Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2015
BIOENERGY OPTION IN ENERGY MIX IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Developing countries tend to have limited human and financial
resources, so bioenergy development should first explore
opportunities based on already available biomass and proven
technology, rather than investing in dedicated fuel crops and the
development of new technologies. Synergies between the forest
industry and energy generation provide opportunities for both
sectors. Integrating energy generation into forest industrial
operations is a competitive way of reducing risks, increasing
profitability and improving forest management. It also
strengthens energy security and contributes to climate change
mitigation. This should be a priority for exploration by developing
countries investing in bioenergy.
Biomass the fourth largest energy source after coal, oil and
natural gas - is the largest and most important renewable energy
option at present and can be used to produce different forms of
energy. As a result, it is, together with the other renewable
energy options, capable of providing all the energy services
required in a modern society, both locally and in most parts of the
world. Renewability and versatility are, among many other
aspects, important advantages of biomass as an energy source.
Moreover, compared to other renewables, biomass resources are
common and widespread across the globe. The sustainability
potential of global biomass for energy is widely recognized. For
example, the annual global primary production of biomass is
equivalent to the 4,500 EJ1 of solar energy captured each year.
mainly in India was successful. The company moved far too early.
The report indicated that D1 is also having some nasty surprises
on yield. It said in 2006 that it aimed to produce 2.7 tonnes of oil
per hectare from areas planted with its new E1 variety, and 1.7
tonnes of oil from normal seed. That is equivalent to about 8
tonnes and 5 tonnes of seed per hectare respectively, or 3.5kg
and 2kg a plant. According to the report, Pradip Bhar, who runs
the companys D1 Williamson Magor Bio Fuel joint venture in
India north east, admits he has yet to achieve a fraction of that.
Hitting 500g is the challenge,he says. Mortality is quite high. But
if we can reach 500g in two years time, after that the bush will
continue to grow. Our expectation is that after the fourth year we
will hit 1kg. The 1.5kg mark we havent touched as yet.Those are
the results from the fertile state of Assam, According to the
report. The yields in other, dryer states such as Jharkand and
Orissa, he says, are much worse. Mr Bhar intends to hold the
area under cultivation steady at about 132,000 hectares this year.
As his plantations account for more than half of D1 Oils Jatropha
crop, the companys goal of planting 1 million hectares by 2011
looks like a tough one. He is concentrating instead on ensuring
his small contract farmers continue tending it for the two or three
years needed before it becomes profitable. This challenge is one
of the reasons why Prof Shah doubts the 500,000 hectares of
jatropha the Indian government estimates has been planted so
far. Only last month, he unsettled an annual meeting of the
universities researching jatropha and Indias National Oilseeds
and Vegetable Oil Development Board by reporting that only
5,000 hectares was actually under plantation in Gujarat, half the
official estimate, the report added. The Indian experience can
provide sufficient evidence for a careful, and thorough, costbenefit analysis of Ghanas jatropha dream, before the bubble
most probably bursts. From May 27 to 28, an international
conference on jatropha in Ghana would be considering the
benefits of the crop to the global economy. Hopefully, the
conference would not hype the benefits of jatropha and neglect
the possible pitfalls. An objective consideration of all the
possibilities, including that of possible failure, as the Indian
experience has shown so as to minimize any collateral damage in
the long term is necessary for the move forward. The companies
investing in jatropha and other non-food crops for the production
of biofuels including the ones from India, have lots of lessons to
learn from Indias example, so as not to repeat the mistake. See more at: http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com//updateany-lessons-for/ On the other hand I had been advocating
cultivating care-free growth plants like Agave and Opuntia in
Waste lands. Both are CAM Plants. Biofuel and Biogas and
subsequent power can be generated from both of these plants.
Both are CAM Plants.
There is no point in saying that Jatropha is being cultivated in
India since long. Nobody denies this. My criticism is that Jatropha
needs watering and a seasonal crop. It takes minimum 5 years to
yield the seeds. Because of Hype many people grabbed thousands
of acres of wastelands for lease. How many of them are actually
growing Jatropha is a million Dollar question. People want to grow
in Millions of hectares of Jatropha crop in
Ghana,Medagaskar,Tanzania,Kenya etc. But how much area is
covered by Jatropha? I have First hand information of Jatropha in
Madagascar. In India (AP),a Jatropha biodiesel extraction plant
was set up but was not a success as there was no regular supply
of Jatropha seeds. Elsewhere there is criticism on Jatropha as it
also requires watering like normal plants though in lesser
quantity: As of 2011 skepticism about the \"miracle\" properties
of Jatropha has been voiced. For example: \"The idea that
jatropha can be grown on marginal land is a red herring\",
according to Harry Stourton, business development director of
UK-based Sun Biofuels, which cultivates Jatropha in Mozambique
and Tanzania. \"It does grow on marginal land, but if you use
marginal land you\'ll get marginal yields,\" he said. An August
2010 article warned about the actual utility and potential dangers
of reliance on Jatropha in Kenya. Major concerns included its
invasiveness, which could disrupt local biodiversity, as well as
damage to water catchment areas. Jatropha curcas is lauded as
being sustainable, and that its production would not compete with
food production, but the jatropha plant needs water like every
other crop to grow. This could create competition for water
between the jatropha and other edible food crops. In fact,
jatropha requires five times more water per unit of energy than
sugarcane and corn. 1. Reuters: Biofuel jatropha falls from
wonder-crop pedestal, 21-1-2011 2. Friends of the Earth Europe:
Biofuel \'wonder-crop\' jatropha failing to deliver, 21-01-2011
3. \"Biodiesel wonder plant could spell doom for
Kenya\". naturekenya.org. Retrieved 2011-03-22. 4. Friends of
the Earth kicks against Jatropha production in Africa, Ghana
Business News, Friday, May 29, 2009, 5. Phil McKenna (June 9,
2009). \"All Washed Up for Jatropha? The draughtresistant \"dream\" biofuel is also a water hog\".Technology
Review. Retrieved 2011-10-11. In Summary I am not against
growing Jatropha but the cost benefit analysis need to be carried
out with respect to other options like Agave and Opuntia as far as
growing in waste lands is concerned.Both Agave and Opuntia are
regenerative plants. As such input is available round the year if
planted in different seasons.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
Sisal Fiber
Comments
Anumakonda Jagadeesh Facebook 25 June 2015
Sisal Agave is a versatile plant.
Agave is a versatile plant well suited for millions of
hectares of wastelands in India. Agave-derived
Renewable Fuels, Products and Chemicals Biofuels
Ethanol(1st and 2nd
generations),Biobutanol,biomethanol,biojet fiel,green
gasoline,biooil,biocrude,biodiesel,biocoal,biochar,H2,syng
as,biogas,torrefied pellets and briquettes, drop-in
fuels,pyrolysis oil,and biochar. Bioproducts Agave