Unit 3

12EC244-Mobile Communications
UNIT-3
(Broadcast Systems)
SUGUMAR.D,
Assistant Professor,
ECE Department,
Karunya University.
9/17/2012
Karunya University
Karunya University
Unit-3 Broadcast Systems
12EC244 Mobile Communications
Broadcast Systems
Unidirectional distribution systems
DAB
architecture
DVB
Container
High-speed Internet
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Karunya University
Unidirectional distribution systems
Asymmetric communication environments

bandwidth limitations of the transmission medium
depends on applications, type of information
examples
wireless networks with base station and mobile terminals
client-server environments (diskless terminal)
cable TV with set-top box
information services (pager, SMS)
Special case: unidirectional distribution systems
high bandwidth from server to client (downstream), but no bandwidth vice
versa (upstream)
problems of unidirectional broadcast systems
a sender can optimize transmitted information only for one group of
users/terminals
functions needed to individualize personal requirements/applications
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Unidirectional distribution
service provider
service user
A
B
A
sender
unidirectional
distribution
medium
receiver
receiver
.
.
.
receiver
optimized for expected

access pattern
of all users
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individual access
pattern of one user
Karunya University
Structuring transmissions - broadcast

disks
Sender
cyclic repetition of data blocks
different patterns possible (optimization possible only if the content is known)
flat disk
skewed disk
multi-disk
Receiver
use of caching
cost-based strategy: what are the costs for a user (waiting time) if a data
block has been requested but is currently not cached
application and cache have to know content of data blocks
and access patterns of user to optimize
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DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting

Media access
COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex)
SFN (Single Frequency Network)
192 to 1536 subcarriers within a 1.5 MHz frequency band
Frequencies
first phase: one out of 32 frequency blocks for terrestrial TV channels 5 to
12 (174 - 230 MHz, 5A - 12D)
second phase: one out of 9 frequency blocks in the L-band
(1452- 1467.5 MHz, LA - LI)
Sending power: 6.1 kW (VHF, 120 km) or
4 kW (L-band, 30 km)
Date-rates: 2.304 Mbit/s (net 1.2 to 1.536 Mbit/s)
Modulation: Differential 4-phase modulation (D-QPSK)
Audio channels per frequency block: typ. 6, max. 192 kbit/s
Digital services: 0.6 - 16 kbit/s (PAD), 24 kbit/s (NPAD)
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

(OFDM)
Parallel data transmission on several orthogonal subcarriers with lower rate

c
f
k3
Maximum of one subcarrier frequency appears exactly at a frequency where all

other subcarriers equal zero
superposition of frequencies in the same frequency range
Amplitude
subcarrier: sin(x)
SI function= x
f
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OFDM II
Properties
Lower data rate on each subcarrier less ISI
interference on one frequency results in interference of one subcarrier only
no guard space necessary
orthogonality allows for signal separation via inverse FFT on receiver side
precise synchronization necessary (sender/receiver)
Advantages
no equalizer necessary
no expensive filters with sharp edges necessary
better spectral efficiency (compared to CDM)
Application
802.11a, HiperLAN2, DAB, DVB, ADSL
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Real environments
ISI of subsequent symbols due to multipath propagation

Symbol has to be stable during analysis for at least Tdata
Guard-Intervall (TG) prepends each symbnol
(HIPERLAN/2: TG= 0.8 s;

(DAB:
Tdata= 3.2 s;
Tdata= 1 ms;
52 subcarriers)
up to 1536 subcarriers)
impulse response
fade out
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
fade in
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol
t
analysis window
TG
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Tdata
TG
Tdata
TG
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Examples for DAB coverage
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DAB transport mechanisms
MSC (Main Service Channel)

carries all user data (audio, multimedia, ...)
consists of CIF (Common Interleaved Frames)
each CIF 55296 bit, every 24 ms (depends on transmission mode)
CIF contains CU (Capacity Units), 64 bit each
FIC (Fast Information Channel)
carries control information
consists of FIB (Fast Information Block)
each FIB 256 bit (incl. 16 bit checksum)
defines configuration and content of MSC
Stream mode
transparent data transmission with a fixed bit rate
Packet mode
transfer addressable packets
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Transmission frame
frame duration TF
symbol Tu
phase
reference
symbol
synchronization
channel
SC
null
symbol
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guard interval Td
......
data
symbol
FIC
fast information
FIC channel
L-1
data
symbol
MSC
data
symbol
main service
channel
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DAB sender
Service
Information FIC
Multiplex
Information
DAB Signal
carriers
Transmission
Multiplexer
OFDM
Transmitter
f
1.5 MHz
Audio
Audio Channel
Services Encoder Coder
Packet Channel
Data
Coder
Services Mux
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MSC
Multiplexer
Radio Frequency
FIC: Fast Information Channel
MSC: Main Service Channel
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
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DAB receiver
(partial)
MSC
Tuner
OFDM
Demodulator
Channel
Decoder
Audio
Decoder
Audio
Service
FIC
Packet
Demux
Control Bus
Independent
Data
Service
Controller
User Interface
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Audio coding
Goal
audio transmission almost with CD quality
robust against multipath propagation
minimal distortion of audio signals during signal fading
Mechanisms
fully digital audio signals (PCM, 16 Bit, 48 kHz, stereo)
MPEG compression of audio signals, compression ratio 1:10
redundancy bits for error detection and correction
burst errors typical for radio transmissions, therefore signal interleaving receivers can now correct single bit errors resulting from interference
low symbol-rate, many symbols
transmission of digital data using long symbol sequences, separated
by guard spaces
delayed symbols, e.g., reflection, still remain within the guard space
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Bit rate management

a DAB ensemble combines audio programs and data services with different
requirements for transmission quality and bit rates
the standard allows dynamic reconfiguration of the DAB multiplexing scheme
(i.e., during transmission)
data rates can be variable, DAB can use free capacities for other services
the multiplexer performs this kind of bit rate management, therefore, additional
services can come from different providers
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Example of a reconfiguration
DAB - Multiplex
Audio 1
Audio 2
Audio 3
Audio 4
Audio 5
Audio 6
192 kbit/s 192 kbit/s 192 kbit/s 160 kbit/s 160 kbit/s 128 kbit/s
PAD
D1
PAD
D2
PAD
D3
PAD
D4
D5
D6
PAD
D7
PAD
D8
D9
DAB - Multiplex - reconfigured
Audio 1
Audio 2
Audio 3
Audio 4
Audio 5
192 kbit/s 192 kbit/s 128 kbit/s 160 kbit/s 160 kbit/s
PAD
PAD
PAD
PAD
PAD
D10 D11
D1
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D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Audio 7
96 kbit/s
Audio 8
96 kbit/s
PAD
PAD
D7
D8
D9
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Multimedia Object Transfer

Protocol (MOT)
Problem
broad range of receiver capabilities
audio-only devices with single/multiple line text display, additional color
graphic display, PC adapters etc.
different types of receivers should at least be able to recognize all kinds of
program associated and program independent data and process some of it
Solution
common standard for data transmission: MOT
important for MOT is the support of data formats used in other multimedia
systems (e.g., online services, Internet, CD-ROM)
DAB can therefore transmit HTML documents from the WWW with very
little additional effort
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MOT structure
MOT formats
MHEG, Java, JPEG, ASCII, MPEG, HTML, HTTP, BMP, GIF, ...
Header core
size of header and body, content type
Header extension
handling information, e.g., repetition distance, segmentation, priority
information supports caching mechanisms
Body
arbitrary data
7 byte
header
core
header
extension
body
DAB allows for many repetition schemes

objects, segments, headers
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Digital Video Broadcasting

1991 foundation of the ELG (European Launching Group)
goal: development of digital television in Europe
1993 renaming into DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting)
goal: introduction of digital television based on
satellite transmission
cable network technology
later also terrestrial transmission
DVB-S Satellites
Multipoint
Distribution
System
DVB-C Cable
Terrestrial
Receiver
DVB-T
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Integrated
Receiver-Decoder
SDTV
EDTV
HDTV
Multimedia PC
B-ISDN, ADSL,etc. DVD, etc.

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DVB Container
DVB transmits MPEG-2 container

high flexibility for the transmission of digital data
no restrictions regarding the type of information
DVB Service Information specifies the content of a container
NIT (Network Information Table): lists the services of a provider,
contains additional information for set-top boxes
SDT (Service Description Table): list of names and parameters for
each service within a MPEG multiplex channel
EIT (Event Information Table): status information about the current
transmission, additional information for set-top boxes
TDT (Time and Date Table): Update information for set-top boxes
MPEG-2/DVB
container
MPEG-2/DVB
container
HDTV
MPEG-2/DVB
container
MPEG-2/DVB
container
SDTV
EDTV
single channel
multiple channels
multiple channels
multimedia
high definition television
enhanced definition
standard definition
data broadcasting
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Example: high-speed Internet access
Asymmetric data exchange

downlink: DVB receiver, data rate per user 6-38 Mbit/s
return channel from user to service provider: e.g., modem with 33 kbit/s,
ISDN with 64 kbit/s, DSL with several 100 kbit/s etc.
DVB/MPEG2 multiplex
simultaneous to digital TV
satellite receiver
PC
DVB-S adapter
service
provider
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Internet
leased line
satellite
provider
TCP/IP
information
provider
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DVB worldwide
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Convergence of broadcasting and

mobile comm.
Definition of interaction channels
Interacting/controlling broadcast via GSM, UMTS, DECT, PSTN,
Example: mobile Internet services using IP over GSM/GPRS or UMTS as

interaction channel for DAB/DVB
DVB-T, DAB
(TV plus IP data)
TV
TV broadcaster
MUX
data
channels
mobile
terminal
Internet
ISP
mobile operator
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GSM/GPRS,
UMTS
(IP data)
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Comparison of UMTS, DAB and DVB

UMTS
DAB
DVB
Spectrum bands
(depends on
national
regulations) [MHz]
2000 (terrestrial),
2500 (satellite)
1140-1504,
220-228 (UK)
130-260,
430-862 (UK)
Regulation
Telecom,
licensed
Broadcast,
licensed
Broadcast,
licensed
Bandwidth
5 MHz
1.5 MHz
8 MHz
Effective
throughput
30-300 kbit/s
(per user)
1.5 Mbit/s
(shared)
5-30 Mbit/s
(shared)
Mobility support
Low to high
Very high
Low to high
Application
Voice, data
Audio, push
Internet, images,
low res. video
High res. video,

audio, push Internet
Coverage
Local to wide
Wide
Wide
Deployment cost
for wide coverage
Very high
Low
Low
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Wireless LANs
Characteristics
IEEE 802.11 (PHY, MAC, Roaming, .11a, b, g, h, i, n z)
Bluetooth / IEEE 802.15.x
IEEE 802.16/.20/.21/.22
RFID
Comparison
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Mobile Communication Technology

according to IEEE (examples)
WiFi
Local wireless networks
WLAN 802.11
802.11a
802.11h
802.11b
802.11i/e//n//z
802.11g
ZigBee
Personal wireless nw
WPAN 802.15
802.15.4
802.15.4a/b/c/d/e
802.15.5, .6 (WBAN)
802.15.3
802.15.3b/c
802.15.2
802.15.1
Bluetooth
Wireless distribution networks
WMAN 802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access)
WiMAX
+ Mobility
[802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)]
802.16e (addition to .16 for mobile devices)
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Characteristics of wireless LANs
Advantages
very flexible within the reception area
Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible
(almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings, firewalls)
more robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire - or users pulling a
plug...
Disadvantages
typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks
(1-10 Mbit/s) due to shared medium
many proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates, standards take their
time (e.g. IEEE 802.11n)
products have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless, it takes
a vary long time to establish global solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000
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Design goals for wireless LANs
global, seamless operation

low power for battery use
no special permissions or licenses needed to use the LAN
robust transmission technology
simplified spontaneous cooperation at meetings
easy to use for everyone, simple management
protection of investment in wired networks
security (no one should be able to read my data), privacy (no one should be able to
collect user profiles), safety (low radiation)
transparency concerning applications and higher layer protocols, but also location
awareness if necessary
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Comparison: infrared vs.Radioradio transmission
Infrared
uses IR diodes, diffuse light,
multiple reflections (walls, furniture etc.)
Advantages
simple, cheap, available in
many mobile devices
no licenses needed
simple shielding possible
Disadvantages
interference by sunlight, heat sources
etc.
many things shield or absorb IR light
low bandwidth
Example
IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
interface available everywhere
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typically using the license free

ISM band at 2.4 GHz
Advantages
experience from wireless WAN
and mobile phones can be used
coverage of larger areas possible
(radio can penetrate walls,
furniture etc.)
Disadvantages
very limited license free
frequency bands
shielding more difficult,
interference with other electrical
devices
Example
Many different products
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Comparison: infrastructure vs. ad-hoc networks

infrastructure
network
AP
AP
wired network
AP: Access Point

AP
ad-hoc network
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802.11 - Architecture of an infrastructure network
802.11 LAN
STA1
terminal with access

mechanisms to the wireless
medium and radio contact to
the access point
802.x LAN
BSS1
Access
Point
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Portal
bridge to other (wired)
networks
BSS2
STA2
Access Point
station integrated into the
wireless LAN and the
distribution system
Distribution System
ESS
Basic Service Set (BSS)

group of stations using the
same radio frequency
Portal
Access
Point
Station (STA)
802.11 LAN
STA3
Distribution System
interconnection network to
form one logical network
(EES: Extended Service Set)
based
on several BSS
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802.11 - Architecture of an ad-hoc network

802.11 LAN
STA1
STA3
IBSS1
STA2
IBSS2
STA5
STA4
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Direct
communication
within a limited
range
Station (STA):
terminal with
access mechanisms
to the wireless
medium
Independent Basic
Service Set (IBSS):
group of stations
using the same
radio frequency
802.11 LAN
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IEEE standard 802.11

fixed
terminal
mobile terminal
infrastructure
network
access point
application
application
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
LLC
LLC
LLC
802.11 MAC
802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.3 PHY
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802.3 PHY
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802.11 - Layers and functions
MAC
Protocol
clear channel assessment

signal (carrier sense)
access mechanisms, fragmentation,

encryption
MAC Management
MAC Management
PLCP
PHY Management
PMD
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Station Management
DLC
PHY
LLC
PMD Physical Medium Dependent

modulation, coding
synchronization, roaming, MIB,

power management
MAC
PLCP Physical Layer Convergence
PHY Management
channel selection, MIB
Station Management
coordination of all
management functions
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802.11 - Physical layer (legacy)
3 versions: 2 radio (typ. 2.4 GHz), 1 IR

data rates 1 or 2 Mbit/s
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)

spreading, despreading, signal strength, typ. 1 Mbit/s
min. 2.5 frequency hops/s (USA), two-level GFSK modulation
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

DBPSK modulation for 1 Mbit/s (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying),
DQPSK for 2 Mbit/s (Differential Quadrature PSK)
preamble and header of a frame is always transmitted with 1 Mbit/s, rest of
transmission 1 or 2 Mbit/s
chipping sequence: +1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1 (Barker code)
max. radiated power 1 W (USA), 100 mW (EU), min. 1mW
Infrared
850-950 nm, diffuse light, typ. 10 m range
carrier detection, energy detection, synchronization
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FHSS PHY packet format (legacy)
Synchronization
synch with 010101... pattern
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)
0000110010111101 start pattern
PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word)
length of payload incl. 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096
PSF (PLCP Signaling Field)
data of payload (1 or 2 Mbit/s)
HEC (Header Error Check)
CRC with x16+x12+x5+1
80
synchronization
16
12
16
SFD
PLW
PSF
HEC
PLCP preamble
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variable
bits
payload
PLCP header
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DSSS PHY packet format (legacy)
Synchronization
synch., gain setting, energy detection, frequency offset compensation
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)

1111001110100000
Signal
data rate of the payload (0A: 1 Mbit/s DBPSK; 14: 2 Mbit/s DQPSK)
Service
future use, 00: 802.11 compliant
Length
length of the payload
HEC (Header Error Check)

protection of signal, service and length, x16+x12+x5+1
128
synchronization
16
SFD
PLCP preamble
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8
8
16
16
signal service length HEC
variable
payload
bits
PLCP header
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802.11 - MAC layer I - DFWMAC
Traffic services
Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory)
exchange of data packets based on best-effort
support of broadcast and multicast
Time-Bounded Service (optional)
implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function)
Access methods
DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)
collision avoidance via randomized back-off mechanism
minimum distance between consecutive packets
ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional)
Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC
avoids hidden terminal problem
DFWMAC- PCF (optional)
access point polls terminals according to a list
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802.11 - MAC layer II
Priorities
defined through different inter frame spaces
no guaranteed, hard priorities
SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing)
highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response
PIFS (PCF IFS)
medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF
DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)
lowest priority, for asynchronous data service
DIFS
medium busy
DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
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contention
next frame
t
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802.11 - CSMA/CA access method I
station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier Sense based on CCA, Clear
Channel Assessment)
if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame Space (IFS), the station can
start sending (IFS depends on service type)
if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS, then the station must
additionally wait a random back-off time (collision avoidance, multiple of slottime)
if another station occupies the medium during the back-off time of the station, the
back-off timer stops (fairness)
DIFS
DIFS
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free DIFS
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contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
next frame
t
slot time (20s)
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802.11 - competing stations - simple version

DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
boe bor
station1
DIFS
boe bor
boebusy
boe busy
boebor
boe busy
boebor
boe busy
station2
busy
station3
station4
boe bor
station5
busy
medium not idle (frame, ack etc.)

packet arrival at MAC
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boe elapsed backoff time

bor
residual backoff time
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802.11 - CSMA/CA access method II
Sending unicast packets

station has to wait for DIFS before sending data
receivers acknowledge at once (after waiting for SIFS) if the packet was
received correctly (CRC)
automatic retransmission of data packets in case of transmission errors
DIFS
sender
data
SIFS
receiver
ACK
DIFS
other
stations
waiting time
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data
t
contention
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802.11 - DFWMAC
Sending unicast packets

station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS
(reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium)
acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive)
sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK
other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS
DIFS
sender
data
RTS
SIFS
receiver
CTS
SIFS
SIFS
DIFS
NAV (RTS)
other
stations
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ACK
NAV (CTS)
defer access
data
t
contention
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Fragmentation
DIFS
sender
RTS
frag1
SIFS
receiver
CTSSIFS
frag2
SIFS
ACK SIFS
SIFS
ACK2
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
other
stations
DIFS
NAV (frag1)
NAV (ACK1)
data
t
contention
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DFWMAC-PCF I (almost never used)

t0 t1
SuperFrame
medium busy PIFS

D1
point
SIFS
coordinator
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SIFS
D2
SIFS
U1
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
SIFS
U2
NAV
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DFWMAC-PCF II
t2
point
coordinator
D3
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SIFS
D4
t4
CFend
SIFS
U4
wireless
stations
stations
NAV
PIFS
t3
NAV
contention free period
contention
period
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802.11 - Frame format
Types
control frames, management frames, data frames
Sequence numbers
important against duplicated frames due to lost ACKs
Addresses
receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender (logical)
Miscellaneous
sending time, checksum, frame control, data
bytes
2
Frame
Control
bits
2
6
6
6
2
6
0-2312
Duration/ Address Address Address Sequence Address
Data
ID
1
2
3
Control
4
2
Protocol
To
Type Subtype
version
DS
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From
More
Frag
Retry
DS
4
CRC
Power More
WEP Order
Mgmt Data
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MAC address format

scenario
ad-hoc network
infrastructure
network, from AP
infrastructure
network, to AP
infrastructure
network, within DS
to DS from
DS
0
0
0
1
address 1 address 2 address 3 address 4

DA
DA
SA
BSSID
BSSID
SA
BSSID
SA
DA
RA
TA
DA
SA
DS: Distribution System

AP: Access Point
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
BSSID: Basic Service Set Identifier
RA: Receiver Address
TA: Transmitter Address
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Special Frames: ACK, RTS, CTS

bytes
Acknowledgement
ACK
2
2
6
4
Frame
Receiver
Duration
CRC
Control
Address
bytes
Request To Send
RTS
Clear To Send
bytes
CTS
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2
2
6
6
4
Frame
Receiver Transmitter
Duration
CRC
Control
Address Address
2
2
6
4
Frame
Receiver
Duration
CRC
Control
Address
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802.11 - MAC management
Synchronization
try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN
timer etc.
Power management
sleep-mode without missing a message
periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements
Association/Reassociation
integration into a LAN
roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points
scanning, i.e. active search for a network
MIB - Management Information Base
managing, read, write
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Synchronization using a Beacon

(infrastructure)
beacon interval
(20ms 1s)
access
point
medium
B
busy
busy
B
busy
B
busy
t
value of the timestamp
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B beacon frame
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Synchronization using a Beacon

(ad-hoc)
beacon interval
station1
B1
B1
B2
station2
medium
busy
busy
value of the timestamp
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B2
busy
B beacon frame
busy
t
random delay
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Power
management
Idea: switch the transceiver off if not needed
States of a station: sleep and awake
Timing Synchronization Function (TSF)
stations wake up at the same time
Infrastructure
Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
list of unicast receivers transmitted by AP
Delivery Traffic Indication Map (DTIM)
list of broadcast/multicast receivers transmitted by AP
Ad-hoc
Ad-hoc Traffic Indication Map (ATIM)
announcement of receivers by stations buffering frames
more complicated - no central AP
collision of ATIMs possible (scalability?)
APSD (Automatic Power Save Delivery)
new method in 802.11e replacing above schemes
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Power saving with wake-up

patterns (infrastructure)
TIM interval
access
point
medium
DTIM interval
D B
T
busy
busy
D B
busy
busy
p
station
t
T TIM
D DTIM
B broadcast/multicast
9/17/2012
awake
p PS poll
d data transmission
to/from the station
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Karunya University
Power saving with wake-up

patterns (ad-hoc)
ATIM
window
station1
B1
station2
B beacon frame
awake
9/17/2012
beacon interval
B2
random delay
a acknowledge ATIM
B2
B1
A transmit ATIM
t
D transmit data
d acknowledge data
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Karunya University
802.11 - Roaming
No or bad connection? Then perform:

Scanning
scan the environment, i.e., listen into the medium for beacon signals or send
probes into the medium and wait for an answer
Reassociation Request
station sends a request to one or several AP(s)
Reassociation Response
success: AP has answered, station can now participate
failure: continue scanning
AP accepts Reassociation Request

signal the new station to the distribution system
the distribution system updates its data base (i.e., location information)
typically, the distribution system now informs the old AP so it can release
resources
Fast roaming 802.11r

e.g. for vehicle-to-roadside networks
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Karunya University
WLAN: IEEE 802.11b
Data rate
1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbit/s, depending on
SNR
User data rate max. approx. 6
Mbit/s
Transmission range
300m outdoor, 30m indoor
Max. data rate ~10m indoor
Frequency
DSSS, 2.4 GHz ISM-band
Security
Limited, WEP insecure, SSID
Availability
Many products, many vendors
9/17/2012
Connection set-up time

Connectionless/always on
Quality of Service
Typ. Best effort, no guarantees (unless
polling is used, limited support in
products)
Manageability
Limited (no automated key
distribution, sym. Encryption)
Special Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage: many installed systems,
lot of experience, available
worldwide, free ISM-band, many
vendors, integrated in laptops, simple
system
Disadvantage: heavy interference on
ISM-band, no service guarantees,
slow relative speed only
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IEEE 802.11b PHY frame formats

Long PLCP PPDU format
128
16
synchronization
SFD
16
16
PLCP preamble
bits
variable
payload
PLCP header
192 s at 1 Mbit/s DBPSK
1, 2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s
Short PLCP PPDU format (optional)

56
short synch.
16
SFD
16
16
PLCP preamble
(1 Mbit/s, DBPSK)
variable
bits
payload
PLCP header
(2 Mbit/s, DQPSK)
96 s
9/17/2012
2, 5.5 or 11 Mbit/s
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Karunya University
Channel selection (nonoverlapping)
Europe (ETSI)
channel 1
2400
2412
channel 7
channel 13
2442
2472
22 MHz
2483.5
[MHz]
US (FCC)/Canada (IC)
channel 1
2400
2412
channel 6
channel 11
2437
2462
22 MHz
9/17/2012
2483.5
[MHz]
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Karunya University
WLAN: IEEE 802.11a
Data rate
6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbit/s,
depending on SNR
User throughput (1500 byte packets):
5.3 (6), 18 (24), 24 (36), 32 (54)
6, 12, 24 Mbit/s mandatory
Transmission range
100m outdoor, 10m indoor
E.g., 54 Mbit/s up to 5 m, 48 up to 12
m, 36 up to 25 m, 24 up to 30m, 18 up
to 40 m, 12 up to 60 m
Frequency
Free 5.15-5.25, 5.25-5.35, 5.725-5.825
GHz ISM-band
Security
Limited, WEP insecure, SSID
Availability
Some products, some vendors
9/17/2012

Connectionless/always on
Quality of Service
Typ. best effort, no guarantees (same
as all 802.11 products)
Manageability
Limited (no automated key
distribution, sym. Encryption)
Advantage: fits into 802.x standards,
free ISM-band, available, simple
system, uses less crowded 5 GHz
band
Disadvantage: stronger shading due
to higher frequency, no QoS
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IEEE 802.11a PHY frame format

4
rate
12
reserved length parity tail
16
variable
service payload
6
tail
variable
bits
pad
PLCP header
PLCP preamble
12
signal
data
1
6 Mbit/s
9/17/2012
variable
symbols
6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbit/s
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Karunya University
Operating channels of 802.11a in Europe

36
5150
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
channel
5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320
5350 [MHz]
16.6 MHz
100
5470
140
channel
5500 5520 5540 5560 5580 5600 5620 5640 5660 5680 5700
5725
[MHz]
16.6 MHz
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104
108
112
116
120
124
128
132
136
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
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Karunya University
Operating channels for 802.11a /

US U-NII
36
5150
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320
channel
5350 [MHz]
16.6 MHz
149
153
157
161
channel
center frequency =
5000 + 5*channel number [MHz]
5725 5745 5765 5785 5805 5825 [MHz]

16.6 MHz
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OFDM in IEEE 802.11a
OFDM with 52 used subcarriers (64 in total)

48 data + 4 pilot
(plus 12 virtual subcarriers)
312.5 kHz spacing
312.5 kHz
pilot
-26 -21
-7 -1 1
channel center frequency

9/17/2012
21 26
subcarrier
number
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Karunya University
WLAN: IEEE 802.11
Successful successor of 802.11b, performance loss during mixed operation with .11b
802.11h: Spectrum Managed 802.11a
Establish an Inter-Access Point Protocol for data exchange via the distribution system
802.11g: Data Rates > 20 Mbit/s at 2.4 GHz; 54 Mbit/s, OFDM
Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to expand support for applications with Quality of Service
requirements, and in the capabilities and efficiency of the protocol
Definition of a data flow (connection) with parameters like rate, burst, period supported by
HCCA (HCF (Hybrid Coordinator Function) Controlled Channel Access, optional)
Additional energy saving mechanisms and more efficient retransmission
EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access): high priority traffic waits less for channel access
802.11F: Inter-Access Point Protocol (withdrawn)
Support of additional regulations related to channel selection, hopping sequences
802.11e: MAC Enhancements QoS
Definition of MAC procedures to support bridges as extension to 802.1D
802.11d: Regulatory Domain Update
current developments (05/2008)
802.11c: Bridge Support
Extension for operation of 802.11a in Europe by mechanisms like channel measurement for dynamic
channel selection (DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection) and power control (TPC, Transmit Power
Control)
802.11i: Enhanced Security Mechanisms
Enhance the current 802.11 MAC to provide improvements in security.

TKIP enhances the insecure WEP, but remains compatible to older WEP systems
AES provides a secure encryption method and is based on new hardware
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WLAN: IEEE 802.11 current

developments (05/2008)
802.11j: Extensions for operations in Japan
802.11-2007: Current complete standard
Changes of PHY and MAC with the goal of 100Mbit/s at MAC SAP
MIMO antennas (Multiple Input Multiple Output), up to 600Mbit/s are currently feasible
However, still a large overhead due to protocol headers and inefficient mechanisms
802.11p: Inter car communications
Devices and access points should be able to estimate channel quality in order to be able to choose a
better access point of channel
802.11m: Updates of the 802.11-2007 standard

802.11n: Higher data rates above 100Mbit/s
Comprises amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i, j
802.11k: Methods for channel measurements
Changes of 802.11a for operation at 5GHz in Japan using only half the channel width at larger range
Communication between cars/road side and cars/cars

Planned for relative speeds of min. 200km/h and ranges over 1000m
Usage of 5.850-5.925GHz band in North America
802.11r: Faster Handover between BSS
Secure, fast handover of a station from one AP to another within an ESS

Current mechanisms (even newer standards like 802.11i) plus incompatible devices from different
vendors are massive problems for the use of, e.g., VoIP in WLANs
Handover should be feasible within 50ms in order to support multimedia applications efficiently
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Karunya University
WLAN: IEEE 802.11 current

developments (05/2008)
802.11s: Mesh Networking

Design of a self-configuring Wireless Distribution System (WDS) based on 802.11
Support of point-to-point and broadcast communication across several hops
802.11T: Performance evaluation of 802.11 networks

Standardization of performance measurement schemes
802.11u: Interworking with additional external networks

802.11v: Network management
Extensions of current management functions, channel measurements
Definition of a unified interface
802.11w: Securing of network control

Classical standards like 802.11, but also 802.11i protect only data frames, not the control
frames. Thus, this standard should extend 802.11i in a way that, e.g., no control frames
can be forged.
802.11y: Extensions for the 3650-3700 MHz band in the USA

802.11z: Extension to direct link setup
Note: Not all standards will end in products, many ideas get stuck at working
group level
Info: www.ieee802.org/11/, 802wirelessworld.com, standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
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Bluetooth
Basic idea
Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless connectivity
Interconnecting computer and peripherals, handheld devices, PDAs, cell
phones replacement of IrDA
Embedded in other devices, goal: 5/device (already < 1)
Short range (10 m), low power consumption, license-free 2.45 GHz ISM
Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data rate
One of the first modules (Ericsson).
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Bluetooth
(was:
History
1994: Ericsson (Mattison/Haartsen), MC-link project
Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald Bltand Gormsen
[son of Gorm], King of Denmark in the 10th century
1998: foundation of Bluetooth SIG, www.bluetooth.org
1999: erection of a rune stone at Ercisson/Lund ;-)
2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec. version 1.1 released
2005: 5 million chips/week
Special Interest Group
Original founding members: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba

Added promoters: 3Com, Agere (was: Lucent), Microsoft, Motorola
> 10000 members
Common specification and certification of products
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Karunya University
History and hi-tech

1999:
Ericsson mobile
communications AB
reste denna sten till
minne av Harald
Bltand, som fick ge
sitt namn t en ny
teknologi fr trdls,
mobil kommunikation.
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and the real rune stone

Located in Jelling, Denmark,
erected by King Harald Bltand
in memory of his parents.
The stone has three sides one side
showing a picture of Christ.
Inscription:
"Harald king executes
these sepulchral
monuments after Gorm,
his father and Thyra, his
mother. The Harald who
won the whole of
Denmark and Norway and
turned the Danes to
Christianity."
Btw: Bltand means of dark complexion

(not having a blue tooth)
9/17/2012
This could be the original colors of the stone.

Inscription:
auk tani karthi kristna (and made the Danes
Christians)
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Characteristics
2.4 GHz ISM band, 79 (23) RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing

Channel 0: 2402 MHz channel 78: 2480 MHz
G-FSK modulation, 1-100 mW transmit power
FHSS and TDD

Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s
Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined by a master
Time division duplex for send/receive separation
Voice link SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented)

FEC (forward error correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, point-topoint, circuit switched
Data link ACL (Asynchronous ConnectionLess)

Asynchronous, fast acknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to 433.9 kbit/s
symmetric or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched
Topology
Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet
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Piconet
Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion

One unit acts as master and the others as slaves for
the lifetime of the piconet
Master determines hopping pattern, slaves have to

synchronize
SB
Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern
Participation in a piconet = synchronization to

hopping sequence
Each piconet has one master and up to 7
simultaneous slaves (> 200 could be parked)
9/17/2012
P
S
M=Master
S=Slave
SB
P=Parked
SB=Standby
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Forming a piconet
All devices in a piconet hop together
Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide)
Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock
Addressing
Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)
Parked Member Address (PMA,
SB
SB
9/17/2012
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
8 bit)
S
SB
P
S
M
P
S
P
SB
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Scatternet
Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common master or

slave devices
Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another
Communication between piconets
Devices jumping back and forth between the piconets
P
Piconets
(each with a
capacity of
720 kbit/s)
M
SB
M=Master
S=Slave
P=Parked
SB=Standby
9/17/2012
S
P
SB
SB
S
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Bluetooth protocol stack

audio apps. NW apps.
TCP/UDP
vCal/vCard
telephony apps.
OBEX
AT modem
commands
IP
mgmnt. apps.
TCS BIN SDP
BNEP PPP
Control
RFCOMM (serial line interface)

Audio
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)

Link Manager
Host
Controller
Interface
Baseband
Radio
AT: attention sequence
OBEX: object exchange
TCS BIN: telephony control protocol specification binary
BNEP: Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol
9/17/2012
SDP: service discovery protocol

RFCOMM: radio frequency comm.
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Karunya University
Frequency selection during data

transmission
625 s
fk
M
fk+1
S
fk+2
M
fk+3
S
fk+4
M
fk+5
S
fk+6
M
t
fk
M
fk+3
S
fk+4
M
fk+5
S
fk+6
M
t
fk
M
fk+1
S
fk+6
M
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Baseband
Piconet/channel definition
Low-level packet definition
Access code
Channel, device access, e.g., derived from master
Packet header
1/3-FEC, active member address (broadcast + 7 slaves), link type,
alternating bit ARQ/SEQ, checksum
68(72)
54
0-2745
bits
access code packet header payload
64
preamble sync.
9/17/2012
(4)
(trailer) AM address
type
flow
ARQN
SEQN
bits
HEC
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SCO payload types

payload (30)
HV1
audio (10)
HV2
audio (20)
HV3
audio (30)
DV
audio (10)
FEC (20)
FEC (10)
header (1) payload (0-9)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
(bytes)
9/17/2012
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ACL Payload types

payload (0-343)
header (1/2)
payload (0-339)
CRC (2)
DM1 header (1) payload (0-17)
2/3 FEC CRC (2)
DH1 header (1) payload (0-27)
CRC (2)
DM3 header (2)
payload (0-121)
DH3 header (2)
payload (0-183)
DM5 header (2)
payload (0-224)
DH5 header (2)
payload (0-339)
2/3 FEC
(bytes)
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
2/3 FEC
CRC (2)
CRC (2)
AUX1 header (1) payload (0-29)

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Baseband data rates

ACL
1 slot
3 slot
5 slot
SCO
Type
Payload User
Header Payload
[byte]
[byte]
FEC
CRC
Symmetric Asymmetric
max. Rate max. Rate [kbit/s]
[kbit/s]
Forward
Reverse
DM1
0-17
2/3
yes
108.8
108.8
108.8
DH1
0-27
no
yes
172.8
172.8
172.8
DM3
0-121
2/3
yes
258.1
387.2
54.4
DH3
0-183
no
yes
390.4
585.6
86.4
DM5
0-224
2/3
yes
286.7
477.8
36.3
DH5
0-339
no
yes
433.9
723.2
57.6
AUX1
0-29
no
no
185.6
185.6
185.6
HV1
na
10
1/3
no
64.0
HV2
na
20
2/3
no
64.0
HV3
na
30
no
no
64.0
DV
1D
10+(0-9) D 2/3 D yes D
64.0+57.6 D
Data Medium/High rate, High-quality Voice, Data and Voice

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Baseband link types
Polling-based TDD packet transmission

625s slots, master polls slaves
SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented) Voice

Periodic single slot packet assignment, 64 kbit/s full-duplex, point-to-point
ACL (Asynchronous ConnectionLess) Data

Variable packet size (1, 3, 5 slots), asymmetric bandwidth, point-to-multipoint
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
9/17/2012
SCO
f0
ACL
f4
SCO
f6
f1
ACL
f8
f7
f5
SCO
f12
f9
ACL
f14
SCO
f18
f13
ACL
f20
f19
f17
f21
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Robustness
Slow frequency hopping with hopping patterns determined by a master

Protection from interference on certain frequencies
Separation from other piconets (FH-CDMA)
Retransmission
ACL only, very fast
Error in payload
(not header!)
Forward Error Correction

SCO and ACL
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
9/17/2012
NAK
ACK
G
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Karunya University
Baseband states of a Bluetooth

device
unconnected
standby
detach
inquiry
transmit
AMA
park
PMA
hold
AMA
Standby: do nothing
Inquire: search for other devices
Page: connect to a specific device
Connected: participate in a piconet
9/17/2012
page
connecting
connected
AMA
active
sniff
AMA
low power
Park: release AMA, get PMA

Sniff: listen periodically, not each slot
Hold: stop ACL, SCO still possible, possibly
participate in another piconet
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Example: Power consumption/CSR BlueCore2
Typical Average Current Consumption1

VDD=1.8V Temperature = 20C
Mode
SCO connection HV3 (1s interval Sniff Mode) (Slave)
SCO connection HV3 (1s interval Sniff Mode) (Master)
SCO connection HV1 (Slave)
SCO connection HV1 (Master)
ACL data transfer 115.2kbps UART (Master)
ACL data transfer 720kbps USB (Slave)
ACL data transfer 720kbps USB (Master)
ACL connection, Sniff Mode 40ms interval, 38.4kbps UART
ACL connection, Sniff Mode 1.28s interval, 38.4kbps UART
Parked Slave, 1.28s beacon interval, 38.4kbps UART
Standby Mode (Connected to host, no RF activity)
Deep Sleep Mode2
Notes:
1 Current consumption is the sum of both BC212015A and the flash.
2 Current consumption is for the BC212015A device only.
9/17/2012
26.0 mA
26.0 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
15.5 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
4.0 mA
0.5 mA
0.6 mA
47.0 A
20.0 A
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Example: Bluetooth/USB adapter (2002: 50, today: some cents if integrated)
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L2CAP - Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
Simple data link protocol on top of baseband
Connection oriented, connectionless, and signaling channels
Protocol multiplexing
RFCOMM, SDP, telephony control
Segmentation & reassembly

Up to 64kbyte user data, 16 bit CRC used from baseband
QoS flow specification per channel

Follows RFC 1363, specifies delay, jitter, bursts, bandwidth
Group abstraction
Create/close group, add/remove member
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L2CAP logical channels

Master
Slave
L2CAP
L2CAP
2
9/17/2012
L2CAP
1 d d d d 1
baseband
signalling
Slave
baseband
ACL
connectionless
baseband
connection-oriented
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L2CAP packet formats

Connectionless PDU
2
2
length
CID=2
0-65533
PSM
payload
Connection-oriented PDU
2
2
length
CID
bytes
0-65535
bytes
payload
Signalling command PDU

2
2
length
CID=1
bytes
One or more commands

1
code
9/17/2012
1
ID
2
length
0
data
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Security
User input (initialization)
PIN (1-16 byte)
E2
link key (128 bit)
E3
encryption key (128 bit)
Pairing
Authentication key generation
(possibly permanent storage)
Authentication
Encryption key generation
(temporary storage)
Encryption
E2
link key (128 bit)
E3
encryption key (128 bit)
Keystream generator
Keystream generator
payload key
PIN (1-16 byte)
Ciphering
payload key
Cipher data
Data
9/17/2012
Data
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SDP Service Discovery Protocol
Inquiry/response protocol for discovering services

Searching for and browsing services in radio proximity
Adapted to the highly dynamic environment
Can be complemented by others like SLP, Jini, Salutation,
Defines discovery only, not the usage of services
Caching of discovered services
Gradual discovery
Service record format

Information about services provided by attributes
Attributes are composed of an 16 bit ID (name) and a value
values may be derived from 128 bit Universally Unique Identifiers (UUID)
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Additional protocols to support

legacy protocols/apps.
RFCOMM
Emulation of a serial port (supports a large base of legacy applications)
Allows multiple ports over a single physical channel
Telephony Control Protocol Specification (TCS)

Call control (setup, release)
Group management
OBEX
Exchange of objects, IrDA replacement
WAP
Interacting with applications on cellular phones
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Profiles
Represent default solutions for a certain
Applications
Vertical slice through the protocol stack

Basis for interoperability
Generic Access Profile

Service Discovery Application Profile
Cordless Telephony Profile
Intercom Profile
Serial Port Profile
Headset Profile
Dial-up Networking Profile
Fax Profile
LAN Access Profile
Generic Object Exchange Profile
Object Push Profile
File Transfer Profile
Synchronization Profile
9/17/2012
Protocols
usage model
Profiles
Additional Profiles
Advanced Audio Distribution
PAN
Audio Video Remote Control
Basic Printing
Basic Imaging
Extended Service Discovery
Generic Audio Video Distribution
Hands Free
Hardcopy Cable Replacement
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Bluetooth versions
Bluetooth 1.1
also IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002
initial stable commercial standard
Bluetooth 1.2
also IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005
eSCO (extended SCO): higher, variable bitrates, retransmission for SCO
AFH (adaptive frequency hopping) to avoid interference
Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR (2004, no more IEEE)
EDR (enhanced date rate) of 3.0 Mbit/s for ACL and eSCO
lower power consumption due to shorter duty cycle
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (2007)
better pairing support, e.g. using NFC
improved security
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WPAN: IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth
Data rate
Synchronous, connection-oriented: 64 kbit/s

Asynchronous, connectionless
433.9 kbit/s symmetric
723.2 / 57.6 kbit/s asymmetric
Transmission range
POS (Personal Operating Space) up to 10 m
with special transceivers up to 100 m
Security
Challenge/response (SAFER+), hopping
sequence
Depends on power-mode
Max. 2.56s, avg. 0.64s
Availability
Integrated into many products, several
vendors
9/17/2012
Quality of Service
Guarantees, ARQ/FEC
Manageability
Public/private keys needed, key
management not specified, simple
system integration
Frequency
Free 2.4 GHz ISM-band
Advantage: already integrated into
several products, available
worldwide, free ISM-band, several
vendors, simple system, simple adhoc networking, peer to peer,
scatternets
Disadvantage: interference on ISMband, limited range, max. 8 active
devices/network, high set-up latency
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WPAN: IEEE 802.15 future

developments 1
802.15.2: Coexistance
Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area Networks (802.15) and Wireless Local
Area Networks (802.11), quantify the mutual interference
802.15.3: High-Rate
Standard for high-rate (20Mbit/s or greater) WPANs, while still lowpower/low-cost
Data Rates: 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 Mbit/s
Quality of Service isochronous protocol
Ad hoc peer-to-peer networking
Security
Low power consumption
Low cost
Designed to meet the demanding requirements of portable consumer imaging
and multimedia applications
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WPAN: IEEE 802.15 future developments 2
Several working groups extend the 802.15.3 standard
802.15.3a: - withdrawn Alternative PHY with higher data rate as extension to 802.15.3
Applications: multimedia, picture transmission
802.15.3b:
Enhanced interoperability of MAC
Correction of errors and ambiguities in the standard
802.15.3c:
Alternative PHY at 57-64 GHz
Goal: data rates above 2 Gbit/s
Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be
found in products later
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802.15.4: Low-Rate, Very Low-Power

Low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low
complexity
Potential applications are sensors, interactive toys, smart badges, remote
controls, and home automation
Data rates of 20-250 kbit/s, latency down to 15 ms
Master-Slave or Peer-to-Peer operation
Up to 254 devices or 64516 simpler nodes
Support for critical latency devices, such as joysticks
CSMA/CA channel access (data centric), slotted (beacon) or unslotted
Automatic network establishment by the PAN coordinator
Dynamic device addressing, flexible addressing format
Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability
Power management to ensure low power consumption
16 channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915 MHz US ISM
band and one channel in the European 868 MHz band
Basis of the ZigBee technology www.zigbee.org

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ZigBee
Relation to 802.15.4 similar to Bluetooth / 802.15.1
Pushed by Chipcon (now TI), ember, freescale (Motorola), Honeywell, Mitsubishi,

Motorola, Philips, Samsung
More than 260 members

about 15 promoters, 133 participants, 111 adopters
must be member to commercially use ZigBee spec
ZigBee platforms comprise

IEEE 802.15.4 for layers 1 and 2
ZigBee protocol stack up to the applications
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802.15.4a:
Alternative PHY with lower data rate as extension to 802.15.4
Properties: precise localization (< 1m precision), extremely low power consumption,
longer range
Two PHY alternatives
UWB (Ultra Wideband): ultra short pulses, communication and localization
CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum): communication only
802.15.4b, c, d:
Extensions, corrections, and clarifications regarding 802.15.4
Usage of new bands, more flexible security mechanisms
802.15.5: Mesh Networking

Partial meshes, full meshes
Range extension, more robustness, longer battery live
802.15.6: Body Area Networks

Low power networks e.g. for medical or entertainment use
Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be
found in products later
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Some more IEEE standards for

mobile communications
IEEE 802.16: Broadband Wireless Access / WirelessMAN / WiMax
IEEE 802.20: Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
Wireless distribution system, e.g., for the last mile, alternative to DSL
75 Mbit/s up to 50 km LOS, up to 10 km NLOS; 2-66 GHz band
Initial standards without roaming or mobility support
802.16e adds mobility support, allows for roaming at 150 km/h
Licensed bands < 3.5 GHz, optimized for IP traffic
Peak rate > 1 Mbit/s per user
Different mobility classes up to 250 km/h and ranges up to 15 km
Relation to 802.16e unclear
IEEE 802.21: Media Independent Handover Interoperability

Standardize handover between different 802.x and/or non 802 networks
IEEE 802.22: Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)

Radio-based PHY/MAC for use by license-exempt devices on a non-interfering
basis in spectrum that is allocated to the TV Broadcast Service
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RF Controllers ISM bands
Data rate
Typ. up to 115 kbit/s (serial interface)
Transmission range
5-100 m, depending on power (typ. 10-500
mW)
Security
Some products with added processors
Cost
Cheap: 10-50
N/A
Availability
9/17/2012
Quality of Service
none
Frequency
Typ. 27 (EU, US), 315 (US), 418 (EU), 426
(Japan), 433 (EU), 868 (EU), 915 (US) MHz
(depending on regulations)
Manageability
Very simple, same as serial
interface
Advantage: very low cost, large
experience, high volume available
Disadvantage: no QoS, crowded
ISM bands (particularly 27 and 433
MHz), typ. no Medium Access
Control, 418 MHz experiences
interference with TETRA
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RFID Radio Frequency

Identification (1)
Data rate
Transmission of ID only (e.g., 48 bit, 64kbit,
1 Mbit)
9.6 115 kbit/s
Transmission range
Passive: up to 3 m
Active: up to 30-100 m
Simultaneous detection of up to, e.g., 256
tags, scanning of, e.g., 40 tags/s
Frequency
125 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8
GHz and many others
Security
Application dependent, typ. no crypt. on
RFID device
Cost
Very cheap tags, down to 1 (passive)
Availability
9/17/2012

Depends on product/medium
access scheme (typ. 2 ms per
device)
Quality of Service
none
Manageability
Very simple, same as serial
interface
Advantage: extremely low cost,
large experience, high volume
available, no power for passive
RFIDs needed, large variety of
products, relative speeds up to 300
km/h, broad temp. range
Disadvantage: no QoS, simple
denial of service, crowded ISM
bands, typ. one-way (activation/
transmission of ID)
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Identification (2)
Function
Standard: In response to a radio interrogation signal from a reader (base
station) the RFID tags transmit their ID
Enhanced: additionally data can be sent to the tags, different media access
schemes (collision avoidance)
Features
No line-of sight required (compared to, e.g., laser scanners)
RFID tags withstand difficult environmental conditions (sunlight, cold, frost,
dirt etc.)
Products available with read/write memory, smart-card capabilities
Categories
Passive RFID: operating power comes from the reader over the air which is
feasible up to distances of 3 m, low price (1)
Active RFID: battery powered, distances up to 100 m
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Identification (3)
Applications
Total asset visibility: tracking of goods during manufacturing, localization of
pallets, goods etc.
Loyalty cards: customers use RFID tags for payment at, e.g., gas stations,
collection of buying patterns
Automated toll collection: RFIDs mounted in windshields allow commuters to
drive through toll plazas without stopping
Others: access control, animal identification, tracking of hazardous material,
inventory control, warehouse management, ...
Local Positioning Systems

GPS useless indoors or underground, problematic in cities with high buildings
RFID tags transmit signals, receivers estimate the tag location by measuring the
signals time of flight
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Identification (4)
Security
Denial-of-Service attacks are always possible
Interference of the wireless transmission, shielding of transceivers
IDs via manufacturing or one time programming
Key exchange via, e.g., RSA possible, encryption via, e.g., AES
Future Trends
RTLS: Real-Time Locating System big efforts to make total asset visibility
come true
Integration of RFID technology into the manufacturing, distribution and
logistics chain
Creation of electronic manifests at item or package level (embedded
inexpensive passive RFID tags)
3D tracking of children, patients
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RFID Radio Frequency Identification (5)
Relevant Standards
American National Standards Institute
Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques
ISO TC 104 / SC 4, www.autoid.org/tc104_sc4_wg2.htm,

www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/TC104.htm
Road Transport and Traffic Telematics
JTC 1/SC 17, www.sc17.com, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/sc17.htm,
Identification and communication
ETSI, www.etsi.org, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ETSI.htm
Identification Cards and related devices
ERO, www.ero.dk, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ERO.htm
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
JTC 1/SC 31, www.uc-council.com/sc31/home.htm,

www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/sc31.htm
European Radio communications Office
ANSI, www.ansi.org, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ANSIT6.html
CEN TC 278, www.nni.nl, www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/CENTC278.htm
Transport Information and Control Systems
9/17/2012
ISO/TC204, www.sae.org/technicalcommittees/gits.htm,
www.aimglobal.org/standards/rfidstds/ISOTC204.htm
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Identification (6)
ISO Standards
ISO 15418
MH10.8.2 Data Identifiers
EAN.UCC Application Identifiers
ISO 15434 - Syntax for High Capacity ADC Media
ISO 15962 - Transfer Syntax
ISO 18000
Part 2, 125-135 kHz
Part 3, 13.56 MHz
Part 4, 2.45 GHz
Part 5, 5.8 GHz
Part 6, UHF (860-930 MHz, 433 MHz)
ISO 18047 - RFID Device Conformance Test Methods
ISO 18046 - RF Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods
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ISM band interference

OLD
Many sources of interference

Microwave ovens, microwave lighting
802.11, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.15,
Even analog TV transmission, surveillance
Unlicensed metropolitan area networks

Levels of interference
Physical layer: interference acts like noise
Spread spectrum tries to minimize this
FEC/interleaving tries to correct
MAC layer: algorithms not harmonized
E.g., Bluetooth might confuse 802.11
9/17/2012
NEW
Fusion Lighting, Inc.,

now used by LG as
Plasma Lighting System
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9/17/2012
DIFS
802.11b
3 channels
(separated by
installation)
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
DIFS
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
SIFS
DIFS ACK
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
DIFS
DIFS
500 byte
SIFS
ACK
100
byte
SIFS
DIFS ACK
SIFS
ACK
2402
1000 byte
500 byte
DIFS
DIFS
DIFS
f [MHz]
2480
SIFS
DIFS ACK
802.11 vs.(?) 802.15/Bluetooth
100
byte
802.15.1
79 channels
(separated by
hopping
t pattern)
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Bluetooth may act like a rogue member of the 802.11 network

Does not know anything about gaps, inter frame spacing etc.
IEEE 802.15-2 discusses these problems

Proposal: Adaptive Frequency Hopping
a non-collaborative Coexistence Mechanism
Real effects? Many different opinions, publications, tests, formulae,

Results from complete breakdown to almost no effect
Bluetooth (FHSS) seems more robust than 802.11b (DSSS)
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ETSI - HIPERLAN
ETSI standard
European standard, cf. GSM, DECT, ...
Enhancement of local Networks and interworking with fixed networks
integration of time-sensitive services from the early beginning
HIPERLAN family
one standard cannot satisfy all requirements
range, bandwidth, QoS support
commercial constraints
HIPERLAN 1 standardized since 1996
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Overview: original HIPERLAN

protocol family
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HIPERLAN 1 - Characteristics
Data transmission
point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, connectionless
23.5 Mbit/s, 1 W power, 2383 byte max. packet size
Services
asynchronous and time-bounded services with hierarchical
priorities
compatible with ISO MAC
Topology
infrastructure or ad-hoc networks
transmission range can be larger then coverage of a single node
(forwarding integrated in mobile terminals)
Further mechanisms
power saving, encryption, checksums
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HIPERLAN 1 - Services and

protocols
CAC service
definition of communication services over a shared medium
specification of access priorities
abstraction of media characteristics
MAC protocol
MAC service, compatible with ISO MAC and ISO MAC bridges
uses HIPERLAN CAC
CAC protocol
provides a CAC service, uses the PHY layer, specifies hierarchical access
mechanisms for one or several channels
Physical protocol
send and receive mechanisms, synchronization, FEC, modulation, signal
strength
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HIPERLAN layers, services, and

protocols
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HIPERLAN 1 - Physical layer
Scope
modulation, demodulation, bit and frame synchronization
forward error correction mechanisms
measurements of signal strength
channel sensing
Channels
3 mandatory and 2 optional channels (with their carrier frequencies)
mandatory
channel 0: 5.1764680 GHz
optional (not allowed in all countries)
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HIPERLAN 1 - Physical layer

frames
Maintaining a high data-rate (23.5 Mbit/s) is power consuming -problematic for

mobile terminals
packet header with low bit-rate comprising receiver information
only receiver(s) address by a packet continue receiving
Frame structure
LBR (Low Bit-Rate) header with 1.4 Mbit/s
450 bit synchronization
minimum 1, maximum 47 frames with 496 bit each
for higher velocities of the mobile terminal (> 1.4 m/s) the maximum number
of frames has to be reduced
Modulation
GMSK for high bit-rate, FSK for LBR header
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HIPERLAN 1 - CAC sublayer
Channel Access Control (CAC)

assure that terminal does not access forbidden channels
priority scheme, access with EY-NPMA
Priorities
5 priority levels for QoS support
QoS is mapped onto a priority level with the help of the packet lifetime (set by
an application)
packet lifetime = 0 it makes no sense to forward the packet to the receiver
any longer
standard start value 500ms, maximum 16000ms
if a terminal cannot send the packet due to its current priority, waiting time
is permanently subtracted from lifetime
based on packet lifetime, waiting time in a sender and number of hops to
the receiver, the packet is assigned to one out of five priorities
the priority of waiting packets, therefore, rises automatically
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HIPERLAN 1 - EY-NPMA I
EY-NPMA (Elimination Yield Non-preemptive Priority Multiple Access)

3 phases: priority resolution, contention resolution, transmission
finding the highest priority
every priority corresponds to a time-slot to send in the first phase, the
higher the priority the earlier the time-slot to send
higher priorities can not be preempted
if an earlier time-slot for a higher priority remains empty, stations with the
next lower priority might send
after this first phase the highest current priority has been determined
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HIPERLAN 1 - EY-NPMA II
Several terminals can now have the same priority and wish to send
contention phase
Elimination Burst: all remaining terminals send a burst to eliminate
contenders (11111010100010011100000110010110, high bit- rate)
Elimination Survival Verification: contenders now sense the channel, if the
channel is free they can continue, otherwise they have been eliminated
Yield Listening: contenders again listen in slots with a nonzero probability, if
the terminal senses its slot idle it is free to transmit at the end of the contention
phase
the important part is now to set the parameters for burst duration and channel
sensing (slot-based, exponentially distributed)
data transmission
the winner can now send its data (however, a small chance of collision
remains)
if the channel was idle for a longer time (min. for a duration of 1700 bit) a
terminal can send at once without using EY-NPMA
synchronization using the last data transmission
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HIPERLAN 1 - DT-HCPDU/AKHCPDU
HI: HBR-part Indicator
HDA: Hashed Destination HCSAP Address
HDACS: HDA CheckSum
BLIR: Block Length Indicator
BLIRCS: BLIR CheckSum
TI: Type Indicator
BLI: Block Length Indicator
HID: HIPERLAN IDentifier
SA: Source Address
UD: User Data (1-2422 byte)
PAD: PADding
CS: CheckSum
AID: Acknowledgement IDentifier
AIDS: AID CheckSum
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HIPERLAN 1 - MAC layer
Compatible to ISO MAC

Supports time-bounded services via a priority scheme
Packet forwarding
support of directed (point-to-point) forwarding and broadcast forwarding (if no
path information is available)
support of QoS while forwarding
Encryption mechanisms
mechanisms integrated, but without key management
Power conservation mechanisms
mobile terminals can agree upon awake patterns (e.g., periodic wake-ups to
receive data)
additionally, some nodes in the networks must be able to buffer data for
sleeping terminals and to forward them at the right time (so called stores)
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HIPERLAN 1 - DT-HMPDU
LI: Length Indicator
TI: Type Indicator
RL: Residual Lifetime
PSN: Sequence Number
SA: Source Address
ADA: Alias Destination Address
ASA: Alias Source Address
UP: User Priority
ML: MSDU Lifetime
KID: Key Identifier
IV: Initialization Vector
UD: User Data, 12383 byte
SC: Sanity Check (for the
unencrypted PDU)
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Information bases
Route Information Base (RIB) - how to reach a destination

[destination, next hop, distance]
Neighbor Information Base (NIB) - status of direct neighbors
[neighbor, status]
Hello Information Base (HIB) - status of destination (via next hop)
[destination, status, next hop]
Alias Information Base (AIB) - address of nodes outside the net
[original MSAP address, alias MSAP address]
Source Multipoint Relay Information Base (SMRIB) - current MP status
[local multipoint forwarder, multipoint relay set]
Topology Information Base (TIB) - current HIPERLAN topology
[destination, forwarder, sequence]
Duplicate Detection Information Base (DDIB) - remove duplicates
[source, sequence]
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Ad-hoc networks using

HIPERLAN 1
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References
Chapter # 4 and Chapter # 5 from Mobile Communications, Second

Edition, By Prof. Dr. Jochen H. Schiller.
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128

Unit 3

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12EC244-Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unidirectional distribution systems

Asymmetric communication environments

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

optimized for expected

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

Structuring transmissions - broadcast

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

Parallel data transmission on several orthogonal subcarriers with lower rate

Maximum of one subcarrier frequency appears exactly at a frequency where all

superposition of frequencies in the same frequency range

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

ISI of subsequent symbols due to multipath propagation

(HIPERLAN/2: TG= 0.8 s;

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Examples for DAB coverage

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

DAB transport mechanisms

MSC (Main Service Channel)

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Bit rate management

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

DAB - Multiplex - reconfigured

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Multimedia Object Transfer

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

DAB allows for many repetition schemes

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

Digital Video Broadcasting

B-ISDN, ADSL,etc. DVD, etc.

Unit-3 Broadcast Systems

12EC244 Mobile Communications

DVB transmits MPEG-2 container

high definition television