Chapter Three Week 8

24/7/2014
Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)
JF 302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

www.pis.edu.my
CLO 2 : Synthesis course knowledge into an effective

course assignment and present technical findings
both orally and in writing.
Week 8
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cold work
Understand cold work
Describe the heat treatment of steels
casting process
Heat treatment of steels
HEAT
TREATMENT
Principle of Operation:
Heat treatment may be defined as an operation
involving heating and cooling of metal/alloy in solid
state to obtain desirable conditions and properties.
Stress relieving
Principle of Operation:
Heat treatment may be defined as an operation
involving heating and cooling of metal/alloy in solid
state to obtain desirable conditions and properties.
Describe the casting process
hot work
casting process
HEAT
TREATMENT
Understand hot work
cold work
hot work
cold work
CLASSIFICATION
OF HEAT
TREATMENT
PROCESS
hot work
casting process
Classification of heat treatment:

Various heat treatment processes can be classified
as:
1. Annealing
2. Normalizing
3. Quenching
4. Tempering
Better machinability
Improve ductility
24/7/2014
cold work
PURPOSES
OF HEAT
TREATMENT
hot work
casting process
Purposes of heat treatment:

1. Relief of internal stresses which is developed
during cold working, welding, casting or forging
2. Harden and strengthen metal/alloy
3. Improve machinability
4. Change of grain size
5. Soften metal/alloy for further mechanical working
6. Improve ductility and toughness
7. Increase heat/wear and corrosion resistance
8. Improve magnetic and electrical properties
cold work
STAGES OF
HEAT
TREATMENT
hot work
casting process
casting process
Stages of heat treatment:
1 2
1. Heating
2. Holding (Soaking)
3. Cooling
cold work
hot work
Briefly describe the three basic

stages of heat treatment process.
Think critically 3.5
cold work
hot work
casting process
Briefly describe the three basic

stages of heat treatment process.
1. Heating the steel to define temperature

2. Soaking at that temperature for sufficient period to allow
necessary changes to occur
3. Cooling at a rate to obtain desired properties associated with
changes in the form, size and distribution of micro-constituents
(such as ferrite, pearlite and martensite)
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
ANNEALING
A3 Upper critical
tempt
Acm
A3
A1
A1 - Eutectoid line
727C or
Lower critical
tempt
Acm austenite +
cementite line
Definition:
Annealing is the process of heating a steel to a
temperature about 727C, which will remove the
instability or distortion and then cooling at a slow
rate (furnace cooled).
Fig 3.1 Temperature range for heat treatment of steel
24/7/2014
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
ANNEALING
Purposes:
1. Induce a completely stable structure (full
annealing)
2. Refine the structure
3. Reduce hardness
4. Improve machinability
5. Remove residual stresses
6. Improve mechanical, physical, electrical and
magnetic properties
Give the classes of annealing of

steels.
cold work
hot work
casting process
Give the classes of annealing of

steels.
cold work
hot work
casting process
Briefly explain the annealing

temperatures.
hot work
casting process
Briefly explain the annealing

temperatures.
cold work
cold work
hot work
casting process
Explain the annealing for

hypoeutectoid steels .
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cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
NORMALIZING
Explain the annealing for

hypoeutectoid steels .
Definition:
Normalizing is the process of heating a steel to a
temperature about 40-50C above its upper critical
temperature, holding it at that temperature for a
short time and then cooling in air at room
temperature.
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
NORMALIZING
Purposes:
1. Refine the grain size of steel
2. Reduce internal stresses
3. Produce a harder and stronger steel than
annealing
4. Improve machinability, ductility and toughness
Why normalizing produces harder

and stronger steel than annealing?
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
QUENCHING
Why normalizing produces harder

and stronger steel than annealing?
Normalizing produces harder and stronger steel than annealing due

to a faster cooling rate. Thus, normalizing is often used as a
final heat treatment.
Definition:
Quenching is the process of heating a steel with
sufficient carbon (0.35-0.7%) to a temperature
about 30-50C above A3 line (Fig 3.1), holding it at
that temperature from 15 to 30 minutes and then
cooling rapidly or quenched in a suitable medium
(brine, water or oil).
24/7/2014
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
QUENCHING
How does the cooling rate affect the

formation of martensite?
Purpose:
1. Improve hardness
2. Improve wear resistance
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
TEMPERING
How does the cooling rate affect the

formation of martensite?
Definition:
Tempering is the process of heating hardened steel
below the lower critical temperature, holding it at
that temperature from 3 to 5 minutes and then
cooling rapidly or quenched in a suitable medium
(brine, water or oil).
During fast cooling rate, austenite cannot transform into ferrite due
to insufficient time for carbon atoms to diffuse out of austenite.
Most of the carbon atoms remain trapped in austenite to distort
the structure and become elongated. The structure is called
martensite. It is hard and brittle.
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
TEMPERING
What happens during tempering?

Purposes:
1. Relieve residual stresses
2. Improve ductility
3. Improve toughness
4. Reduce hardness
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cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
What happens during tempering?

List FOUR (4) types of surface hardening

processes?
During tempering, the excess carbon atoms, trapped in martensite,

gradually come out as extremely fine cementite particles and
the metastable martensite transforms into stable ferrite. The
resulting microstructure is called tempered martensite or bainite.
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
List FOUR (4) types of surface hardening

processes?
cold work
hot work
casting process
cold work
hot work
casting process
24/7/2014
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hot work
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casting process
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casting process
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24/7/2014
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24/7/2014

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)

JF 302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

CLO 2 : Synthesis course knowledge into an effective

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Understand cold work

Describe the heat treatment of steels

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Describe the casting process

Understand hot work

Heat treatment of steels

Classification of heat treatment:

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Purposes of heat treatment:

Heat treatment of steels

Stages of heat treatment:

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Briefly describe the three basic

Think critically 3.5

Heat treatment of steels

Briefly describe the three basic

Think critically 3.5

1. Heating the steel to define temperature

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peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Heat treatment of steels

Fig 3.1 Temperature range for heat treatment of steel

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Heat treatment of steels

Give the classes of annealing of

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Give the classes of annealing of

Think critically 3.6

Briefly explain the annealing

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Briefly explain the annealing

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Think critically 3.6

Heat treatment of steels

Think critically 3.7

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Think critically 3.7

Explain the annealing for

Heat treatment of steels

Think critically 3.8

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Heat treatment of steels

Heat treatment of steels

Explain the annealing for

Think critically 3.8