Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Feature Presentation
outline
UMD Information
Air Pollution Control (APC)
Review of the modified Claus process
Process capacity and cost analysis
Chemical equilibrium simulation
CFD simulation
Conclusions and perspectives
2
Current Rankings:
Computer Science 11th
Physics 14th
Engineering 16th
Mathematics 21st
Combustion Laboratory
33,000 students
24,000 undergraduate + 9000 graduate students
Engineering rated as #16 in the country
~1,000 in Mechanical Engineering (600+UG, 300+G)
Mechanical Eng. Dept. -- 44 faculty
ME Dept. 06-07 annual research budget ~$20 million
Dept. rated 24th overall, 12th in research
Combustion Research (~9 faculty in 3 Depts.)
State-of-the-art combustion laboratory
Combustion Laboratory includes 6-10 graduate
students, + several UG students. All students are fully
supported.
Combustion Laboratory
State of the art Lab. with comprehensive Diagnostic & Experimental facilities
Present research supported by: NASA, ONR, AF, MDA, DoE, PI, and Industries
Sample Projects
Biomass gasification and Waste to clean fuel conversion (fuel reforming)
Mixing and ignition in rocket injectors
High speed combustion/Propulsion
Colorless Distributed Combustion in gas turbines using HiTAC technology
Underwater propulsion and two phase mixing
Micro-combustor with regeneration using gas and liquid fuels
Sensors and Diagnostics for flames and combustors
Sulfur removal from sour and acid gas
For details: Contact Professor A. K. Gupta, E-mail: akgupta@eng.umd.edu
http://www.enme.umd.edu/combustion/
Combustion Laboratory
Evolution of APC
Combustion Laboratory
Combustion Laboratory
1
Sour Natural Gas
CH4, H2S, CO2
ALKANOLAMINE
SWEETENING
(Refinery HT)
ACID/BASE
Acid Gas
H2S, CO2
H2S
Recycle
SO2
Sales Gas
CH4, liquid products
2
SULFUR
RECOVERY
TAIL GAS
CLEAN-UP
Air
O2/N2
OXIDATION
1. REDOX
2. OXIDATION
S
4
SOLIDIFICATION
Storage
SULFUR DEGASSING
SOLID
8
STORAGE
H2S + 3/2O2
2H2S + SO2
high T
high T
CAT.
2H2S + SO2
(108 kJ)
low T
3H2S + 3/2O2
HIGH TEMP.
LOW TEMP.
THERMAL STAGE
CATALYTIC STAGES
RE-HEATER
RE-HEATER
Al2O3
Al2O3
a
ACID
GAS
REACTION
FURNACE
2H2S: SO2
N2, H2O
2H2S: SO2
N2, H2O
WASTE
HEAT
BOILER
CONDENSER
AIR
CONDENSER
Tail gas
CONDENSER
Liq. S8
Liq. S8
Liq. S8
Liq. S8
10
11
Source: Bill Kennedy, SHELL CANADA LIMITED, Sulphur 2004, Barcelona, Spain, Oct.24-27, 2004
1.4 bars
Temperature
30o C
H2S
Mole Percent
Mole Percent
60 %
30 %
10 %
12
PRACTICAL
LIMIT
CONV 3
CATALYTIC
STAGE
205oC
CONV 2
225oC
CONV 1
305oC
THERMAL STAGE
TGCU
WHB
(S8)
13
HR 108 kJ
HR +47 kJ
responsible for 60-70%
conversion in the furnace
14
> 95%
S
S
S
S
S=S
15
16
Working
Capital
@ 2002
Total Capital
Investment
@ 2006
14.49 M$
2.4 M$
18.75 M$
Total
Catalyst
Total
Utility Cost
Total
Production
Cost
1.02 M$
0.77 M$
3.46 M$
17
CLAUS FURNACE
AIR
Combustion chamber
2500oC
1300oC
600oC
flame zone
Anoxic zone
SOUR
GAS
H2S/O2 Ratio
H2S + 3/2 O2
SO2 + H2O
Products
0.66
Conversion: 100%
Goal 2:1 H2S to SO2 ratio
Air Feed
2502 Kmole/h
18
WHB
Combustion chamber
1300oC
2500oC
600oC
flame
Anoxic zone
acid gas
zone
Products
3/2 S2 + 2 H2O
2 H2S + SO2
S2 + 2 H2O
2 H2S
2 H2 + SO2
2 H2O + 1/2 S2
large number of
possible reactions
20
STANJAN interface
21
Numerical Effort
CH4
O2
H2O
CO
CO2
CH3
OH
HO2
N2
AR
NH
NO
NO2
SH
H2S
SO
SO2
SO3
HSO2
HOSO
HOSO2 SN
S2
HOSHO COS
HSNO
HSO
HOS
HSOH
H2SO
H2S2
H2SO4
HS2
CH
CS
22
1600
1500
75
1300
65
1200
60
TEMPERATURE, K
70
Temperature, K
1400
H2S conversion,
%
H2S CONVERSION, %
1100
55
1000
50
900
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
H2S CONTENT
H2S content
Sulfur recovery as a function of H2S inlet content
70
It is shown that an
optimum sulfur
recovery is
obtained for a
furnace
temperature
around 1500K
H2SH2Sconversion,
CONVERSION, % %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
TEMPERATURE, K
Temperature,
K
24
3000
70
2500
40
1500
30
1000
EQ TEMPERATURE, K
2000
50
Temperature, K
H2SH2S
conversion,
%
CONVERSION, %
60
20
500
10
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600
INLET TEMPERATURE, K
Inlet
temperature, K
Despite the increase of the inlet temperature, we remark that the sulfur recovery is
25
decreasing.
74
72
EQ TEMPERATURE, K
1700
Temperature, K
70
H2S conversion, %
1900
68
1500
66
1300
64
1100
62
60
900
21
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
O2 CONTENT, %
Sulfur recovery as a function of O2 content
Mass fraction of molecular sulfur for the mole fraction case of:
( H2S= 29.58%, O2= 14.79%, and N2= 55.62%)
0.24
0.76
0.74
0.23
S2 Mass fraction
0.70
0.21
0.68
0.20
0.64
0.66
0.62
0.19
0.60
0.58
0.18
0.56
0.17
Conversion efficiency
0.72
0.22
0.54
0.52
0.16
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
0.50
Temperature (K)
27
Mass fraction of molecular sulfur for the mole fraction case of:
(H2S= 26.9%, CO2= 8.97%, O2= 13.46%, N2= 50.62%).
0.200
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.190
0.69
0.68
0.185
0.67
0.66
0.180
0.65
0.175
0.64
0.63
0.170
Conversion efficiency
S2 Mass fraction
0.195
0.62
0.165
1000
0.61
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Temperature (K)
30
Turbulence Model:
Meshed geometry
Standard k - model
Wall
EDC
Velocity
inlet
Pressure
outlet
Boundary conditions:
Velocity
inlet
Boundary Conditions
33
CFD Results
Four cases are treated:
Case 1
Case 2
Air inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
0.1 m/s
H2S inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
85 m/s
Case 3
O2 inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
100 m/s
H2S inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
0.1 m/s
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
100 m/s
Temperature:
1000 K
Velocity:
0.66 m/s
Case 4
O2 inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
100 m/s
H2S inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
0.2 m/s
Air inlet
H2S inlet
34
Case 1:
300 K
Velocity:
85 m/s
Q=0
Air inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
0.1 m/s
35
Case 1
36
Case 1
37
Case 2:
H2S + 1.5 O2
SO2 + H2O
2 H2S + SO2
1.5 S2 + 2 H2O
300 K
Velocity:
0.1 m/s
Q=0
Pure O2 inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
100 m/s
38
Case 2
39
Case 2
40
Case 3:
H2S/CO2 inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
0.2 m/s
Pure O2 inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
100 m/s
41
Case 3
42
Case 3
43
Case 4:
2 H2S + SO2
1.5 S2 + 2 H2O
Q=0
H2S/CO2 inlet
Temperature:
1000 K
Velocity:
0.66 m/s
Air inlet
Temperature:
300 K
Velocity:
100 m/s
44
Case 4
45
Case 4
46
47
Summary
The Claus process for sulfur recovery has been known and used in the
industry for over 100 years. It involves thermal oxidation of hydrogen sulfide
and its reaction with sulfur dioxide to form sulfur and water vapor. This process
is equilibrium-limited and usually achieves efficiencies in the range of 94-97%,
which have been regarded as acceptable in the past years. Nowadays strict air
pollution regulations regarding hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide emissions
call for nearly 100% efficiency, which can only be achieved with process
modifications. A detailed literature survey revealed that most of the early
studies have focussed on the Claus catalytic stages and/or the tail gas
treatment unit. While very little work has been devoted to explore the possible
improvements to the combustion process in the Claus furnace. In this study we
presented numerical simulation results of the combustion and thermal stage of
The Claus furnace burner. We specifically explored the improvements that
Could be made on the process by oxygen enrichment, reactants pre-heating,
and injection port exchange between fuel and oxidant in the burner.
48
The End
49