Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1.
a)
b)
i)
B;
E;
F;
A;
D;
ii)
Magnification=
drawing size
actual size
c) Animal cell:
Name: Red blood cell / erythrocyte ;
Function: transports, oxygen / carbon dioxide
Plant cell:
Name: xylem (cell / vessel) ;
Function: transports, water / minerals / named mineral / provides support
Or
Name: phloem (sieve tube)
Function: transports, sugars / sucrose / amino acids / minerals
2.
go to 2
go to 3
go to 4
go to 3
go to 4
Viruses
4- Nucleus present
Nucleus absent
Fungi
Bacteria
3.
i)
ii)
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O
iii)
Light/ chlorophyll
C6H12O6 + 6O2
10 cm3
10 2 = 5 cm3/hr
iv)
Design experiment:
1.
Method for setting up different light intensities; different distances away from
light bulb
2.
Describe how to control a factor that may alter rate over a certain time
(temperature heat shield; carbon dioxide by adding hydrogen carbonate)
3.
v)
vi) A limiting factor is something present in the environment in such short supply that it
restricts and prevents the rate of photosynthesis from increasing.
When light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until a certain
point where giving the plant more light has no effect. At this point, the concentration
of CO2 (most probably) or the availability of water or the temperature acts as a
limiting factor. We can check this by giving the plant more CO2 (or more water or
higher temperature); if the plant increases its rate of photosynthesis, then CO2 is a
limiting factor (or water or temperature).
4.
5.
a) The treatment of apple with pectinase will give a great yield of juice.
b) - Place both beakers in a water bath set at 40C to increase the activity rate
- Cut the apple into smaller pieces to increase the surface area
- increase quantity of apple
c) Place beaker A in a water bath set at 60C to denature pectinase.
Collect filtrate in 15 minutes.
6.
a)
i) Capillary drawn as double line + with correct links to artery and vein
ii) liver ; hepatic portal vein
b)
i)
Glucose ;
Amino acids;
Minerals ;
Vitamins ; (not vitamin A or D)
Carbon dioxide;
Water;
ii)
c)
Oxygen
Presence of microvilli;
one cell thick (not thin cell wall)
Large surface area ;
Presence of mitochondria in cells for high respiration rate / ref. to active transport
d)
i)
Lacteal;
ii)
e)
iii.
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
iv.
v.
vi.
narrower lumen
wider lumen
vii. no valves
valves present
blood in pulses
7.
a)
veins
Pupil drawn smaller in the diagram before the light went off;
Iris in both diagrams has the same diameter;
b)
pupils got bigger when the light went off. This is due to:
the contraction of radial muscles of the iris and to the relaxation of circular muscles.
c)
rods which are sensitive to low light intensities, detect black and white images, unlike
cones which detect colours and need high light intensities to trigger them.
8.
a)
i)
sun / sunlight
ii)
iii)
M 3800; N 80
iv)
b)
In animals:
- respiration is more rapid because of higher metabolic rate
- energy is needed to move
- they have higher body temperature than environment / constant body temperature
10.
a)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Removal of waste products of metabolism, whether they are toxic like carbon
dioxide, or in excess like water.
b) i)
ii)
Due to the difference in diameter between afferent and efferent arterioles, a high
blood pressure is established in the glomerulus.
Small molecules like water, urea, glucose, amino acids, ions, uric acid, ammonia are
forced out of blood into the Bowmanns capsule forming the filtrate.
The large molecules like the blood cells and the proteins stay in the blood.
iii)
c) i)
tiny holes to allow small molecules such as water, urea and glucose to pass
through.
Outside the dialysis tubing is the dialysis fluid which has a similar composition to
human blood plasma (water, salts, glucose but no urea) and which must be
sterile.
The fluid flows constantly through the machine in one direction while the
patients blood flows in the opposite direction.
All molecules in the fluid will diffuse down a concentration gradient.
Urea will diffuse from blood into fluid.
The fluid is maintained at body temperature and is changed regularly so that a
diffusion gradient for urea is maintained.
ii) - With a successful transplant, the patient can lead a normal life without
returning to hospital every few days as in the case of dialysis.
- No more dietary restrictions; the patient can eat everything.
- Although expensive, transplants are cheaper than dialysis if considered in long
term.