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AC BRIDGES
Resistance, Capacitance and Inductance
Measurement
OBJECTIVES
Ability
AC BRIDGES
AC bridges are used to measure inductance and
capacitances and all ac bridge circuits are based on
the Wheatstone bridge. The general ac bridge circuit
consists of 4 impedances, an ac voltage source, and
detector as shown in Figure below. In ac bridge
circuit, the impedances can be either pure
resistance or complex impedances.
Z1 Z 2
Z3 Z4
Capacitance
CONT.
Applications - in many communication system and complex
electronic circuits. AC bridge circuits - are commonly used
for shifting phase, providing feedback paths for oscillators
and amplifiers, filtering out undesired signals, and measuring
the frequency of audio signals.
ZR
Vr
Ir
VR
R
IR
DEFINITION OF REACTANCE, X
Reactance is the imaginary part of impedance, and is caused by the presence of
inductors or capacitors in the circuit. Reactance is denoted by the symbol X
and is measured in ohms.
Impedance
Admittance
Z= R
Y= 1/R
Z= jL
Y=1/j L
Z=-j(1/c)
Y=j c
CONT.
Fig. 5-7: General ac bridge circuit
CONT.
I1Z1 = I2Z2
(1)
Z1 Z 2
Z3 Z4
(2)
EXAMPLE 5-5
The impedances of the AC bridge in Fig. 5-7
are given as follows:
Z1 20030
0
Z 2 1500
0
Z 3 250 40 0
Z x Z 4 unknown
Determine the constants of the unknown arm.
SOLUTION
The first condition for bridge balance
requires that
Z1Zx =Z2Z3
Zx = (Z2Z3/Z1)=[(150x250)/200]
= 187.5
CONT.
The second condition for balance requires
that the sums of the phase angles of
opposite arms be equal
1+ x = 2 + 3
x = 2 + 3 - 1
= 0 + (-40) 30
= -70o
CONT.
Hence, the unknown impedance Zx, can be
written as
Zx = 187.5 -700 = (64.13 j176.19)
Where
Zx = Zx cos + j Zx sin
EXAMPLE 5-6
R2
R3
R1
Cx
R1
C3
R2
MAXWELL BRIDGE
to determine an unknown inductance with capacitance standard
Z1
1
1
jC1
R1
Z 2 R2
Z 3 R3
Z x Rx jX Lx
R2 R3
Rx
R1
Lx R2 R3C1
X - reactance
Z = R + jX
2 R1 R2 R3C12
Rx
1 2 R12 C12
R2 R3C1
Lx
1 2 R12 C12
WEIN BRIDGE
The Wein Bridge shown in Figure below has a series RC combination in
one arm and a parallel combination in the adjoining arm. It is designed to
measure frequency (extensively as a feedback arrangement for a circuit). It
can also be used for the measurement of an unknown capacitor with
great accuracy.
Z1 R1
Z 2 R2
Z3
1
1
1
R3
jX c 3
Z 4 R4 jX c 4
Cont..
Equivalent
parallel
component
R1
1
R4 2
R3
R2
R4C42
R2
1
C3 (
)C4
2 2
2
R1 1 R4 C4
R1
1
C4 C3 2 2 2
R2
R3 C3
Equivalent series
component
R2
R3
R4
2 2 2
R1 1 R3 C3
R3 '
(C1 C1 )
C2
1
1
1
)
'
C4 C4
(
SCHERING BRIDGE
used for measuring capacitors and their insulating properties
for phase angle of nearly 90o.
Zx =Rx j/Cx
Z2 = R2
Z3 = -j/C3
Z1 = 1/(R1 + jC1)
R2 C1
Rx
C3
R1C3
Cx
R2
SUMMARY