HDFKLQJ
SRWHQWLDO
None
None
None
None
None
None
Strongly adsorbed by soil O.M.

<Few mg kg-1
Slow> 1 year
Loss by volatilisation
None
Monocyclic aromatics
Water soluble and volatile
<1-10 mg kg-1
Rapid
Moderate
Chlorobenzenes
Water soluble/volatile to lipophilic
<0.1-50 mg kg-1
High to low
Short-chained halogenated
aliphatics
Water soluble and volatile
0-5 mg kg-1
Aromatic and alkyl amines

Phenol
Water soluble and low volatility

Varied, lipophilic high water
solubility and volatile
0-1 mg kg-1
0-5 mg kg-1
Lower mol wt types lost by

volatilisation
Higher mol wt types persistent
Lower mol wt types lost by
volatilisation
Higher mol wt types persistent
Slow
Rapid
O.M., organic matter; mol wt: molecular weight

3ODQWXSWDNH
7UDQVIHUWRDQLPDOV
Very poor
Foliar absorption
Root retention
Not translocated
None
Possible but rapidly metabolised

Not accumulated
Very limited
Minimal
Root retention
Foliar absorption
Minimal root uptake and
translocation
Root retention
Foliar absorption
Minimal root
Uptake and translocation
Minimal
Possible into milk/tissues via soil
ingestion
Long half-life
Root retention
Translocation not important
Foliar absorption
Limited due to low persistence
Rapidly metabolised
Possible via roots and foliage
Maybe metabolised
None
Possible into milk/tissues
Via soil ingestion

Long half-life
Via soil ingestion persistent in
tissues
Rapidly metabolised
Important for persistent
compounds
Moderate
Foliar absorption
Possible translocation
Low
High
Moderate to
low
Possible
Possible via roots and foliage
Low
None
3$+V3RO\F\FOLFDURPDWLFK\GURFDUERQV
PAHs are composed of 2 to 7 aromatic rings associated in a compact way. They are mostly found
under a liquid form. PAHs are numerous. Among others, the following compounds may be
mentioned: naphtalene, polyphenyls acenaphtene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene,
benzo(a)pyrene. An example of a PAH chemical structure (fluorene) is presented below.
Naphtalene is used in the colouring industry, as a component in wood treatment products and in
mothballs. The polyphenyls are used as refrigerating fluid or as fungicide in the paper industry.
PAHs are also generated as by products of incomplete combustion in certain industries in which
carbon and hydrogen are pyrolysed: iron and steel industry, rubber industry etc. They are produced
under mixed form, and their relative proportion in the mixture could enable to trace their origin.
1DSKWDOHQH is the most soluble compound in water, the most volatile and the most biodegradable
of the PAH compounds. Other PAH compounds however are LQVROXEOH LQ ZDWHU OLWWOH
ELRGHJUDGDEOHDQGKDYHDKLJKDIILQLW\ for sludges organic matter. Their characteristics of little
biodegradable and lipophilic compounds increase with molecular weight.
2UJDQLFFRPSRXQGVFRQVWDQWV
3$+V
3Z
From 0,00027 to 32
.RZ
From 107 to 1010
+F
From 4,9 10-4 to 5,3 10-8
+DOIOLIH
1 week to 10 years
3$+V7R[LFLW\
PAHs are no polar, lipid soluble compounds that may be absorbed via the skin, lungs or digestive
tract. Once absorbed, these compounds are distributed to all tissues, but become particularly
concentrated in those organs with a KLJKOLSLGFRQWHQW.
PAHs can be acutely toxic, but JHQHUDOO\ DW YHU\ KLJK GRVHV, making acute systemic toxicity
observable in some animal tests, but not likely to occur in humans, except in industrial context.
1DSKWDOHQH LV QRW KLJKO\ WR[LF. On the contrary, EL DQG SRO\SKHQ\OV KDYH DQ DFWLRQ RQ WKH
QHUYRXVV\VWHP as they are lipophilic. They also have an impact RQWKHOLYHU. Some of them have
been classified as SRVVLEOH FDUFLQRJHQLF, like Benzo-a-pyrene which is assumed to be the most
toxic of the PAHs. Some others PAH have a carcinogenic effect after chemical activation through
enzymes in the body.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
There are three sources of PAH in sludge:
- PAHs are contained in exhaust gas and in the runoff of raining water on roads,

- PAHs are generated in the fumes of industrial thermal units and may reach the soil through
raining water,
- PAHs are also found in industrial effluents.
PAHs can concentrate strongly in sludge and are little degraded by biological processes of water
treatments.
According to data available in the literature and provided in appendix 2, sludge can contain
between 0.018 and 10 mg/kg DM of PAHs in EU Member States.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Most PAHs are YHU\ SHUVLVWHQW LQ VRLOV. Their half-life can reach until 10 years. They also are
slowly biodegraded. PAHs are relatively insoluble in water and are therefore absorbed to the
particulate phase, especially the organic matter. Loss from soil may be due to photodegradation, or
volatilisation (mainly for 2 and 3 ringed PAHs).
7UDQVIHUWRZDWHU
PAHs compounds have VWURQJELQGLQJSURSHUWLHV especially on soil organic matter and relatively
poor water solubility. In this connection, the ULVN RI OHDFKLQJ of these substances to the ground
water is considered to be UHODWLYHO\VPDOO.
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Uptake of PAHs, under field conditions is fairly well documented. Four main routes for uptake
have been identified, namely the uptake from the soil solution by the roots, the adsorption to the
roots, the foliar uptake from volatilised PAHs from the soil surface, and the foliar uptake from
atmospheric deposition. The last route has been identified as the main one, even in areas where
sludge has been applied [DEPA 1995]. The high rate of absorption by the soil reduces the
bioavailability of the compound and therefore its possible transfer to the roots.
*HQHUDOO\3$+XSWDNHE\FURSVLVORZ and does not represent a risk for the human food chain
even when sludge is applied to lipid rich root crops (especially carrots), a worst case condition of
PAH exposure.
PAH absorption is virtually nil for ray grass and soya but does occur in carrots and radishes
(particularly in the epidermis of the roots in both cases) and in potatoes (in the tubercles).
The concentration factors7 are between 0.006 and 0.024 for all the PAHs in carrot roots, 0.01 to
0.02 for benzo(a)pyrene in radish roots and 0.02 to 0.05 for benzo(a)pyrene in spinach leaves.
PAHs exhibit higher levels of transfer to plants than PCBs.
8SWDNHE\OLYHVWRFN
No uptake by livestock of PAHs was observed from experiments according to the literature
examined.
Defined as the ratio between the level observed in the plant and the level observed in the soil [in terms of
dry material]

(FRWR[LFRORJ\
Only a few studies are available which deal with the effects of PAHs on terrestrial microorganisms, plants and soil living fauna. The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the
Effect and No-Effect concentrations of PAHs on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are
presented below. It must be stressed that the results refer to studies performed under different
conditions and protocols: various different soil types, organisms and duration are taken into
account, the effects studied (mineralisation, nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and
the impact level on the population may vary according to the experiment. It is therefore
recommended to refer to the publication of the Danish EPA.
Moreover, this review refers mainly to short-term studies, as little information is available
concerning the long-term effects of PAHs.
2UJDQLVP
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
25-1000
100-2000
Plants
8.3-2000
25-4000
Invertebrates
57-2000
10-4500
+XPDQH[SRVXUHOHYHO
,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGLWPD\EHDVVXPHGWKDWWKHUHDUHYHU\IHZWUDQVIHUV
RI3$+VWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWPHGLDDQGWKHIRRGFKDLQ7KHUHIRUHKXPDQH[SRVXUHOHYHOWR
VOXGJHERUQH3$+VLVOLNHO\WREHORZ
The consumption of barbecued meat and smoked fish represents a much more massive route for
ingesting PAHs.

3&%SRO\FKORULQDWHGELSKHQ\OV
3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI3&%
PCB is a group of substances obtained by chlorination of biphenyls. There are about 200 different
kinds of PCB, so-called congeners, differentiated by their level of chlorination. The chemical
structure is shown in the figure below.
PCBs are not naturally present in the environment and used to be incorporated in inks or as
dielectric or heat-exchange fluid, and may have a lot of other industrial uses: lubrication, wood
protection, paints They are however ubiquitous in the environment, but their production has been
stopped in the 70s, and their level in the environment has gradually fallen in the last years
[Sweetman and Jones 2000]. PCBs primary transport route is atmospheric transport.
3&%
3Z
variable
.RZ
From 2,4 104 to 1,3 106
+F
From 3,2 10-4 to 3,8 10-3
+DOIOLIH
Several years
The following table summarises some half-life values that have been observed for some congeners
in the soil upper layers.
&RQJHQHU
+DOIOLIHYDOXHLQGD\V\HDU
PCB 28
490 (1,3)
PCB 52
3500 (9,6)
PCB 101 to 180
14 000 (38)
7R[LFLW\
Higher chlorinated PCB mixtures have been shown to be FDUFLQRJHQLF LQ ODERUDWRU\ DQLPDO
H[SHULPHQWV.
Recent research also indicates that exposure to PCBs may cause UHSURGXFWLYH DQG
QHXURGHYHORSPHQWDO FKDQJHV in exposed laboratory animals and in some people with
environmental exposure to PCBs. They also may have a teratogenic action, as well as impacts on
the liver and thyroid.

Some researches have addressed the question to know if those effects are due to the PCBs or to
impurities in the commercial preparations such as pentachlorodibenzofurans. It has to be noted that
PCBs generate PCDD/F in some conditions, when burnt for instance.
They also have the propensity to DFFXPXODWHLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGLQDGLSRVHWLVVXHV
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
PCBs come from the industry and from oils. They also come from everyday products such as paper
and alimentation.
PCB content in sludge varies between 0 and 250 mg/kg DM in Member States.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
PCBs, especially highly chlorinated ones, are reputed to remain in the soil for long periods, since
WKHLUELRGHJUDGDWLRQDQGPRELOLW\OHYHOVDSSHDUWREHORZ. Their degradation pathways in soil
were not found.
PCBs possess a low vapour pressure but, nevertheless, their poor water solubility makes
volatilisation a significant loss mechanism for these compounds. Volatilisation of PCBs decreases
with the increasing chlorination of the compound.
These compounds are VWDEOH SK\VLFDOO\ FKHPLFDOO\ DQG ELRORJLFDOO\. They are OLSRSKLOLF and
have a tendency to concentrate in sludge and therefore in the organic material in the soil. They will
be therefore slower degraded in soil rich in organic matter. Despite the biodegradation that can be
observed in the soil and the partial volatilisation, these compounds are among the environmentally
persistent compounds found nowadays forming a diffuse background in the environment.
In Sweden, the observed level in soil of seven individual congeners were below the limit of
detection except in one case 3 g/kg DM and the sum of all PCBs was 25 g/kg DM [Swedish
environmental protection agency, 1996].
In the North of Germany (NRW, 1991), average level in agricultural area was 2,2 g/kg DM in the
0-10 cm layer for 6 of the most toxic compounds, 14 g/kg DM for all of them.
In United Kingdom, observed levels from 7 to 10 g/kg DM have been reported (Wilson HW DO.,
1997).
7UDQVIHUWRZDWHU
PCBs can be found in surface water. PCBs transferred by runoff are bound to the solid phase of the
soil (rather than the liquid phase) and the concentration exported is directly linked to the
concentration in soil.
Considering the physical-chemical properties of PCBs, those compounds are QRWDVVXPHGWROHDFK
WRWKHJURXQGZDWHUTheDanish EPA [1997] reported very low levels of leaching documented in
several studies. Tucker HWDO [1975]8 found less than 0.05% of the applied PCBs in the leachate.
Moza HWDO [1976]9 established that only 0.2 % of the applied dichlorobiphenyl had reached a depth
of 40 cm. two years after application to loamy sand.
Tucker HW DO.; Migration of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil induced by percolating water; Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13, 86-93; 1975
9
Moza HWDO.; Fate of 2,2-dichlorobiphenyl-14C in carrots, sugar, and soil under outdoor conditions; Journal
of agricultural food chemistry, 24, 881-884; 1976
8

8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Uptake of PCB by plants under field conditions is fairly well documented DQGDSSHDUVWREHYHU\
OLPLWHG However, some publications reported that some compounds may be taken up by plants,
those observations concerning mainly low chlorinated compounds. It was indeed observed that the
transfer factor decreases with increasing degree of chlorination [Offenbacher, 1992]. As for
dioxins, it is possible that VRPHFURSVWDNHXS3&%IURPVRLO. Cortical layer of carrots for instance
concentrates those compounds, as they are relatively fatty tissues.
$EVRUSWLRQ of PCBs is virtually nil for maize (in any part of the plant), lettuce, spinach, haricot
beans, sugar beet, grains of wheat or barley and fescue. It is very low in wheat straw and rape. It is
more significant in potatoes (in the skin of the tubercles but not the flesh) and carrots.
PCBs exhibit ORZHUOHYHOVRIWUDQVIHUWRSODQWVWKDQ3$+V.
The known concentration factors for PCBs in maize and beet are 0.001 and 0.041 respectively.
8SWDNHE\OLYHVWRFN
Experiments in this area are quite rare. They essentially deal with the effects of PCBs on cattle and
demonstrate:
- An increase in the concentration of PCBs in the milk from cows fed on forage grown on land
where residual sludge has been spread.
- An accumulation of PCBs in the fat, and particularly in the milk, but not in the muscles.
Cows grazing on sludge-amended soil seem to consume 0.22 g of sludge-borne PCB per day due
to direct ingestion of soil. This can result in an increase in PCB concentrations in tissue fat and
milk fat by 0.00009 g/g fat [Nilsson 1996]. The amount of PCB the animals might ingest due to
consumption of plants that have taken up or adsorbed PCB vaporised from the soil cannot be
calculated, as the data are insufficient.
The level of contamination of PCB in animal tissues increases with the level of chlorination of the
PCBs. The maximal concentration of PCBs in milk fat was four to five times larger than the dietary
content.
The contribution from sludge to meat and dairy products seems to be below 1 % of the total PCB
content in these foodstuffs [Nilsson 1996].
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
Only a few studies are available dealing with the effects of PCBs on terrestrial micro-organisms,
plants and soil living fauna. The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and
No-Effect concentrations of PCBs on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented
below. It must be stressed that the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and
protocols: various different soil types, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects
studied (mineralisation, nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on
the population may vary according to the experiment. It is therefore recommended to refer to the
Moreover, this review refers mainly to short-term studies, as little information is available
concerning the long-term effects of PCBs.

2UJDQLVP
Microorganisms*
Plants
Invertebrates
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
1 - > 100
1 - 50
2 - 100
100 - 1000
500 - 2000
115 - 1000
* Only one study
+XPDQH[SRVXUH
PCBs are highly soluble in lipids and, because of slow metabolism and excretion rates,
bioconcentration and biomagnification in the top predators in the food-chain may occur.
According to a Swedish study [Nilsson 1996], distribution of sewage sludge for soil improvement
may increase the PCB concentrations in meat and dairy products, but is unlikely to affects
concentrations in fish and drinking water. Distribution of sludge would lead to an increase by about
0,1 percent in milk products and by about 0,5 percent in meat products. Therefore, VOXGJHERUQH
3&%VHHPVWRFRQWULEXWHYHU\OLWWOHWRWKHWRWDOKXPDQH[SRVXUHWR3&%.

3&''V3&')V
SRO\FKORULQDWHGGLEHQ]RGLR[LQVGLEHQ]RIXUDQV
3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI3&''VDQG3&')V
Dioxins and furans are not very different in their structure. They are constituted of two chlorinated
Benzene rings linked by a dioxin (two oxygens) or furan (one oxygen) cycle. As for PCBs, there
are different levels of chlorination. Therefore, about 200 congeners exist. An example of the
chemical structure of a furan congener is shown below.
PCDD/Fs are ubiquitous in the environment at extremely low levels. In the industry, PCDD/Fs are
not used as such, but are by-products of combustion reaction. They appear for instance during the
manufacture of insecticides, herbicides, antiseptics, disinfectants and wood preservatives. They are
naturally produced in very small amounts following forest fires for instance.
PCDD/Fs are usually generated during combustion of products containing organic matter and
chlorine. Therefore one significant potential source of dioxins and furans is the incineration of
waste. They are destroyed at high temperature, but they may reform during the cooling phase at
about 400 500 C.
3&'')V
3Z
2 10 4
.RZ
5,3 10 6 for TCDD
+F
1,9 10 -6
+DOIOLIH
1 - 10 years
7R[LFLW\
Among those compounds, 17 are considered as toxic, and the most important ones are 2, 3, 7, 8
TCDD. All the toxic congeners do have at least 4 chlorine atoms at the following positions: 2, 3, 7,
8.
It is considered that GLR[LQV DQG IXUDQV KDYH WKH VDPH WR[LFLW\. The lethal dose of the 2,3,7,8
TCDD is about a few g/kg by certain species. There is considerable debate to know if a threshold
for effects on human health exists.
The position of the WHO is that the Tolerable Daily Intake is 10 pg per kg body weight per day.
Even as trace, it generates chloracne and impacts the skin pigmentation. It has also impacts on
liver, is FDUFLQRJHQLF and WHUDWRJHQLF. The half-life of the dioxins and furans in the human body is
about 6 years and they are lipophilic. They are therefore FXPXODWLYH.

Toxicities of the different congeners are different, and they have been affected by a coefficient in
reference to the 2,3,7,8 TCDD. Coefficients vary between 0,001 and 0,5. (See table below). The
composition of a given mixture of PCDD/Fs compounds enables to identify and trace its possible
origin.
&RQJHQHU
$EEUHYLDWLRQ
7(4
1. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 2,3,7,8
TCDD
2. Pentachlorodibenzodioxin 1,2,3,7,8
PeCDD
0,5
3. Hexachlorodibenzodioxin 1,2,3,4,7,8
HxCDD
0,1
HxCDD
0,1
HxCDD
0,1
6. Heptachlorodibenzodioxin 1,2,3,4,6,7,8
HpCDD
0,01
7. Octachlorodibenzodioxin
OCDD
0,001
8. Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,7,8
TCDF
0,1
9. Pentachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,4,7,8
PeCDF
0,5
10. Pentachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,7,8
PeCDF
0,005
11. Hexachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,4,7,8
HxCDF
0,1
HxCDF
0,1
HxCDF
0,1
HxCDF
0,1
15. Heptachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,4,6,7,8
HpCDF
0,01
16. Heptachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,4,7,8,9
HpCDF
0,01
17. Octachlorodibenzofuran
OCDF
0,001
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
Three origins have been identified:
- As by-products of the industry, they can appear in industrial effluents,
- They are present in the environment under a diffuse form for instance after deposition on soil
and plants. They can enter the sewage system after running off from street and roofs,
- PCDD/Fs are present in the commercial preparations of insecticide products.
PCDD/Fs can concentrate in sludge. Jones [1997] indicated that sludge loss may happen through
biological degradation or volatilisation, but that dioxins could also be generated during the
wastewater treatment process because of biological activity.
As given in appendix 2, PCDD/Fs levels in European sludge ranges from below 0.01 to around 200
ng/kg DM.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
These compounds are SK\VLFDOO\FKHPLFDOO\ELRORJLFDOO\stable and are OLSRSKLOLF. They tend to
concentrate in sludge and subsequently in the organic material of the soil, and a very strong
adsorption by soil is to be expected. In general, dioxins and furans will be found in the topsoil, and
penetration to the deeper soil layers will only be possible under exceptional conditions (high water

flow, preferential flow channel) [Danish EPA 1997]. They constitute a diffuse background of
pollution in the environment.
The observed levels of PCDD/Fs have been reported to be between 1 and 1,6 ng TEQ/kg DM in
Sweden. It may be calculated that if 1 ton DM/ha/year with a TEQ content of 37,7 ng/kg DM,
would be applied, it would take 30 to 50 years to double the TEQ content in soil if breakdown of
dioxins and furans was assumed to occur [Swedish environmental protection agency, 1996].
In a British study [Jones 1997], the median total PCDD/Fs concentration in 65 rural soils was 335
ng/kg, and reached 1440 ng/kg in 19 urban soils. This would indicate that levels to be observed are
higher in urban areas.
Their fate in soil is not well known. Volatilisation is a potentially important loss mechanism for
PCDD/Fs in soil. Photolysis could also happen, but there is no consensus on this phenomenon.
Lastly, biodegradation was observed in laboratory conditions, but it is assumed that it would be
much slower in field conditions, especially for high-chlorinated species. Hydrolysis and oxidation
are also thought to be insignificant in soils. Lastly, the formation of irreversibly bound, nonextractable residues in soil could be of importance, but has not been enough documented yet [Jones
1997].
7UDQVIHUWRZDWHU
As mentioned above, dioxins and furans are highly lipophilic and are thus QRWH[SHFWHGWROHDFK
IURPVRLOLQWRZDWHUUHVHUYRLUVRURQO\FRQFHUQYHU\OLWWOHDPRXQWVRIWKHFRPSRXQGVDSSOLHG
[Department of the environment and UK water industry research, 1995]. This has been supported
by field observation [Jones 1997], but leaching was observed in some particular cases, in the
presence of surfactants for instance.
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
The dioxins and furans found in upper parts of the plant seem to come from the air. It is explained
by atmospheric deposition to foliage and adsorption of contaminants from the gaseous phase which
are derived principally from other sources [Witte, 1989]. Reischl HW DO [1989] and Sacchi HW DO
[1986] showed that YRODWLOLVDWLRQ DQG DEVRUSWLRQ E\ WKH XSSHU SDUWV RI WKH SODQWV ZDV PRUH
LPSRUWDQW WKDQ URRW XSWDNH SURFHVVHV in shoot tissue contamination with PCDD/Fs.
Volatilisation of dioxins depend from its level of chlorination. Uptake into potatoes and carrot
skins has been demonstrated. Jones [1997] concluded that WKHLQIOXHQFHRIVOXGJHDPHQGPHQWRQ
WKH 3&'') FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ DERYHJURXQG SODQW WLVVXHV FDQ EH LJQRUHG LQ WKH SDWKZD\
DQDO\VLVRIKXPDQH[SRVXUH
Prinz HW DO concluded that the root uptake could be a significant contamination route. However
other observation reported that peel represents an effective barrier to contamination for root crop
plants. It is also assumed that the lipophilic character of those compound induces a tight binding to
soil particles, reducing their transfer to the roots. Uptake by roots presents a BCF of 0.05.
8SWDNHE\OLYHVWRFN
Distribution of sludge is expected to increase animals exposure to PCDD/Fs via soil ingestion.
The PCDD/Fs pass into the blood via the gastrointestinal system at varying absorption rates
according to the congener involved. When the compounds are poorly chlorinated, the absorption
rate is higher. Those compounds are not metabolised, and are stored in the adipose tissues or may
be eliminated into the milk.
Drinking water and inhalation have been shown to be negligible intake sources [Jones 1997].

(FRWR[LFRORJ\
Only a few studies are available dealing with the effects of PCDD/Fs on terrestrial microorganisms, plants and soil living fauna. The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the
Effect and No-Effect concentrations of PCBs on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are
2UJDQLVP
Microorganisms
Plants
Invertebrates
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
0.05 2.4
0.5*
10*
N/A
5 - 10
10
* Only one study
+XPDQH[SRVXUH
The exposure routes to dioxins are numerous. It can be inhaled from air, but can also be ingested
after deposition of dioxins and furans and their concentration in plant or animals fat and milk. As a
lipophilic compound, another exposure route concerning babies of relevance is the intake of breast
milk. Use of sewage sludge as a fertiliser might contribute in increased TEQ concentrations in meat
and dairy products, whereas the concentrations in fish and drinking water are probably not affected
by sewage sludge. The exposure to sewage sludge will therefore depend from the diet.
The total contribution of sludge borne PCDD/Fs seems to be small. However, due to their
physicochemical properties, dioxins are also persistent in the human body and concentrate along
the food chain. Therefore even low exposure levels are of importance.
Wild HWDO. [1994], performed an assessment of human exposure to sludge-borne PCDD/Fs. One of
the main conclusions was that application of sludge to crops will not significantly influence human
exposure to PCDD/Fs due to the inefficiency of transfers from soil to plant tissues. In contrast,
transfers of dioxins and furans from sludge-amended pasture to livestock via ingestion of soil and
sludge adhering to vegetal are critical with regard to human exposure, and these transfer processes
are the principal pathways influencing the human diet.
A quantitative assessment was also made, assuming that the human diet is composed of products
grown or reared exclusively on soil amended with sludge at a rate of application of 10 t DM/ha. It
was assessed that background exposure to 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs was 0.2027 ng I-TEQ.day-1
and it appeared that the human exposure to PCDD/Fs increased by between 15-400 % according to
the congener compared to background exposure. However, the hypotheses were highly unrealistic.
On the contrary, when considering that only 1 to 3 % of the diet originates from sludge-amended
soil (i.e. the percentage of UK agricultural land currently amended with sludge), the increase in the
exposure to PCDD/Fs was below 0.1 % compared to the background exposure. Therefore, subsurface injection of sludge rather than surface spraying would clearly reduce the potential of
PCDD/Fs to enter the human food chain.

)RRGVWXII
0D[LPXPOHYHOSJ:+23&'')7(4J
XSSHUERXQGGHWHUPLQDWLRQOLPLW
1. Fat of Cows milk (liquid, as consumed)
2. Fat of poultry meat
3. Fat of beef meat
4. Fat of pork meat
5. Egg fat
6. Fish (whole product)
10

'(+3'LHWK\OKH[\OSKWDODWHDQG3KWDODWHV

3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI'(+3DQG3KWDODWHV
DEHP belongs to the esters of phtalates, which are all esters of the phtalic acid. It accounts for over
half of the total use of phtalates and is also the most well studied of these compounds.
DEHP may be used as a plasticiser, with application in the construction and packaging industries
(for instance in the production of PVC), as well as in the production of components of medical
devices.
The detection of DEHP may be disturbed when using plastic chemical devices, as they can be
found in such products.
'(+3
3Z
0,3 mg/l
.RZ
3,2 104
+F
1,1 10-5
+DOIOLIH
From 5 to 85 days
This organic compound is little persistent and lipophilic.
7R[LFLW\
Studies have shown WHVWLFXODUDWURSK\ and QHRSODVWLFHIIHFWV RQWKHOLYHULQUDWVDQGPLFH. They
can also LQGXFHDWHUDWRJHQLFHIIHFW, even if they do not have a teratogenic effect themselves.
Actually, only few studies are available for toxicity on humans. They concluded to the need to
reduce the exposure arising from the use of plastic devices.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
DEHP-like compounds originate from effluents of the plastic industry and from compounds in
plastic matter, which can be transferred in the wastewater.
DEHP and phtalates content in sludge is between 20 and 660 mg/kg DM in EU countries.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
DEHP has a low water solubility and a high octanol-water partition coefficient. Therefore its
absorption in soil is high. Under aerobic conditions, micro-organisms degrade DEHP relatively
easily, explaining the relatively low soil concentration reported in the relevant literature [Danish
EPA 1997].
DEHP seems to accumulate in soil after sludge distribution, but only when very large amounts of
sludge are applied. At normal doses, DFFXPXODWLRQGRHVQRWRFFXU because of the very short half-

life of the compound under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, DEHP is very slowly
or not at all degraded.
Like in the preceding cases, degradation pathway of those compounds in soil was not found in the
literature. It cannot be excluded that certain partially broken down metabolites might have the same
effects as DEHP.
The observed levels of DEHP in soil are below the detection limit in Sweden (< 1 mg/kg DM)
[Swedish environmental protection agency, 1996].
7UDQVIHUWRZDWHU
Increased concentrations of DEHP in ground water were observed after distribution of 100 times of
the normal amount of sludge. This does however not reflect normal practices. No data was found
concerning the leaching of DEHP to groundwater after fertilisation with normal amounts of sludge.
It must be reminded that DEHP is rather fast degraded in soil and are lipophilic, permitting to
assume that only little leaching occur.
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Uptake of DEHP by plants is not very well documented
Considering the available data, uptake of DEHP by plants DSSHDUVWREHORZ, because of its rapid
biodegradation in soil. Despite treatment with very large amounts of sludge (100 200 tons
DM/ha/year), the amount of DEHP in the crops (rye, fodder rape seed and English rye-grass) was
below the detection limit (<1 mg DEHP/kg DM). The Danish EPA [1997] reported that
accumulation of airborne phtalates in plant cuticles may be of importance, whereas the root uptake
from soil is negligible. It must be borne in mind that DEHP is lipophilic and therefore strongly
binds to the soil organic fraction.
8SWDNHE\OLYHVWRFN
The DEHP seems to be ingested primarily with concentrated feed rather than with grass and hay or
with soil. Because DEHP is contained in the concentrated food, animal held indoors also ingest the
substance.
Exposure to Phtalates can also occur via the drinking water.
Further studies are also required in order to calculate the BCF between fodder and tissue or milk
fat.
DEHP does not seem to accumulate in animal tissues.
(FRWR[LFLW\
Phtalates are considered as moderately to highly toxic in relation to aquatic organisms. Despite the
lack of data, the Danish EPA [1997] assumed this could be the same for terrestrial organisms, as
the main exposure route to DEHP is the water phase. Several phtalates are also suspected of
endocrine disruption.
Despite the few available studies, the Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect
and No-Effect concentrations of phtalates on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are

2UJDQLVP
&RPSRXQG
12(&
PJNJ
(&
PJNJ
Microorganisms
DEHP
250*
N/A
Plants
DEHP
1000
1000
200-1000
387-2000
N/A
1064-3335
Phtalates
Invertebrates
Dimethyl Phtalate
* only one study
+XPDQH[SRVXUH
It is assumed that the main exposure route for terrestrial organisms to DEHP is the water phase. An
efficient metabolism and excretion of phtalates is observed in many higher organisms e.g. fish,
earthworms and man. Therefore a biomagnification of DHP in the higher trophic levels of the
terrestrial ecosystem is not likely [Danish EPA].
It is difficult to assess how much of the human total exposure to DEHP and phtalates is due to
sludge spreading on arable lands and subsequent contamination of food-stuffs and drinking water.
%DVHGRQWKHYHU\OLPLWHGGDWD, it would seem that uptake into plants is small, and that DEHP is
not accumulated in animal tissues. If this is the case, distribution of sludge ought to contribute very
little to DEHP human exposure (even though it cannot be set in relation to the total exposure in
Europe, which is not clearly known).

1313(1RQ\OSKHQROQRQ\OSKHQROHWKR[\ODWHV
3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI1313(
NPE are surface-active agents used in detergents and washing powders.
Nonylphenol is formed in wastewater treatment plants when incoming nonylphenolethoxylates are
converted during digestion of the sludge.
1313(
3Z
1 mg/l
.RZ
13000
+F
+DOIOLIH
10-22 days
7R[LFLW\
Actually available data is insufficient, but WHQVLRDFWLYHVDUHQRW KLJKO\ WR[LF DV VXFK. However,
their PHWDEROLWHV after degradation are often more toxic and harder to degrade. There is actually a
lack in knowledge about toxicological effects and definition of these metabolites.
Several studies show that NP and other alkylphenols have HVWURJHQLFHIIHFWVERWKLQYLWURDQGLQ
YLYR. It is likely that the observed effects occur due to binding to estrogens receptors. This
substance has estrogens perturbing effects in rats at low doses. A US study concluded that
1RQ\OSKHQRO LV D PDOH DQG IHPDOH UHSURGXFWLYH WR[LFDQW at concentrations 650 ppm. NP can
change sex of a few fishes if they are exposed to high levels. NPE may also be metabolised to NP.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
The main origin of those compounds in sludge is the daily and industrial use of detergents. Their
metabolites can appear in the sludge during its biological evolution. They concentrate in sludge but
undergo rapid biodegradation under aerobic conditions.
A survey conducted among all of Swedens wastewater treatment plants showed median values for
NP of 45, 35 and 32 mg/kg DM [Nilsson 1996].
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Most studies indicate a short half-life for NP in soil, suggesting a reduced risk of accumulation.
The Danish EPA [1997] mentions that in laboratory studies and some field studies, it has been
found that all, or a large fraction of the NPs applied through sludge application disappear from soil
within 50-100 days. These studies also reported that such an important degradation only takes place
under aerobic conditions and if microbial activity is not inhibited. Studies also observed that
microbial metabolism would be the main route for degradation of nonylphenols in soil [Danish
EPA 1997].
NP addition to soil did not affect the nitrification process. It can be therefore assumed that it did not
affect the bacterial activity of the soil. The ministry of environment of Denmark [1998] reported
however a slow biodegradation.

The surfactant property of such compounds can increase the solubility of other organic micropollutants and thus their bioavailability for living organisms in the soil and leaching propensity.
7UDQVIHUWRZDWHU
A field study conducted in Malm in 1994 examined the effects of large amounts of sludge (100
times the recommended amounts; NP content 50-280 mg/kg DM) incorporated into arable soil. The
NP levels in groundwater remained undetectable (<2 g/L) [Nilsson 1996].
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
NP/NPE uptake by plants is not extensively documented in the literature.
$FFRUGLQJ WR 1LOVVRQ >@ 13 GRHV QRW VHHP WR EH WDNHQ XS E\ SODQWV 6HYHUDO VWXGLHV
FRQFOXGHGWKDWLQWHUQDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQVSULQJEDUOH\JUDLQVZHUHLQGHSHQGHQWRIZKHWKHU
RU QRW WKH VRLO ZDV FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK 13 >'DQLVK (3$@ RU WKDW QR LQFUHDVH LQ WKH 13
FRQWHQW RI JUDLQV ZDV REVHUYHG IROORZLQJ VOXGJH DSSOLFDWLRQ >@ +RZHYHU QRW HQRXJK
GDWD LV DYDLODEOH. Uptake of NP by plants could occur because of the tensidic properties of the
compound. It was also mentioned that one metabolite of NP and NPE degradation could have a
greater water solubility, and thus could more easily migrate to plants, or be leached. More
information would be needed concerning the degradation of those compounds.
8SWDNHE\OLYHVWRFN
Little information has been published concerning NP/NPE uptake by livestock. The amount of NP
originating from sewage sludge and other sources and consumed with fodder by meat and dairy
stock seems very small. The main source of NP/NPE for livestock seems to be drinking water,
which most likely is not polluted with NP/NPE originating from sludge. Judging from the few
available data, NP does not accumulate in animal tissue, and is eliminated rapidly.
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
nonylphenol on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be
stressed that the results refer to studies performed under different conditions and protocols: various
different soil types, organisms and duration are taken into account, the effects studied
(mineralisation, nitrification, growth, mortality etc.) are different and the impact level on the
Publications concerning Nonylphenol mainly refer to short-term experiments. Possible long-term
effects are not covered in the literature.

2UJDQLVPV
Microorganisms
Plants
Invertebrates
12(&
mg.kg-1
(&
mg.kg-1
10-1000
500 - 1000
100
559 - 1000
3.44 - 151
+XPDQH[SRVXUH
Concerning NP/NPE, it seems that the main exposure route is the consumption of drinking water,
which is likely not affected by the agricultural use of sewage sludge. Assuming a daily
consumption of 2 litres per person, humans are exposed to 0,58 g of nonylphenol and 5,8 g of
nonylphenolethoxylates. In some food, nonylphenol content was found to be below the detection
limit. However total exposure to NP/NPE is not known.
Keeping in mind that nonylphenol is rapidly degraded in soil, and that uptake by plants is assumed
to be low, the contribution of the agricultural use of sewage sludge may be considered as very low.

/$6/LQHDUDON\OEHQ]HQHVXOSKRQDWHV
3URSHUWLHVDQGPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/$6
LAS and NPE are surface-active agents used in detergents and washing powders.
LAS is easily degraded under aerobic conditions. Annual worldwide consumption of LAS is
approximately 2.106 tons and EU consumption is assumed to be about 300 000 tons.
/$6
3Z
.RZ
5200
+F
+DOIOLIH
7-25 days
7R[LFLW\
Actually available data is insufficient, but WHQVLRDFWLYHVDUHQRW KLJKO\ WR[LF DV VXFK. However,
their PHWDEROLWHV after degradation are often more toxic and harder to degrade. There is currently a
lack of knowledge concerning the toxicological effects and definition of these metabolites.
LAS can cause allergies and have effects on VNLQ SLJPHQWDWLRQ. Some metabolites such as
aliphatic amines can have HIIHFWVRQWKHOLYHUNLGQH\VDQGKHDUWEXWDUHQRWFDUFLQRJHQLF.
2ULJLQLQVOXGJH
The main origin of these compounds in sludge is the daily and industrial use of detergents. Their
metabolites can appear in the sludge during its biological evolution. They concentrate in sludge but
undergo rapid biodegradation under aerobic conditions.
Due to these chemical properties, LAS levels are much higher in anaerobic digested sludge than in
aerobic digested sludge. LAS sludge concentration is therefore between 10 and 19,000 mg/kg DM,
as summarised by Jensen [1999] (see following table).

&RXQWU\
1ERI::73
7\SHRIVOXGJH
/$6FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
Denmark
19
Various
11 16 100
Germany
Anaerobic digested
Germany
10
Aerobic
Italy
Anaerobic digested
11 500 14 000
Spain
Anaerobic digested
12 100 17 800
Spain
Non-treated
Switzerland
10
Anaerobic digested
2 900 11 900
UK
Anaerobic digested
9 300 18 800
1 600 11 800
182 432
400 - 700
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Sludge-bound LAS are UDSLGO\DQGFRPSOHWHO\ELRGHJUDGHG in DHURELF soil, and a half-life value
ranging from 7 to 26 days has been assessed. In anaeobic conditions, LAS degradation is however
slower. DEPA [1995] reports that surfactants may be affected by different chemical and physical
processes such as photolysis, hydrolysis, ionisation, oxidation/reduction, ligand exchange, sorption
and biodegradation, of which sorption and biodegradation are of practical significance.
LAS adsorbs quite strongly to solids, or will be degraded rapidly under aerobic soil conditions.
Thus LAS are not expected to accumulate to toxic levels in soil when sludge with a typical LAS
content (e.g. below 6,000 mg/kg DM) is applied using the normal amounts of landspreading. It has
been reported that branched anionic surfactants are more slowly degraded than straight chained
surfactants. Degradation of LAS is influenced by temperature, water content, availability of
oxygen, the amount of LAS supplied as well as the position of the benzene ring. Several studies
were carried out, documenting the level of LAS found in soil after sludge application. Results vary
widely, from 0 to 45 g/g.
The surfactant property of such compounds can increase the solubility of other organic micropollutants and thus their bioavailability for living organisms in the soil and leaching propensity.
7UDQVIHUWRZDWHU
No data was found for LAS leaching to groundwater.
8SWDNHE\SODQWV
Log Kow is given as 3.7 for LAS, and the substance may therefore be expected to be taken up and
transported in plants. An experiment by Sweetman HWDO (1994) on potential accumulation of LAS
in potatoes, cabbage, leeks and carrots showed however, that the concentration of LAS in plant
tissues was below the analytical limits of detection.
Two laboratory studies were found documenting the effect of sludge-borne LAS on crops
[Unilever 1987 and Thomas HWDO 1988 in Mieure 1990]. The results of the first study are shown in
the table below:

&URS
/$6&RQFHQWUDWLRQ
LQVRLOJJ
6HHGHPHUJHQFH
FRPSDUHGWRFRQWURO
6XQIORZHU
1 to 1000
91
0XQJEHDQ
1 ; 10 ; 100
84
1000
75
1 ; 10 ; 100
78
1000
69
6RUJKXP
In the second study, sludge borne LAS application generally resulted in promotion (up to 55%)
rather than retardation of plant growth.
Mieure [1990] also performed a literature survey concerning the effects of the LAS on some crops
following irrigation. The results are summarised in the table below.
&URS
5HVXOWV
5HIHUHQFH
Growth inhibition at 50 mg/L
Lichtenstein HWDO (1967)
Paddy rice
Production inhibition at 50 mg/L
Taniyama HWDO (1978)
Potted rice
Yellowing of leaf blade at 50 mg/L
Taniyama HWDO (1978)
Rice seedlings
5 mg/L promoted growth ;

40 mg/L Inhibited growth
Wakiuchi HWDO (1988)
Barley, Beans,
Tomato
Non effect at 40 mg/L

Growth enhancement at 25 and 40 mg/L
Lopez-Zavala HWDO
(1975)
Barley, Radish,
Pea, Tomato,
Lettuce
No effect at 100 mg/L

retarded growth at 1000 mg/L
Gilbert HWDO (1988)
Radish
Critical concentration : 10 mg/L
Takita (1982)
Cucumber
Growth retardation at 100 mg/L

no effect at 10 mg/L
Gilbert HWDO (1988)
Pea
8SWDNHE\OLYHVWRFN
Data is lacking concerning LAS transfer to livestock.
(FRWR[LFRORJ\
The Danish EPA [1997] summarised data concerning the Effect and No-effect concentrations of
LAS on terrestrial organisms and plants. The results are presented below. It must be stressed that
EPA.

12(&
mg.kg-1
(&
mg.kg-1
33-59
56-135
Plants
16-1000
90-1000
Invertebrates
235-613
500-1333
2UJDQLVPV
Microorganisms
Mieure [1990] reported that the toxicity to aquatic organisms has been quantified, and that
acceptable margins of safety exist between effect levels and the very low levels of LAS found in
surface waters. Earthworms did not appear to be affected by high level of LAS application to soil.
The main effects of surfactants in general are the disruption of biomembranes and the denaturation
of proteins. Toxic action of surfactants seems to be due to reactions at the cell surface, consisting of
depolarisation of the cell membrane by the adsorption of surfactants, resulting in a decreased
absorption of nutrients and oxygen consumption, as well as in a decreased release of toxic
metabolic products.
The specific toxicity of LAS depends on the position of the benzene ring. Terminal ring position
results in higher toxicity compared to a central placement of the ring. Toxicity also increases with
chain length as long as the surfactant remains soluble.
Branched anionic surfactants show less aquatic toxicity than straight-chained anionic surfactants. In
the same time branched anionic surfactants are more slowly degraded than straight-chained
surfactants. DEPA [1995] observed that very little information was available concerning the
terrestrial toxicity of LAS.
It appeared from the review of the experiments that the effects of surfactants have been of
stimulating as well as of inhibiting character. A stimulation of micro-organisms has often been
correlated to the ability of using the surfactant as a carbon source [DEPA 1995].
+XPDQH[SRVXUH
Very little data is available about LAS transfer ability. LAS are not persistent in soil and are
quickly degraded. Plant uptake is assumed to be low.
Mieure [1990] concluded that the safety margins appeared to be more than adequate to protect
terrestrial plants and animals from harm by using LAS during irrigation with secondary sewage
sludge elements or upon soil fertilisation with sewage sludge.

%DFWHULD
Bacteria are primitive cells without nucleus or developed cytoplasmic organelles. They present a
great variety, and more than 250 types and many thousands of species have been listed. Some of
them may grow in very adverse conditions.
%DFWHULDIRXQGLQVOXGJH
Bacteria found in sludge are numerous and include 6DOPRQHOOD VSS ( FROL LQ SDUWLFXODU ( FROL
2and/HSWRVSLUDVSSfor instanceA detailed summary is given by WRc [2001] and is given
in the main part of this report.
6DOPRQHOOD is the most important one because of the risk on grazing animals [WHO, 1981].
6DOPRQHOOD VSS. is naturally present in the environment.
(VFKHULFKLDFROL is naturally present in human and animals digestive tract. About 140 serological
groups have been listed, of which only a few are pathogenic (for instance (FROL O157) when their
proportion increases. They are useful indicators of faecal pollution of water. Observed levels of (
FROL in the environment are important.
/HSWRVSLUD in sludge is more likely to occur as a result of post-treatment contamination from the
urine of infected rodents rather than from sewage itself.
6KLJHOOD VSS 3VHXGRPRQDV <HUVLQLD &ORVWULGLXP /LVWHULD 0\FREDFWHULXP 6WUHSWRFRFFXV and
&DPSK\OREDFWHU may also be found.
Bacteria levels in organic waste are presented in the table below [ADEME 1994].
1XPEHU/LWUH
/LTXLG
PDQXUH
'DLU\
VOXGJH
1RGLVLQIHFWHG
XUEDQVOXGJH
'LVLQIHFWHG
XUEDQVOXGJH
$HURELFEDFWHULD
3,5 106
6,2 106
7,3 107
3 103
6WDSK\ORFRFFXV
9 104
8 102
1 103
<6
&ROLIRUPV
2 10
2,9 10
3
3
6WUHSWRFRFFXV
5,3 10
6DOPRQHOOD
6,1 10
<6
3,6 10
<6
3URSHUWLHV
Bacteria are among the most sensitive pathogens to environmental conditions outside their host.
Their number rapidly decreases when exposed to light, temperature decrease and desiccation.
[Coker, 1983].
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Smith [1996] reported that 99% of VDOPRQHOOD and 99.9% of (VFKHULFKLDFROL are retained within
the first 3 cm of the soil.
Half-life of 6DOPRQHOOD varies according to the external conditions. When spread in summer, its
half-life is between 424 to 820 days; when spread in winter, this reduces to 104 to 350 days
[Strauch 1998]. Other sources mention that at typical levels of contamination in sludge, a 90 %
reduction in Salmonella is observed within three weeks following sludge application [Pike an
Carington, 1986, Sorber and Moore, 1987]. Turpin HWDO [1992] reported that sludge amended soil

promoted antagonistic effects of soil micro-organisms increasing the rate of Salmonella die-off in
soil.
3DWKRJHQV
6XUYLYDOLQVRLO
Bacteria : salmonella, coliforms
< 70 days (often < 20 d)
Source: WHO, 1989
%HKDYLRXURQSODQWV
Desiccation and sunlight cause a high mortality among bacterial pathogens adhering to the leaves
of crop plants treated with sewage sludge (Coker, 1983).
3DWKRJHQV
6XUYLYDORQSODQWV
Bacteria : salmonella, coliforms
Source: WHO 1989

9LUXVHV
Viruses are not considered to be living organisms. They are made up of an inner core of nucleic
acid and an outer protein coat. There are many types of viruses, differentiated by biochemical
characteristics such as the type of nucleic acid or protein coat. More than 120 different viruses may
be found in human faeces. All of them need living cells to reproduce themselves.
9LUXVHVIRXQGLQVOXGJH
Many types of viruses may be found in sludge such as 3ROLRYLUXV (FKRYLUXV $GHQRYLUXV
5HRYLUXV5RWDYLUXV$VWURYLUXV&DOFLYLUXVand3DUYRYLUXV. (QWHURYLUXVHV occur widely in sewage
sludge. Hepatitis A virus may also be present [Bosch HWDO, 1986], which is a human specific virus.
There is no record of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) having been isolated from faeces,
and epidemiological evidence shows that sewage and water have not been implicated in the
transmission of HIV [Pike, 1987]11.
9LUXVVXUYLYDOLQVRLODQGSODQWV
Viral agents are retained by adsorption to soil particles. Adsorption level increases with increasing
clay and organic matter content [Sorber and Moore, 1987]. Most viruses are retained in the top 2
cm of soils, although a small proportion may penetrate more deeply.
Studies dealing with virus contaminated sludge exposed to natural rainfall showed limited or no
movement below depths of 0.5-1.25 m [Sorber and Moore, 1987].
Viruses are generally rapidly inactivated near soil surface. This may however depend on
temperature conditions.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and do not replicate outside of the appropriate host.
Consequently, their number eventually decreases in the soil environment, irrespective of
conditions, because they are not adapted to survive outside of the host animal for long periods.
Their survival has been assessed to 3 months.
Viruses may be eliminated from vegetation within 24 days [Larkin HWDO, 1976].
3DWKRJHQV
6XUYLYDOLQVRLO
6XUYLYDORQSODQWV
HQWHURYLUXVHV
Source: WHO, 1989
11
Although prions are not viruses, it should be noted here that there is no evidence suggesting that a BSE
(Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) transmission factor would be present in sludge.

3DUDVLWHV
A parasite is an organised living body, which needs a host to grow or reproduce himself during one
or many steps of his life cycle. Different types of parasites exist, such as helminths, mushrooms or
protozoa. Some of them may develop a cyst or egg stage, in order to resist to environmental stress.
Helminths are worms and include Cestodes, Trematodes or Nematodes. Protozoa are unicellular
organisms, most of them living in aqueous environment.
3DUDVLWHVIRXQGLQVOXGJH
Different types of parasitic worms and protozoa may be found in sludge. Among Helminths,
$VFDULV and WDHQLD may be cited, as well as (QWDPRHED or *LDUGLD as Protozoa.
%HKDYLRXULQVRLO
Sorber and Moore [1987] considered that mechanical straining was the most important factor
governing parasite transport through soil. The transport of protozoa and helminths in soils appears
to be more limited than for bacteria or viruses. Indeed, available literature suggests that the ova of
parasites and the cysts of protozoa are retained at the point of sludge introduction.
Kowal [1983] documented that survival times for protozoa in soil were typically about two days,
possibly extending to a maximum period of ten days.
However parasites eggs or cysts are incontestably the longest survivors in soil one to two years
in certain favourable circumstances. On average, loss of viability, and therefore of infectiousness,
occurs within a few weeks.
3DWKRJHQV
+HOPLQWKV: $VFDULV7DHQLDVDJLQDWD
3URWR]RD: (QWDPRHEDKLVWRO\WLFD
6XUYLYDOLQVRLO
Several months
Source: WHO, 1989
%HKDYLRXURQSODQWV
Immature $VFDULV ova do not survive on vegetation more than 35 days [Rudolphs HW DO, 1951],
although mature or hatching ova, which occur frequently in sludge, are more able to survive to
adverse conditions [Engelbrecht, 1978].
Taenia ova are susceptible to desiccation, and viability of both 7DHQLD and $VFDULV is reduced
through fungal attack and degeneration [Silverman, 1955; Jones HWDO, 1979].
Protozoan cysts are sensitive to desiccation and only survive a few days on vegetation under drying
conditions [Coker, 1983 ; Sorber and Moore, 1987].
3DWKRJHQV
+HOPLQWKV: $VFDULV7DHQLDVDJLQDWD
3URWR]RD: (QWDPRHEDKLVWRO\WLFD
Source: WHO, 1989

6XUYLYDORQSODQWV
$SSHQGL[
7\SLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDQLPDOPDQXUH
DQGVOXUU\

FDWWOHPDQXUH
FDWWOHVOXUU\
SLJPDQXUH
SLJVOXUU\
SRXOWU\PDQXUH
20 - 50
1 - 18
25
1 - 18
30 - 60
'U\VROLGV
$JULFXOWXUDOYDOXHNJWIUHVKZHLJKW

2UJDQLFPDWWHU
130 - 150
10 - 107
160
34 - 70
17RWDO
4-9
2 - 18
5-7
2 - 16
14 - 29
11+
1.5 3.1
0.6 2.2
0.7 2.5
2.1 3.6
5.3 6.1
32
1-8
1 - 12
1 7.6
1 - 12
12.4 - 25
.2
2.5 - 12
2 - 15
4 4.1
2-9
8.4 - 21
&D2
1.8 4.2
0.3 4.5
1.4 6.7
14.5 40.5
0J2
0.5 1.5
0.3 1.5
2.5
0.5 1.8
1.2 4.2
1D2
1.3
0.8
0.8 0.9
9.2
2OLJRHOHPHQWVPJNJ'6
,URQ)H
4000
1500
0DQJDQHVH0Q
400
600
0.7
1.9
0.5
&DGPLXP&G
0.1 0.4
0.2 0.6
0.7
0.2 0.5
0.38 0.8
&KURPLXP&U
0.4 2.6
2.6 - 15
1.9
2.4 1.8
4.1 - 24
&RSSHU&X
15 - 75
31 - 70
346
180 - 574
59 - 100
&REDOW&R
+HDY\PHWDOVPJNJ'6
0HUFXU\+J
0.17
0.05
1LFNHO1L
1 - 14
3.3 - 14
3.2 - 17
4.9 - 17
/HDG3E
1.4 4.3
4.3 5.8
2.8
<1 - 12
2.2 - 4
=LQF=Q
63 - 175
132 - 750
387
403 - 919
403 - 556
0.6
0.6
6HOHQLXP6H
0.2
Source : WRc 2001, Survey of wastes spread on land, Draft final report.

$SSHQGL[
0RGHOOLQJUHVXOWV

/RZDFFXPXODWLRQVFHQDULR

+LJKDFFXPXODWLRQVFHQDULR

/RZ DFFXPXODWLRQ VFHQDULR VOXGJH FRPSRVLWLRQ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH OLPLW YDOXHV RI
GLUHFWLYH&((

+LJK DFFXPXODWLRQ VFHQDULR VOXGJH FRPSRVLWLRQ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH OLPLW YDOXHV RI
GLUHFWLYH&((

$SSHQGL[
5HVXOWVRIWKHVHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLV

,PSDFWRIWKHSKHQRPHQDWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWDQGVOXGJHTXDOLW\
20
18
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
16
86 limit value in soil

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
R
V
14
soil accumulation
12
soil accumulation and plant

uptake
10
soil accumulation, plant uptake

and runoff
Q
L
O
H
Y
H
O
O
D
W
H
0
3,8 mg/kg DM
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1XPEHURI\HDUV
,PSDFWRIVOXGJHTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\
20
18
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
16

1 ton /ha/year

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
14
3 tons/ha/year
12
R
V

Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0
2 tons/ha/year
10
8
6
4
3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1XPEHURI\HDUV

350
400
450
500
,PSDFWRIEDFNJURXQGOHYHODQGVOXGJHTXDOLW\
20
18
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
16

U
D
H
\

D
K

14
R
V
10
J
N

O
L
0,3 ppm in soil
12
1 ppm in soil
0,1 ppm in soil
Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0
8
6
4
3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1XPEHURI\HDUV
,QIOXHQFHRIVOXGJHTXDOLW\DQGFOD\FRQWHQWRIVRLO
20
18
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
16

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
R
V
30 % clay in soil
14
50 % clay in soil
12
10 % clay in soil
86 limit value in soil (10 % clay)

10
Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0

8
6
4
3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1XPEHURI\H DUV

350
400
450
500
DFWRIVOXGJHTXDOLW\DQGF R
\LHOG
20
18
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
16

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
R
V
14
1750 kg/ha
7000 kg/ha
12
3500 kg/ha
10
Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0
8
6
4
3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1XPEHURI\HDUV
DFWRIVOXGJHTXDOLW\DQGF R
LGLW\
20
18
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
16

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
14
90 % humidity in plant
12
R
V

Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0
10
8
6
4
3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1XPEHURI\HDUV

350
400
450
500
DFWRIVOXGJHTXDOLW\DQGVRLO
ODQWW DQVIH IDFWR
20
18
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
16

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
R
V
14
0,1 transfer factor

0,3 transfer factor
12
0,5 transfer factor
10
Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0
8
6
4
3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1XPEHURI\HDUV
DFWRIVOXGJHTXDOLW\DQG H
D WLWLRQGH
20
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
18
16

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
86 limit value in soil (35 cm)
15 cm repartition depth
14
12
R
V

Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0
10
8
6
4
3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1XPEHURI\HDUV

350
400
450
500
DFWRIVOXGJHTXDOLW\DQGOL
LW
DOXHIR
HWDOVLQVRLO
20
Metal level in
sludge of the 86
directive
18
16

U
D
H
\

D
K

J
N

O
L
R
V
14
Metal level in soil
12
Limit value : 3 ppm in soil
10
Q
L

O
H
Y
H
O

O
D
W
H
0
6
4

3,8 mg/kg DM
2
0,4 mg/kg DM
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1XPEHURI\HDUV

350
400
450
500

Sludge Disposal3annex PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Sludge Disposal3annex PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

$SSHQGL[

CSHPF; 1997; Recommandations sanitaires concernant lutilisation des boues rsiduaires en

/LWHUDWXUH FRQFHUQLQJ LQFLQHUDWLRQ DQG ODQGILOOLQJ XVHG IRU WKLV

OFFICE PARLEMENTAIRE D'VALUATION DES CHOIX SCIENTIFIQUES ET

CHASSOT G. M.; CANDIDAS T.; 1997; Dsapprovisionnement des boues d'puration :

TAIEX; 1999Application and enforcement of EU environmental legislation at sub-national level;

CHANEY R.L; Recycling municipal sludges and effluent on land, 1973.

HAGENMAIER, H.; Untersuchungen der Gehalte an polychlorierten Dibenzodioxinen,

KJELDSEN et CHRISTOPHERSEN, Composition of leachate from old landfills in Denmark,

OCONNOR HW DO; Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics; Review of

See Further information concerning LAS in appendix 3

3RODQG 5RPDQLD 6ORYDNLD 6ORYHQLD

Figure 1: Origin of lead in soil [Juste, 1990]

Cows milk (liquid, as consumed)

2. Meat of cattle, sheep and pig, poultry meat (except game)

Cereals, leguminous and pulses, excluding bran and germ

Vegetables, excluding brassica, leafy vegetables, mushrooms and potatoes

Fruits (as consumed)

Fats and oils, including milk fat

10. Fruits juices

Figure 2: origin of Zinc in soil [Juste, 1990]

Plant hormone regulating growth, particularly cell elongation

Figure 3: origin of cadmium in soil [Juste 1990]

Meat of cattle, lamb, pig and poultry

Liver of cattle, lamb, pig horse and poultry

Kidney of cattle, lamb, pig, horse and poultry

Crustaceans, except crab

Molluscs and crab

8. Cereals, except wheat grain and rice

Soybeans and peanuts

10.1 Leafy vegetables and mushrooms

10.2 Root vegetables and potatoes

Figure 4: origin of copper in soil [Juste, 1990]

French professional organisation for organic waste supply to land

Fishery products, except those in 1.1

1.1 Anglerfish (Lophius spp.)

Atlantic catfish (Anarhichas lupus)

Water soluble/volatile to lipophilic

Generally lipophilic, hydrophobic

Very low <few g kg-1

Strongly adsorbed by soil O.M.

Water soluble and volatile

Water soluble/volatile to lipophilic

Water soluble and volatile

Aromatic and alkyl amines

Water soluble and low volatility

Lower mol wt types lost by

O.M., organic matter; mol wt: molecular weight

Possible but rapidly metabolised

Possible into milk/tissues

Via soil ingestion

From 107 to 1010

From 4,9 10-4 to 5,3 10-8

From 2,4 104 to 1,3 106

From 3,2 10-4 to 3,8 10-3

PCB 101 to 180

* Only one study

5,3 10 6 for TCDD

10. Pentachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,7,8

11. Hexachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,4,7,8

12. Hexachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,7,8,9

13. Hexachlorodibenzofuran 1,2,3,6,7,8

14. Hexachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,4,6,7,8

$SSHQGL[

TAIEX; 1999Application and enforcement of EU environmental legislation at sub-national level;

OCONNOR HW DO; Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics; Review of

'(+3'LHWK\OKH[\OSKWDODWHDQG3KWDODWHV

Lichtenstein HWDO (1967)

Taniyama HWDO (1978)

Taniyama HWDO (1978)

Wakiuchi HWDO (1988)

Gilbert HWDO (1988)

Gilbert HWDO (1988)

$JULFXOWXUDOYDOXHNJWIUHVKZHLJKW