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Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
R.C. Gee
Solargenix Energy, LLC
Raleigh, North Carolina
D. Kearney
Kearney & Associates
Vashon, Washington
Subcontract Report
NREL/SR-550-32282
May 2008
R.C. Gee
Solargenix Energy, LLC
Raleigh, North Carolina
D. Kearney
Kearney & Associates
Vashon, Washington
Subcontract Report
NREL/SR-550-32282
May 2008
NOTICE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
1.2
2.
Background and Scope of Parabolic Trough Wind Tunnel Test Program ......... 1
Wind Load Issues ................................................................................................ 2
2.1
Boundary Layer Simulation Technique .............................................................. 3
2.2
Wind-Tunnel Models .......................................................................................... 4
2.2.1
Balance Model for Lift and Drag Force Measurements ............................. 5
2.2.2
Balance Model for Pitching Moment Measurements ................................. 7
2.2.3
Pressure Model............................................................................................ 8
2.2.4
Non-Instrumented Solar Collector Models ............................................... 12
2.3
Instrumentation ................................................................................................. 12
2.3.1
Signal Conditioner for High-Frequency Force and Moment Balances .... 12
2.3.2
CPP Multi-Pressure Measurement System ............................................... 13
2.4
Test Configurations and Matrix ........................................................................ 13
2.5
Test Procedures ................................................................................................. 25
2.6
Accuracy and Uncertainty of Test Results........................................................ 26
3.
3.1
Definition of Test Parameters ........................................................................... 29
3.1.1
Orientation of Solar Collector ................................................................... 29
3.1.2
Load Coefficients ...................................................................................... 30
3.1.3
Consideration for Load Cases for Structural Strength Design.................. 31
3.2
Particular Treatment of Pressure Data .............................................................. 32
3.2.1
Integration of Distributed Local Pressures ............................................... 32
3.2.2
Instantaneous Pressure Distributions ........................................................ 33
3.2.3
Interpolation of Point Pressures ................................................................ 34
4.
4.1
Boundary Layer Simulation .............................................................................. 38
4.2
Effects of Reynolds Number and Turbulence Intensity.................................... 39
4.3
Isolated Solar Collector..................................................................................... 41
4.3.1
Test Results ............................................................................................... 41
4.3.2
Flow Visualization .................................................................................... 46
4.4
Exterior Solar Collectors in Array Field ........................................................... 49
4.4.1
General Observations ................................................................................ 49
4.4.2
Effects of Wind Protective Fence Barrier and Torque Tube .................... 63
4.5
Interior Solar Collectors in Array Field ............................................................ 70
4.5.1
General Observations ................................................................................ 70
4.5.2
Effects of Torque Tube ............................................................................. 92
4.6
Loads on Deep Interior Solar Collectors .......................................................... 93
4.7
Wind Characteristics Within Array Field ....................................................... 100
4.8
Summary of Design Load Cases and Combinations....................................... 103
4.8.1
Structural Strength Design Loads ........................................................... 103
4.8.2
Local Peak Differential Design Pressures............................................... 105
4.8.3
Instantaneous Differential Pressures ....................................................... 111
4.8.4
Example Calculations of Design Loads .................................................. 120
i
4.9
Adjustment to Pressure Test Data ................................................................... 123
4.9.1
Adjustment Factor ................................................................................... 123
4.9.2
Effectiveness of the Adjustment Factors to Pressure Data ..................... 126
5.
6.
7.
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 1
7.1
APPENDIX A - VALIDITY OF FULL-SCALE PREDICTION ................................A1
7.2
APPENDIX B - LIST OF OVERALL LOAD DATA................................................. B1
7.3
APPENDIX C - WIND CHARACTERISTICS SIMULATED IN A
WIND TUNNEL.......................................................................................................... C1
7.4
APPENDIX D - INSTANTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CONTOURS
FOR SELECTED TEST CONFIGURATIONS ..........................................................D1
7.5
APPENDIX E - TIME SERIES OF LOCAL PRESSURES ........................................ E1
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 CPP aerodynamic wind tunnel ........................................................................ 4
Figure 2-2 Wind tunnel setup ........................................................................................... 5
Figure 2-3 Lift and drag force balance model .................................................................. 6
Figure 2-4 Lift and drag force balance model assembly................................................... 6
Figure 2-5 Photograph of Pitching Moment Balance Model ............................................ 7
Figure 2-6 Pitching Moment Balance Model Assembly................................................... 8
Figure 2-7 Pressure model ................................................................................................ 9
Figure 2-8 Pressure model assembly .............................................................................. 10
Figure 2-9 Coordinates of pressure taps ......................................................................... 11
Figure 2-10 Collector field model................................................................................... 12
Figure 2-11a Test configurations for array field study, exterior field ............................ 15
Figure 2-12 Test matrix .................................................................................................. 17
Figure 2-13 Test Configurations for Phase 4 .................................................................. 22
Figure 2-14 Test Configurations for Deep Interior Tests, (a) Yaw = 0 degrees ............. 23
Figure 2-15 Photograph of Test Setup for Configuration I8 .......................................... 25
Figure 2-16a Typical statistical variation of mean load.................................................. 26
Figure 3-1 Definition of coordinate system and key dimensions ................................... 30
Figure 3-2 Tributary areas assigned for differential pressure taps ................................. 33
Figure 3-3 Interpolation of point pressures ..................................................................... 34
Figure 3-4 Example of mirror panel arrangement for interpolation of differential
pressures .................................................................................................... 36
Figure 4-1 Turbulent boundary layer simulated in wind tunnel ..................................... 39
Figure 4-2 Sensitivity of load coefficients to Reynolds Number ................................... 40
Figure 4-3 Effects of turbulence intensity on horizontal force ....................................... 41
Figure 4-4a Loads on isolated solar collector with and without torque tube, balance
study .......................................................................................................... 42
Figure 4-5a Comparisons of balance and pressure results for isolated collector,
without torque tube ................................................................................... 45
Figure 4-6 Flow around isolated solar collector ............................................................. 48
Figure 4-7 Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B1, collector in Row 1
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees ................................. 50
Figure 4-8a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B3 Collector in Row 1
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ...................................... 51
Figure 4-9a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B4, collector in Row 2
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ...................................... 53
Figure 4-10a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B5, collector in Row 3
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ...................................... 55
Figure 4-11 Pitching Moment of Exterior Collector (a) Configuration B1, Yaw = 0
degrees ...................................................................................................... 57
Figure 4-12a Effect of row position along edge of array field, yaw = 0 degrees .......... 61
Figure 4-13 General flow patterns within array field ..................................................... 63
Figure 4-14a Loads on exterior collector with protective fence for Configuration D3,
collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees ....... 64
Figure 4-15 Effect of wind protective fence ................................................................... 66
iii
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1
Table 2-2
Table 3-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-2
Table 4-3
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Cfx
Cfz
Cmy
Cp
Cdp
fx
fz
my
p
dp
H
Hc
L
W
n
ps
q
U
UHc
UR
x, y
z
u(z)
(
(
(
(
)max
)min
)mean
)rms
vi
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Wind load estimates for parabolic trough solar collectors have relied largely on wind tunnel tests
sponsored by Sandia National Laboratories in the late 1970s and early 1980s, specifically Peterka
et al. (1980, 1992) and Randall et al. (1980, 1982). These tests involved wind-tunnel
measurements in a boundary-layer wind tunnel at Colorado State University (CSU) performed by
current principals of Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc. (CPP). The reports provided mean wind load
coefficients for an isolated parabolic trough collector and for a collector within an array field.
The wind loads were measured using a force balance to determine overall mean load. No
assessment for dynamically fluctuating load or peak load was made. Further, the measurements
did not include the distribution of local pressures across the face of the collector. Measurements
of these missing elements are the primary contributions of this current study. The wind-tunnel
data presented in this report was, in part, designed to augment these missing load components that
are of significance for designers of solar collectors. The study also includes examination of wind
loads on collectors located deep inside an array field for the purpose of extending design load
data as a function of position.
The focus of the current study was the wind loads on a 26-ft (7.9-m) section of parabolic trough
collector with an aperture of 16.4 ft (5 m), supported with a minimum distance of collector to
ground of 1.2 ft (0.35 m). Two versions of the instrumented collector models were used for the
wind-tunnel study: One was a model installed on a high frequency force balance to measure
overall fluctuating loads; the other was a pressure-tapped model primarily designed to obtain the
distribution of the pressure
loads across the face of the
collector at 30 discrete
local points, but also to
measure overall loads on
the collectors.
The
collector was first studied
as an isolated unit to obtain
baseline loading.
The
collector was then studied
at a variety of locations in a
collector field. The effects
of a porous fence at the
edge of the field were
Parabolic trough solar field at 30
included in some tests,
MWe plant at Kramer Junction
because available documents on other collectors
have shown beneficial shielding with protective fences of about 50% solidity. Test
configurations and procedures for the study presented here are described in Section 2.
This report also presents investigative test results related to the effect of Reynolds Number on
aerodynamic load coefficients of the solar collector since the curved surface of the parabolic
collector could potentially cause the measured load coefficients to be dependent on Reynolds
number (specifically affected by the test wind speed). The effect of turbulence intensity in the
approach flow was similarly of concern. Sandia Laboratories Report SAND 92-7009 (see Peterka
and Derickson, 1992) demonstrated a sensitivity to turbulence intensity for heliostats (see Figures
2 and 3 of that report). Whether or not a similar phenomenon occurs for parabolic trough
collectors needed to be resolved. A series of wind-tunnel tests on an isolated collector were
conducted to examine and identify these effects. The tests showed, as described in detail in
Section 4.2, that the load coefficients of the solar collector were essentially independent of
Reynolds number in a range realized in the wind tunnel, probably due to sufficiently high level of
turbulence over the height of the collector modeled in a surface boundary layer flow. The effect
of the turbulence was found to be insignificant as long as the turbulent approach flow was
simulated properly in the wind tunnel.
The initial series of tests examined wind loads on interior solar collectors as deep as the 5th row
from the windward edge of the array field, where considerable reduction of wind loads was
realized. However, a possibility existed that the loads would continue to decrease further
downwind, leading to potential cost reduction in the trough structures by optimization of the
design. Subsequent tests investigated this issue by measurements of loads deep interior of the
array field, extending to the 20th row downwind. A rigid pressure model, described in Section 2,
was used to measure distributions of local pressures from which overall lateral and vertical forces
and pitching moment were computed by integration of pressures. It was hoped that variation of
these load components could be conveniently fitted to analytical models to calculate desired loads
for an arbitrary distance into a field. This is discussed fully in Section 4.
1.2
Most building codes are based on the concept of quasi-steady loads. That is, the peak load is
assumed to result from the same flow mechanisms as for the mean flow, so that the peak load is
just the mean load times the square of the gust factor for the wind gust under study. For example,
the national wind load standard ASCE 7-98 (ASCE 2000) or the model building code IBC
(International Building Code) 2000 (International Code Council, Inc., 2000) would predict the
gust factor in wind to be 1.53 for a peak gust in an open country environment. For a structure that
has a quasi-steady wind load, the peak load due to a peak gust would be 1.532 = 2.34 times the
mean load. Prior to this report, only mean coefficients had been measured for parabolic troughs
[Peterka et al. (1980)], requiring that peak loads be calculated using mean coefficients applied at
the peak gust speeds (equivalent to uniformly applying the 2.34 multiplicative factor to the mean
load). However, many types of wind loads do not obey the quasi-steady approximation, and it is
for this reason that peak loads have been measured in this current study. For cases where these
peak coefficients are available, they can be used directly to produce the appropriate peak load.
Example calculations are included in section 4.7.4 to illustrate this point.
The validity of boundary-layer wind tunnel testing for wind loads on structures is based on
similarity arguments (see Cermak, 1971, 1975, and 1976) and on model-to-full-scale test
comparisons for models tested at scales of about 1:200 to 1:500. For models at larger scales, for
example 1:45 as used in the current study, there are fewer model/full scale comparisons (the few
that have been completed are for buildings, and agreement has been good). The writers are
unaware of any comprehensive full-scale wind-load tests on solar collectors that have been
carried out in a turbulent wind, which would provide a basis for model/full-scale test comparison.
Ultimately, the acceptability of boundary-layer wind-tunnel tests for solar collectors should be
based on model-to-full-scale tests. More discussion of this issue is contained in Appendix A.
2.1
The wind-tunnel test was performed in the boundary-layer wind tunnel in the Wind Engineering
Laboratory of CPP (Figure 2-1). This closed-circuit wind tunnel had a 68-ft-long test section
covered with roughness elements to reproduce at model scale the atmospheric wind
characteristics required for the model test. Some of these wind characteristics pertaining to wind
load are explained in Appendix C. The wind tunnel had a flexible roof, adjustable in height, to
maintain a zero pressure gradient along the test section and to minimize blockage effects.
The wind-tunnel floor upstream from the modeled area was covered with roughness elements
constructed from 0.75-in. cubes. Spires and a low barrier were installed in the test section
entrance to provide a thicker boundary layer than would otherwise be available, permitting a
somewhat larger scale model. The spires, barrier, and roughness were designed to provide a
modeled atmospheric boundary layer approximately 4 ft thick and a mean velocity power law
exponent and turbulence structure in the modeled atmospheric boundary layer similar to that
expected in open country. Figure 2-2 is a photograph of the test section of the wind tunnel as
modeled. The approach wind established for the model test is explained more fully in Section
4.1.
2.2
Wind-Tunnel Models
Four types of wind-tunnel models of a parabolic trough solar collector were constructed for this
wind-tunnel study. They were (1) a light-weight model for measuring lift and drag dynamic wind
loads using a high-frequency force balance, (2) a light-weight model instrumented with a set of
strain gages for direct measurement of pitching moment, (3) a rigid plastic model instrumented
with pressure taps for measuring pressure distribution over the surface of the collector
concentrator component, and (4), in the array field studies, a number of non-instrumented dummy
mock-ups surrounding the instrumented model. The instrumented models and the mock-ups were
constructed at a scale of 1:45 based on the set of dimensions consistent with the Solargenix
Energy parabolic trough. These overall dimensions are identical to those of the LS-2 collector
(Cohen, 1999) and are expected to result in non-dimensional load data applicable over a range of
modest variations in parabolic trough configurations. The thickness and rear side details of the
concentrator component compared to an actual collector were not viewed as critical aspects of the
wind test model configuration, with the possible exception of a torque tube, which is discussed
later in this report. In the following sections, the wind-tunnel models and construction technique
are described.
A balance model is also referred to as a dynamic model since it is designed to measure fluctuating wind
load as well as mean load.
A photograph of this balance model is given in Figure 2-3, and the assembly is illustrated in
Figure 2-4.
Torque Tube
Mounting Hole
Center of Rotation of
Solar Collector
Receiver
Support
Ground Level
Lift Force Transducer
Model Mounting Bracket
CPP High-Frequency Shear Balance (Details not shown)
CPP High-Frequency Moment Balance (Details not shown)
Aluminum Frame
Torque Transducer
with Strain Gages
Mounting Bolt
Aluminum
Reaction Post
106
107
112
118
113
119
124
125
130
Front
206
201
212
207
218
213
224
219
230
225
Back
10
101
106
107
112
113
118
y
119
124
125
130
Front
Front
Tap
101
102
103
104
105
106
y, ft
-12.05
-7.26
-2.48
2.48
7.26
12.05
z, ft
7.46
7.46
7.46
7.46
7.46
7.46
Tap
107
108
109
110
111
112
y, ft
-12.05
-7.26
-2.48
2.48
7.26
12.05
z, ft
3.95
3.95
3.95
3.95
3.95
3.95
Tap
113
114
115
116
117
118
y, ft
-12.05
-7.26
-2.48
2.48
7.26
12.05
z, ft
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Tap
119
120
121
122
123
124
206
y, ft
-12.05
-7.26
-2.48
2.48
7.26
12.05
z, ft
-3.95
-3.95
-3.95
-3.95
-3.95
-3.95
Tap
125
126
127
128
129
130
y, ft
-12.05
-7.26
-2.48
2.48
7.26
12.05
z, ft
-7.46
-7.46
-7.46
-7.46
-7.46
-7.46
201
212
207
z
218
213
224
219
230
225
Back
Back
Tap
201
202
203
204
205
206
y, ft
12.05
6.70
1.83
-1.83
-6.70
-12.05
z, ft
7.02
7.58
7.58
7.58
7.58
7.02
Tap
207
208
209
210
211
212
y, ft
12.05
6.70
1.83
-1.83
-6.70
-12.05
z, ft
3.54
4.10
4.10
4.10
4.10
3.54
Tap
213
214
215
216
217
218
y, ft
11.67
6.70
1.83
-1.83
-6.70
-11.67
z, ft
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Tap
219
220
221
222
223
224
y, ft
12.05
6.70
1.83
-1.83
-6.70
-12.05
z, ft
-3.54
-4.10
-4.10
-4.10
-4.10
-3.54
11
Tap
225
226
227
228
229
230
y, ft
12.05
6.70
1.83
-1.83
-6.70
-12.05
z, ft
-7.02
-7.58
-7.58
-7.58
-7.58
-7.02
2.2.4
The test program called for multi-configuration wind-tunnel tests on solar collectors at different
locations within an array of collectors. To model a field of solar collectors, a number of noninstrumented collector models were constructed, which would surround the instrumented model.
The non-instrumented models, also referred to as dummy mockups, were made with readily
available PVC pipes with a 6-in. OD cut in proper size. Several dummy units were attached to a
long aluminum shaft supported horizontally by specially made brackets to allow rotation of the
collectors about the pitch axis.
For the array field study, the solar collector models were laid out in rows with a spacing
equivalent to 2.8 times the collector aperture. A typical arrangement of the non-instrumented
solar collectors in a field is shown in Figure 2-10.
2.3
Instrumentation
12
and moment balance systems, with the collector model mounted, had inherent natural frequencies
of higher than 40 and 80 Hz, respectively, and were sufficient for measurement of dynamic loads.
2.3.2
Pressure data on the solar collector were acquired using the CPP multi-pressure system (MPS).
The system features simultaneous signal samples from 512 individual pressure transducers at a
maximum design rate of 500 samples per second per channel. When fully configured, the MPS
would consist of four 16-channel analog-to-digital converters with a 16-bit resolution and eight
64-channel multiplexers, both manufactured by IO Tech, connected to an IEEE488 controller
onboard a desktop personal computer. For the present wind-tunnel study requiring 60 pressure
taps on the model, the system was configured with a single 16-bit ADC and a multiplexer for a
total capacity of 64 data channels. The differential pressure transducers used were Data
Instruments Model XPC with a full-scale range of +/-0.14 psid (differential pressure) combined
with a signal amplifier that provided a gain of 50.
The wind pressure at the model exterior was transmitted to the pressure transducer using a twosegment plastic tube. The plastic tube consisted of a 13-in. (1/32-in. ID) section and a 36-in.
(1/16 in. ID) section joined together with a small brass coupler. The inherent frequency response
characteristics of the tube system were measured before the pressure tests so that a compensation
digital filter could be designed. The response correction filter was then incorporated in the data
acquisition software and applied to the measured pressure signals during the data collection.
2.4
A multi-phase test program was initially designed in coordination with Solargenix Energy and
was refined as the wind-tunnel study progressed in order to optimize the overall test program.
The test program essentially consisted of four Phases. Phase 1 conducted tests on an isolated
solar collector with a wide range of the yaw and pitch angles of the concentrator module. The
yaw angle defined the azimuth of the collector relative to approach wind, and the pitch angles
defined the tilt with respect to the vertical plane. These angular parameters are fully explained
later in Section 3.1. The effects of the Reynolds Number and incident turbulence were also
studied in this phase. Phase 2 of the program investigated wind loads on the solar collectors
around the edge of a simulated array field, referred to herein as the exterior solar collectors. For
several collector positions, the effect of wind protective barriers was also examined. Phase 3 tests
were conducted on the collector at various positions within the array field, the interior solar
collectors. In all these test phases, the balance and pressure data acquisition techniques were used
as necessary to determine wind loads for the solar collector. Phase 4 tests included direct
measurement of the pitching moment using a light-weight balance model especially designed for
those tests, as well as the test series using pressure measurements to examine the influence of
deep interior locations on forces and pitching moments.
Series of wind-tunnel tests were grouped according to physical test configuration and were given
configuration identifications for ease of data management. Table 2-1 summarizes the designated
test configuration.
Phases 2 and 3: For the exterior and interior field studies, Figure 2-11a and Figure 2-11b
concisely illustrate various test configurations. The side notes indicate the type of the data
acquisition method: B for the balance technique and P for the pressure technique. These
configuration IDs, for example A1 or C5, are frequently referred throughout this report for sake
of convenience.
13
The ranges of the yaw and pitch angles varied depending on the test configurations. Figure 2-12
gives the combinations of these angles tested for different test configurations in the form of test
matrices.
Table 2-1 Test Configurations
Conf.
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
Bx
Cx
Dx
Ex
Fx
Description
Single Collector in Nominal Roughness.
Single Collector With Torque Tube in Nominal Roughness.
Single Collector in Bare Floor.
Single Collector in Smooth Roughness.
Single Collector in Rough Roughness.
Collector at Edge of Field. x = Position ID.
Collector at Interior of Field. x = Position ID.
Collector at Edge of Field With Protective Fence. x = Position ID.
Collector at Edge of Field With Torque Tube. x = Position ID.
Collector at Interior of Field with Torque Tube. x = Position ID.
14
0
-30
-60
-30
-60
90
-90
0
-30
-60
90
0
-30
60
-60
90
-90
60
-90
-60
-90
60
90
-90
-30
60
-60
90
-30
60
90
-90
Conf: B6 B
Side notes "B" and "P" indicate the completed test configuration by Balance Measurement and Pressure Measurement, respectively.
Figure 2-11a Test configurations for array field study, exterior field
15
0
-30
-60
-30
60
Conf: C1 B, P
-60
90
-90
0
-30
0
-30
60
90
-90
-60
Conf: C4 B
-60
90
60
90
-30
60
-90
Conf: C2 B
-90
Conf: C3 B, P
Conf: F3 (with Torque
Tube) P
-60
-90
-30
60
-60
60
Conf: C5 B, P
Conf: F5 (with Torque
Tube) B
90
Conf: C6 B
Side notes "B" and "P" indicate the completed test configuration by Balance Measurement and Pressure Measurement, respectively.
Figure 2-11b Test configurations for array field study, interior field
16
-45
X*
X
X
-30
X*
X
X
-15
X*
X
X
0
X*
X
X
15
X*
X
X
30
X*
X
X
45
X*
X
X
60
X*
X
X
75
X*
X
X
90
X*
X
X
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
X
X
X*
-75
X*
X
X
-60
X*
X
X
-45
X*
X
X
-30
X*
X
X
-15
X*
X
X
0
X*
X
X
15
X*
X
X
30
X*
X
X
45
X*
X
X
60
X*
X
X
75
X*
X
X
90
X*
X
X
17
-60
X
X
X
-45
X
X
X
-30
X
X
X
-15
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
15
X
X
X
30
X
X
X
45
X
X
X
60
X
X
X
75
X
X
X
90
X
X
X
-75
X*
X
-60
X*
X
-45
X*
X
-30
X*
X
-15
X*
X
0
X*
X
15
X*
X
30
X*
X
45
X*
X
60
X*
X
75
X*
X
90
X*
X
18
-75
X
X
X
-60
X
X
X
-45
X
X
X
-30
X
X
X
-15
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
-60
X
X
X
-45
X
X
X
-30
X
X
X
-15
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
15
X
X
X
30
X
X
X
45
X
X
X
60
X
X
X
75
X
X
X
90
X
X
X
15
30
45
60
19
75
90
-75
X*
X*
-60
X*
X*
-45
X*
X*
-30
X*
X*
-15
X*
X*
0
X*
X*
15
X*
X*
30
X*
X*
45
X*
X*
60
X*
X*
75
X*
X*
90
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
20
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
X*
Phase 4: Figure 2-13 illustrates the configurations of the solar collectors tested for the additional
pitching moment tests. These test configurations had been investigated in the Phase 2 and 3 tests,
and were repeated here for comparison purposes. The selection of the configurations was based
largely on the test results from the earlier Phase that exhibited significant pitching moments. For
all the indicated configurations, the tests were conducted for a full rotation of the pitch angle at
intervals of 15 degrees. (Refer to Figure 2-10 and Figure 2-13 that show the test setup for
Configuration C5 at a yaw angle of 30 degrees.)
The test configurations for the deep interior tests are shown in Figure 2-14. The pressure
distribution over the collector concentrator was measured on the unit at the 5th, 10th, 15th and
20th rows from the upwind edge of the array field for the yaw angle of 0 degrees (Figure
2-14(a)). Two column positions, 4th and 8th from the open side edge, were also tested at this
yaw angle. At a yaw angle of 30 degrees (Figure 2-14(b)), the row positions of 5th, 10th and
15th, and the column positions of 4th, 8th and 12th were tested. A limited set of pitch angles
were of interest, including -15, -60, 0, 75 and 105 degrees, at which the Phase 3 wind-tunnel
study showed relatively large integrated wind loads. Note that Configurations I2 and I3 are
nearly identical. To optimize the test program, Configuration I3 was eliminated from the test
plan. In this report, the test results obtained for Configuration I2 also substitute for those
referring to Configuration I3 for convenience. A photograph of one of the test setups,
Configuration I8, is given in Figure 2-15.
21
-60
-30
60
Conf: A1
-60
90
-90
60
Conf: B1
90
-90
0
-30
-60
-30
60
Conf: B2
-60
90
-90
0
-30
-60
-90
60
Conf: B3
90
-90
Conf: C2
-30
-60
60
90
60
90
-90
Conf: C5
22
Instrumented
Pressure Model
Turntable
Conf: I1
Conf: I5
Conf: I2
Conf: I6
Conf: I3
Conf: I7
Conf: I4
Conf: I8
Figure 2-14 Test Configurations for Deep Interior Tests, (a) Yaw = 0 degrees
23
Conf: I1
Conf: I5
Conf: I9
Conf: I2*
Conf: I6
Conf: I10
Conf: I3*
Conf: I7
Conf: I11
Note: Configurations I2 and I3 are nearly identical. The test results for Conf. I2 substitute Conf. I3.
Figure 2-14 Test Configurations for Deep Interior Tests, (b) Yaw = 30 degrees
24
2.5
Test Procedures
Each test series for a chosen collector configuration involved sequential adjustment of the yaw
and pitch angles. The yaw angle was set simply by rotating the turntable on which the windtunnel models were mounted. For the pitch angle adjustment, a set of jigs were made so that the
angle could be set consistently by aligning the top and bottom edges of the collector against the
jig.
Once these angles were set, the data acquisition proceeded as follows. First, with the wind tunnel
turned off, the outputs from all the transducer channels (load transducers for the balance tests and
the pressure transducers for the pressure tests) were recorded as zero measurement. The wind
tunnel was then turned on while monitoring the mean approach wind speed at the height of the
collector pivot. When the mean wind speed stabilized at the nominal test speed of approximately
20-25 feet per second (fps), the data acquisition initiated. The transducer outputs were measured
and the zero readings were subtracted to obtain net response level in time series for permanent
storage in a disk file.
For each test, the data collection process was repeated several times to minimize the statistical
errors that occur when measuring random signals. The rate of data sampling differed between the
balance and pressure measurement because of the different frequency bandwidths of interest for a
particular measurement technique. The balance data were measured at a rate of 250 samples per
second for about 8-16 seconds with 4-8 repetitions, depending on the particular test, and the
pressure data at a rate of 500 samples per second for 16 seconds with 4 repetitions. The total
duration of the data samples was 64 seconds for both balance and pressure measurements. Note
that the test results presented in this report were obtained as ensemble averages over all the
repetitions performed for a run.
25
2.6
Complete analysis of accuracy and uncertainty associated with load measurements performed
with a wind tunnel is no trivial matter. It would require, in general, sophisticated statistical
investigation on random processes as well as characterization of instruments used. Although an
extensive effort might be prudent in many engineering practices, this section limits the analysis to
two readily identifiable sources of uncertainties: (1) the statistical variation of the measured mean
loads and (2) the performance of the instruments.
Because fluctuations of wind loads are random in nature, determination of their true mean and
root mean square (standard deviation) theoretically requires infinitely long measurement duration.
Although this is not possible, acceptable estimates of these quantities can be obtained by
cumulating the statistical results over several repeated measurements of reasonable length. As an
example, Figure 2-16a illustrates the variation of the mean loads measured by the force balance
on an isolated solar collector over repeated tests. The data were taken for 16 extended
measurements (compared to the nominal 8), and the overall means were assumed to represent the
true values. All the load components asymptotically converge to the assumed true means as the
number of measurements increases. Figure 2-16b shows a similar plot for a typical pressure
measurement in a wind tunnel.
The load measurement instrument consisted of the force and pressure transducers, signal
conditioner, and analog-to-digital converter. This equipment can be a source of measurement
uncertainty because of, for example, non-linear response, instability, and limited resolution. A
careful calibration of the instrument revealed the response characteristics and the possible worst
error in the measured loads.
Variation of Mean Load With Num ber of Balance Meas urem ents
Configuration A1, Yaw = 0 deg., Pitch = -90 deg.
0.4
Mean Coefficient
= 0.013
0.3
= 0.011
0.2
0.1
10
15
20
Num ber of Measurem ents (Nom inally 8 for present balance s tudy)
Cfx
Cfz
As s umed True Means
Figure 2-16a,b show how long the measurement should be to obtain a statistically accurate mean
estimate. To do this, multiple measurements were repeated, each measurement with the equal
sample duration, and the means were computed from individual measurements. What is plotted
in these Figures is the cumulative means with the increasing number of sample blocks. That is,
the first (left-most) point represents the mean computed from the first sample block only. The
26
0.5
= 0.0012
Mean Coefficient
0.0
-0.5
= 0.0023
-1.0
10
Separation Region
27
correlation; they reflect the worst case. In average, it is reasonable to assume that the actual level
of uncertainty would be somewhat smaller than what is indicated. If these possible errors are
directly related to the largest measured mean overall loads, the uncertainties can be estimated as
3% for the force and moment components for the balance study. For the pressure study, the
uncertainty of about 6% would result for all the load components. The instrument uncertainty
(denoted as Source 2) shown in Table 2-2 was estimated as a combination of the worst cases that
could occur for each of the contributing load transducers, resulting in the higher level of
uncertainty.
Table 2-2 Estimated Uncertainty Associated with Mean Load Measurement
Overall Load Component
Pressure Component
fx
fz
my
p+
p-
fx
fz
my
0.011
0.013
0.0042
0.0012
0.0023
0.0025
0.0035
0.00052
0.0053 lbs.
0.044 psf
0.044 psf
0.013 lbs.
0.087
0.087
0.12
0.050
0.090
0.013
Total
0.061
0.103
0.017
0.088
0.089
0.13
0.18
Source (1) Statistical variation of random signal.
Source (2) Characteristics of instrumentation. The worst possible errors observed during static calibration are indicated.
28
0.026
0.026
3. ANALYSIS METHODS
The chief objective of the present wind-tunnel study was to determine wind loads on parabolic
trough solar collectors that would provide guidelines for design. The wind load effects of interest
for the present study included the overall lateral force, vertical force, pitching moment about the
collector pivot axis, and pressure distributions over the concentrator surface. It is common
practice to present the wind loads measured in a wind tunnel in the form of load coefficients
directly applicable to full-scale structures through use of consistent scaling parameters. This
section describes the definition of the relevant test parameters and basic techniques involved in
the data analysis.
3.1
3.1.1
Orientation of Solar Collector
Parabolic trough solar collectors are typically designed to follow the apparent motion of the sun
by rotating about a one dimensional axis throughout the day. Because of this, wind loads exerted
on the drive mechanism vary depending on the tilt angle of the collector, herein called the pitch
angle. In addition, the incident angle of the approach wind relative to the span of the solar
collector, or the yaw angle, causes the wind loads to vary. Thus, the orientation of the solar
collector, defined by the pitch and yaw angles is an important factor for evaluating the
aerodynamic performance and structural design criteria of the collector. Figure 3-1 schematically
shows the definition of the pitch and yaw angles established for the current wind-tunnel study, as
well as that of the overall loads and several characteristic dimensions of the solar collector. It
should be noted that the two modes of operation for the solar collectors can be conveniently
distinguished by the sign of the pitch angle. That is, the positive and negative pitch angles imply
the normal operation and stow modes, respectively.
29
L = 25.97 ft
0.65 ft
W = 16.40 ft
H = 17.52 ft
Hc = 9.32 ft
Ground Level
Key Dimensions
Wind
+ Yaw
fz
+ Pitch
fx
my
Y
Receiver
Wind
Z up
Torque Tube
(for selected tests only)
Side View
Plan View
Horizontal Force, fx
Cfx =
fx
qLW
(3.1)
Vertical Force, fz
Cfz =
fz
qLW
(3.2)
Cmy =
my
qLW 2
(3.3)
Pitching Moment, my
where fx, fz, and my are the aerodynamic loads (Figure 3-1), L is the span-wise length, and W is
the aperture width of the collector. The quantity, q, is the mean reference dynamic pressure
measured at the pivot height of the solar collector, Hc, as given by
q=
1
U 2
2
(3.4)
Here U is the mean wind speed at the pivot height, and is the density of air. Similarly, the
pressure coefficient is expressed by
Cp =
p
q
(3.5)
where p is the local pressure relative to the undisturbed ambient static pressure. Because the
collector is essentially a curved thin plate composed of a number of reflective concentrator
panels, the net pressure between the opposing surfaces is of significance for the design load of the
collector structure. The net pressure, or the differential pressure coefficient, Cdp, is defined
herein as
Cdp =
p f pb
q
(3.6)
where pf and pb are the pressures on the front (reflective) side and the back side,
respectively.
3.1.3
Consideration for Load Cases for Structural Strength Design
In general, parabolic trough solar collectors are either tracking the sun (normal operation) or
assume a stationary downward-facing attitude called the stow position (at night or during
cloudy or very windy periods). During sunny periods with moderate and low winds, the solar
collectors are in the normal operation mode, with the parabolic reflector rotated toward the sun.
Wind loads on the solar collectors during normal operation are a concern because deformation of
the parabolic trough reflector surface can cause a loss of efficiency. During strong winds, where
the structural strength might be a concern, the solar collectors are typically rotated to the stow
mode with the concentrators facing down to limit wind loads and to prevent the reflective surface
from being damaged. Sufficient data were obtained in the wind-tunnel testing to provide load
data for structural analysis in both operating modes.
Within a field of solar collectors, the largest wind loads experienced by an individual collector
module will vary depending on its position and the presence of a protective barrier. Application
of the design loads appropriate for the exterior collector modules throughout the entire field
would result in over-design for most of the interior units, which in fact constitute the majority of
the field collector modules. On the other hand, use of the interior design loads on the exterior
collector modules can expose those modules to higher risk of structural failure. To provide
31
practical design criteria, different design load cases were determined separately for the exterior
collector modules with and without a protective fence, various locations of interior modules, and
in particular the collector module denoted as Configuration C5 (Figure 2-13), which was
considered to be most representative for a large array field as a whole.
The load cases were derived as the loading condition that would maximize the individual overall
load components in either the positive or negative direction. Each load case specified the peak
load for one component as primary and the simultaneous point-in-time load values for the other
two as extracted from the integrated pressure or balance time series data. For the structural
strength design, applying the combination of all three load components is appropriate.
3.2
While the balance tests were suited for measurement of overall loads on the solar collector,
determination of the detailed load distribution required the pressure tests. The tests were
performed to measure instantaneous distribution of local pressures over the collector module at a
total of 60 locations. The results of the pressure tests were intended to allow finite element
analysis, wherein wind forces imparted to the surfaces of a parabolic trough concentrator can be
used to determine the developed stresses and deformations of the concentrator (e.g., support
structure, parabolic-shaped mirrors, etc.). To serve this need, a number of unique pressure
distributions were determined based on several relevant load conditions. The analysis method for
obtaining these pressure distributions is described in Section 3.2.2. In addition, the overall loads
were computed by integrating the distribution of the measured local pressures for comparison
with the directly measured loads by the balance technique. The procedure is explained in this
section.
3.2.1 Integration of Distributed Local Pressures
Distribution of point pressures and differential pressures can be integrated over the parabolic
concentrator surface to numerically determine the total loads on the parabolic trough solar
collector. The resulting loads should approximate reasonably those measured directly using the
force balance. Some discrepancy can be expected because the measured pressure distribution is
discrete and the integration is, therefore, piecewise, whereas the total loads measured by the
balance are, in principle, the result of true integration of continuously distributed pressures. In
addition, the balance loads include the contribution due to not only the concentrator module itself,
but also other secondary structural elements such as the pylon supports and the receiver.
Nevertheless, the comparison of the pressure and balance total loads is useful in confirming the
validity and consistency of the test results in general and is discussed in Section 4. Here we
explain the technique used in the current study to determine the integral loads from the pressure
distribution data.
Because the pressure distribution measured on the pressure model is discrete, the integration is
actually a weighted summation of point pressures:
N
Q = wi pi .
(3.14)
i =1
Here Q is the load effect of interest, pi is the surface pressure (or differential pressure at the tap
location I), and N is the number of pressure taps. The quantity wi is the weight factor assigned at
the pressure tap location i. If, for example, the load effect to be obtained is force, the weight
factor typically represents the tributary area associated with the pressure tap. The weight factors
for calculation of the forces and pitching moment for all the pitch angles tested in the study are
tabulated in a spreadsheet file on the CD-ROM provided to NREL as backup to this report (also
see Appendix E).
32
Figure 3-2 shows the tributary areas defined for the solar collector, as well as the differential
pressure taps with the identification numbers. The boundaries indicated by dashed lines were
established to divide the distance between two adjacent pressure taps in half. The choice of the
tributary areas is somewhat arbitrary, as long as each of these areas is exclusively assigned to a
particular tap, and the individual tributary areas collectively account for the entire exposed area
exerting the wind load. The pressure is usually assumed to be uniform within the tributary area.
For calculations of the horizontal and vertical forces, the effective tributary areas projected on the
vertical and horizontal planes, respectively, were computed for different pitch angles, taking into
account the curvature of the concentrator. This was necessary to resolve the pressure load acting
perpendicular to the concentrator surface into the respective force components. The resulting
effective tributary areas were the weight factors that appear in Equation 3.14. For the pitching
moment, the weight factors used were a combination of the tributary area and the effective
distance about the axis of rotation.
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
Side View
Frontal View
5001 - 5030 Differential Pressure Taps
33
A number of snapshot pressure distributions were taken from different test configurations, and
some of the results are presented in sections 4.8.2 and 4.8.3.
3.2.3
In order to apply the measured differential pressure distribution to the individual reflector panels
on the solar collector, spatial interpolation of these pressures may be necessary. This is because
the pressure tap layout on the wind-tunnel model does not necessarily coincide with that of the
reflector panels of the actual solar collector. This section provides a simple technique for
interpolating point pressures by a superposition of measured pressures in the vicinity of the
desired application point on the reflector panel. That is,
m
pi = j p j ,
(3.15)
j =1
= 1.
(3.16)
j =1
In this case, pj is the pressure measured at the pressure tap j, j is the influence factor associated
with the pressure tap, and m is the number of pressure taps contributing to the reflector panel.
Selection of the influence factorsj can be based on a common technique used in the finite
element analysis for obtaining an interior solution within a two-dimensional element. To
illustrate this, Figure 3-3 shows a case where the nodal point of the reflector panel is surrounded
by four pressure taps.
Pressure Tap 3
(x3, y3)
Pressure Tap 4
(x4, y4)
(x, y)
(x1, y1)
Pressure Tap 1
(x2, y2)
Pressure Tap 2
x
Figure 3-3 Interpolation of point pressures
In this example, the influence factors for each pressure tap location can be assumed to take the
following form based on the Pascals triangle:
j = a j + b j x + c j y + d j xy
(3.17)
in which aj, bj, cj, and dj are the constants to be determined. The x and y are the coordinates of
the point at which the interpolated pressure is determined. For the solar collector, these
34
coordinates are measured over the curved concentrator surface. Consider, for now, the influence
factor for the first pressure tap, so that j = 1. The above equation becomes
1 ( x, y ) = a1 + b1 x + c1 y + d1 xy .
(3.18)
1 ( x1 , y1 ) = 1 , and 1 ( x2 , y2 ) = 1 ( x3 , y3 ) = 1 ( x4 , y4 ) = 0 ,
(3.19)
1
1
1
1
x1
x2
x3
x4
y1
y2
y3
y4
x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
x4 y4
a1 1
b 0
1
= .
c1 0
d1 0
(3.20)
By solving these equations for the constants a1, b1, c1, and d1, the influence factor for the first
pressure tap is established as a function of arbitrary coordinates, x and y, as given in Equation
3.18. The actual numerical value of the influence factor is then calculated by evaluating Equation
3.18 at the concentrator nodal point with the obtained constants. The remaining influence factors
can be determined similarly by repeating the above exercise for the other three pressure tap
locations.
Note that the above influence factors are identical to the shape, or interpolation function derived
for a linear quadrilateral element often used in the finite element analysis. Similarly, the
influence factors for two contributing pressure taps and three contributing pressure taps are
analogous to interpolation functions for line and triangular elements. The description and
derivation of these interpolation functions can be found in the literature on the finite element
methods, such as the reference by Huebner et al. (1995), and are omitted in this report.
As a practical example, consider a solar collector composed of twenty reflector panels of equal
size (Figure 3-4). Using the technique explained above, Table 3-1 summarizes the influence
factors by which the differential pressures are interpolated at the centroid of each reflector panel.
35
5001
M1
5007
M6
5013
M11
5019
M16
5025
5002
5003
M2
5004
M3
5008
5009
M7
M4
5010
M8
5014
5015
M12
5021
M17
5027
Side View
5011
5016
5017
5022
5023
5024
M20
5029
Frontal View
5001 - 5030 Differential Pressure Taps
M1 - 20 Assumed Mirror Modules
36
5018
M15
M19
5028
5012
M10
M14
M18
5026
5006
M5
M9
M13
5020
5005
5030
Mirror 1
0.4516
0.2403
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2011
0.1070
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 2
0.0000
0.3923
0.2996
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1747
0.1334
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 3
0.0000
0.0000
0.3446
0.3474
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1534
0.1547
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 4
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2990
0.3929
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1331
0.1749
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 5
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2403
0.4516
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1070
0.2011
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 6
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3709
0.1973
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2818
0.1499
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 7
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3222
0.2461
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2448
0.1870
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 8
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2830
0.2853
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2150
0.2168
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mirror 9 Mirror 10
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2456
0.0000
0.3227
0.1973
0.0000
0.3709
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1866
0.0000
0.2452
0.1499
0.0000
0.2818
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Tap Mirror 11 Mirror 12 Mirror 13 Mirror 14 Mirror 15 Mirror 16 Mirror 17 Mirror 18 Mirror 19 Mirror 20
5001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5007
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5009
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5011
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5012
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5013
0.2818
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5014
0.1499
0.2448
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5015
0.0000
0.1870
0.2150
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5016
0.0000
0.0000
0.2168
0.1866
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5017
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2452
0.1499
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5018
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2818
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5019
0.3709
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2011
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5020
0.1973
0.3222
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1070
0.1747
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5021
0.0000
0.2461
0.2830
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1334
0.1534
0.0000
0.0000
5022
0.0000
0.0000
0.2853
0.2456
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1547
0.1331
0.0000
5023
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3227
0.1973
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1749
0.1070
5024
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3709
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2011
5025
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.4516
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5026
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2403
0.3923
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5027
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2996
0.3446
0.0000
0.0000
5028
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3474
0.2990
0.0000
5029
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3929
0.2403
5030
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.4517
37
4.1
One of the most important prerequisites for load measurements in a wind tunnel is modeling of an
atmospheric boundary layer at the scale of the model. Several key characteristics of the boundary
layer are described in detail in Appendix C. In general, the vertical profiles of mean wind speed
and turbulence intensity are of particular significance for simulating wind loads. A representative
size of turbulent eddies, commonly denoted as a turbulence integral scale, also plays a role
depending on its relation to typical dimensions of a wind-tunnel model. The importance of exact
boundary layer simulation, however, tends to diminish for a structure surrounded by significant
objects that can dictate the local wind characteristics, such as a solar collector within a field
consisting of many adjacent units.
Figure 4-1 shows the mean wind velocity and turbulence intensity profiles simulated for the
current study. As seen, the modeled boundary layer profiles compare well with those suggested
by the well-recognized literature for winds over an open country exposure. It should be noted
that the designated model scale (1:45) was much larger than that for which the CPP wind tunnel
was primarily designed (1:200 to 1:500). For this reason, a series of wind measurements were
conducted before the load measurements to obtain the appropriate boundary layer flow. The
integral scale of turbulence was also measured at the height of the collector pivot point and was
equivalent to about 70 ft at full scale. The suggested empirical values for an open country
boundary layer flow vary greatly, for example, 390 ft (Counihan 1975) and 150 ft (Engineering
Science Data Unit [ESDU] 1975). Although the simulated turbulence length scale was smaller
that those cited, it was considered acceptable because it is widely understood that the effect of the
length scale is generally insignificant if it is larger than the typical structure size.
38
Full-Scale Elevation, ft
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
0.14 Power Law
60
60
50
50
Snyder (1981)
Simiu (1996)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
10
15
20
25
30
4.2
One of the most essential considerations for load measurements in a wind tunnel is sensitivity of
the load coefficients with the Reynolds Number. This is because wind tunnel tests cannot exactly
simulate the high Reynolds typically encountered for full-scale structures. The mismatch is of
39
particular concern for streamlined or curved shape structures because the load coefficients can be
highly dependent on the Reynolds Number. A series of preliminary tests were conducted to test
the sensitivity of the wind load coefficients to the Reynolds Numbers.
Figure 4-2 shows the mean load coefficients at a pitch angle of -60 degrees with different
Reynolds Numbers. The model Reynolds Numbers were calculated using the mean wind speed at
the collector pivot height and the aperture width as the reference quantities. As the figure
indicates, the load coefficients are nearly invariant of the Reynolds Number for the range tested.
Yaw = 0, Pitch = -60 in 21 % Turbulent Flow
2.0
Mean Coefficient
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
Reynolds Number
Cfx
Cfz
40
Yaw = 0, Pitch = 0
2.0
Mean Cfx
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Reynolds Number
8 % turb.
15 % turb.
21 % turb.
4.3
41
exposed area of the solar collector concentrator and by resolving the resulting load into the
specified load components.
The effect of the torque tube is more apparent for the vertical force, Cfz, than for the horizontal
force, Cfx. The torque tube does not necessarily worsen the wind loads, for example, the vertical
force component for a range of pitch angles from 45 to 90 degrees is notably reduced with the
torque tube. As far as the largest absolute load of the individual load components is concerned,
the torque tube did not increase the load values.
Configurations A 1 and A 2 Balance (Isolated Collector w ithout and w ith Torque Tube), Y aw = 0
4
3
Cf x
2
1
0
-1
-180
4
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
3
2
Cfz
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-180
Figure 4-4a Loads on isolated solar collector with and without torque tube,
balance study
42
Configurations A1 and A2 Pressure (Isolated Collector without and with Torque Tube), Yaw = 0
4
3
Cfx
2
1
0
-1
-180
4
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
3
2
Cfz
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-180
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-180
43
Figure 4-5a and Figure 4-5b compare the balance and pressure test results for the isolated solar
collector tests. Note that in Figure 4-5a, the balance results from Phase 1 and 4 tests have been
combined. To aid comparison between the force components and among the various test
configurations shown later, the plots have been produced using consistent scales. Note also that
in this and following figures, the balance results are consistently slightly larger than the pressure
results. The reason has to do with the discrete nature of the pressure taps; adjustment factors for
the pressure results are derived in Section 4-9.
44
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min (Pressure)
Figure 4-5a Comparisons of balance and pressure results for isolated collector,
without torque tube
45
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-5b Comparisons of balance and pressure results for isolated collector,
with torque tube
4.3.2
Flow Visualization
Observing air flow around the model using smoke is helpful for two reasons: in understanding
and interpreting mean and fluctuating pressures and in defining zones of separated flow and
reattachment, including zones of vortex formation where pressure coefficients may be expected to
be high. Titanium dioxide smoke was released from sources on and near the model to make the
flow lines visible to the eye and to make it possible to obtain photographic records of the tests.
Several photographs showing the flow around the isolated solar collector are given in Figure 4-6.
Dramatic differences in the flow characteristics near the center of the concentrator are shown in
Figure 4-6(a). The side-by-side photographs depict flow stagnation on the windward face of the
concentrator and complete separation on the leeward face. The stagnation at the pitch angle of
near 0 degrees is the major contributor to the maximum horizontal drag force (see also Figure
4-4). The flow around the edge of the concentrator is shown in Figure 4-6(b), where an intense
streak of flow stream, known as the shear layer, is evident. The shear layer envelops the
46
separation zone, and its trajectory varies depending on the pitch angle. For example, at a pitch
angle of 0 degrees (i.e., the photograph on the left) the shear layer is much elevated compared to
that at a pitch of 120 degrees (on the right), despite the similar height of the top edge of the
concentrator. Transition of the flow pattern is shown in Figure 46(c). Near the leading edge of
the concentrator, the flow seems to follow the curvature of the concentrator and eventually
separates from the surface around the center of the concentrator. Before separation, the flow
tends to accelerate, creating a zone of high negative pressure on the leeward face of the
concentrator. Combined with the near stagnant positive pressure on the windward face, both
pitch angles (-60 and +60 degrees) result in a significant vertical force, though of opposite sign.
47
48
4.4
4.4.1
Figure 4-7 through Figure 4-10 show the Phase 2 test data on drag and lift load coefficients for
the collectors at the exterior edge of the array field and compare the balance and pressure
measurement techniques. Figure 4-11 shows the Phase 4 pitching moment load coefficients for
selected collectors at the exterior edge of the array field, also comparing the balance and pressure
measurement techniques.
Particular collector positions can be identified by the configuration ID and by referring to Figure
2-11a. At a yaw of 0 degrees, the loads on the collectors in all module positions in the most
upwind row are similar for all pitch angles (e.g., see Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-8a). The collector at
the edge of the field shows a higher horizontal force at a yaw of 30 degrees (Figure 4-8b) when
the collector is near upright, while the vertical force and pitching moment are similar to those at
yaw = 0 degrees. Some reduction of the loads is realized for the collectors along the field edge at
the row positions 2 and 3 because of upwind shielding (see Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-10).
Figure 4-12 illustrates the variation of the wind loads along the side edge of the array field. The
row position is measured from the upwind edge of the field with a position of 0, denoting an
isolated collector. The pitch angles were selected separately for individual load components on
basis of significance. In general, differences in the loads become insignificant beyond a row
position of 3.
49
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-7 Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B1, collector in Row 1
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees
50
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
51
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-8b Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B3, collector in Row 1
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees
52
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-9a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B4, collector in Row 2
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees
53
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-9b Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B4, collector in Row 2
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees
54
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-10a Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B5, collector in Row 3
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees
55
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-10b Loads on exterior collector for Configuration B5, collector in Row 3
at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees
56
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min (Pressure)
57
120
150
180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
Max/Min (Balance)
58
150
180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min (Pressure)
59
150
180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min (Pressure)
60
150
180
Cf x at Pitch = 0 deg.
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
Cf z at Pitch = 60 deg.
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Row Position
Mean (w ithout Torque Tube)
61
Cf x at Pitch = 0 deg.
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
Cf z at Pitch = 60 deg.
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Row Position
Mean (w ithout Torque Tube)
General patterns of the wind flow within the array field are shown in Figure 4-13. The flow
within the field is highly turbulent as expected. The flow passing over the most upwind row of
the collectors tends to reattach to the second row and diffuse gradually downwind.
62
(a)
(b)
Figure 4-13 General flow patterns within array field
4.4.2
Drastic reduction of the loads can be seen when a protective fence surrounds the collector field,
as shown by comparing Figure 4-14 with Figure 4-8a and Figure 4-8b. The effectiveness of the
fence is more pronounced for the vertical force component.
63
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-14a Loads on exterior collector with protective fence for Configuration
D3, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1 (at edge), yaw = 0 degrees
64
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-14b Loads on exterior collector with protective fence for Configuration
D3, collector in Row 1 at Module Position 1, (at edge), yaw = 30 degrees
65
The effect of the protective fence is apparent in the photographs shown in Figure 4-15, which
compare the wind flows with and without the fence. With the porous protective fence in place,
the flow is more diffused.
The effect of the torque tube on the exterior collectors can be seen in Figure 4-16 through Figure
4-18. In general, the influence of the torque tube is small, with the effect being most noticeable
on the vertical force, especially at a pitch angle of about 60 degrees.
66
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
67
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
68
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
69
4.5
4.5.1
General Observations
Figure 4-19 through Figure 4-21 show the Phase 3 test data on drag and lift load coefficients,
obtained by both the balance and pressure measurements, for the solar collectors located interior
of the array field. Figure 4-23 shows the Phase 4 pitching moment load coefficients for selected
collectors interior of the array field, also comparing the pressure measurement data where
available.
Figure 2-11(b) can be used to identify the positions of the collector within the field. For
Configuration C1 (presented in Figure 4-19 a, b, and c), the solar collector of interest is located at
the second row from the windward field edge. Agreement between the two test methods (balance
and pressure data) is generally good. The largest difference is evident for the peak vertical force
component at a yaw angle of 75 degrees, shown in Figure 4-19b. Compared with the collector
directly in front of this unit (Configuration B1 in Figure 4-7), considerable reduction of the wind
loads is noticed due to shielding.
The wind loads continue to decrease slightly for the collectors located further downwind,
(Configurations C3 and C5 in Figure 4-20 and Figure 4-21. Patterns of the vertical force and
pitching moment are similar among the interior collectors, while some variations in the horizontal
force component can be observed. The effect of the row positions for these interior collectors is
illustrated in Figure 4-22.
The pitching moment for the interior solar collectors are shown in Figure 4-23. No Phase
3pressure data are available for Configuration C2 at a yaw angle of 0 degrees (Figure 4-23a).
70
6
4
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-19a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C1, collector in Row 2
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees
71
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-19b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C1, collector in Row 2
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees
72
6
4
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
73
6
4
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-20a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C3, collector in Row 3
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees
74
6
4
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-20b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C3, collector in Row 3
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees
75
6
4
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-20c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C3, collector in Row 3
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees
76
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-21a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C5, collector in Row 5
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees
77
6
4
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-21b Loads on interior collector for Configuration C5, collector in Row 5
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 0 degrees
78
6
4
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min ( Pressure)
Figure 4-21c Loads on interior collector for Configuration C5, collector in Row 5
at Module Position 4 (from edge), yaw = 30 degrees
79
Cf x at Pitch = 0 deg.
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
Cf z at Pitch = 60 deg.
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Row Position
Mean (w ithout Torque Tube)
Figure 4-22 Effect of row position at interior of array field, yaw = 0 degrees
80
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
120
150
180
Max/Min (Balance)
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min (Pressure)
81
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Max/Min (Balance)
Mean (Pressure)
Max/Min (Pressure)
82
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
Figure 4-25a Loads on interior collector for Configuration C2, collector in Row 2
at Module Position 2 (from edge), yaw = - 30 degrees
83
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
84
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
85
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
86
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
87
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
88
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
89
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
90
6
4
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
Ma x/Min (Balance)
91
4.5.2
The effect of the torque tube on the most interior solar collector is shown in Figure 4-28. As far
as the structural design loads are concerned, the torque tube caused no significant effect.
Cf x
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cf z
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
92
4.6
In order to determine wind loads that can be regarded as representative for a majority of the solar
collector modules within a large array field, tests were conducted on a collector module at various
row and column positions. Pressure distributions over the collector module concentrator were
measured, which were then integrated to yield the overall forces and pitch moment. Refer to
Section 2.4 for the tested locations of the solar collector module within the array field.
At each row and column combination, the wind-tunnel test was performed for pitch angles of -15,
-60, 0, 75 and 105 degrees, at which the Phase 3 wind-tunnel study showed relatively large wind
loads. For sake of clarity, however, this section selectively presents the test results based on the
significance found for the individual overall load components exerted on the pivotal axis of the
collector concentrator. The following discussion deals with the lateral and vertical forces and the
pitching moment at particular pitch angles of 0, -60 and 105 degrees, respectively. A complete
set of the test results is found in Appendix B.
Variations of the mean and peak loads at different row positions are shown in Figure 4-29 for the
4th column collectors at a yaw angle of 0 degrees. The Phase 3 pressure model test results, where
available, are included to show the load pattern on the collectors near the upwind edge of the
array field (1st through 4th rows). Note that at the 5th row position, both the Phase 3 and 4 test
results are plotted, showing a good repeatability in the mean load measurement, and some scatter
in the peaks due to inherent statistical variability. For the lateral force, Cfx, at a pitch angle of 0
degrees, the most drastic reduction is realized on the 2nd row collector, and the load tends to
recover somewhat for the collectors up to the 5th row. No appreciable change in the lateral force
is evident for the collectors further downwind. The vertical force component, Cfz, at a pitch
angle of 60 degrees shows a similar trend, except that the recovery of the peak load is more
vigorous. In fact, the positive peak on the interior collectors is nearly as large as that on the
collector at the field edge. The pitching moment component, Cmy, appears to decrease slowly
through the 5th row collector, and becomes independent of the row position downwind.
93
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
10
15
20
10
15
20
10
15
20
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
Row Position
Mean
Max/Min
Figure 4-29 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 4th Column, Yaw = 0 degrees
94
Some observations can be made here. The change in the overall loads seems to take place
through the 5th row from the upwind edge of the array field. The mean loads tend to decrease
continually through the 5th row where they reach their minimum, regardless of the pitch angle.
The dynamic loads, however, are amplified within the interior of the field in some cases, resulting
in negligible reduction in the effective peak design load. This is especially true when the
collectors are at near horizontal stow position, i.e., a pitch angle of 60 degrees. The load
characteristics are directly related to those of the wind within the array field. This is discussed
more in the following section.
Figure 4-30 shows the loads on the interior solar collectors at the 4th column for a yaw of 30
degrees. The general trend of the load variation is similar to that at 0 degree yaw angle. The
effect of the row position for the collectors at the 8th and 12th column from the side edge of the
array is depicted in Figure 4-31 through Figure 4-33. In all cases, the variation of the loads
beyond the 5th row is small. It appears that the loads on the solar collector at the 5th row position
are well representative for the entire array field. Comparing Figure 4-30, Figure 4-32, and Figure
4-33, it is noticed that the sensitivity of the loads to the column position is almost negligible in
the range tested.
Although it was initially hoped to derive an empirical formula that conveniently describes the
design wind loads for the solar collector at an arbitrary location inside a large array field, the
wind-tunnel test indicates considerable variations of the exact load pattern depending on the pitch
angles and the load component of interest. In addition, the test indicates that the mean and
dynamic load components vary differently within the field. While one can produce a set of
empirical formulae to accommodate a variety of relevant parameters, it would not probably result
in a practical design technique. The wind-tunnel tests performed for the Task 2 study, however,
lead us to a rather definitive conclusion. That is, the wind loads on the interior solar collectors
are essentially invariant beyond the 5th row and 4th column from the edge of the field. This
implies that the loads measured for Configuration C5 represent typical design loads equally
applicable to the rest of the interior solar collectors in the array field.
95
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
10
15
20
10
15
20
10
15
20
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
Row Position
Mean
Max/Min
Figure 4-30 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 4th Column, Yaw = 30 degrees
96
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
10
15
20
10
15
20
10
15
20
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
Row Position
Mean
Max/Min
Figure 4-31 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 8th Column, Yaw = 0 degrees
97
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
10
15
20
10
15
20
10
15
20
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
Row Position
Mean
Max/Min
Figure 4-32 Effect of Row Position for Collectors at 8th Column, Yaw = 30 degrees
98
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6
10
15
20
10
15
20
10
15
20
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
Row Position
Mean
Max/Min
99
4.7
Vertical profiles of the mean wind speed and local turbulence intensity are given in Figure 4-34
(at the top and bottom, respectively) at various row positions within the array field. The
undisturbed velocity profiles approaching the array field are also shown at the far left of the
figure. All data were taken at a yaw angle of 0 degrees with the collectors rotated at pitch angles
of 0 (Figure 4-34 (a)) and 60 (Figure 4-34 (b)) degrees. The mean wind speeds have been
normalized relative to the speed at the collector pivot height of the approach wind. The figure
clearly shows drastic reduction of the mean wind speed and increased turbulence intensity as the
wind initially enters the array field. The shapes of the mean and turbulence intensity profiles
seem to become invariant beyond the 5th row position. As expected, the mean wind speed over
the collector height is much smaller when the collectors are at upright position (Figure 4-34 (a))
than at near stow position (Figure 4-34 (b)) due to increased blockage. Differences in the shapes
of the turbulence intensity between the two collector positions are also noticeable.
The characteristics of the wind speed and turbulence intensity inside the array filed are consistent
with the resulting wind loads on the solar collectors described above. That is, the reduced mean
loads and increased dynamic loads. Little variation of the wind loads beyond the 5th row position
is also well explained by the wind profiles.
100
Figure 4-34 Mean Velocity and Turbulent Profiles Within Array Field
(a) Pitch = 0 deg
101
z/Hc
z/Hc
10
15
0
0.0
10
15
20
0.5
1.0
1.5
80
Row 1
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
Row 1
0.0
20
0.5
1.0
1.5
80
Row 5
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
Row 5
0.0
20
0.5
1.5
80
Row 10
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
1.0
Row 10
0.0
20
0.5
1.0
1.5
80
Row 15
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
Row 15
0.0
20
0.5
1.0
1.5
80
Row 20
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
Row 20
100
2.0
Figure 4-34 Mean Velocity and Turbulent Profiles Within Array Field
(b) Pitch = - 60 deg
102
z/Hc
z/Hc
10
15
0
0.0
10
15
20
0.5
1.0
60
TI, %
40
Row 1
U/U Hc
80
1.5
Row 1
0.0
20
Row 5
0.5
1.0
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
80
1.5
Row 5
0.0
20
Row 10
0.5
1.0
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
80
1.5
Row 10
0.0
20
1.0
TI, %
60
U/U Hc
40
Row 15
0.5
80
1.5
Row 15
0.0
20
Row 20
0.5
1.0
60
TI, %
40
U/U Hc
80
1.5
Row 20
100
2.0
4.8
The primary objective of the wind tunnel studies presented in this report was to identify wind
loads applicable to designs for strength of the structure, strength of the collector drive
mechanism, and deformation analysis of the collector by measurements of overall loads and
distributions of local pressures for a number of field positions and collector orientations. For
practical design of the collector drive design, appropriate combinations of the primary load
components, i.e. forces and pitching moment, must be simultaneously specified, while
maximizing the effect of at least one load component. For this reason, several load cases were
derived using the pressure distribution data that provide all of the primary load components by
integration. It also should be noted that the design loads given in this section have been adjusted
to account for the finite resolution of the pressure data as described in Section 4.9. This section
summarizes these design loads and demonstrates the use of the data. For an explanation of the
method and rationale that was applied in determining the design load cases and combinations,
refer to Sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3.
4.8.1
The load cases were selected from the pressure test data for several groups of similar test
configurations, for example, the exterior collectors (Configurations B1 to B6) and interior
collectors (Configurations C1 to C6). Each group yielded six load cases, each of which would
maximize or minimize one of the three load components of interest. The individual load case
tabulates all three load components occurring simultaneously. It should be pointed out that in
evaluating structural strength, applying the combination of all three load components is
appropriate because each component can affect the net overall stress on the collector.
Table 4-1 summarizes the load cases and load combinations for different groups of the solar
collector tests. In the table, Load Case 1 refers to the case where the horizontal force, Cfx,
resulted in the largest positive peak and Load Case 2 the largest negative peak. The group
denoted as Exterior Collector includes all of the exterior collector configurations without the
torque tube. A much more limited number of runs were made with a torque tube on the back of
the collector model, so a complete data set of peak loads with a torque tube was not constructed.
The second group includes collector loads with or without the torque tube, to envelop the design
loads regardless of the presence of the torque tube. Test configurations with a protective wind
fence were also very limited for the balance study. The group, Exterior Collector With Protective
Fence, consists of Configuration D3 only, the collector at the corner of the array field.
Configuration D3 was selected for testing because wind tunnel test experience suggests the corner
generally sees high wind loads, and these peaks normally occur at or near yaw angles of 45
degrees. A similar grouping scheme was used for the interior collectors. Only Configuration C5
is shown because it is the most representative configuration for the bulk of a large solar field, as it
is well shielded by surrounding collectors. For the interior of the array field, the torque tube has
little effect on the design loads, and the load combinations with and without the torque tube are
nearly identical to those without the torque tube.
103
Cmy
-------------
Cmy
-------------
Cfz
Cmy
-0.429 0.113
-0.148 -0.098
1.362 0.370
-2.533 0.021
1.081 0.436
-0.236 -0.156
104
4.8.2
From all the pressure data taken, the largest local differential pressures were extracted
irrespective of the yaw or the pitch angle. The results are presented as a contour map in Figure
4-35, looking into the reflective side of the concentrator. The data are applicable to limited
surface areas on the collector and are intended to provide a guideline for a mounting scheme for
the individual reflector panels, for example. High pressures are typically concentrated around the
edges of the collector because of flow separation or vortex formation from the corner (Figure
4-36) where the most wind damage, such as breakage of the reflector panels, is expected to occur.
The results are also tabulated in Table 4-2.
The use of the local peak pressures given here for the structural design is inappropriate because
these peak pressures do not occur simultaneously for the structural frames to react. The
differential pressure distributions suitable for the structural concerns are presented in the next
section.
105
Field Exterior
9.5
7.5
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
5.0
5.0
Peak Positive
-4.5
-4.0
-4.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
Peak Negative
106
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.5
4.0
5.0
4.5
4.5
4.0
Peak Positive
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.5
-4.0
-3.0
-2.5
Peak Negative
107
Field Interior
6.5
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
6.0
4.5
4.0
5.0
4.5
3.5
4.0
Peak Positive
-4.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.5
-3.0
-4.0
-4.0
-5.0
-3.5
-5.0
Peak Negative
108
6.5
6.0
5.5
6.0
5.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
4,5
3.5
Peak Positive
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
-4.0
-3.5
-5.0
-4.0
Peak Negative
109
Conf
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
Yaw Pitch
45
-30
45
-45
45
-45
0
-60
0
-60
30
-45
45
0
45
-15
45
-15
45
-15
45
-15
30
0
45
-15
45
-15
45
-15
45
-15
45
-15
45
-15
45
0
45
-15
45
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
45
0
45
-15
45
0
45
-15
30
0
45
0
Min
-4.419
-4.440
-3.956
-3.950
-4.473
-4.770
-5.193
-4.916
-4.220
-4.001
-3.982
-4.157
-4.901
-5.219
-4.482
-4.276
-4.344
-4.663
-4.977
-4.628
-4.089
-3.587
-3.941
-3.777
-3.601
-2.678
-2.522
-2.193
-2.669
-3.270
Conf
B4
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B3
B4
B4
B4
Yaw Pitch
30 -120
45 180
0 -105
0 -105
0 -105
0 -105
45 180
45 180
45 -165
45 -165
30 180
0 -165
45 180
45 180
45 180
30 180
30 180
30 180
45 180
45 180
45 180
30 180
30 180
0 180
45 180
45 180
45 180
0 180
0 180
30 180
Min
-5.131
-4.232
-3.507
-3.305
-3.918
-4.567
-3.908
-3.564
-3.399
-3.365
-3.378
-3.230
-3.966
-3.711
-3.498
-3.429
-3.738
-4.241
-4.459
-3.834
-3.358
-3.268
-3.399
-3.295
-3.848
-2.578
-2.394
-2.213
-2.265
-3.080
Conf
D3
D4
D5
D4
D4
D4
D4
D5
D5
D5
D5
D5
D4
D4
D5
D5
D4
D4
D3
D4
D4
D4
D4
D4
D3
D4
D3
D4
D4
D4
Yaw Pitch
45
-90
30
-90
30
-90
30
-90
30
-90
30
-90
30 -150
30 -150
30 -150
30 -165
30 -165
30 -165
30 -165
30 -165
30 -165
30 -165
30 -165
30 -165
45 180
30 180
30 180
30 180
30 180
30 -165
45 180
30 180
45 180
0 180
30 180
30 180
Field Interior
Tap
Max
5001
5.819
5002
6.465
5003
6.628
5004
5.639
5005
6.818
5006
5.084
5007
4.505
5008
4.361
5009
4.101
5010
4.058
5011
3.941
5012
4.109
5013
4.935
5014
4.256
5015
4.118
5016
3.975
5017
3.907
5018
5.144
5019
4.397
5020
3.569
5021
3.796
5022
3.498
5023
3.469
5024
3.651
5025
3.995
5026
4.010
5027
3.505
5028
3.383
5029
3.670
5030
3.920
Conf
C5
C5
C7
C5
C5
C7
C5
C3
C5
C5
C5
C5
C7
C5
C7
C7
C7
C7
C5
C7
C5
C7
C5
C7
C1
C1
C5
C5
C1
C7
Yaw Pitch
30
30
30
-45
30
-45
30
-45
30
-45
330
-30
30
30
30
-30
0
-60
0
-60
30
-45
0
-60
330
0
30
-45
0
-75
0
-75
0
-75
30
15
30
30
0
-75
30
-45
0
-75
0
-75
0
-60
30
60
0
75
30
75
30
75
330
75
330
-30
Min
-4.171
-3.539
-2.895
-2.827
-3.343
-4.054
-3.435
-2.356
-2.203
-2.094
-2.273
-3.012
-2.943
-2.737
-2.322
-2.393
-2.420
-3.139
-4.473
-3.368
-2.926
-3.020
-3.707
-4.563
-5.377
-4.301
-3.711
-3.671
-4.091
-5.342
Conf
C5
C5
C5
C5
C1
C7
C7
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C1
C5
C1
C1
C1
C5
C5
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C7
C5
C1
C7
C1
C7
Yaw Pitch
30
-90
30
-90
0
-90
0
-90
330
-90
330
-90
30
0
30 -120
30 -120
30 -120
30 -120
330 -120
0 135
30 -135
0 135
0 135
0 135
30 -135
30 120
0 120
0 120
0 120
0 120
0 120
30 120
30 120
0 105
330 105
0 105
330 105
Min
-4.171
-3.539
-2.895
-2.827
-3.086
-3.847
-3.259
-2.356
-2.203
-2.094
-2.273
-3.012
-2.512
-2.737
-2.217
-2.011
-2.058
-3.139
-4.473
-2.729
-2.276
-2.305
-2.364
-3.285
-5.283
-4.301
-3.329
-3.144
-3.618
-4.273
Conf
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
C5
Yaw Pitch
30
-90
30
-90
0
-90
0
-90
0 -105
0 -105
30 -120
30 -120
30 -120
30 -120
30 -120
330 -120
330 -135
30 -135
30 -135
30 -135
330 -135
30 -135
30 120
30 180
30 -165
30 165
30 165
0 120
30 105
30 120
30 120
30 120
30 105
330 105
110
Differential pressures over collector reflectors can cause the reflector to deflect, resulting in a loss
of efficiency because the reflected sunlight may move out of focus. Severe deflection of the
collector can also cause the reflector to break. To assess windinduced reflector deflection and
structural failure, the relationship between the loading condition and the resulting reflector
deflection (and mechanical stresses) can be established through structural analysis, for example
using finite element modeling. Collector designs vary by manufacturer, and each structure can
respond differently to imposed loads. The pressure distribution data in this section are intended to
enable this type of structural analysis. A very large number of pressure distributions have been
obtained during these tests. Presenting all the pressure distribution results in this report is neither
practical nor desirable. Accordingly, this section presents a limited number of the pressure test
results, shown as differential pressure distributions realized instantaneously in essence, a
snapshot extracted from the pressure time series data.
The results presented here are selected from the data taken for Configuration C5, because it is
representative of most of the collectors within the interior of the solar field. Figure 4-37 shows
the instantaneous pressure distributions that contained the largest differential pressure at any of
the tap locations, for each of the three yaw angles tested. The numerical values of the differential
pressures are presented in Table 4-3.
111
2.0
1.5
2.0
4.0
3.0
2.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-4.0
112
3.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.0
-4.0
113
5.0
0.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.5
-2.0
-5.0
Figure 4-37c Instantaneous differential pressure distribution with the largest local
peak, yaw = 30 degrees
114
Yaw = -30
Pk Pos
Pk Neg
Pitch Angle
Tap
45 deg. 105 deg.
5001
1.450
0.070
5002
1.473
-0.054
5003
1.678
0.077
5004
1.834
0.208
5005
1.582
0.263
5006
2.103
0.170
5007
1.060
0.016
5008
1.709
-0.082
5009
1.794
0.056
5010
1.683
0.154
5011
1.579
0.111
5012
1.907
0.029
4.480
5013
0.007
5014
1.783
-0.373
5015
1.673
-0.358
5016
1.534
-0.303
5017
1.388
-0.167
5018
1.444
-0.412
5019
0.508
-0.925
5020
1.245
-1.071
5021
1.231
-1.080
5022
1.275
-1.185
5023
1.230
-1.359
5024
1.041
-2.059
5025
-0.122
-1.088
5026
0.645
-1.290
5027
0.501
-1.572
5028
0.658
-1.828
5029
0.782
-2.672
-4.273
5030
0.874
The largest pressure is in bold.
Yaw = 0
Pk Pos
Pk Neg
Pitch Angle
0 deg. 120 deg.
3.275
-0.041
1.146
-0.245
0.934
-0.197
0.374
-0.089
0.311
-0.117
0.365
-0.337
1.167
-0.399
0.725
-0.249
0.368
-0.127
0.344
-0.193
0.340
-0.161
0.354
-0.447
0.249
-0.179
0.383
-0.236
0.386
-0.353
0.389
-0.459
0.385
-0.464
0.205
0.182
0.252
-1.438
0.319
-0.992
0.265
-0.894
0.316
-1.023
0.394
-1.109
0.312
-1.270
0.239
-2.095
0.233
-1.738
0.279
-1.609
0.306
-2.123
0.392
-2.501
-4.175
0.328
Yaw = 30
Pk Pos
Pk Neg
Pitch Angle
0 deg. 120 deg.
5.018
0.489
1.586
0.295
0.479
-0.009
0.594
0.118
0.594
0.089
0.085
-0.044
0.741
0.365
0.815
0.158
0.653
0.077
0.729
0.042
0.560
0.076
0.460
0.057
0.385
-0.345
0.642
-0.152
0.582
-0.406
0.617
-0.503
0.691
-0.356
0.840
-0.117
0.363
-2.874
0.628
-1.937
0.684
-1.639
0.559
-1.298
0.497
-1.168
0.311
-0.883
-5.283
0.523
0.527
-2.862
0.556
-1.949
0.561
-1.562
0.597
-1.464
0.282
-1.214
115
1.6
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.4
1.0
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
116
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-0.6
0.8
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.0
1.0
117
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.2
-1.0
-1.6
1.0
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.0
118
Tap
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
fx
fz
my
Yaw 30
Yaw -30
Yaw 30
Yaw 30
Yaw 30
Yaw 30
Pitch 30
Pitch 0 Pitch 120 Pitch 75 Pitch 105 Pitch 60
Pos.
Neg.
Pos.
Neg.
Pos.
Neg.
1.653
-0.143
-0.434
0.687
0.277
1.004
1.198
-0.036
-0.185
0.711
0.075
0.666
0.817
0.074
-0.235
0.776
0.184
0.418
0.629
0.109
-0.144
0.786
0.217
0.312
0.982
-0.149
-0.029
0.557
0.324
0.354
0.721
-0.145
-0.054
0.412
0.029
0.289
1.027
-0.013
-0.591
0.989
0.366
0.939
0.895
-0.090
-0.194
1.062
0.244
0.741
0.658
0.040
-0.191
1.117
0.397
0.579
0.754
0.076
-0.154
1.013
0.538
0.554
0.856
-0.041
-0.138
0.750
0.438
0.470
0.689
-0.162
-0.134
0.600
0.289
0.419
0.886
-0.186
-0.401
0.844
0.283
0.635
0.835
-0.113
-0.536
1.090
0.312
0.762
0.642
-0.092
-0.502
1.144
0.135
0.712
0.663
-0.001
-0.513
1.045
0.232
0.656
0.759
-0.096
-0.449
0.907
0.193
0.621
1.509
0.028
-0.475
1.252
0.048
1.002
1.146
-0.080
-1.188
1.172
-0.630
0.964
0.810
-0.015
-1.097
0.965
-0.290
0.736
0.535
-0.164
-0.931
1.070
-0.685
0.684
0.653
-0.143
-0.835
0.935
-0.575
0.651
0.775
-0.075
-0.746
0.786
-0.426
0.658
0.452
-0.027
-0.658
0.437
-0.472
0.397
0.873
-0.050
-1.343
0.505
-1.803
0.636
0.630
-0.157
-1.066
0.836
-1.298
1.053
0.428
-0.069
-0.949
0.773
-1.083
0.907
0.514
-0.089
-0.877
0.867
-1.024
0.921
0.624
-0.036
-0.741
0.692
-0.938
0.897
0.520
0.069
-0.559
0.452
-0.761
0.568
119
4.8.4
This section demonstrates the use of the current wind-tunnel test results to determine the wind
loads required by the designer. First, recall the definition of the load coefficients given in Section
3.1:
Horizontal Force, fx
Cfx =
fx
qLW
(4.1)
Vertical Force, fz
Cfz =
fz
qLW
(4.2)
Cmy =
my
qLW 2
(4.3)
Pitching Moment, my
and the mean reference dynamic pressure measured at the collector pivot height, Hc, of the solar
collector as given by
q=
1
U 2 .
2
(4.4)
Here U is the mean wind speed at the pivot height, and is the density of air. The above
equations can be rewritten to obtain the loads as
Horizontal Force, fx
fx = qLWCfx
(4.5)
Vertical Force, fz
fz = qLWCfz
(4.6)
my = qLW 2Cmy .
(4.7)
Pitching Moment, my
For the full-scale loads, the corresponding reference dimensions, L is 25.97 ft and W is 16.40 ft.
In addition, the velocity reference elevation, Hc, is 9.35 ft. Note that these reference dimensions
must be used consistently between the model and full-scale to properly calculate the loads
applicable to the full-scale solar collector. To actually determine the full-scale loads, the design
wind pressure, q, or equivalently, the design wind speed, U, must be also specified. An example
procedure is described next.
Specifying Design Wind Speed
Several available sources provide wind speed to be used for estimating design wind loads on civil
engineering structures and buildings. They include, but are not limited to, the current US
standard, ASCE 7-98, and regional wind load codes. Regional wind data are also available from
the National Climate Data Center (NCDC), but require considerable data analysis to determine a
rational design wind speed. For the example in this section, the wind map provided by ASCE 798 (Figure 6-1, pp. 34-38) is used because it is a widely accepted practice.
The ASCE 7-98 specifies design wind speeds as 3-sec gust speeds at an elevation of 33 ft for the
entire United States in a form of a wind map. Except for hurricane-prone southern and eastern
coastal regions and Alaska, much of the United States plains have been zoned as 90-mph regions.
Western states such as California, Oregon, and Washington have been zoned as 85 mph regions.
These wind speeds are referred to as the basic wind speed that would result in 50-year recurrence
wind loads for structures in open countries. The ASCE-specified wind speeds, however, cannot
120
be used directly for the present solar collector data because (1) the ASCE wind speeds are given
as a 3-second gust speed rather than a mean speed adopted for the wind-tunnel test, and (2) the
ASCE wind speeds are referenced at an elevation of 33 ft rather than the collector pivot height of
9.35 ft. Thus, conversion of the ASCE wind speeds is necessary using the procedures explained
in ASCE 7-98. Conversion of a 50-year wind load is also explained in ASCE 7-98 for different
mean recurrence intervals and is presented here.
Conversion of ASCE Basic Wind Speed
Consider a solar collector site in California for which ASCE 7-98 (Figure 6-1) gives the basic
wind speed of V = 85 mph. Using Figure C6-1, the corresponding hourly mean wind speed at 33
ft, U33 is obtained as
U 33 = V / 153
. = 85 / 153
. = 55.6 mph hourly mean .
Using values implied by Table 6-4 of ASCE 7-98, the mean wind speed at the collector pivot
height, UHc, is given as
U Hc = U 33
FG 9.32 IJ
H 33 K
1/ 7
FG 9.32 IJ
H 33 K
= 55.6
1/ 7
The hourly mean wind speed of 46.4 mph is the design wind speed for the solar collectors in
California.
Design Wind Loads
Based on the design wind speed, the corresponding design pressure, q, is calculated by
q=
1
U hc 2 = 0.00256( 46.4)2 = 5.51 psf .
2
Here, the constant 0.00256 is conveniently used to obtain the reference pressure in psf from the
wind speed in mph. As an example, we wish to determine the 50-year peak design loads on the
innermost-shielded solar collectors (Configuration C5) when that collector is oriented at a 60
degree pitch angle (a downward-facing stow position). We note from Table 4.1 that the largest
peak vertical force, Load Case 3, is produced at this 60 degree pitch angle, at a yaw angle of 0
degrees, so this orientation is of special interest to designers. Table 4.1 shows the peak Cfz is
2.754 and the corresponding Cfx value is 1.404, and the Cmy value is 0.107. Using equations
(4.5) (4.7):
Horizontal Force fx = qLWCfx = (5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(1.404) = 3,295 lbs
Vertical Force, fz = qLWCfz = (5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(2.754) = 6,463 lbs
Pitching Moment, my = qLW2Cmy = (5.51)(25.97)(16.40)2(0.107) = 4,118 lb-ft.
Note that these loads are to be applied simultaneously to the structure because the wind-tunnel
results were obtained as a concurrent load combination from the time series data for which the
vertical force was maximized.
Comparison to Design Loads Determined by Quasi-Steady Assumption
As pointed out in Section 1.2, the traditional approach to obtaining the structural design loads on
solar collectors has been based on the quasi-steady assumption. With this technique, the
measured mean load is scaled to follow the gust wind speed to provide the equivalent peak load.
The scale factor is known as the gust load factor, and ASCE 7-98 or the model building code IBC
121
2000 would predict the gust load factor to be 2.34 for a structure in open country. To illustrate
this, the next example calculates the load combination using the mean load data for the
innermost-shielded solar collectors (Configuration C5) under the quasi-steady assumption. To
make a direct comparison with the values calculated just above, we use the same assumptions for
pitch angle and yaw angle, -60 degrees and 0 degrees, respectively.
From Appendix B (pg. 8-51) and using the scale factor of 1.13 (see Section 4.9) it can be shown
that mean coefficients for a 60 degree pitch angle, with a yaw of 0 degrees, are: Cfx = 0.382, Cfy
= 0.742, and Cmy = 0.027.
Applying the gust factor, the design loads are calculated as:
Horizontal Force fx = (2.34)qLWCfx = (2.34)(5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(0.382) = 2,098 lbs
Vertical Force, fz = (2.34)qLWCfz = (2.34)(5.51)(25.97)(16.40)(0.742) = 4,075 lbs
Pitching Moment, my = (2.34)qLW2Cmy = (2.34)(5.51)(25.97)(16.40)2(0.027) = 2,432 lb-ft.
The quasi-steady approach considerably underestimated the design loads for the interior solar
collectors. Not all collector orientations and collector configurations will yield underestimates,
but this example is intended to illustrate the differences between these two approaches, as well as
the calculation methods. In wind tunnels, measurement of the mean loads is far easier than
measuring the peak loads, as done in the current wind-tunnel study, because the design of the
wind-tunnel model, as well as necessary instrumentation, need not concern high frequency gust
response due to turbulence. However, the estimate of the design load based on the quasi-steady
assumption has limited applicability to the realistic structural design, so generally the measured
peak coefficients should instead be used.
Design Loads for Other Mean Recurrence Intervals
The above examples demonstrates the use of the wind-tunnel results to determine the design wind
loads of the solar collector with the design wind speed provided by ASCE 7-98. The calculated
loads are expected to occur at an annual probability of 0.02, or once in 50 years. ASCE 7-98 also
tabulates a set of conversion factors to obtain the design loads for other mean recurrence
intervals. Table 4-5 is a summary of the conversion factors for most of the United States with the
basic wind speed of 85 to 90 mph.
Table 4-5 Design Pressure Conversion Factors for
Different Mean Recurrence Intervals
MRI, years
Conversion Factor
10
25
50
100
200
500
0.61
0.71
0.86
1.14
1.3
1.51
122
4.9
4.9.1
Adjustment Factor
Although the overall loads calculated by integration of the local pressure data generally agree
well with the directly measured balance results, a slight discrepancy is noted primarily due to the
degree of the finite resolution of the pressure distributions actually measured. A denser array of
pressure tap measurements (were it physically possible) would likely result in better agreement.
Before the pressure data can be used the discrepancy needs to be quantified. Figure 4-39
compares the balance and pressure results for the horizontal and vertical force components. The
comparisons are made for all of the essential statistical measures for completeness.
Mean Cfx
RMS Cfx
0.6
0.5
Balance Data
Balance Data
-1
-2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-2
-1
0.0
0.0
0.1
Pressure Data
Balance Data
Balance Data
0.4
0.5
0.6
Min Cfx
2
1
0
-1
0.3
Pressure Data
Max Cfx
0.2
-1
-2
-3
-1
-4
-4
Pressure Data
-3
-2
-1
Pressure Data
123
Mean Cfy
0.5
Balance Data
Balance Data
-1
-2
RMS Cfy
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-2
-1
0.0
0.0
0.1
Pressure Data
Balance Data
Balance Data
0.4
0.5
0.6
Min Cfy
2
1
0
-1
0.3
Pressure Data
Max Cfy
0.2
-1
-2
-3
-1
-4
Pressure Data
-4
-3
-2
-1
Pressure Data
124
Mean Cmy
0.6
RMS Cmy
0.15
0.2
Balance Data
Balance Data
0.4
0.0
-0.2
0.10
0.05
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.00
0.00
0.6
Pressure Data
Balance Data
Balance Data
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.15
Min Cmy
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
0.10
Pressure Data
Max Cmy
1.0
0.05
1.0
Pressure Data
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
Pressure Data
125
0.5
As can be seen, the integrated pressure loads tend to consistently underestimate those measured
by the force balance for all the force components. That is, the best fit line when drawn would
have a slope larger than 1.
By performing statistical linear regression on the data plotted in Figure 4-39c for the pitching
moment and Figure 4-39a-b for the force components, scaling factors that would adjust the
pressure data to best-match the balance data were calculated as the slopes of the best fit lines.
Table 4-6 summarizes the result of the analysis. Note that the separate adjustment factors were
estimated for Configuration C5 and all the other configurations. This is because the wind loads
for Configuration C5 were practically applicable to the majority of the collector modules in the
array field as pointed out earlier, thus warranting a particularly accurate adjustment.
Table 4-6 Adjustment Factors to Be Applied to Pressure Data
All Data Except for C5
Mean
Cfx
1.12
Cfy
1.21
Cmy
1.27
Overall Average
RMS
1.20
1.21
1.26
1.18
Max
1.10
1.10
0.99
Min
1.15
1.17
1.43
RMS
1.15
1.12
1.27
1.13
Max
1.03
1.00
1.11
Min
1.13
1.05
1.28
C5 Only
Mean
Cfx
1.00
Cfy
1.15
Cmy
1.21
Overall Average
The values of the adjustment factors vary little for the different statistical measures and load
components. The overall averages indicated in Table 4-6 are appropriate as the adjustment
factors to be uniformly applied to the pressure data. These adjustment factors are applicable to
any statistical component, including the Mean, RMS, Maximum and Minimum coefficients, as
well as the instantaneous load coefficients as described in the next section. As far as the design
loads for the structural elements based on the pressure distribution data is concerned, the use of
the scale factor is also appropriate. The factor should be applied to the individual local pressures
uniformly. The effectiveness of the adjustment factors is demonstrated in the next section.
4.9.2
To verify the effectiveness of the adjustment factors given in Table 4-6, a new set of the
integrated load coefficients were computed by applying those factors to the earlier pressure data.
Figure 4-40 compares the adjusted pressure data with the original balance data. It appears that
the adjusted pressure data correspond well to the balance data for all the load components. The
effectiveness of the adjustment factors is also demonstrated in Figure 4-41 and Figure 4-42 that
show variations of the load coefficients as a function of pitch angles for isolated and typical
interior solar collectors, respectively.
It should be understood that all of the pressure test results given in this report, with an exception
of those in Figure 4-41 and Figure 4-42, are not adjusted. These are presented as raw data,
including the load summary shown in Appendix B for sake of consistency within the context of
the present wind-tunnel study.
126
Mean Cfx
0.5
Balance Data
Balance Data
-1
-2
RMS Cfx
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-2
-1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
Max Cfx
0.5
0.6
Min Cfx
2
Balance Data
Balance Data
0.4
2
1
0
-1
0.3
-1
-2
-3
-1
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
127
Mean Cfy
0.5
Balance Data
Balance Data
-1
-2
RMS Cfy
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-2
-1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
Max Cfy
0.5
0.6
Min Cfy
2
Balance Data
Balance Data
0.4
2
1
0
-1
0.3
-1
-2
-3
-1
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
128
Mean Cmy
0.0
-0.5
-0.5
RMS Cmy
0.10
0.5
0.0
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.5
0.05
Adjusted Pressure Data
Max Cmy
Min Cmy
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-0.5
0.10
0.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
1.0
-0.5
0.0
129
0.5
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
130
Cfx
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
6
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
30
60
90
120
150
180
Cfz
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-180
1.5
1.0
Cmy
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-180
131
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Extensive wind-tunnel tests were conducted on parabolic trough solar collectors to determine
practical wind loads applicable to the structural design for stress and deformation, as well as the
local component design for the concentrator reflectors. The overall dynamic loads and
simultaneous pressure distributions on the concentrator were measured using force balances and a
multi-pressure data acquisition system, respectively, in a boundary layer wind tunnel at CPP.
Various test configurations were examined, including an isolated collector and solar field
collectors at different positions.
Significant test results are presented and discussed in detail. Overall, the wind-tunnel tests
produced sufficient data that can be used by designers of the present and future for a variety of
design practices.
Several recommendations can be made for future work. The validity of the wind-tunnel data is
particularly important. Ultimately, the acceptability of the test results should be based on modelto-full-scale comparison, which requires measurement of wind loads on a full-scale solar
collector. Should further wind tunnel prove useful, the pressure test model should attempt to
increase the pressure tap installation density to enhance the resolution of discrete pressure
distribution data.
132
6. REFERENCES
ASCE 7-98 (2000), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Standard
ANSI/ASCE 7-98, American Society of Civil Engineers and American National Standards
Institute, New York.
Cermak, J.E. (1971), Laboratory Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, AIAA
Journal, Vol. 9, September.
Cermak, J.E. (1975), Applications of Fluid Mechanics to Wind Engineering, A Freeman
Scholar Lecture, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 97, No. 1, March.
Cermak, J.E. (1976), Aerodynamics of Buildings, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 8,
pp. 75 106.
Cohen, G.E., D.W. Kearney and G.J. Kolb (1999), Final Report on the Operation and
Maintenance Improvement for Concentrating Solar Power Plants, Report SAND99-1290, Sandia
National Laboratories.
Counihan, J. (1975), Adiabatic Atmospheric Boundary Layers: A Review and Analysis of Data
from the Period 1880-1972, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 9, pp. 871 905.
Engineering Science Data Unit [ESDU], (1975), Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence
Near the Ground, Item No. 75001, London, U.K.
Huebner, K.H., E.A. Thornton and T.G. Byrom, (1995), The Finite Element Method for Engineer,
Third Edition, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
International Code Council, Inc. (2000), International Building Code 2000 (IBC 2000), Falls
Church, VA.
Peterka, J. A. and R.G. Derickson (1992), Wind Load Design Methods for Ground-Based
Heliostats and Parabolic Dish Collectors, Report SAND 92-7009, Sandia National Laboratories.
Peterka, J. A., J. M. Sinou and J. E. Cermak (1980), Mean Wind Forces on Parabolic-Trough
Solar Collectors, Report SAND80-7023, Sandia National Laboratories.
Randall, D.E., D.D. McBride and R.E. Tate (1980), Steady-State Wind Loading on ParabolicTrough Solar Collectors, Report SAND79-2134, Sandia National Laboratories.
Randall, D.E., R.E. Tate and D.A Powers (1982), Experimental Results of Pitching Moment Tests
on Parabolic-Trough Solar-Collector Array Configurations, Report SAND82-1569, Sandia
National Laboratories.
133
7. APPENDICES
7.1
Boundary-layer wind-tunnel testing for wind loads on structures has been an accepted practice for
many years. The first well-conducted test for a structure using modern understanding of
wind/structure interaction was performed for the World Trade center in New York City,
conducted in about 1963 at Colorado State University under the direction of Drs. Jack Cermak (a
principal of CPP, Inc.) and Alan Davenport. The wind load standard ANSI A58.1-1982 was
referenced by most U.S. building codes by the mid 1980's, and permitted properly conducted
wind-tunnel tests to be used in lieu of local building code wind load provisions. This capability
continues today, with most U.S. building codes referring to some version of ASCE 7, the national
wind load standard, which permits wind tunnel testing to replace code provisions. Survey
references that discuss wind-tunnel modeling and its validity include Cermak (1971, 1975, 1976).
The basis for acceptance of wind-tunnel testing relied initially on early testing in aeronautical
wind tunnels which showed that non-dimensional load coefficients become invariant with
increasing Reynolds number. In the final analysis, comparisons of model and full-scale data have
provided confidence in the ability of boundary-layer wind tunnels to correctly model full-scale
wind loads. There have been a number of model/full-scale comparisons that have shown that the
same non-dimensional wind load coefficients are obtained for models and full-scale structures. A
few of these are listed below. These references include Meroney (1980) for wind flow similarity
over terrain, Dalgliesh et al (1980) for cladding loads on a high-rise building, Cermak and
Cochran (1992) for wind-tunnel simulation of a partial height boundary layer, Cochran and
Cermak (1993) for cladding and frame pressures on a low rise building, Cheung et al. (1996) for
cladding pressures and frame loads on a low-rise building, Cochran, Peterka and Derickson
(1999) for wind speed similarity close to the roofs of low-rise buildings, Peterka and Hosoya, et
al. (1998) for area-averaged pressures on a low-rise building.
For the current study, parabolic collectors have curved surfaces. Curved shapes such as cylinders
are the shapes most sensitive to Reynolds number effects. For example, it is well-known that
automobiles and airplanes must be modeled at near-full-scale Reynolds numbers to achieve
acceptable accuracy. Both of these vehicle types are typically tested in uniform-flow,
aeronautical-type wind tunnels with very low turbulence (typically less than 1 percent). For
stationary objects at the surface of the earth, the turbulence intensity is much larger, typically
greater than 15-20 percent. The added turbulence decreases the Reynolds number effects by
inserting turbulence directly into the boundary layer on the object, increasing the effective
Reynolds number of the flow. Several proprietary studies by CPP, Inc. have demonstrated this
effect. Reynolds number tests on the solar collector models have shown no significant effect of
Reynolds numbers over the range of Reynolds numbers that are permitted at model scale. On the
basis of available information, it is likely that Reynolds number effects are not significant for
determination of design wind loads on parabolic collectors using properly conducted boundarylayer wind tunnel tests. However, model to full scale comparisons for this geometry would be
valuable and should be considered for future funding.
A-1
References
Cermak, J.E. (1971), Laboratory Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, AIAA Jl.,
Vol. 9, September.
Cermak, J.E. (1975), Applications of Fluid Mechanics to Wind Engineering, A Freeman
Scholar Lecture, ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 97, No. 1, March.
Cermak, J.E. (1976), Aerodynamics of Buildings, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 8,
pp. 75 B 106.
Cermak, J. E. and L. S. Cochran (1992), Physical modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer,
Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 41-44, pp 935-946.
Cheung, J. C. K., Holmes, J. D., Melbourne, W. H., Lakshmanan, N., and Bowditch, P. (1996),
"Pressures on a 1/10 Scale Model of the Texas Tech Building, Third International
Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics & Applications BBAA, Blacksburg, Virginia, pp
A IX 5 - A IX 8.
Cochran, L.S. and Cermak, J. E. (1992), Full- and model-scale cladding pressures on the Texas
Tech University experimental building, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, Vol. 41-44, pp 1589-1600.
Cochran, L. S., Peterka, J., and Derickson, R. (1999), Roof Surface Wind Speed Distributions on
Low-Rise Buildings, Architectural Science Review, Vol. 42, pp 151-160.
Dalgliesh, W.A., J.T. Templin and K.R. Cooper, (1980), Comparison of Wind Tunnel and FullScale Building Surface Pressures with Emphasis on Peaks, The Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference in Wind Engineering, Fort Collins, Colorado, Vol. 1, pp553565.
Meroney, R. N. (1980), Wind-Tunnel Simulation of the Flow Over Hills and Complex Terrain,
Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 5, pp 297-321.
Peterka, J. N., Hosoya, N., Dodge, S., Cochran, L., and Cermak, J. E. (1998), Area-average peak
pressures in a gable roof vortex region, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, Vol. 77-78, pp 205-215.
A-2
7.2
This appendix section presents a list of overall load coefficients (Mean, RMS, Max and Min) measured by
the balance and surface integration of the local pressure data. For the integrated pressure loads, the
original local pressures as measured were used, and have not been adjusted to account for loss of
resolutions due to the finite pressure tap layout on the wind-tunnel model (See Section 4.9).
B-1
Mean
1.529
1.499
1.473
1.588
1.614
1.788
1.795
1.757
1.767
-0.133
-0.097
-0.079
0.003
0.033
0.069
0.113
0.120
1.804
1.776
1.678
1.683
1.654
1.656
1.647
1.709
0.594
0.408
0.291
0.268
0.252
0.256
0.262
0.262
-0.073
-0.171
-0.175
-0.095
-0.067
-0.013
0.046
0.057
1.031
1.348
1.435
1.474
1.550
1.592
1.592
1.628
1.720
Cfx
RMS
0.442
0.463
0.435
0.463
0.472
0.442
0.511
0.499
0.475
0.148
0.157
0.154
0.157
0.143
0.135
0.135
0.134
0.332
0.328
0.348
0.342
0.359
0.360
0.371
0.364
0.081
0.084
0.082
0.076
0.079
0.075
0.073
0.073
0.097
0.089
0.082
0.076
0.077
0.072
0.072
0.078
0.349
0.341
0.374
0.360
0.355
0.365
0.366
0.398
0.509
Max
2.927
3.009
3.011
3.295
3.400
3.564
3.546
3.688
3.745
0.359
0.467
0.380
0.528
0.496
0.546
0.577
0.593
2.756
2.896
2.758
2.827
2.949
3.014
3.069
3.042
0.834
0.673
0.568
0.527
0.545
0.554
0.523
0.554
0.204
0.124
0.128
0.184
0.193
0.247
0.341
0.361
2.121
2.642
2.736
2.731
2.774
3.074
2.880
3.080
3.910
Min
0.557
0.451
0.499
0.519
0.594
0.748
0.671
0.695
0.525
-0.558
-0.570
-0.499
-0.433
-0.351
-0.271
-0.255
-0.251
1.070
0.984
0.818
0.929
0.761
0.859
0.851
0.876
0.404
0.203
0.089
0.095
0.062
0.022
0.074
0.078
-0.316
-0.384
-0.371
-0.285
-0.239
-0.194
-0.118
-0.126
0.256
0.571
0.630
0.651
0.770
0.760
0.755
0.753
0.598
B-2
Mean
0.048
0.049
0.042
0.038
0.032
0.031
0.025
0.021
0.014
1.591
0.846
0.532
0.415
0.356
0.329
0.340
0.338
-0.015
-0.006
-0.010
-0.010
-0.008
-0.008
-0.012
-0.010
-0.053
0.002
0.041
0.082
0.119
0.157
0.170
0.207
0.099
0.135
0.157
0.181
0.198
0.215
0.240
0.270
0.903
0.349
0.192
0.123
0.081
0.055
0.041
0.031
-0.006
Cfz
RMS
0.091
0.081
0.072
0.069
0.068
0.065
0.069
0.067
0.070
0.162
0.181
0.158
0.165
0.155
0.162
0.176
0.176
0.082
0.063
0.053
0.051
0.050
0.048
0.047
0.049
0.106
0.128
0.120
0.124
0.127
0.129
0.135
0.136
0.117
0.129
0.124
0.131
0.131
0.133
0.140
0.143
0.076
0.064
0.056
0.051
0.049
0.049
0.047
0.049
0.065
Max
0.309
0.329
0.313
0.324
0.332
0.328
0.351
0.339
0.513
2.056
1.552
1.115
1.018
0.884
0.952
1.020
1.041
0.192
0.184
0.163
0.193
0.253
0.193
0.189
0.199
0.309
0.516
0.514
0.557
0.639
0.656
0.755
0.714
0.494
0.568
0.543
0.645
0.747
0.756
0.799
0.843
1.122
0.540
0.395
0.329
0.265
0.256
0.235
0.245
0.326
Min
-0.215
-0.158
-0.121
-0.112
-0.144
-0.152
-0.131
-0.140
-0.369
1.111
0.307
-0.003
-0.145
-0.146
-0.171
-0.239
-0.194
-0.124
-0.180
-0.137
-0.127
-0.302
-0.126
-0.130
-0.135
-0.468
-0.366
-0.364
-0.325
-0.287
-0.514
-0.249
-0.233
-0.276
-0.338
-0.241
-0.259
-0.211
-0.213
-0.194
-0.182
0.710
0.193
0.032
0.007
-0.046
-0.090
-0.084
-0.101
-0.174
Mean
1.851
1.765
1.482
0.971
0.531
0.321
0.406
0.423
0.706
1.280
1.434
1.494
-1.159
-0.919
-0.655
-0.637
-0.647
-0.435
-0.394
-0.637
-0.791
-0.943
-1.199
-1.516
-1.483
-1.253
-1.137
-1.431
1.271
1.814
1.757
1.941
1.686
1.220
-1.327
-1.198
-1.297
-1.069
-1.248
-1.264
1.069
1.682
1.780
1.604
1.455
0.664
-0.809
-0.835
-0.687
-0.558
Cfx
RMS
0.498
0.487
0.401
0.287
0.206
0.171
0.144
0.174
0.232
0.330
0.416
0.456
0.362
0.273
0.201
0.180
0.169
0.145
0.172
0.195
0.229
0.270
0.333
0.406
0.375
0.425
0.388
0.448
0.448
0.480
0.482
0.516
0.437
0.437
0.441
0.392
0.396
0.309
0.343
0.378
0.424
0.439
0.482
0.435
0.410
0.310
0.295
0.255
0.229
0.190
Max
3.828
3.658
2.980
2.073
1.367
1.114
0.960
1.062
1.616
2.538
3.219
3.435
-0.386
-0.328
-0.217
-0.203
-0.253
-0.121
-0.014
-0.163
-0.295
-0.365
-0.453
-0.661
-0.647
-0.366
-0.311
-0.433
3.045
3.672
3.609
3.986
3.426
2.818
-0.359
-0.380
-0.138
-0.396
-0.430
-0.383
2.580
3.441
3.739
3.190
3.071
1.806
-0.098
-0.079
-0.142
-0.115
Min
0.745
0.762
0.632
0.346
0.096
-0.094
0.080
0.062
0.182
0.514
0.426
0.496
-2.597
-1.980
-1.462
-1.381
-1.298
-1.021
-1.225
-1.510
-1.753
-2.064
-2.438
-3.019
-2.950
-2.772
-2.558
-3.314
0.243
0.714
0.648
0.805
0.565
0.192
-2.869
-2.676
-2.803
-2.171
-2.491
-2.602
0.124
0.727
0.762
0.696
0.581
0.000
-1.830
-1.856
-1.599
-1.290
B-3
Mean
-0.570
-1.170
-1.803
-1.539
-0.792
0.144
-0.272
0.703
1.290
1.594
0.697
0.360
-0.168
-0.211
-0.147
-0.227
-0.651
-0.199
0.074
0.331
0.062
0.081
0.144
0.138
0.037
0.032
0.061
0.007
0.031
-0.020
-0.027
-0.595
-0.510
-0.394
0.246
0.291
0.287
0.311
0.430
0.461
-0.675
-0.961
-1.002
-2.004
-1.868
-0.936
0.481
0.456
0.329
0.212
Cfz
RMS
0.101
0.249
0.425
0.410
0.280
0.150
0.201
0.200
0.346
0.410
0.237
0.142
0.076
0.083
0.061
0.125
0.209
0.184
0.092
0.111
0.077
0.051
0.049
0.048
0.031
0.052
0.046
0.043
0.048
0.038
0.042
0.162
0.137
0.142
0.101
0.086
0.087
0.092
0.111
0.139
0.275
0.258
0.274
0.557
0.532
0.403
0.185
0.136
0.097
0.127
Max
-0.324
-0.651
-0.930
-0.713
-0.220
0.704
0.278
1.480
2.559
3.144
1.722
0.967
0.008
-0.007
0.016
0.162
-0.109
0.441
0.378
0.788
0.387
0.280
0.319
0.330
0.140
0.231
0.218
0.171
0.244
0.146
0.131
-0.207
-0.160
-0.054
0.628
0.622
0.612
0.643
0.817
0.952
-0.083
-0.415
-0.422
-0.845
-0.749
-0.149
1.143
1.079
0.708
0.782
Min
-0.926
-2.075
-3.215
-3.015
-1.837
-0.443
-1.119
0.172
0.479
0.689
0.174
0.047
-0.438
-0.522
-0.403
-0.737
-1.458
-0.849
-0.362
0.031
-0.207
-0.089
0.015
0.004
-0.083
-0.159
-0.152
-0.174
-0.108
-0.149
-0.175
-1.225
-1.073
-0.931
0.008
0.095
0.066
0.047
0.168
0.142
-1.676
-1.958
-2.085
-4.128
-3.971
-2.508
0.048
0.013
0.046
-0.223
Mean
-0.627
-0.654
0.385
1.083
1.166
0.632
0.525
0.151
-0.240
-0.281
-0.297
-0.244
-0.274
-0.354
0.001
0.397
0.337
0.211
0.264
0.182
-0.086
-0.222
-0.189
-0.235
-0.285
-0.333
0.098
0.391
0.255
0.793
0.807
0.425
-0.347
-0.465
-0.434
-0.625
-0.661
-0.607
0.613
1.244
1.402
1.550
1.552
1.017
-0.692
-0.856
-0.913
-1.166
-1.070
-1.103
Cfx
RMS
0.194
0.222
0.211
0.291
0.304
0.182
0.161
0.109
0.125
0.136
0.118
0.116
0.119
0.098
0.090
0.124
0.124
0.095
0.112
0.098
0.106
0.118
0.107
0.107
0.121
0.121
0.100
0.165
0.145
0.219
0.223
0.169
0.184
0.162
0.151
0.203
0.202
0.211
0.242
0.333
0.350
0.419
0.406
0.361
0.275
0.269
0.276
0.358
0.341
0.347
Max
-0.181
-0.110
1.155
2.106
2.342
1.336
1.081
0.594
0.097
0.067
0.001
0.035
0.022
-0.100
0.358
0.882
0.866
0.588
0.728
0.565
0.155
0.037
0.030
0.011
-0.010
-0.052
0.510
1.014
0.850
1.584
1.686
1.059
0.097
-0.126
-0.113
-0.219
-0.215
-0.089
1.612
2.524
2.675
3.159
3.158
2.447
-0.018
-0.289
-0.345
-0.363
-0.347
-0.264
Min
-1.370
-1.490
-0.114
0.437
0.542
0.235
0.173
-0.142
-0.761
-0.809
-0.848
-0.756
-0.714
-0.755
-0.242
0.114
0.056
0.007
0.025
-0.079
-0.546
-0.645
-0.639
-0.638
-0.750
-0.801
-0.160
-0.035
-0.048
0.320
0.350
0.027
-1.049
-1.119
-1.035
-1.425
-1.472
-1.422
0.057
0.508
0.634
0.638
0.682
0.207
-1.761
-1.904
-1.942
-2.544
-2.348
-2.465
B-4
Mean
0.456
0.452
-0.778
-2.034
-2.267
-1.610
-1.429
-0.502
0.101
0.241
0.206
-0.311
-0.502
-0.238
-0.201
-0.614
-0.430
0.295
0.467
0.203
0.227
0.512
0.320
-0.106
-0.131
-0.097
0.498
1.090
1.162
1.823
1.603
0.766
-0.402
-0.274
-0.084
-0.263
-0.287
-0.376
0.905
1.673
1.705
0.801
0.851
0.700
-0.330
-0.247
-0.237
-0.190
-0.166
-0.169
Cfz
RMS
0.164
0.180
0.385
0.606
0.640
0.540
0.493
0.288
0.163
0.160
0.176
0.241
0.291
0.226
0.215
0.327
0.273
0.167
0.151
0.122
0.149
0.162
0.179
0.119
0.133
0.115
0.196
0.286
0.294
0.426
0.421
0.279
0.155
0.126
0.089
0.097
0.104
0.135
0.308
0.459
0.452
0.219
0.243
0.257
0.107
0.088
0.085
0.069
0.068
0.074
Max
1.036
1.166
0.006
-0.819
-1.033
-0.503
-0.431
0.197
0.761
0.897
0.927
0.229
0.228
0.364
0.423
0.106
0.145
0.871
1.030
0.758
0.899
1.162
1.076
0.312
0.252
0.240
1.325
2.280
2.444
3.273
3.167
1.860
-0.022
0.076
0.217
-0.020
-0.026
-0.018
2.189
3.323
3.328
1.649
1.790
1.764
-0.085
-0.054
-0.059
-0.040
-0.028
-0.011
Min
-0.023
-0.013
-2.259
-4.182
-4.656
-3.775
-3.146
-1.710
-0.540
-0.444
-0.474
-1.515
-1.754
-1.327
-1.084
-1.999
-1.612
-0.278
-0.048
-0.208
-0.219
-0.022
-0.180
-0.556
-0.681
-0.577
0.010
0.484
0.504
0.871
0.741
0.159
-1.032
-0.840
-0.425
-0.677
-0.719
-0.875
0.253
0.635
0.716
0.319
0.328
0.156
-0.754
-0.600
-0.530
-0.451
-0.420
-0.478
Mean
1.055
1.510
1.669
0.392
0.192
0.261
0.324
0.270
0.373
0.408
0.366
0.392
0.317
0.362
0.388
0.210
0.243
0.234
0.136
0.146
0.173
0.124
0.122
0.111
0.114
-0.013
0.166
0.210
0.020
0.085
0.068
0.068
0.286
0.347
0.078
0.080
0.133
0.011
0.403
0.402
0.159
0.186
0.226
0.192
0.360
0.417
0.201
0.296
0.316
0.202
Cfx
RMS
0.452
0.441
0.491
0.382
0.269
0.271
0.249
0.265
0.304
0.263
0.264
0.230
0.158
0.215
0.186
0.126
0.128
0.116
0.077
0.080
0.101
0.106
0.088
0.084
0.087
0.088
0.107
0.119
0.087
0.099
0.131
0.121
0.168
0.234
0.164
0.175
0.188
0.673
0.256
0.253
0.181
0.196
0.176
0.163
0.217
0.215
0.158
0.162
0.168
0.155
Max
2.947
3.254
3.604
2.001
1.549
1.747
1.560
1.524
1.852
1.594
1.737
1.546
1.051
1.326
1.268
0.711
0.724
0.751
0.444
0.491
0.546
0.552
0.565
0.447
0.512
0.493
0.574
0.704
0.437
0.522
0.653
0.711
0.999
1.281
0.832
0.872
0.938
0.997
1.428
1.502
1.100
1.106
1.022
0.993
1.271
1.395
1.032
1.114
1.282
1.041
Min
0.012
0.513
0.674
-0.714
-0.643
-0.659
-0.248
-0.432
-0.417
-0.165
-0.202
-0.160
-0.033
-0.053
-0.022
-0.108
-0.033
0.023
-0.068
-0.052
-0.103
-0.163
-0.063
-0.086
-0.105
-0.198
-0.121
-0.142
-0.167
-0.208
-0.317
-0.247
-0.220
-0.345
-0.355
-0.467
-0.405
-0.319
-0.319
-0.270
-0.283
-0.446
-0.431
-0.300
-0.236
-0.193
-0.258
-0.170
-0.214
-0.226
B-5
Mean
0.526
0.446
0.453
0.129
0.070
0.073
0.206
0.172
0.250
0.520
0.407
0.431
0.649
0.756
0.763
0.877
1.096
0.870
0.377
0.481
0.382
-0.043
0.017
-0.033
-0.063
-0.045
-0.121
-0.228
-0.081
-0.103
-0.099
-0.090
-0.262
-0.150
-0.061
-0.066
-0.012
-0.017
-0.058
0.056
-0.001
0.004
0.084
0.051
0.103
0.247
0.101
0.144
0.228
0.159
Cfz
RMS
0.168
0.121
0.132
0.144
0.087
0.093
0.158
0.168
0.209
0.297
0.299
0.246
0.287
0.389
0.324
0.260
0.300
0.278
0.131
0.137
0.121
0.084
0.081
0.082
0.073
0.075
0.077
0.094
0.081
0.087
0.093
0.084
0.112
0.090
0.067
0.076
0.047
0.042
0.055
0.051
0.037
0.041
0.065
0.063
0.075
0.137
0.096
0.105
0.148
0.132
Max
1.291
0.896
0.964
0.772
0.599
0.657
1.124
1.095
1.333
1.891
1.982
1.727
1.952
2.454
2.262
1.954
2.327
2.060
0.883
0.972
0.853
0.259
0.340
0.277
0.148
0.165
0.085
0.014
0.107
0.126
0.123
0.109
0.045
0.088
0.088
0.142
0.106
0.090
0.104
0.252
0.115
0.139
0.363
0.308
0.399
0.893
0.582
0.639
1.044
0.836
Min
0.130
0.158
0.167
-0.278
-0.175
-0.222
-0.174
-0.212
-0.255
-0.079
-0.207
-0.135
0.012
-0.045
0.101
0.279
0.368
0.236
-0.063
0.000
-0.033
-0.416
-0.384
-0.400
-0.412
-0.467
-0.472
-0.602
-0.445
-0.464
-0.505
-0.504
-0.747
-0.490
-0.387
-0.431
-0.236
-0.212
-0.253
-0.124
-0.169
-0.168
-0.143
-0.178
-0.167
-0.153
-0.299
-0.213
-0.302
-0.566
Mean
0.389
0.224
0.231
0.164
0.168
0.124
0.148
0.229
0.158
0.149
0.169
0.189
0.257
0.367
0.253
0.252
0.246
0.202
0.430
0.384
0.178
0.225
0.201
0.184
0.362
0.085
0.090
0.053
0.098
0.228
0.326
0.267
0.356
0.352
0.282
0.179
0.156
0.109
0.138
0.196
0.169
0.119
0.208
0.297
0.215
0.126
0.189
0.137
0.089
1.677
Cfx
RMS
0.196
0.153
0.127
0.080
0.089
0.094
0.097
0.106
0.059
0.072
0.112
0.120
0.117
0.191
0.176
0.187
0.236
0.216
0.287
0.325
0.222
0.267
0.257
0.258
0.402
0.162
0.125
0.093
0.102
0.127
0.128
0.153
0.235
0.264
0.265
0.276
0.281
0.249
0.221
0.192
0.125
0.069
0.100
0.166
0.171
0.168
0.179
0.189
0.182
0.356
Max
1.441
0.915
0.871
0.473
0.516
0.519
0.542
0.613
0.458
0.421
0.722
0.822
0.730
1.374
1.443
1.276
1.410
1.439
1.746
1.745
1.347
1.552
1.538
1.640
2.006
0.887
0.704
0.471
0.669
0.823
0.866
0.942
1.469
1.838
1.638
1.511
1.622
1.483
1.312
1.174
0.866
0.438
0.697
1.194
1.321
1.105
1.125
1.211
0.990
3.078
Min
-0.161
-0.257
-0.143
-0.056
-0.073
-0.159
-0.112
-0.061
-0.004
-0.044
-0.101
-0.105
-0.070
-0.124
-0.131
-0.149
-0.352
-0.252
-0.311
-1.003
-0.362
-0.545
-0.471
-0.580
-0.830
-0.351
-0.256
-0.172
-0.121
-0.013
0.069
-0.105
-0.254
-0.318
-0.527
-0.706
-0.662
-0.607
-0.498
-0.210
-0.076
-0.070
-0.048
-0.190
-0.275
-0.384
-0.322
-0.432
-0.378
0.849
B-6
Mean
0.252
0.231
0.133
-0.297
-0.258
-0.292
-0.326
-0.908
-0.664
-0.612
-0.351
-0.280
-0.604
-0.390
-0.167
-0.223
-0.106
-0.079
-0.245
-0.107
-0.043
-0.062
0.016
-0.009
0.010
-0.056
-0.077
-0.080
-0.038
-0.162
-0.016
0.730
0.686
0.415
0.190
0.105
0.035
-0.007
-0.064
-0.164
-0.291
-0.400
0.096
0.294
0.166
0.093
0.037
-0.004
-0.027
0.192
Cfz
RMS
0.164
0.179
0.182
0.175
0.172
0.178
0.205
0.231
0.204
0.186
0.178
0.200
0.189
0.168
0.156
0.154
0.100
0.107
0.130
0.076
0.064
0.064
0.045
0.040
0.072
0.081
0.088
0.082
0.066
0.135
0.199
0.223
0.310
0.266
0.151
0.087
0.045
0.061
0.105
0.163
0.219
0.177
0.136
0.202
0.152
0.103
0.064
0.050
0.055
0.052
Max
1.001
0.931
0.917
0.172
0.208
0.146
0.195
-0.323
-0.144
-0.135
0.029
0.083
-0.161
-0.042
0.115
0.091
0.129
0.129
0.053
0.161
0.105
0.103
0.262
0.220
0.294
0.114
0.104
0.108
0.162
0.172
0.495
1.623
2.137
1.920
1.019
0.549
0.300
0.140
0.175
0.107
0.066
0.038
0.514
1.176
1.091
0.605
0.266
0.159
0.085
0.351
Min
-0.214
-0.513
-0.590
-1.078
-1.097
-1.131
-1.316
-1.882
-1.734
-1.415
-1.221
-1.469
-1.423
-1.279
-1.240
-1.035
-0.634
-0.720
-0.871
-0.591
-0.405
-0.364
-0.122
-0.131
-0.208
-0.457
-0.508
-0.434
-0.379
-0.784
-0.948
0.035
-0.067
-0.192
-0.177
-0.142
-0.092
-0.349
-0.597
-0.999
-1.472
-1.412
-0.574
-0.373
-0.432
-0.369
-0.239
-0.250
-0.309
-0.034
Mean
1.762
1.610
1.178
0.899
0.665
0.457
0.731
0.869
1.458
1.989
2.138
2.104
1.855
1.846
1.563
0.769
0.324
0.516
0.663
0.625
0.830
1.012
1.331
0.965
1.378
0.994
0.418
0.237
0.792
0.986
0.720
0.514
0.661
0.605
0.165
0.100
0.432
0.473
0.387
0.197
0.334
0.228
0.093
0.040
0.160
0.274
0.183
0.197
0.221
0.333
Cfx
RMS
0.369
0.332
0.268
0.266
0.237
0.234
0.222
0.232
0.346
0.411
0.455
0.434
0.401
0.370
0.350
0.230
0.157
0.145
0.185
0.179
0.187
0.248
0.308
0.254
0.294
0.252
0.167
0.130
0.181
0.212
0.203
0.164
0.171
0.155
0.111
0.099
0.136
0.147
0.139
0.115
0.112
0.109
0.094
0.080
0.099
0.101
0.116
0.132
0.139
0.119
Max
3.218
2.859
2.322
2.019
1.837
1.497
1.673
1.768
2.752
3.732
4.320
4.080
3.462
3.405
2.985
1.663
0.973
1.159
1.438
1.321
1.587
2.035
2.628
2.009
2.498
1.861
1.075
0.754
1.519
1.837
1.473
1.153
1.288
1.216
0.610
0.511
1.008
1.028
0.952
0.646
0.780
0.635
0.456
0.347
0.558
0.704
0.657
0.686
0.744
0.785
Min
0.873
0.813
0.478
0.185
0.072
-0.130
0.224
0.323
0.704
1.016
1.065
1.071
0.793
0.899
0.691
0.160
0.029
0.207
0.214
0.163
0.416
0.479
0.678
0.410
0.742
0.359
-0.024
-0.134
0.378
0.510
0.255
0.123
0.273
0.245
-0.121
-0.155
0.125
0.147
0.086
-0.065
0.091
-0.047
-0.163
-0.163
-0.059
0.063
-0.052
-0.094
-0.077
0.064
B-7
Mean
0.521
0.644
0.492
0.252
0.698
0.460
-1.393
-1.793
-2.103
-1.368
-0.823
0.024
0.617
1.151
1.798
1.812
1.114
-0.231
-0.713
-0.175
-0.083
-0.129
-0.087
-0.051
-0.096
-0.107
-0.033
-0.089
-0.206
-0.258
-0.198
-0.175
-0.224
-0.203
-0.075
-0.057
-0.119
-0.094
-0.140
-0.114
-0.096
-0.097
-0.047
0.192
0.525
0.545
0.544
1.422
1.707
1.276
Cfz
RMS
0.087
0.108
0.098
0.155
0.280
0.206
0.435
0.481
0.507
0.286
0.168
0.038
0.118
0.248
0.424
0.450
0.279
0.221
0.239
0.126
0.063
0.071
0.069
0.056
0.061
0.053
0.037
0.050
0.072
0.076
0.073
0.071
0.081
0.074
0.052
0.062
0.080
0.090
0.076
0.115
0.136
0.113
0.094
0.109
0.164
0.200
0.196
0.414
0.428
0.364
Max
0.843
1.061
0.869
1.104
2.021
1.278
-0.562
-0.773
-1.041
-0.703
-0.437
0.155
1.064
2.161
3.366
3.417
2.198
0.360
0.032
0.220
0.127
0.030
0.066
0.085
0.030
0.028
0.067
0.044
-0.033
-0.098
-0.023
0.004
0.007
-0.017
0.078
0.146
0.099
0.251
0.128
0.322
0.466
0.318
0.213
0.641
1.190
1.408
1.341
2.923
3.411
2.684
Min
0.281
0.333
0.188
-0.328
-0.050
-0.411
-3.110
-3.513
-4.037
-2.490
-1.534
-0.098
0.332
0.595
0.875
0.716
0.398
-1.119
-1.771
-0.645
-0.320
-0.418
-0.350
-0.251
-0.345
-0.324
-0.165
-0.303
-0.488
-0.546
-0.479
-0.448
-0.534
-0.494
-0.300
-0.304
-0.449
-0.442
-0.451
-0.620
-0.565
-0.570
-0.472
-0.212
0.007
-0.104
-0.084
0.492
0.753
0.474
Mean
0.074
0.142
0.491
0.654
0.508
1.037
1.367
0.965
0.376
0.617
1.372
1.653
1.316
1.476
1.835
1.414
0.673
0.681
1.530
2.224
1.575
1.580
2.217
1.688
0.697
0.568
1.628
2.035
1.558
1.234
1.604
1.243
0.405
0.256
0.919
1.000
0.869
0.573
0.715
0.573
0.133
0.041
0.282
0.313
0.271
0.357
0.502
0.274
0.154
0.165
Cfx
RMS
0.072
0.096
0.159
0.186
0.175
0.279
0.319
0.255
0.142
0.224
0.319
0.375
0.331
0.359
0.399
0.348
0.220
0.245
0.367
0.450
0.375
0.403
0.468
0.364
0.262
0.226
0.358
0.430
0.393
0.356
0.355
0.312
0.193
0.136
0.255
0.264
0.264
0.179
0.212
0.168
0.102
0.078
0.111
0.137
0.125
0.146
0.148
0.130
0.088
0.113
Max
0.367
0.549
1.120
1.359
1.223
2.138
2.583
2.030
0.954
1.536
2.796
3.013
2.632
2.885
3.438
2.730
1.594
1.728
2.930
3.926
2.979
3.064
3.963
3.120
1.701
1.505
3.067
3.694
3.091
2.584
3.016
2.433
1.177
0.793
2.006
1.938
1.895
1.230
1.494
1.239
0.551
0.352
0.745
0.947
0.818
0.938
1.215
0.895
0.530
0.719
Min
-0.124
-0.123
0.153
0.221
0.139
0.361
0.638
0.416
-0.007
0.054
0.651
0.771
0.446
0.656
0.891
0.529
0.088
0.084
0.581
1.084
0.727
0.678
1.193
0.806
0.089
0.015
0.771
1.045
0.679
0.473
0.812
0.547
-0.056
-0.109
0.366
0.418
0.301
0.155
0.244
0.188
-0.111
-0.193
0.013
-0.001
-0.020
-0.012
0.134
-0.058
-0.106
-0.131
B-8
Mean
0.424
0.502
1.484
2.093
1.555
1.534
1.792
1.360
0.486
0.447
0.908
0.993
0.818
0.495
0.509
0.402
0.192
0.009
-0.015
-0.038
-0.012
-0.475
-0.617
-0.496
-0.225
-0.385
-1.143
-1.409
-1.193
-1.779
-2.236
-1.767
-0.620
-0.698
-2.302
-2.767
-2.303
-2.039
-2.528
-1.997
-0.618
-0.134
-0.410
-0.330
-0.473
0.323
0.236
0.331
0.184
0.179
Cfz
RMS
0.179
0.215
0.426
0.518
0.481
0.414
0.448
0.385
0.182
0.140
0.201
0.222
0.201
0.120
0.116
0.116
0.065
0.029
0.044
0.038
0.043
0.120
0.129
0.103
0.080
0.165
0.258
0.304
0.292
0.522
0.508
0.464
0.270
0.317
0.673
0.712
0.695
0.630
0.779
0.609
0.312
0.194
0.283
0.309
0.314
0.193
0.223
0.185
0.132
0.108
Max
1.159
1.490
3.034
3.915
3.431
3.036
3.429
2.832
1.344
1.098
1.789
1.799
1.600
0.954
0.959
0.884
0.466
0.124
0.147
0.098
0.176
-0.188
-0.306
-0.229
-0.028
0.006
-0.520
-0.671
-0.542
-0.692
-1.140
-0.747
-0.106
-0.052
-0.972
-1.288
-0.843
-0.762
-1.001
-0.700
0.052
0.328
0.222
0.299
0.206
1.005
1.282
1.205
0.754
0.721
Min
-0.007
0.023
0.562
0.895
0.526
0.606
0.851
0.565
0.078
0.116
0.461
0.502
0.308
0.237
0.239
0.125
0.021
-0.083
-0.166
-0.162
-0.122
-0.882
-1.098
-0.877
-0.526
-1.078
-2.206
-2.557
-2.349
-3.717
-4.289
-3.468
-1.672
-1.968
-5.119
-5.196
-4.797
-4.236
-5.205
-4.309
-1.949
-0.945
-1.630
-1.664
-1.856
-0.300
-0.613
-0.279
-0.254
-0.112
Mean
0.556
0.819
0.614
0.915
1.107
0.937
0.314
0.423
1.230
1.523
1.286
1.266
1.545
1.473
0.600
0.551
1.300
1.568
1.241
0.777
1.415
1.776
1.455
1.017
1.246
1.005
0.575
0.444
0.773
0.949
0.718
0.387
0.619
0.454
0.333
0.263
0.368
0.354
0.222
0.112
0.247
0.286
0.231
0.319
0.387
0.430
0.206
0.379
0.776
0.706
Cfx
RMS
0.182
0.218
0.193
0.244
0.274
0.230
0.149
0.190
0.278
0.328
0.334
0.330
0.346
0.309
0.205
0.194
0.274
0.339
0.315
0.243
0.360
0.420
0.442
0.333
0.293
0.266
0.181
0.146
0.199
0.242
0.266
0.184
0.176
0.144
0.138
0.117
0.108
0.122
0.139
0.098
0.110
0.098
0.114
0.134
0.153
0.145
0.105
0.177
0.224
0.225
Max
1.295
1.649
1.396
1.817
2.104
1.850
0.956
1.214
2.308
2.765
2.499
2.537
2.866
2.609
1.410
1.291
2.255
2.886
2.444
1.720
2.791
3.447
3.090
2.170
2.360
2.003
1.342
1.041
1.487
1.924
1.632
1.065
1.369
1.038
0.878
0.688
0.793
0.822
0.758
0.517
0.694
0.679
0.679
0.883
0.958
0.993
0.672
1.114
1.685
1.595
Min
0.119
0.307
0.136
0.334
0.517
0.424
-0.053
-0.020
0.573
0.743
0.527
0.493
0.742
0.812
0.095
0.055
0.625
0.837
0.517
0.263
0.619
0.833
0.285
0.127
0.578
0.430
0.156
0.121
0.326
0.391
0.007
-0.061
0.226
0.140
0.022
0.011
0.108
0.075
-0.150
-0.138
0.011
0.067
-0.005
0.042
0.058
0.120
-0.044
-0.025
0.277
0.208
B-9
Mean
0.338
0.377
0.332
0.505
0.607
0.492
0.165
0.231
0.534
0.673
0.554
0.424
0.483
0.391
0.154
0.086
0.144
0.158
0.100
-0.049
-0.120
-0.183
-0.210
-0.358
-0.358
-0.274
-0.154
-0.130
-0.258
-0.420
-0.489
-0.372
-0.402
-0.096
-0.118
-0.109
-0.121
-0.164
-0.115
0.262
0.579
0.381
0.412
1.291
1.561
1.403
0.608
0.961
1.904
1.931
Cfz
RMS
0.143
0.144
0.138
0.116
0.129
0.108
0.081
0.077
0.104
0.116
0.120
0.080
0.080
0.074
0.058
0.031
0.040
0.045
0.044
0.058
0.074
0.079
0.085
0.139
0.112
0.091
0.064
0.067
0.090
0.131
0.178
0.187
0.165
0.096
0.082
0.110
0.134
0.148
0.139
0.148
0.183
0.191
0.160
0.368
0.383
0.361
0.246
0.341
0.486
0.538
Max
1.018
1.052
0.934
0.972
1.058
0.958
0.518
0.522
0.938
1.094
0.988
0.725
0.812
0.675
0.370
0.195
0.259
0.316
0.246
0.111
0.045
-0.009
0.012
0.029
-0.112
-0.082
-0.003
0.061
-0.028
-0.096
-0.019
0.089
0.021
0.269
0.144
0.274
0.337
0.356
0.356
0.958
1.323
1.162
1.045
2.723
2.955
2.780
1.613
2.462
3.855
3.956
Min
-0.083
-0.055
-0.157
0.184
0.270
0.217
-0.056
0.044
0.256
0.372
0.268
0.219
0.269
0.200
0.000
-0.004
-0.010
-0.001
-0.060
-0.478
-0.409
-0.523
-0.536
-0.841
-0.813
-0.604
-0.414
-0.396
-0.571
-0.970
-1.091
-1.103
-1.127
-0.485
-0.440
-0.565
-0.690
-0.744
-0.751
-0.201
0.009
-0.222
-0.078
0.491
0.714
0.557
0.007
0.287
0.796
0.696
Mean
0.603
0.825
1.292
1.289
0.740
1.178
2.002
1.568
1.073
1.128
1.770
2.512
1.541
1.708
2.714
2.027
1.131
1.147
2.060
2.385
1.601
1.264
2.168
1.901
1.145
1.090
1.657
1.674
0.890
0.430
1.134
1.123
0.812
0.521
0.763
0.620
0.179
0.096
0.364
0.307
0.338
0.309
0.356
0.450
0.244
0.521
0.843
0.677
0.463
0.664
Cfx
RMS
0.190
0.265
0.329
0.324
0.245
0.379
0.508
0.403
0.326
0.347
0.443
0.588
0.513
0.527
0.630
0.502
0.365
0.350
0.497
0.550
0.545
0.491
0.544
0.462
0.344
0.337
0.417
0.423
0.376
0.209
0.305
0.286
0.259
0.184
0.198
0.185
0.120
0.088
0.115
0.133
0.136
0.128
0.129
0.155
0.135
0.215
0.248
0.196
0.168
0.216
Max
1.448
1.878
2.463
2.546
1.727
2.731
3.784
3.055
2.444
2.551
3.592
4.693
3.487
3.683
5.097
4.091
2.850
2.608
4.038
4.374
3.588
3.025
4.493
3.671
2.459
2.452
3.252
3.285
2.387
1.274
2.293
2.208
1.765
1.240
1.562
1.389
0.674
0.426
0.840
0.953
0.938
0.887
0.942
1.071
0.861
1.318
1.791
1.535
1.237
1.634
Min
0.178
0.208
0.533
0.529
0.134
0.218
0.839
0.656
0.310
0.363
0.783
1.106
0.388
-0.077
1.274
0.810
0.221
0.341
0.961
1.104
0.269
0.142
1.001
0.873
0.348
0.433
0.652
0.693
0.089
-0.107
0.504
0.524
0.230
0.145
0.324
0.231
-0.131
-0.180
0.087
-0.005
0.021
-0.002
0.025
0.043
-0.114
-0.027
0.266
0.158
0.063
0.175
B-10
Mean
1.405
1.171
1.808
1.790
0.954
0.950
1.261
1.026
0.648
0.391
0.517
0.768
0.552
0.097
-0.014
-0.002
0.006
-0.348
-0.621
-0.699
-0.512
-0.930
-1.403
-1.330
-0.900
-1.537
-2.119
-2.131
-1.152
-0.921
-2.403
-2.648
-2.095
-1.791
-2.106
-1.837
-0.634
-0.196
-0.561
-0.379
-0.460
0.240
0.209
0.328
0.162
0.521
0.855
0.278
0.182
0.326
Cfz
RMS
0.466
0.394
0.458
0.459
0.339
0.308
0.318
0.256
0.220
0.116
0.128
0.184
0.184
0.060
0.044
0.039
0.035
0.110
0.153
0.173
0.178
0.362
0.375
0.320
0.258
0.479
0.541
0.553
0.491
0.436
0.704
0.709
0.651
0.638
0.674
0.622
0.354
0.238
0.327
0.306
0.320
0.176
0.203
0.181
0.178
0.189
0.242
0.149
0.112
0.090
Max
3.318
2.751
3.364
3.469
2.280
2.172
2.439
1.935
1.556
0.842
1.020
1.414
1.217
0.351
0.148
0.163
0.157
-0.057
-0.259
-0.276
-0.055
-0.143
-0.595
-0.637
-0.313
-0.607
-0.856
-0.918
-0.200
0.053
-1.006
-1.321
-0.788
-0.655
-0.832
-0.623
0.200
0.418
0.189
0.240
0.264
0.962
1.015
0.946
0.920
1.248
1.744
0.910
0.737
0.703
Min
0.389
0.320
0.758
0.744
0.189
0.201
0.536
0.439
0.161
0.134
0.237
0.319
0.104
-0.227
-0.142
-0.114
-0.094
-0.764
-1.204
-1.329
-1.190
-2.293
-2.962
-2.572
-1.850
-3.391
-4.168
-4.243
-3.060
-2.667
-5.178
-5.256
-4.520
-3.986
-4.553
-4.279
-2.103
-1.253
-2.070
-1.913
-1.919
-0.446
-0.505
-0.377
-0.494
-0.025
0.202
-0.228
-0.191
0.087
Mean
0.950
1.398
0.904
1.343
1.857
1.440
0.945
0.974
1.629
1.976
1.658
1.621
1.931
1.573
0.985
1.458
1.295
1.064
0.741
0.633
0.628
0.445
0.352
0.737
1.233
1.488
1.724
2.008
2.011
1.999
1.584
1.040
0.635
0.456
0.568
0.795
1.000
1.436
1.536
0.001
0.080
0.276
0.552
0.480
0.352
0.485
0.474
0.341
0.132
0.085
Cfx
RMS
0.269
0.354
0.316
0.475
0.462
0.366
0.271
0.288
0.419
0.510
0.528
0.509
0.451
0.392
0.297
0.420
0.374
0.272
0.211
0.193
0.186
0.154
0.168
0.231
0.359
0.417
0.487
0.530
0.500
0.520
0.437
0.285
0.197
0.197
0.236
0.257
0.318
0.394
0.417
0.293
0.248
0.236
0.208
0.161
0.164
0.318
0.368
0.307
0.256
0.226
Max
2.076
2.710
2.049
3.119
3.349
2.815
1.950
2.105
3.100
3.771
3.614
3.355
3.537
3.023
2.204
3.216
2.819
2.110
1.657
1.459
1.401
1.071
1.019
1.566
2.671
3.154
3.896
4.350
4.123
4.203
3.270
2.217
1.473
1.482
1.628
1.969
2.587
3.079
3.213
1.439
1.247
1.560
1.554
1.124
1.122
2.123
2.408
1.854
1.316
1.046
Min
0.345
0.552
0.057
0.211
0.799
0.673
0.370
0.339
0.712
0.784
0.401
0.263
0.910
0.688
0.386
0.449
0.398
0.405
0.270
0.199
0.222
0.124
-0.042
0.169
0.302
0.404
0.604
0.716
0.818
0.788
0.558
0.409
0.206
-0.001
-0.013
0.180
0.250
0.502
0.544
-1.152
-0.909
-0.579
-0.034
0.123
-0.053
-0.671
-0.914
-0.633
-0.775
-0.716
B-11
Mean
0.459
0.941
0.608
0.640
0.776
0.525
0.309
0.279
0.396
0.544
0.425
0.148
0.134
0.072
0.024
0.114
-0.103
-0.173
-0.074
-0.222
-0.706
-0.137
0.909
1.599
1.709
1.036
0.602
0.057
-0.591
-1.110
-1.897
-1.849
-1.000
0.408
0.732
0.196
0.349
0.531
0.397
0.038
-0.031
-0.250
-0.731
-0.452
0.270
0.531
0.200
0.232
0.099
0.016
Cfz
RMS
0.122
0.240
0.204
0.184
0.176
0.118
0.085
0.063
0.092
0.124
0.125
0.047
0.051
0.046
0.038
0.057
0.077
0.084
0.070
0.146
0.242
0.224
0.229
0.399
0.450
0.242
0.137
0.040
0.157
0.288
0.525
0.524
0.356
0.189
0.262
0.149
0.103
0.122
0.087
0.053
0.087
0.192
0.240
0.210
0.149
0.248
0.252
0.148
0.078
0.050
Max
0.954
1.849
1.341
1.317
1.334
0.958
0.604
0.522
0.722
0.988
0.927
0.333
0.304
0.223
0.153
0.305
0.087
0.012
0.126
0.266
-0.085
0.499
1.830
2.919
3.257
1.950
1.165
0.218
-0.211
-0.463
-0.775
-0.801
-0.220
1.072
1.879
0.871
0.950
1.018
0.726
0.238
0.223
0.258
-0.179
0.017
0.818
1.557
1.271
0.918
0.428
0.216
Min
0.131
0.353
0.078
0.202
0.390
0.236
0.099
0.127
0.169
0.224
0.129
0.002
-0.053
-0.106
-0.115
-0.125
-0.415
-0.522
-0.372
-0.777
-1.653
-1.025
0.173
0.725
0.524
0.464
0.290
-0.068
-1.184
-2.266
-3.812
-3.826
-2.308
-0.369
0.039
-0.307
0.004
0.192
0.157
-0.243
-0.504
-1.212
-1.797
-1.358
-0.334
-0.130
-0.673
-0.277
-0.166
-0.177
Mean
0.016
-0.043
0.037
0.000
0.211
0.398
0.309
0.312
0.416
0.328
0.206
-0.077
-0.040
0.020
-0.098
1.796
1.338
1.198
1.333
0.039
0.133
0.121
0.072
1.145
1.108
0.649
0.745
0.289
0.186
0.178
0.330
0.512
0.555
0.166
0.195
0.285
0.284
0.167
0.179
0.217
0.156
0.189
0.313
0.198
0.106
0.047
0.160
0.604
0.385
0.618
Cfx
RMS
0.261
0.262
0.213
0.162
0.139
0.148
0.130
0.162
0.269
0.245
0.269
0.305
0.346
0.147
0.269
0.528
0.500
0.452
0.454
0.256
0.155
0.154
0.237
0.419
0.377
0.228
0.298
0.198
0.124
0.132
0.232
0.182
0.164
0.114
0.120
0.147
0.116
0.082
0.082
0.104
0.095
0.124
0.125
0.088
0.080
0.073
0.109
0.186
0.196
0.239
Max
1.283
1.169
0.981
0.762
0.841
1.041
0.823
0.953
1.542
1.440
1.523
1.285
1.718
0.526
1.157
3.613
3.236
3.060
3.132
1.155
0.645
0.671
1.407
2.732
2.602
1.491
1.914
1.310
0.727
0.795
1.324
1.252
1.221
0.596
0.703
0.841
0.782
0.478
0.500
0.607
0.534
0.656
0.785
0.627
0.439
0.370
0.639
1.315
1.169
1.579
Min
-1.065
-0.922
-0.695
-0.509
-0.192
0.070
0.022
-0.098
-0.193
-0.439
-0.827
-1.289
-1.417
-0.765
-1.242
0.460
0.207
0.140
0.236
-1.068
-0.722
-0.509
-0.844
0.137
0.237
0.067
0.109
-0.143
-0.252
-0.097
-0.107
0.120
0.152
-0.104
-0.061
-0.049
0.045
-0.015
-0.017
-0.043
-0.091
-0.127
0.031
-0.013
-0.078
-0.150
-0.099
0.194
-0.073
0.061
B-12
Mean
-0.053
-0.040
-0.065
-0.088
-0.063
-0.397
-0.130
0.558
0.904
0.288
0.067
0.006
0.027
0.035
0.029
0.094
0.040
0.505
0.430
-0.058
0.012
0.096
0.090
0.831
0.780
0.968
0.993
0.366
0.209
0.670
1.108
1.350
0.904
0.657
1.327
1.235
0.901
0.292
0.400
0.626
0.276
-0.088
-0.151
-0.023
-0.057
-0.050
-0.100
-0.373
-0.391
-0.407
Cfz
RMS
0.050
0.075
0.090
0.092
0.088
0.176
0.180
0.183
0.287
0.207
0.150
0.101
0.060
0.037
0.057
0.044
0.052
0.162
0.134
0.104
0.056
0.096
0.170
0.277
0.284
0.315
0.419
0.252
0.150
0.282
0.406
0.397
0.319
0.254
0.332
0.322
0.308
0.131
0.144
0.188
0.142
0.134
0.162
0.109
0.094
0.071
0.084
0.163
0.186
0.163
Max
0.102
0.168
0.221
0.180
0.210
0.043
0.415
1.249
2.151
1.248
0.827
0.480
0.311
0.194
0.296
0.268
0.250
1.131
0.949
0.383
0.216
0.550
1.080
1.939
1.878
2.160
2.610
1.511
0.912
1.916
2.861
2.853
2.270
1.651
2.687
2.459
2.138
0.818
1.041
1.329
0.862
0.325
0.356
0.392
0.293
0.176
0.164
0.032
0.103
-0.009
Min
-0.304
-0.413
-0.433
-0.498
-0.433
-1.119
-0.915
-0.030
0.287
-0.299
-0.474
-0.451
-0.213
-0.101
-0.205
-0.054
-0.123
0.152
0.100
-0.483
-0.307
-0.318
-0.515
0.192
0.169
0.252
0.093
-0.209
-0.364
0.054
0.284
0.493
0.172
0.074
0.538
0.483
0.253
-0.132
-0.011
0.107
-0.194
-0.676
-0.848
-0.479
-0.438
-0.374
-0.463
-0.991
-1.150
-1.027
Mean
0.846
0.002
0.017
-0.051
-0.030
1.123
0.961
1.131
1.276
0.053
0.020
-0.049
-0.006
1.499
1.511
1.431
1.625
0.105
0.030
0.028
0.196
1.306
1.231
0.852
1.171
0.345
0.239
0.230
0.387
0.752
0.574
0.231
0.433
0.318
0.258
0.160
0.245
0.335
0.187
0.242
0.640
0.578
0.311
0.263
0.651
1.062
0.478
0.863
1.488
0.306
Cfx
RMS
0.230
0.148
0.074
0.096
0.181
0.308
0.329
0.399
0.391
0.231
0.117
0.126
0.230
0.416
0.484
0.470
0.451
0.201
0.122
0.111
0.214
0.421
0.399
0.310
0.346
0.250
0.173
0.218
0.291
0.234
0.211
0.130
0.166
0.206
0.179
0.093
0.101
0.115
0.093
0.123
0.180
0.156
0.116
0.122
0.204
0.295
0.227
0.359
0.393
0.226
Max
1.767
0.725
0.340
0.265
0.754
2.318
2.345
2.691
2.922
1.084
0.395
0.344
1.054
3.133
3.319
3.058
3.221
1.024
0.407
0.499
1.263
2.662
2.723
1.993
2.392
1.536
1.283
1.319
1.964
1.635
1.465
0.781
1.196
1.345
1.158
0.524
0.657
0.828
0.574
0.753
1.347
1.148
0.736
0.852
1.458
2.119
1.392
2.178
2.905
1.530
Min
0.319
-0.356
-0.263
-0.482
-0.573
0.388
0.053
0.066
0.431
-0.733
-0.524
-0.658
-0.763
0.474
0.402
0.227
0.484
-0.653
-0.576
-0.396
-0.481
0.377
0.313
-0.007
0.341
-0.325
-0.303
-0.510
-0.750
0.162
0.017
-0.109
0.000
-0.501
-0.345
-0.070
0.012
0.057
-0.061
-0.061
0.216
0.224
0.043
-0.096
0.175
0.415
-0.049
0.017
0.563
-0.297
B-13
Mean
-0.425
-0.135
-0.026
0.014
-0.050
-0.371
-0.370
-0.138
-0.217
-0.088
0.002
0.003
-0.012
0.070
0.052
0.405
0.335
-0.027
0.007
0.096
0.117
0.551
0.535
0.635
0.754
0.222
0.174
0.178
0.233
0.731
0.499
0.220
0.410
0.124
0.175
-0.232
-0.242
-0.657
-0.219
-0.687
-2.126
-1.440
-1.106
-0.587
-1.219
-2.331
-1.013
-1.090
-1.827
-0.409
Cfz
RMS
0.132
0.094
0.062
0.055
0.090
0.123
0.133
0.077
0.090
0.067
0.039
0.028
0.039
0.054
0.043
0.105
0.108
0.047
0.036
0.058
0.077
0.173
0.160
0.198
0.228
0.145
0.123
0.209
0.232
0.241
0.191
0.174
0.189
0.212
0.194
0.182
0.171
0.358
0.241
0.355
0.669
0.391
0.366
0.224
0.377
0.680
0.475
0.467
0.488
0.251
Max
-0.116
0.137
0.214
0.240
0.204
-0.069
-0.014
0.068
0.013
0.127
0.164
0.112
0.126
0.253
0.208
0.785
0.682
0.173
0.109
0.318
0.478
1.107
1.150
1.367
1.509
0.895
0.818
1.082
1.317
1.619
1.277
0.910
1.166
0.958
0.943
0.266
0.267
0.197
0.508
0.103
-0.780
-0.601
-0.328
-0.026
-0.401
-0.956
-0.062
-0.049
-0.732
0.115
Min
-0.958
-0.591
-0.317
-0.204
-0.480
-0.865
-0.899
-0.441
-0.578
-0.385
-0.186
-0.101
-0.169
-0.119
-0.099
0.130
0.067
-0.173
-0.125
-0.077
-0.111
0.147
0.172
0.116
0.222
-0.223
-0.220
-0.538
-0.617
0.073
-0.032
-0.401
-0.311
-0.736
-0.567
-1.114
-1.004
-2.210
-1.252
-2.146
-4.859
-2.882
-2.392
-1.621
-2.713
-4.819
-2.931
-2.844
-3.622
-1.646
Mean
0.143
0.099
0.158
1.798
1.219
1.368
1.840
0.104
0.029
-0.071
0.520
1.416
1.167
0.900
1.106
0.393
0.014
0.001
0.260
0.782
0.645
0.367
0.675
0.226
0.148
0.158
0.126
0.238
0.175
0.118
0.226
0.292
0.261
0.267
0.400
0.291
0.195
0.515
0.644
0.556
0.451
0.320
0.788
1.067
0.702
1.119
1.351
0.704
0.129
0.100
Cfx
RMS
0.099
0.127
0.217
0.519
0.478
0.475
0.501
0.242
0.130
0.129
0.337
0.384
0.396
0.316
0.299
0.267
0.099
0.087
0.205
0.226
0.274
0.191
0.174
0.147
0.072
0.070
0.091
0.136
0.129
0.095
0.123
0.087
0.084
0.115
0.150
0.124
0.109
0.173
0.209
0.286
0.146
0.163
0.371
0.325
0.254
0.358
0.397
0.373
0.185
0.196
Max
0.635
0.549
1.347
3.861
2.998
3.147
3.969
1.355
0.477
0.418
1.827
3.029
2.586
1.949
2.213
1.436
0.418
0.341
0.966
1.638
1.744
1.182
1.396
0.805
0.496
0.464
0.484
0.693
0.669
0.471
0.700
0.644
0.574
0.766
0.994
0.732
0.590
1.221
1.406
1.668
1.149
1.223
2.332
2.188
1.834
2.705
2.889
2.418
1.139
0.934
Min
-0.237
-0.540
-0.611
0.381
0.102
0.160
0.561
-0.921
-0.720
-0.563
-0.204
0.610
0.216
0.108
0.408
-0.209
-0.334
-0.291
-0.223
0.246
-0.081
-0.124
0.250
-0.095
-0.061
-0.017
-0.092
-0.119
-0.153
-0.158
-0.090
0.099
0.061
0.026
0.088
-0.028
-0.099
0.092
0.154
0.020
0.121
-0.067
0.004
0.211
0.110
0.262
0.382
-0.097
-0.435
-0.630
B-14
Mean
-0.105
-0.016
-0.058
-1.150
-0.924
-0.375
-0.471
-0.032
0.027
0.013
-0.100
-0.170
-0.158
-0.305
-0.300
-0.148
-0.007
-0.016
-0.152
-0.331
-0.395
-0.319
-0.329
-0.073
-0.030
-0.016
0.010
-0.143
-0.065
0.262
0.605
0.340
0.217
0.653
0.907
1.144
0.556
0.839
1.144
1.027
0.518
0.207
0.791
0.989
0.828
0.667
0.664
0.390
0.060
0.032
Cfz
RMS
0.092
0.058
0.115
0.348
0.352
0.159
0.158
0.055
0.037
0.030
0.053
0.051
0.042
0.081
0.074
0.076
0.042
0.049
0.080
0.086
0.129
0.131
0.106
0.066
0.044
0.060
0.078
0.118
0.097
0.113
0.155
0.126
0.090
0.222
0.244
0.244
0.197
0.273
0.370
0.414
0.233
0.161
0.405
0.368
0.282
0.246
0.239
0.250
0.111
0.074
Max
0.188
0.199
0.207
-0.285
-0.155
0.001
-0.085
0.154
0.165
0.110
0.036
-0.023
-0.047
-0.052
-0.136
0.033
0.150
0.150
0.051
-0.090
-0.017
0.043
-0.029
0.122
0.104
0.183
0.325
0.232
0.266
0.754
1.277
0.887
0.574
1.595
1.932
2.063
1.349
1.985
2.470
2.690
1.649
1.129
2.430
2.287
2.106
1.820
1.602
1.558
0.744
0.393
Min
-0.505
-0.234
-0.735
-2.472
-2.221
-0.993
-1.125
-0.321
-0.087
-0.124
-0.312
-0.342
-0.324
-0.567
-0.576
-0.465
-0.189
-0.213
-0.455
-0.652
-0.870
-0.873
-0.745
-0.364
-0.241
-0.286
-0.321
-0.579
-0.485
-0.090
0.135
0.004
-0.087
0.166
0.419
0.555
0.086
0.258
0.334
0.195
-0.011
-0.155
-0.050
0.121
0.206
0.079
0.123
-0.126
-0.309
-0.262
Mean
0.613
1.510
1.332
1.334
1.851
0.623
0.124
0.050
0.575
1.777
1.408
1.279
1.695
0.548
0.110
0.204
0.508
1.683
0.902
0.486
1.111
0.547
0.224
0.202
0.437
0.576
0.258
0.083
0.366
0.295
0.247
0.289
0.300
0.414
0.218
0.486
0.796
0.407
0.349
0.298
0.391
1.032
0.828
1.096
1.325
0.538
0.337
0.094
0.482
1.355
Cfx
RMS
0.422
0.470
0.453
0.464
0.491
0.410
0.183
0.146
0.426
0.514
0.557
0.479
0.450
0.355
0.130
0.125
0.341
0.448
0.398
0.210
0.284
0.229
0.082
0.076
0.147
0.182
0.134
0.091
0.131
0.108
0.081
0.122
0.136
0.158
0.134
0.213
0.218
0.179
0.160
0.134
0.221
0.331
0.297
0.384
0.398
0.259
0.131
0.114
0.342
0.404
Max
2.297
3.318
3.055
3.232
3.764
2.290
0.871
0.617
2.253
3.870
3.421
3.091
3.304
2.189
0.840
0.872
2.057
3.314
2.453
1.282
2.107
1.451
0.637
0.487
0.995
1.215
0.761
0.455
0.852
0.774
0.545
0.853
0.897
1.018
0.729
1.298
1.630
1.164
1.233
0.998
1.334
2.253
1.947
2.422
2.732
1.615
0.979
0.576
1.852
2.802
Min
-0.285
0.368
0.302
0.222
0.724
-0.270
-0.585
-0.506
-0.241
0.633
0.281
0.220
0.729
-0.163
-0.360
-0.201
-0.143
0.669
0.061
-0.035
0.453
-0.008
-0.035
0.006
0.133
0.139
-0.101
-0.169
-0.002
0.056
0.032
-0.064
-0.084
0.019
-0.132
-0.048
0.254
-0.057
-0.070
-0.137
-0.156
0.287
0.106
0.114
0.435
-0.074
-0.115
-0.373
-0.317
0.421
B-15
Mean
0.212
0.437
0.470
0.075
0.029
0.040
0.028
0.023
-0.116
-0.424
-0.342
-0.737
-0.914
-0.248
0.021
-0.074
-0.560
-1.701
-0.939
-0.841
-2.103
-0.927
-0.217
-0.437
-1.144
-1.866
-0.617
-0.197
-0.702
-0.274
-0.188
0.127
0.110
0.333
0.194
0.449
0.622
0.159
0.133
0.099
0.155
0.610
0.558
0.482
0.472
0.084
0.041
-0.005
0.043
0.277
Cfz
RMS
0.159
0.160
0.185
0.068
0.063
0.070
0.045
0.038
0.080
0.091
0.105
0.235
0.197
0.162
0.042
0.064
0.322
0.390
0.366
0.333
0.509
0.374
0.101
0.139
0.379
0.538
0.306
0.179
0.315
0.178
0.115
0.139
0.156
0.152
0.139
0.172
0.200
0.146
0.157
0.091
0.118
0.215
0.184
0.160
0.159
0.090
0.056
0.032
0.080
0.101
Max
0.929
1.078
1.196
0.349
0.305
0.376
0.217
0.168
0.091
-0.209
-0.081
-0.181
-0.472
0.037
0.152
0.091
-0.022
-0.827
-0.173
-0.094
-0.959
-0.080
0.061
-0.060
-0.389
-0.684
0.101
0.285
0.035
0.176
0.187
0.706
0.779
0.889
0.726
1.148
1.456
0.848
0.915
0.587
0.655
1.380
1.272
1.036
1.050
0.472
0.279
0.093
0.390
0.648
Min
-0.145
0.046
0.043
-0.106
-0.122
-0.147
-0.115
-0.084
-0.437
-0.775
-0.723
-1.592
-1.607
-0.965
-0.156
-0.410
-2.042
-3.097
-2.368
-2.053
-3.955
-2.427
-0.761
-1.046
-2.485
-3.811
-1.740
-1.020
-1.889
-1.044
-0.656
-0.357
-0.519
-0.257
-0.341
-0.006
0.098
-0.302
-0.364
-0.193
-0.195
0.137
0.122
0.093
0.137
-0.178
-0.161
-0.120
-0.156
0.040
Mean
1.315
1.381
1.478
0.575
0.053
0.118
0.463
1.396
1.403
1.218
1.357
0.368
0.115
0.072
0.350
0.998
0.873
0.605
0.807
0.268
0.085
0.077
0.163
0.566
0.323
0.200
0.364
0.169
0.128
0.194
0.195
0.183
0.144
0.184
0.260
0.456
0.279
0.216
0.510
0.452
0.342
0.743
0.884
0.655
0.326
0.337
0.529
1.281
1.000
1.226
Cfx
RMS
0.429
0.441
0.394
0.336
0.132
0.184
0.299
0.391
0.463
0.385
0.375
0.265
0.162
0.130
0.231
0.283
0.305
0.233
0.228
0.190
0.099
0.087
0.125
0.175
0.169
0.123
0.123
0.098
0.079
0.083
0.088
0.103
0.089
0.102
0.120
0.157
0.107
0.124
0.250
0.171
0.132
0.237
0.292
0.362
0.185
0.232
0.365
0.370
0.334
0.434
Max
2.802
2.891
2.946
2.125
0.550
1.022
1.926
2.795
3.360
2.693
2.855
1.450
0.855
0.645
1.345
2.066
2.061
1.521
1.722
1.143
0.510
0.487
0.708
1.282
0.978
0.710
0.790
0.600
0.451
0.560
0.559
0.518
0.515
0.578
0.725
1.130
0.700
0.794
1.458
1.067
0.853
1.689
2.041
2.068
1.225
1.465
2.104
2.654
2.330
3.103
Min
0.224
0.300
0.599
-0.129
-0.445
-0.426
-0.126
0.565
0.368
0.215
0.514
-0.204
-0.333
-0.289
-0.108
0.338
0.109
-0.005
0.306
-0.091
-0.217
-0.161
-0.099
0.168
-0.124
-0.091
0.046
-0.033
-0.073
-0.015
-0.009
-0.067
-0.078
-0.083
-0.029
0.143
0.041
-0.061
0.033
0.049
0.019
0.139
0.171
-0.025
-0.120
-0.242
-0.296
0.095
0.209
0.236
B-16
Mean
0.293
0.081
0.064
-0.005
0.004
-0.007
-0.018
0.059
0.085
-0.150
-0.155
-0.095
-0.052
-0.073
-0.153
-0.288
-0.308
-0.357
-0.328
-0.148
-0.084
-0.042
-0.066
-0.345
-0.296
-0.046
-0.131
-0.003
-0.027
0.208
0.268
0.592
0.259
0.571
1.143
0.894
0.626
0.442
0.983
1.170
0.735
0.827
1.008
0.748
0.284
0.173
0.369
0.727
0.690
0.428
Cfz
RMS
0.109
0.054
0.053
0.052
0.028
0.027
0.049
0.057
0.065
0.042
0.047
0.050
0.042
0.061
0.072
0.070
0.082
0.112
0.089
0.078
0.057
0.052
0.064
0.118
0.125
0.101
0.119
0.078
0.063
0.093
0.112
0.154
0.125
0.216
0.292
0.268
0.201
0.208
0.411
0.373
0.257
0.279
0.357
0.422
0.188
0.151
0.264
0.244
0.250
0.169
Max
0.709
0.306
0.296
0.226
0.074
0.073
0.205
0.274
0.393
0.007
-0.030
0.042
0.081
0.097
0.024
-0.103
-0.048
-0.034
-0.088
0.046
0.102
0.151
0.185
-0.018
0.098
0.298
0.264
0.271
0.230
0.600
0.845
1.273
0.879
1.620
2.208
1.967
1.569
1.462
2.596
2.419
1.832
1.891
2.385
2.435
1.270
0.949
1.470
1.651
1.637
1.290
Min
0.031
-0.052
-0.100
-0.148
-0.102
-0.111
-0.176
-0.105
-0.069
-0.285
-0.334
-0.296
-0.216
-0.334
-0.466
-0.545
-0.616
-0.765
-0.681
-0.521
-0.318
-0.269
-0.340
-0.779
-0.775
-0.435
-0.536
-0.322
-0.294
-0.144
-0.047
0.157
-0.098
0.115
0.493
0.326
0.156
-0.179
0.139
0.334
0.193
0.183
0.159
-0.029
-0.110
-0.168
-0.179
0.103
0.117
-0.182
Mean
1.548
0.486
0.310
0.204
0.470
1.729
1.392
1.414
1.789
0.554
0.156
0.153
0.535
1.752
1.289
0.913
1.641
0.565
0.242
0.192
0.522
1.201
0.506
0.249
0.585
0.440
0.151
0.174
0.213
0.336
0.137
0.241
0.493
0.268
0.282
0.290
0.271
0.766
0.511
0.808
1.099
0.393
0.299
0.220
0.399
1.221
1.173
1.313
1.435
0.543
Cfx
RMS
0.483
0.355
0.271
0.247
0.386
0.503
0.474
0.478
0.468
0.378
0.213
0.188
0.363
0.468
0.455
0.354
0.417
0.338
0.159
0.105
0.266
0.298
0.226
0.122
0.159
0.163
0.075
0.081
0.107
0.105
0.083
0.134
0.155
0.126
0.117
0.128
0.177
0.236
0.215
0.283
0.317
0.213
0.133
0.146
0.275
0.371
0.408
0.424
0.425
0.292
Max
3.392
2.121
1.564
1.390
2.306
3.637
3.216
3.381
3.566
2.369
1.288
1.058
2.195
3.541
3.085
2.173
3.205
2.020
1.102
0.742
1.470
2.328
1.382
0.720
1.157
1.027
0.413
0.485
0.650
0.756
0.474
0.807
1.090
0.827
0.846
0.896
1.092
1.611
1.414
1.941
2.236
1.383
0.933
0.873
1.620
2.529
2.568
2.797
3.108
1.749
Min
0.482
-0.278
-0.400
-0.453
-0.351
0.594
0.236
0.249
0.638
-0.174
-0.446
-0.364
-0.197
0.704
0.154
0.099
0.623
-0.125
-0.195
-0.073
-0.053
0.481
-0.010
-0.067
0.206
0.082
-0.053
-0.065
-0.019
0.071
-0.096
-0.153
0.105
-0.082
-0.078
-0.093
-0.145
0.204
-0.034
0.116
0.345
-0.118
-0.134
-0.224
-0.211
0.438
0.175
-0.040
0.541
-0.094
B-17
Mean
0.413
0.132
0.063
0.006
0.019
0.054
0.088
-0.311
-0.374
-0.096
-0.024
-0.044
-0.246
-0.840
-0.666
-0.947
-1.707
-0.606
-0.132
-0.234
-0.919
-2.205
-0.858
-0.605
-1.812
-1.090
-0.344
-0.234
-0.342
-0.808
-0.244
0.208
0.351
0.103
0.117
0.145
0.148
0.616
0.474
0.546
0.605
0.123
0.097
0.035
0.105
0.461
0.495
0.337
0.300
0.057
Cfz
RMS
0.156
0.133
0.103
0.050
0.069
0.066
0.078
0.088
0.077
0.065
0.038
0.049
0.147
0.181
0.204
0.347
0.394
0.335
0.091
0.117
0.415
0.513
0.357
0.282
0.487
0.419
0.120
0.122
0.202
0.303
0.188
0.146
0.159
0.143
0.136
0.122
0.136
0.215
0.177
0.174
0.203
0.108
0.081
0.051
0.099
0.152
0.172
0.120
0.117
0.079
Max
1.029
0.761
0.641
0.297
0.388
0.339
0.448
-0.027
-0.150
0.085
0.132
0.107
0.027
-0.378
-0.123
-0.153
-0.653
0.035
0.079
0.061
-0.041
-0.965
-0.069
0.135
-0.654
-0.174
0.003
0.131
0.084
-0.069
0.295
0.812
0.978
0.679
0.748
0.703
0.795
1.410
1.238
1.266
1.343
0.662
0.463
0.262
0.552
1.010
1.094
0.934
0.810
0.407
Min
0.066
-0.161
-0.202
-0.148
-0.149
-0.116
-0.107
-0.675
-0.646
-0.385
-0.187
-0.242
-0.876
-1.475
-1.397
-2.195
-3.173
-1.957
-0.633
-0.893
-2.438
-4.156
-2.253
-1.645
-3.459
-2.577
-0.944
-0.752
-1.270
-2.053
-0.989
-0.319
-0.218
-0.418
-0.422
-0.298
-0.266
0.050
-0.011
0.088
0.143
-0.224
-0.202
-0.132
-0.136
0.136
0.091
0.006
0.065
-0.134
Mean
0.239
0.302
0.536
0.771
1.162
1.001
0.614
0.426
0.282
0.242
0.282
0.441
0.741
0.422
0.311
0.197
0.139
0.085
0.077
0.102
0.157
0.088
0.082
0.032
0.063
0.076
0.071
0.119
0.284
0.573
0.294
0.184
0.133
0.237
0.314
0.428
0.807
1.115
0.731
0.567
0.330
0.402
0.644
0.857
1.331
1.159
1.078
0.765
0.456
0.358
Cfx
RMS
0.177
0.121
0.165
0.233
0.342
0.288
0.191
0.144
0.117
0.118
0.143
0.175
0.247
0.174
0.147
0.124
0.106
0.078
0.097
0.101
0.116
0.083
0.071
0.057
0.053
0.063
0.065
0.092
0.120
0.217
0.159
0.115
0.091
0.114
0.142
0.202
0.288
0.346
0.264
0.194
0.136
0.154
0.221
0.263
0.396
0.340
0.292
0.230
0.171
0.165
Max
1.031
0.846
1.281
1.765
2.376
2.104
1.440
1.101
0.899
0.825
0.993
1.305
1.785
1.219
1.017
0.815
0.816
0.458
0.648
0.535
0.601
0.440
0.390
0.360
0.317
0.325
0.391
0.544
0.726
1.403
1.106
0.792
0.596
0.856
1.035
1.480
1.860
2.433
1.962
1.466
0.981
1.018
1.836
2.098
2.900
2.654
2.267
1.763
1.191
1.177
Min
-0.348
-0.125
0.006
0.141
0.352
0.292
0.082
-0.085
-0.152
-0.174
-0.218
-0.064
0.096
-0.094
-0.154
-0.317
-0.249
-0.199
-0.300
-0.254
-0.233
-0.185
-0.174
-0.142
-0.124
-0.134
-0.172
-0.136
-0.147
0.046
-0.503
-0.216
-0.165
-0.124
-0.115
-0.061
0.107
0.310
0.085
-0.060
-0.120
-0.124
-0.065
0.101
0.367
0.301
0.161
-0.056
-0.123
-0.212
B-18
Mean
0.005
0.034
0.052
0.044
0.011
0.320
0.213
0.122
0.078
0.081
0.127
0.273
0.388
0.293
0.291
0.126
0.074
0.073
0.108
0.159
-0.091
-0.540
-0.130
-0.001
-0.001
-0.142
-0.224
-0.382
-0.885
-0.954
-0.494
-0.377
-0.202
-0.212
-0.395
-0.472
-0.806
-0.529
-0.366
-0.315
-0.167
-0.098
-0.180
-0.206
-0.272
0.133
0.070
0.005
0.000
0.086
Cfz
RMS
0.040
0.029
0.039
0.047
0.046
0.105
0.078
0.056
0.047
0.078
0.087
0.119
0.152
0.169
0.145
0.119
0.109
0.123
0.146
0.145
0.221
0.299
0.171
0.119
0.109
0.109
0.127
0.184
0.342
0.340
0.181
0.127
0.098
0.082
0.103
0.136
0.241
0.137
0.094
0.077
0.060
0.041
0.049
0.057
0.072
0.075
0.067
0.048
0.037
0.062
Max
0.173
0.124
0.176
0.203
0.205
0.749
0.542
0.334
0.271
0.474
0.520
0.881
1.030
1.020
0.997
0.760
0.746
0.637
0.955
0.739
0.618
0.194
0.417
0.509
0.508
0.244
0.194
0.041
-0.133
-0.220
-0.092
0.024
0.105
0.027
-0.100
-0.153
-0.253
-0.196
-0.107
-0.086
-0.001
0.049
0.027
0.000
-0.034
0.436
0.363
0.266
0.245
0.512
Min
-0.137
-0.077
-0.136
-0.140
-0.122
0.054
-0.042
-0.101
-0.101
-0.189
-0.199
-0.059
-0.002
-0.239
-0.135
-0.277
-0.281
-0.354
-0.412
-0.401
-0.859
-1.610
-0.925
-0.568
-0.590
-0.681
-0.883
-1.393
-2.207
-2.281
-1.542
-1.002
-0.763
-0.617
-0.894
-1.140
-1.743
-1.076
-0.805
-0.638
-0.402
-0.251
-0.369
-0.410
-0.568
-0.072
-0.108
-0.149
-0.102
-0.108
Mean
0.618
0.957
1.048
0.860
0.642
0.534
0.311
0.260
0.399
0.454
0.660
0.329
0.149
0.194
0.161
0.108
0.092
0.055
0.155
0.048
0.098
0.133
0.110
0.150
-0.006
-0.021
0.101
0.166
0.134
0.155
0.167
0.158
0.127
0.129
0.337
0.686
0.461
0.309
0.239
0.233
0.469
0.717
0.987
1.211
0.763
0.499
0.366
1.170
1.840
1.584
Cfx
RMS
0.221
0.268
0.290
0.224
0.201
0.171
0.140
0.100
0.115
0.116
0.159
0.119
0.068
0.064
0.063
0.045
0.038
0.048
0.088
0.082
0.047
0.055
0.042
0.051
0.050
0.055
0.103
0.122
0.077
0.063
0.064
0.070
0.080
0.097
0.160
0.227
0.152
0.111
0.087
0.105
0.138
0.196
0.295
0.332
0.218
0.169
0.125
0.300
0.363
0.346
Max
1.609
2.027
2.273
1.932
1.397
1.321
0.870
0.688
0.874
0.899
1.354
0.806
0.427
0.442
0.387
0.255
0.212
0.258
0.489
0.347
0.253
0.298
0.236
0.316
0.186
0.203
0.560
0.667
0.467
0.388
0.376
0.438
0.448
0.541
1.031
1.551
1.173
0.768
0.602
0.673
1.043
1.589
2.140
2.392
1.737
1.239
0.857
2.250
3.102
2.921
Min
-0.211
0.009
0.226
0.176
-0.043
-0.051
-0.186
-0.114
-0.043
0.008
0.244
0.026
-0.072
-0.016
-0.067
-0.025
-0.025
-0.088
-0.049
-0.152
-0.046
-0.020
-0.033
-0.027
-0.178
-0.204
-0.156
-0.126
-0.123
-0.088
-0.066
-0.088
-0.180
-0.195
-0.037
0.152
0.008
-0.125
-0.102
-0.177
-0.003
0.199
0.267
0.420
0.186
-0.062
-0.099
0.440
0.965
0.693
B-19
Mean
0.171
0.315
0.400
0.479
0.427
0.304
0.175
0.223
0.386
0.448
0.487
0.449
0.400
0.396
0.243
0.160
0.246
0.270
0.305
0.182
0.173
0.131
0.089
-0.020
-0.026
-0.010
-0.091
-0.215
-0.083
-0.024
-0.017
-0.025
-0.049
-0.128
-0.297
-0.306
-0.153
-0.066
-0.033
-0.017
-0.036
-0.094
-0.203
-0.025
0.029
0.049
0.021
0.049
0.089
0.187
Cfz
RMS
0.081
0.112
0.133
0.163
0.136
0.109
0.086
0.092
0.118
0.121
0.156
0.142
0.105
0.097
0.086
0.066
0.070
0.096
0.129
0.135
0.095
0.076
0.061
0.062
0.069
0.081
0.117
0.102
0.064
0.055
0.050
0.040
0.043
0.060
0.106
0.089
0.060
0.037
0.030
0.027
0.035
0.046
0.059
0.043
0.044
0.036
0.030
0.043
0.045
0.044
Max
0.626
0.813
0.941
1.247
1.008
0.867
0.581
0.633
0.940
0.933
1.123
1.034
0.891
0.865
0.663
0.525
0.578
0.780
0.810
0.692
0.644
0.594
0.434
0.352
0.327
0.397
0.290
0.063
0.185
0.282
0.242
0.156
0.149
0.081
-0.021
-0.082
-0.001
0.073
0.096
0.069
0.060
0.004
-0.039
0.131
0.158
0.162
0.099
0.202
0.242
0.332
Min
-0.110
-0.036
0.033
0.007
0.002
-0.046
-0.163
-0.128
-0.071
-0.029
0.024
-0.002
0.032
0.042
-0.166
-0.106
-0.030
-0.051
-0.103
-0.329
-0.184
-0.211
-0.161
-0.231
-0.255
-0.301
-0.605
-0.587
-0.336
-0.229
-0.182
-0.195
-0.234
-0.383
-0.676
-0.573
-0.460
-0.248
-0.158
-0.158
-0.227
-0.290
-0.422
-0.153
-0.137
-0.118
-0.096
-0.089
-0.073
0.034
Mean
0.755
0.662
1.549
1.549
0.946
0.697
0.945
1.042
0.569
0.339
0.598
0.677
0.536
0.360
0.477
0.403
0.223
0.226
0.254
0.316
0.306
0.278
0.233
0.327
0.190
0.204
0.496
0.633
0.426
0.877
1.197
0.721
0.271
0.591
1.425
1.617
1.063
1.062
1.497
1.803
0.790
1.005
2.171
1.919
1.290
1.358
2.001
2.154
1.092
0.951
Cfx
RMS
0.259
0.247
0.305
0.318
0.262
0.217
0.224
0.256
0.204
0.138
0.180
0.165
0.156
0.128
0.138
0.142
0.108
0.097
0.121
0.105
0.110
0.109
0.099
0.119
0.092
0.095
0.146
0.143
0.132
0.202
0.205
0.203
0.133
0.206
0.315
0.328
0.309
0.299
0.339
0.424
0.285
0.339
0.446
0.419
0.354
0.383
0.442
0.442
0.358
0.313
Max
1.863
1.582
2.652
2.838
1.886
1.494
1.798
1.935
1.351
0.878
1.277
1.267
1.178
0.829
1.004
0.945
0.647
0.585
0.705
0.738
0.782
0.678
0.620
0.821
0.552
0.586
1.044
1.136
0.904
1.639
1.925
1.493
0.819
1.394
2.741
2.871
2.289
2.229
2.756
3.512
1.949
2.196
4.033
3.450
2.617
2.923
3.593
3.757
2.621
2.210
Min
0.130
0.100
0.789
0.889
0.340
0.183
0.412
0.448
0.064
-0.024
0.092
0.259
0.165
0.022
0.115
0.014
-0.083
-0.061
-0.072
0.067
0.022
0.022
-0.022
-0.003
-0.064
-0.059
0.124
0.325
0.130
0.411
0.673
0.192
-0.066
0.075
0.681
0.808
0.412
0.321
0.578
0.784
0.072
0.169
1.057
0.981
0.451
0.388
0.915
1.121
0.271
0.198
B-20
Mean
0.052
-0.066
-0.151
-0.168
-0.126
-0.172
-0.215
-0.237
-0.145
-0.159
-0.214
-0.204
-0.171
-0.113
-0.081
-0.112
-0.073
-0.096
-0.089
-0.084
-0.114
0.414
0.400
0.425
0.154
0.484
1.268
1.576
1.270
1.486
1.740
1.593
0.659
0.697
1.480
1.467
1.181
0.706
0.885
1.088
0.572
0.367
0.523
0.493
0.359
0.025
0.022
0.007
0.067
-0.339
Cfz
RMS
0.041
0.046
0.059
0.067
0.058
0.065
0.071
0.077
0.069
0.068
0.075
0.077
0.067
0.078
0.092
0.087
0.061
0.094
0.109
0.128
0.107
0.158
0.190
0.151
0.115
0.206
0.370
0.405
0.394
0.472
0.494
0.438
0.256
0.261
0.409
0.390
0.395
0.183
0.199
0.253
0.185
0.106
0.123
0.124
0.114
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.047
0.113
Max
0.204
0.050
-0.011
-0.016
0.011
-0.026
-0.034
-0.063
0.019
0.039
-0.014
0.012
0.030
0.148
0.274
0.179
0.157
0.171
0.312
0.456
0.267
1.025
1.104
1.002
0.673
1.418
2.688
3.153
2.687
3.270
3.444
3.204
1.678
1.718
3.180
2.931
2.672
1.455
1.594
2.106
1.300
0.693
1.035
0.957
0.816
0.208
0.198
0.188
0.227
-0.063
Min
-0.071
-0.254
-0.381
-0.426
-0.360
-0.416
-0.500
-0.533
-0.441
-0.442
-0.508
-0.495
-0.447
-0.434
-0.443
-0.473
-0.350
-0.533
-0.580
-0.591
-0.522
-0.184
-0.280
-0.139
-0.239
-0.003
0.513
0.677
0.412
0.481
0.558
0.597
0.045
0.117
0.612
0.565
0.386
0.262
0.385
0.489
0.083
0.072
0.210
0.207
0.092
-0.090
-0.097
-0.116
-0.077
-0.794
Mean
1.947
2.001
1.399
1.287
1.841
1.608
0.846
0.586
1.238
1.439
1.190
0.835
1.050
0.912
0.383
0.153
0.486
0.610
0.514
0.285
0.279
0.324
0.170
0.178
0.367
0.391
0.374
0.528
0.671
0.679
0.394
0.517
1.028
0.946
0.821
0.975
1.365
1.399
0.715
0.765
1.474
1.497
1.173
-0.105
0.043
1.132
0.879
0.107
-0.043
0.062
Cfx
RMS
0.460
0.463
0.395
0.359
0.442
0.408
0.298
0.241
0.355
0.373
0.349
0.274
0.260
0.265
0.169
0.114
0.173
0.185
0.177
0.117
0.128
0.136
0.089
0.123
0.154
0.140
0.139
0.186
0.198
0.195
0.158
0.204
0.268
0.265
0.244
0.281
0.328
0.320
0.240
0.280
0.340
0.391
0.299
0.145
0.200
0.301
0.267
0.212
0.144
0.139
Max
3.704
3.830
2.869
2.731
3.753
3.284
1.997
1.488
2.747
2.878
2.515
1.826
1.977
1.851
1.055
0.564
1.152
1.251
1.226
0.760
0.821
0.852
0.501
0.679
1.025
0.942
0.919
1.229
1.443
1.411
1.065
1.288
2.085
2.014
1.755
2.031
2.596
2.601
1.624
1.930
2.824
3.051
2.238
0.509
0.898
2.301
1.939
1.029
0.589
0.608
Min
0.893
1.007
0.546
0.428
0.841
0.667
-0.133
0.030
0.399
0.614
0.463
0.223
0.474
0.245
-0.027
-0.180
0.044
0.157
0.117
-0.018
-0.038
-0.058
-0.099
-0.188
-0.072
0.024
0.014
0.075
0.170
0.115
-0.018
-0.025
0.368
0.315
0.257
0.353
0.630
0.643
0.090
0.161
0.656
0.641
0.449
-0.645
-0.631
0.373
0.140
-0.668
-0.584
-0.476
B-21
Mean
-0.698
-0.711
-0.524
-1.039
-1.354
-1.183
-0.638
-0.859
-1.877
-2.110
-1.710
-2.232
-2.735
-2.309
-0.856
-0.572
-1.818
-2.275
-1.934
-0.528
-0.440
-0.491
-0.210
0.180
0.362
0.220
0.270
0.283
0.330
0.448
0.324
0.362
0.566
0.462
0.371
0.388
0.533
0.560
0.297
0.178
0.334
0.334
0.237
-0.011
-0.025
-0.039
0.166
-0.003
-0.014
0.017
Cfz
RMS
0.159
0.155
0.144
0.280
0.313
0.282
0.222
0.340
0.501
0.519
0.523
0.682
0.670
0.630
0.395
0.304
0.584
0.692
0.633
0.314
0.319
0.323
0.195
0.143
0.192
0.215
0.193
0.125
0.138
0.149
0.142
0.130
0.133
0.121
0.106
0.096
0.114
0.116
0.100
0.073
0.077
0.077
0.063
0.037
0.043
0.049
0.062
0.056
0.040
0.056
Max
-0.339
-0.348
-0.198
-0.355
-0.644
-0.540
-0.092
-0.121
-0.713
-0.958
-0.660
-0.845
-1.340
-0.927
-0.092
0.082
-0.644
-0.901
-0.650
0.155
0.187
0.224
0.306
0.765
1.122
1.153
1.084
0.809
0.961
1.031
0.908
0.852
1.130
0.942
0.771
0.749
0.947
1.004
0.687
0.513
0.630
0.632
0.478
0.073
0.107
0.099
0.414
0.215
0.106
0.213
Min
-1.293
-1.301
-1.051
-2.178
-2.684
-2.445
-1.470
-2.163
-3.950
-4.150
-3.648
-4.732
-5.212
-4.563
-2.480
-1.817
-4.008
-4.744
-4.345
-1.942
-2.230
-1.855
-0.958
-0.379
-0.416
-0.543
-0.412
-0.143
-0.159
0.012
-0.024
0.063
0.219
0.130
0.080
0.154
0.244
0.266
0.050
0.010
0.132
0.119
0.056
-0.171
-0.202
-0.229
-0.005
-0.194
-0.165
-0.212
Mean
0.133
0.681
0.538
0.339
0.105
0.167
0.301
0.391
0.235
0.227
0.163
0.087
0.163
0.256
0.371
0.184
0.177
-0.068
0.176
0.525
0.729
0.110
0.033
-0.003
0.090
0.985
1.166
0.145
-0.102
-0.076
0.150
1.185
0.926
0.100
0.004
0.054
0.185
0.703
0.683
0.359
0.227
0.455
0.447
0.275
0.246
0.394
0.194
0.109
0.106
0.181
Cfx
RMS
0.173
0.248
0.226
0.161
0.149
0.168
0.163
0.183
0.120
0.144
0.135
0.083
0.095
0.123
0.139
0.091
0.087
0.089
0.109
0.177
0.218
0.145
0.125
0.143
0.199
0.285
0.323
0.240
0.169
0.181
0.268
0.355
0.371
0.266
0.203
0.205
0.266
0.314
0.242
0.222
0.169
0.192
0.190
0.139
0.141
0.132
0.119
0.091
0.092
0.122
Max
0.872
1.613
1.520
1.060
0.725
0.908
1.083
1.227
0.810
0.880
0.807
0.429
0.522
0.700
0.899
0.555
0.517
0.336
0.624
1.154
1.584
0.847
0.777
0.662
1.042
2.191
2.484
1.223
0.623
0.622
1.283
2.644
2.476
1.312
0.778
0.931
1.420
2.050
1.719
1.506
1.042
1.247
1.239
0.926
0.791
0.951
0.672
0.491
0.513
0.625
Min
-0.489
0.017
-0.062
-0.225
-0.469
-0.301
-0.142
-0.147
-0.090
-0.158
-0.205
-0.135
-0.094
-0.115
-0.032
-0.052
-0.058
-0.314
-0.172
0.038
0.178
-0.278
-0.326
-0.492
-0.515
0.274
0.346
-0.611
-0.678
-0.818
-0.730
0.272
-0.075
-0.722
-0.732
-0.589
-0.636
-0.081
0.102
-0.109
-0.434
0.001
0.042
-0.028
-0.142
0.104
-0.050
-0.115
-0.120
-0.142
B-22
Mean
0.031
0.237
0.244
0.128
0.097
0.197
0.214
0.277
0.281
0.165
0.169
-0.355
-0.443
-0.429
-1.253
-0.997
-0.793
-0.330
-0.546
-1.062
-0.801
-0.139
-0.116
0.032
-0.061
-0.618
-0.370
-0.037
0.022
0.014
0.000
-0.016
0.293
0.050
0.007
0.071
0.148
0.530
0.776
0.310
0.201
1.003
0.887
0.609
1.082
1.277
0.952
0.306
0.370
0.292
Cfz
RMS
0.068
0.089
0.116
0.107
0.098
0.179
0.173
0.163
0.180
0.217
0.189
0.190
0.223
0.236
0.367
0.235
0.241
0.160
0.200
0.311
0.233
0.132
0.101
0.067
0.103
0.167
0.099
0.068
0.052
0.042
0.050
0.053
0.124
0.094
0.073
0.129
0.171
0.210
0.312
0.255
0.177
0.362
0.385
0.277
0.278
0.345
0.315
0.136
0.139
0.138
Max
0.302
0.578
0.727
0.615
0.512
1.002
0.953
1.029
0.968
1.012
0.950
0.175
0.083
0.137
-0.498
-0.414
-0.210
0.068
0.004
-0.408
-0.233
0.141
0.135
0.242
0.198
-0.208
-0.123
0.134
0.217
0.177
0.242
0.209
0.824
0.543
0.352
0.663
0.999
1.436
2.203
1.661
1.129
2.562
2.380
1.971
2.280
2.612
2.258
0.893
0.943
0.835
Min
-0.236
0.006
-0.096
-0.287
-0.250
-0.370
-0.321
-0.216
-0.361
-0.735
-0.632
-1.160
-1.469
-1.510
-2.663
-1.979
-1.716
-1.107
-1.490
-2.207
-1.687
-0.913
-0.551
-0.247
-0.599
-1.387
-0.763
-0.386
-0.174
-0.125
-0.176
-0.185
-0.063
-0.258
-0.267
-0.340
-0.372
0.016
0.043
-0.208
-0.237
0.221
0.016
-0.023
0.419
0.500
0.244
-0.148
-0.124
-0.234
Mean
0.196
0.022
0.107
0.018
0.063
0.323
0.513
0.093
-0.026
-0.087
0.138
0.677
1.086
0.135
-0.007
-0.033
-0.301
0.779
0.602
-0.032
-0.042
-0.007
0.068
0.396
0.281
0.060
0.129
0.097
0.122
0.175
0.141
0.151
0.185
0.188
0.383
0.287
0.577
0.534
0.320
0.164
0.161
0.509
0.695
-0.064
0.113
0.056
-0.284
0.830
1.064
-0.256
Cfx
RMS
0.092
0.081
0.075
0.068
0.081
0.129
0.153
0.120
0.084
0.108
0.156
0.232
0.297
0.198
0.137
0.139
0.181
0.273
0.217
0.132
0.105
0.074
0.094
0.160
0.122
0.091
0.076
0.078
0.088
0.106
0.118
0.085
0.097
0.110
0.131
0.149
0.206
0.159
0.136
0.126
0.150
0.221
0.349
0.198
0.175
0.186
0.254
0.393
0.397
0.242
Max
0.531
0.427
0.432
0.326
0.512
0.784
1.107
0.656
0.394
0.348
0.760
1.538
2.190
0.960
0.636
0.383
0.254
1.706
1.468
0.403
0.293
0.259
0.448
0.986
0.746
0.496
0.488
0.461
0.522
0.570
0.561
0.516
0.553
0.632
0.912
0.874
1.390
1.184
0.928
0.753
0.892
1.538
1.969
0.553
0.681
0.760
0.450
2.260
2.445
0.377
Min
-0.067
-0.158
-0.069
-0.172
-0.151
-0.043
0.127
-0.221
-0.270
-0.471
-0.325
0.049
0.309
-0.420
-0.491
-0.631
-1.111
-0.054
-0.031
-0.561
-0.442
-0.280
-0.285
-0.020
-0.066
-0.199
-0.089
-0.103
-0.106
-0.122
-0.210
-0.043
-0.039
-0.066
0.101
-0.103
0.094
0.156
0.030
-0.212
-0.331
-0.011
-0.497
-0.896
-0.723
-0.808
-1.548
-0.372
-0.377
-1.486
B-23
Mean
-0.035
-0.012
-0.034
-0.049
-0.062
-0.152
-0.297
-0.121
-0.031
-0.013
-0.108
-0.364
-0.266
-0.068
-0.013
0.024
0.045
-0.254
-0.312
0.029
0.005
-0.044
-0.058
-0.281
-0.111
-0.095
-0.073
-0.041
-0.029
-0.080
0.315
0.420
0.377
1.007
1.380
1.103
1.110
1.006
0.731
0.217
0.191
0.648
0.488
-0.039
0.063
0.021
-0.043
0.276
0.016
0.020
Cfz
RMS
0.092
0.099
0.090
0.063
0.075
0.082
0.100
0.093
0.071
0.067
0.086
0.116
0.092
0.066
0.055
0.044
0.057
0.080
0.100
0.071
0.057
0.063
0.074
0.092
0.075
0.083
0.071
0.094
0.113
0.096
0.135
0.145
0.156
0.312
0.364
0.308
0.365
0.356
0.299
0.157
0.179
0.284
0.254
0.132
0.109
0.068
0.095
0.146
0.058
0.048
Max
0.287
0.364
0.285
0.136
0.169
0.090
-0.075
0.116
0.184
0.198
0.135
-0.100
-0.056
0.106
0.156
0.228
0.301
-0.036
-0.062
0.328
0.235
0.198
0.207
-0.082
0.128
0.171
0.162
0.312
0.464
0.265
0.812
1.038
0.994
2.224
2.819
2.330
2.592
2.445
2.039
1.015
0.976
1.882
1.432
0.429
0.506
0.312
0.252
0.896
0.294
0.189
Min
-0.384
-0.430
-0.420
-0.350
-0.447
-0.527
-0.685
-0.581
-0.394
-0.295
-0.470
-0.807
-0.602
-0.387
-0.294
-0.144
-0.146
-0.553
-0.720
-0.226
-0.217
-0.292
-0.386
-0.663
-0.463
-0.488
-0.390
-0.417
-0.441
-0.476
-0.132
-0.017
-0.108
0.281
0.574
0.442
0.376
0.120
0.071
-0.307
-0.447
-0.004
-0.371
-0.606
-0.452
-0.313
-0.518
-0.194
-0.182
-0.193
Mean
-0.033
-0.041
-0.178
0.789
0.655
-0.035
-0.023
0.077
0.110
0.533
0.461
0.320
0.273
0.319
0.383
0.420
0.166
0.202
0.226
0.251
0.240
0.349
0.405
0.384
0.394
0.308
0.277
0.620
0.648
0.097
0.115
0.066
-0.020
0.628
0.776
-0.128
-0.038
0.104
0.461
0.965
0.965
0.325
0.088
0.056
0.190
0.697
0.481
0.137
0.086
0.058
Cfx
RMS
0.163
0.149
0.193
0.352
0.316
0.158
0.142
0.109
0.120
0.209
0.150
0.123
0.117
0.122
0.120
0.133
0.114
0.095
0.094
0.144
0.180
0.140
0.183
0.282
0.232
0.187
0.215
0.212
0.236
0.152
0.121
0.140
0.157
0.293
0.307
0.177
0.137
0.204
0.274
0.290
0.283
0.200
0.170
0.134
0.159
0.224
0.160
0.111
0.091
0.074
Max
0.504
0.472
0.418
1.970
1.806
0.572
0.426
0.515
0.667
1.275
0.998
0.813
0.802
0.837
0.819
0.945
0.605
0.584
0.615
0.912
1.050
0.912
1.225
1.576
1.473
1.215
1.305
1.456
1.517
0.731
0.611
0.478
0.508
1.563
1.813
0.391
0.487
1.040
1.660
2.027
2.118
1.183
0.740
0.644
0.862
1.670
1.119
0.703
0.514
0.400
Min
-0.821
-0.846
-1.082
-0.240
-0.264
-0.803
-0.725
-0.326
-0.386
-0.064
0.067
-0.043
-0.017
0.035
0.075
0.040
-0.171
-0.036
-0.008
-0.159
-0.248
-0.051
-0.095
-0.429
-0.305
-0.257
-0.280
0.034
-0.131
-0.491
-0.296
-0.615
-0.803
-0.800
-0.240
-0.919
-0.748
-0.473
-0.303
0.253
0.261
-0.203
-0.353
-0.324
-0.212
0.110
0.081
-0.130
-0.186
-0.143
B-24
Mean
0.017
0.045
0.067
-0.224
-0.356
0.051
0.009
-0.087
-0.111
-0.712
-1.133
-0.857
-0.640
-1.210
-1.511
-1.219
-0.290
-0.446
-0.366
0.171
0.164
0.300
0.282
0.267
0.226
0.229
0.248
0.274
0.197
0.111
0.094
0.020
0.004
0.119
-0.033
-0.019
-0.006
-0.027
-0.071
-0.025
-0.269
-0.142
-0.095
-0.069
-0.166
-0.336
-0.287
-0.161
-0.097
-0.048
Cfz
RMS
0.040
0.043
0.046
0.103
0.173
0.059
0.057
0.096
0.105
0.246
0.273
0.244
0.237
0.396
0.361
0.330
0.200
0.246
0.216
0.189
0.248
0.186
0.180
0.276
0.228
0.142
0.168
0.124
0.086
0.085
0.069
0.046
0.049
0.066
0.043
0.034
0.031
0.040
0.060
0.044
0.093
0.086
0.072
0.084
0.099
0.113
0.103
0.089
0.078
0.066
Max
0.153
0.204
0.255
0.054
0.097
0.296
0.230
0.221
0.270
-0.105
-0.489
-0.171
-0.114
-0.385
-0.648
-0.555
0.192
0.110
0.122
0.883
1.115
1.007
1.060
1.334
1.165
0.848
1.038
0.760
0.511
0.493
0.369
0.194
0.192
0.354
0.110
0.109
0.089
0.076
0.100
0.109
-0.057
0.047
0.096
0.152
0.078
-0.079
-0.041
0.049
0.134
0.163
Min
-0.149
-0.117
-0.062
-0.569
-0.977
-0.132
-0.188
-0.478
-0.583
-1.647
-2.232
-1.832
-1.815
-2.858
-2.852
-2.491
-1.439
-1.524
-1.430
-0.511
-0.859
-0.378
-0.290
-0.677
-0.567
-0.183
-0.226
-0.095
-0.097
-0.157
-0.105
-0.146
-0.197
-0.260
-0.184
-0.130
-0.138
-0.205
-0.313
-0.207
-0.638
-0.547
-0.375
-0.424
-0.594
-0.842
-0.749
-0.611
-0.457
-0.346
Mean
0.079
0.347
0.200
0.083
0.101
0.111
0.085
0.213
0.298
0.366
0.226
0.327
0.543
0.441
0.640
0.684
0.327
0.297
0.649
0.743
1.046
0.712
0.264
0.197
0.443
1.185
1.075
0.455
0.174
0.169
0.395
0.944
0.756
0.295
0.240
0.141
0.161
0.548
0.373
0.101
0.146
0.109
0.060
0.319
0.283
0.148
0.190
0.223
0.233
0.427
Cfx
RMS
0.096
0.121
0.108
0.093
0.077
0.088
0.092
0.117
0.140
0.133
0.113
0.157
0.235
0.182
0.252
0.299
0.215
0.243
0.323
0.326
0.367
0.374
0.292
0.265
0.337
0.374
0.332
0.328
0.228
0.202
0.263
0.293
0.237
0.205
0.149
0.103
0.123
0.175
0.136
0.093
0.068
0.070
0.070
0.114
0.132
0.120
0.122
0.155
0.156
0.185
Max
0.504
0.792
0.616
0.515
0.461
0.475
0.468
0.681
0.823
0.885
0.671
1.152
1.667
1.201
1.694
2.166
1.446
1.386
2.171
2.170
2.459
2.419
1.486
1.325
1.828
2.798
2.494
1.959
1.177
1.206
1.678
2.264
1.687
1.265
0.963
0.630
0.775
1.181
0.898
0.484
0.429
0.407
0.382
0.763
0.859
0.701
0.773
1.010
1.037
1.205
Min
-0.187
0.018
-0.136
-0.112
-0.072
-0.105
-0.149
-0.127
-0.082
0.074
-0.014
-0.017
0.064
0.007
0.028
0.042
-0.148
-0.372
-0.089
-0.055
0.139
-0.143
-0.495
-0.503
-0.434
0.242
0.256
-0.295
-0.508
-0.334
-0.197
0.205
0.172
-0.131
-0.132
-0.156
-0.133
0.077
-0.015
-0.155
-0.055
-0.063
-0.121
0.002
-0.123
-0.201
-0.168
-0.286
-0.224
-0.072
B-25
Mean
-0.095
-0.143
-0.019
0.005
-0.032
0.322
0.319
0.365
1.032
1.279
0.900
0.605
1.030
0.889
0.763
0.621
0.366
0.179
0.305
0.493
0.282
0.124
0.066
0.001
-0.009
0.007
-0.319
-0.135
-0.060
-0.088
-0.224
-0.562
-0.888
-0.363
-0.193
-0.358
-0.442
-1.233
-1.283
-0.696
-0.558
-0.329
-0.303
-0.516
0.349
0.144
0.145
0.182
0.173
0.278
Cfz
RMS
0.080
0.078
0.090
0.098
0.083
0.134
0.141
0.139
0.281
0.339
0.285
0.299
0.482
0.340
0.305
0.353
0.242
0.152
0.211
0.205
0.118
0.122
0.099
0.049
0.055
0.055
0.099
0.094
0.062
0.093
0.139
0.162
0.266
0.226
0.132
0.190
0.251
0.353
0.372
0.223
0.202
0.178
0.182
0.233
0.184
0.183
0.184
0.167
0.161
0.164
Max
0.177
0.108
0.310
0.364
0.295
0.831
0.918
0.951
2.095
2.634
2.103
2.247
3.308
2.332
2.068
2.424
1.665
0.913
1.315
1.428
0.801
0.738
0.562
0.235
0.229
0.254
-0.073
0.081
0.127
0.122
0.049
-0.193
-0.258
0.050
0.082
0.043
0.053
-0.451
-0.532
-0.128
-0.080
0.123
0.133
0.049
1.040
0.852
0.862
1.038
0.919
1.071
Min
-0.454
-0.458
-0.391
-0.440
-0.407
-0.196
-0.131
-0.088
0.362
0.508
0.269
-0.026
0.071
0.135
0.084
-0.101
-0.121
-0.197
-0.150
0.009
-0.008
-0.201
-0.198
-0.148
-0.212
-0.203
-0.726
-0.608
-0.338
-0.555
-0.903
-1.294
-1.957
-1.506
-0.841
-1.470
-1.708
-2.587
-2.662
-1.683
-1.509
-1.194
-1.292
-1.415
-0.305
-0.652
-0.561
-0.472
-0.366
-0.309
Mean
0.582
0.311
0.217
0.148
0.430
0.687
0.781
0.470
0.088
-0.147
-0.317
-0.438
-0.136
-0.074
-0.092
-0.014
0.087
0.096
0.148
0.114
0.136
0.057
0.068
0.193
0.204
0.113
0.218
0.273
0.317
0.224
0.320
0.450
0.388
0.217
0.158
0.246
-0.025
-0.091
0.115
0.165
-0.318
-0.371
-0.291
-0.305
-0.016
-0.064
-0.205
-0.184
0.138
-0.068
Cfx
RMS
0.211
0.155
0.148
0.151
0.204
0.252
0.270
0.217
0.168
0.152
0.150
0.224
0.158
0.115
0.105
0.079
0.090
0.108
0.102
0.099
0.082
0.083
0.089
0.093
0.100
0.092
0.092
0.123
0.126
0.125
0.143
0.140
0.140
0.144
0.135
0.174
0.261
0.196
0.187
0.197
0.237
0.328
0.314
0.233
0.191
0.175
0.192
0.242
0.182
0.143
Max
1.401
1.021
0.925
0.832
1.343
1.594
1.832
1.422
0.989
0.285
0.119
0.256
0.369
0.311
0.237
0.333
0.441
0.500
0.547
0.560
0.546
0.377
0.485
0.553
0.565
0.445
0.586
0.825
0.814
0.707
0.941
1.007
1.069
0.799
0.692
0.829
0.921
0.553
0.740
0.771
0.334
0.688
0.747
0.320
0.644
0.475
0.312
0.602
0.779
0.405
Min
0.005
-0.204
-0.241
-0.349
-0.219
0.013
0.104
-0.108
-0.400
-0.748
-0.992
-1.369
-0.725
-0.568
-0.497
-0.300
-0.209
-0.293
-0.150
-0.154
-0.085
-0.160
-0.164
-0.084
-0.082
-0.121
-0.015
0.005
0.020
-0.111
-0.069
0.090
0.048
-0.239
-0.355
-0.285
-1.004
-0.942
-0.689
-0.670
-1.481
-1.532
-1.402
-1.470
-0.893
-0.911
-1.182
-1.125
-0.566
-0.797
B-26
Mean
0.264
0.119
0.105
0.030
0.065
0.241
0.163
0.015
-0.006
0.031
0.049
0.049
0.020
0.008
0.009
-0.040
-0.070
-0.091
-0.077
-0.073
-0.076
-0.037
-0.002
-0.021
0.420
0.547
0.429
1.049
1.275
0.991
0.801
0.903
0.757
0.222
0.152
0.312
0.012
-0.033
0.070
0.022
-0.057
-0.021
0.069
0.019
0.034
0.037
0.054
0.096
-0.051
0.038
Cfz
RMS
0.111
0.105
0.098
0.050
0.073
0.082
0.060
0.057
0.038
0.043
0.050
0.067
0.083
0.060
0.056
0.063
0.068
0.071
0.064
0.075
0.068
0.083
0.105
0.082
0.126
0.155
0.155
0.321
0.315
0.261
0.267
0.296
0.283
0.158
0.155
0.187
0.161
0.123
0.109
0.069
0.081
0.118
0.075
0.042
0.045
0.040
0.036
0.064
0.088
0.052
Max
0.722
0.564
0.575
0.231
0.344
0.545
0.397
0.226
0.127
0.191
0.261
0.312
0.300
0.245
0.206
0.181
0.156
0.178
0.112
0.163
0.143
0.290
0.406
0.280
0.901
1.098
1.070
2.438
2.466
2.012
2.001
2.088
2.113
0.918
0.810
0.999
0.606
0.428
0.514
0.285
0.188
0.380
0.335
0.176
0.224
0.188
0.211
0.360
0.216
0.257
Min
-0.052
-0.287
-0.269
-0.151
-0.189
-0.009
0.011
-0.175
-0.141
-0.147
-0.111
-0.196
-0.273
-0.243
-0.188
-0.356
-0.361
-0.377
-0.383
-0.408
-0.408
-0.376
-0.455
-0.357
-0.003
0.134
-0.026
0.353
0.530
0.370
0.132
0.192
0.078
-0.308
-0.444
-0.303
-0.607
-0.581
-0.374
-0.267
-0.468
-0.417
-0.179
-0.184
-0.130
-0.083
-0.024
-0.102
-0.413
-0.124
Mean
-0.048
0.089
0.123
0.184
0.331
0.338
0.272
0.292
0.412
0.332
0.249
0.194
0.203
0.271
0.261
0.331
0.443
0.392
0.414
0.327
0.202
0.512
0.248
-0.041
0.145
0.092
-0.080
0.025
-0.313
-0.245
-0.104
-0.112
0.023
0.380
0.415
0.035
-0.102
-0.106
0.000
0.314
0.215
0.029
0.007
0.077
0.077
0.157
0.158
0.058
0.146
0.136
Cfx
RMS
0.142
0.116
0.124
0.139
0.134
0.135
0.127
0.113
0.125
0.123
0.112
0.103
0.086
0.159
0.190
0.166
0.226
0.307
0.241
0.194
0.191
0.202
0.164
0.135
0.138
0.148
0.142
0.189
0.209
0.173
0.145
0.156
0.159
0.303
0.275
0.125
0.145
0.115
0.096
0.188
0.114
0.084
0.085
0.079
0.076
0.105
0.090
0.078
0.070
0.083
Max
0.372
0.591
0.592
0.719
0.859
0.938
0.855
0.740
0.895
0.773
0.687
0.611
0.537
0.971
1.096
1.025
1.575
1.805
1.508
1.267
1.249
1.471
0.888
0.463
0.676
0.577
0.332
0.660
0.427
0.258
0.287
0.508
0.736
1.521
1.480
0.534
0.476
0.336
0.430
1.036
0.720
0.461
0.408
0.416
0.451
0.578
0.560
0.420
0.486
0.452
Min
-0.787
-0.379
-0.426
-0.278
-0.093
-0.063
-0.101
0.016
0.117
-0.034
-0.079
-0.060
-0.021
-0.160
-0.317
-0.131
-0.252
-0.570
-0.319
-0.291
-0.312
-0.166
-0.309
-0.553
-0.376
-0.544
-0.791
-0.750
-1.113
-1.056
-0.738
-0.723
-0.600
-0.514
-0.354
-0.466
-0.615
-0.530
-0.350
-0.206
-0.136
-0.218
-0.271
-0.140
-0.119
-0.143
-0.092
-0.132
-0.048
-0.085
B-27
Mean
-0.004
-0.125
-0.152
-0.206
-0.696
-0.827
-0.654
-1.165
-1.580
-1.134
-0.448
-0.561
-0.444
0.195
0.159
0.242
0.308
0.286
0.250
0.223
0.227
0.303
0.128
0.092
0.094
0.030
-0.005
0.024
-0.005
-0.011
-0.008
-0.003
-0.033
-0.056
-0.176
-0.038
-0.014
-0.008
-0.044
-0.233
-0.187
-0.059
-0.046
-0.052
-0.045
-0.100
-0.013
-0.003
-0.035
0.385
Cfz
RMS
0.056
0.095
0.111
0.108
0.193
0.222
0.219
0.368
0.392
0.334
0.230
0.265
0.219
0.188
0.248
0.197
0.221
0.267
0.211
0.131
0.141
0.146
0.081
0.072
0.067
0.041
0.039
0.057
0.047
0.033
0.029
0.035
0.037
0.051
0.093
0.050
0.058
0.066
0.057
0.104
0.085
0.067
0.069
0.065
0.062
0.067
0.079
0.092
0.080
0.139
Max
0.213
0.202
0.237
0.117
-0.168
-0.213
-0.071
-0.418
-0.732
-0.407
0.081
0.005
0.058
0.926
1.058
0.941
1.317
1.376
1.064
0.751
0.885
0.962
0.412
0.402
0.347
0.166
0.112
0.212
0.149
0.106
0.095
0.107
0.056
0.097
0.090
0.121
0.157
0.207
0.133
0.026
0.048
0.132
0.170
0.148
0.141
0.086
0.312
0.369
0.291
0.916
Min
-0.192
-0.531
-0.576
-0.686
-1.550
-1.799
-1.648
-2.582
-3.186
-2.446
-1.557
-1.710
-1.459
-0.517
-0.773
-0.519
-0.408
-0.608
-0.468
-0.203
-0.181
-0.197
-0.126
-0.128
-0.109
-0.121
-0.151
-0.189
-0.195
-0.122
-0.125
-0.161
-0.199
-0.234
-0.502
-0.264
-0.265
-0.277
-0.330
-0.617
-0.610
-0.385
-0.343
-0.336
-0.335
-0.423
-0.357
-0.405
-0.374
-0.031
Mean
0.178
0.241
0.250
0.321
0.267
0.304
0.410
0.351
0.405
0.266
0.189
0.098
0.203
0.460
0.290
0.185
-0.019
-0.030
0.054
0.291
0.497
0.043
-0.026
0.071
0.036
0.254
0.326
0.156
0.164
0.194
0.148
0.246
0.210
0.197
0.238
0.161
0.145
0.265
0.357
0.184
0.295
0.309
0.240
0.428
0.370
0.265
0.321
0.175
0.182
0.139
Cfx
RMS
0.085
0.108
0.122
0.121
0.107
0.132
0.181
0.174
0.241
0.184
0.155
0.201
0.224
0.327
0.383
0.235
0.231
0.207
0.200
0.401
0.364
0.179
0.167
0.149
0.140
0.229
0.157
0.104
0.114
0.088
0.094
0.113
0.095
0.082
0.071
0.078
0.088
0.108
0.139
0.150
0.135
0.164
0.171
0.180
0.176
0.158
0.150
0.148
0.151
0.199
Max
0.525
0.620
0.730
0.865
0.725
0.951
1.318
1.122
1.563
1.184
0.955
0.984
1.235
1.907
1.939
1.213
1.023
0.902
0.911
2.000
2.153
0.833
0.612
0.784
0.593
1.267
1.060
0.753
0.734
0.654
0.518
0.726
0.534
0.535
0.518
0.474
0.497
0.637
0.991
0.838
0.901
1.106
1.116
1.259
1.122
0.996
1.012
0.833
0.855
0.956
Min
-0.031
-0.049
-0.113
0.063
0.030
0.008
0.049
-0.039
-0.153
-0.223
-0.220
-0.531
-0.441
-0.384
-0.739
-0.586
-0.749
-0.802
-0.724
-0.828
-0.434
-0.613
-0.642
-0.443
-0.536
-0.421
-0.105
-0.182
-0.167
-0.058
-0.135
-0.103
-0.071
-0.018
0.034
-0.050
-0.083
-0.046
-0.045
-0.249
-0.067
-0.153
-0.294
-0.107
-0.177
-0.254
-0.231
-0.391
-0.456
-0.462
B-28
Mean
0.491
0.421
0.937
1.157
0.896
0.550
0.655
0.719
0.400
0.178
0.186
0.037
0.056
0.274
0.082
0.015
0.007
0.021
0.000
0.009
-0.124
0.010
0.022
0.016
0.009
-0.155
-0.349
-0.062
-0.132
-0.366
-0.516
-0.592
-0.831
-1.041
-0.752
-0.313
-0.326
-0.295
0.263
0.163
0.175
0.181
0.193
0.288
0.201
0.150
0.121
0.022
0.007
0.027
Cfz
RMS
0.145
0.133
0.253
0.294
0.272
0.236
0.333
0.298
0.269
0.191
0.163
0.117
0.138
0.232
0.147
0.080
0.076
0.044
0.038
0.072
0.093
0.041
0.050
0.065
0.057
0.108
0.146
0.085
0.100
0.156
0.170
0.171
0.204
0.247
0.206
0.174
0.182
0.187
0.189
0.207
0.184
0.168
0.174
0.183
0.126
0.112
0.111
0.056
0.059
0.066
Max
1.089
0.928
2.022
2.353
2.020
1.750
2.326
2.116
1.825
1.180
1.053
0.614
0.725
1.347
0.737
0.435
0.413
0.227
0.215
0.334
0.082
0.167
0.221
0.206
0.221
0.116
-0.011
0.188
0.130
0.008
-0.052
-0.135
-0.295
-0.430
-0.221
0.158
0.132
0.154
1.037
0.934
0.880
0.983
1.080
1.020
0.717
0.663
0.677
0.222
0.215
0.291
Min
0.064
-0.022
0.389
0.422
0.247
0.031
-0.017
0.122
-0.159
-0.323
-0.219
-0.325
-0.369
-0.303
-0.350
-0.274
-0.248
-0.133
-0.132
-0.209
-0.581
-0.151
-0.131
-0.265
-0.217
-0.682
-1.102
-0.397
-0.675
-1.202
-1.184
-1.446
-1.683
-2.090
-1.573
-1.061
-1.087
-1.058
-0.493
-0.588
-0.489
-0.348
-0.384
-0.321
-0.173
-0.261
-0.242
-0.178
-0.248
-0.190
Mean
0.205
0.088
0.009
Cfx
RMS
Max
0.238
1.166
0.164
0.770
0.149
0.619
Min
-0.510
-0.567
-0.559
B-29
Mean
-0.001
-0.042
-0.027
Cfz
RMS
Max
0.044
0.191
0.038
0.083
0.037
0.101
Min
-0.145
-0.210
-0.152
Mean
-0.122
-0.181
-0.238
-0.256
-0.270
-0.258
-0.233
-0.119
0.105
0.085
-0.025
-0.027
-0.014
-0.033
-0.076
-0.002
-0.092
0.020
0.035
0.156
0.001
0.124
0.096
-0.020
-0.050
-0.067
0.186
0.246
0.192
0.184
-0.002
-0.254
-0.213
-0.096
-0.043
-0.028
-0.027
-0.056
0.012
0.133
-0.016
-0.200
-0.246
-0.270
-0.253
-0.239
-0.189
-0.141
0.089
-0.003
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.034 -0.013
0.046 -0.061
0.056 -0.112
0.067 -0.119
0.075 -0.109
0.065 -0.126
0.067 -0.092
0.053
0.027
0.046
0.295
0.062
0.407
0.035
0.169
0.024
0.115
0.001 -0.010
0.023
0.068
0.033
0.058
0.002
0.004
0.040 -0.044
0.036
0.151
0.037
0.191
0.057
0.415
0.001
0.005
0.067
0.384
0.045
0.284
0.023
0.105
0.023
0.062
0.003 -0.054
0.059
0.423
0.078
0.577
0.063
0.472
0.064
0.446
0.039
0.140
0.072 -0.078
0.057 -0.055
0.036
0.021
0.022
0.068
0.023
0.064
0.021
0.072
0.022
0.053
0.036
0.242
0.061
0.396
0.032
0.072
0.060 -0.067
0.064 -0.109
0.066 -0.133
0.055 -0.119
0.047 -0.102
0.036 -0.082
0.027 -0.055
0.041
0.268
0.021
0.107
Min
-0.282
-0.372
-0.506
-0.567
-0.606
-0.574
-0.535
-0.371
-0.044
-0.064
-0.149
-0.133
-0.016
-0.130
-0.224
-0.008
-0.230
-0.163
-0.031
0.016
-0.002
0.011
-0.003
-0.096
-0.122
-0.072
0.055
0.072
0.040
0.034
-0.210
-0.569
-0.484
-0.247
-0.130
-0.116
-0.097
-0.147
-0.092
-0.033
-0.177
-0.481
-0.536
-0.568
-0.502
-0.476
-0.363
-0.253
-0.004
-0.071
B-30
Mean
0.024
0.014
-0.005
-0.003
-0.007
-0.063
-0.060
-0.142
-0.129
-0.119
-0.141
-0.027
-0.017
0.023
0.018
0.018
0.024
0.021
0.005
0.004
0.017
0.026
-0.004
0.006
0.025
0.038
0.007
0.009
0.012
-0.014
-0.004
-0.008
-0.006
0.080
0.083
0.112
0.120
0.095
0.076
0.029
0.068
0.053
0.018
0.024
0.057
0.035
0.001
-0.004
0.020
-0.010
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.026
0.149
0.024
0.115
0.020
0.119
0.017
0.087
0.020
0.064
0.029 -0.004
0.029 -0.003
0.052 -0.052
0.046 -0.042
0.048 -0.022
0.054 -0.034
0.056
0.147
0.043
0.124
0.040
0.204
0.048
0.277
0.048
0.289
0.050
0.314
0.042
0.251
0.039
0.224
0.032
0.208
0.039
0.262
0.040
0.233
0.026
0.181
0.022
0.143
0.035
0.203
0.030
0.190
0.022
0.145
0.019
0.122
0.021
0.143
0.021
0.086
0.021
0.096
0.022
0.082
0.021
0.093
0.028
0.206
0.030
0.205
0.045
0.320
0.038
0.292
0.037
0.280
0.039
0.289
0.036
0.224
0.038
0.263
0.035
0.217
0.033
0.198
0.033
0.195
0.036
0.231
0.031
0.164
0.023
0.137
0.020
0.118
0.028
0.145
0.024
0.098
Min
-0.063
-0.074
-0.094
-0.083
-0.100
-0.233
-0.235
-0.384
-0.353
-0.354
-0.431
-0.278
-0.207
-0.149
-0.180
-0.157
-0.138
-0.112
-0.156
-0.163
-0.097
-0.081
-0.095
-0.089
-0.084
-0.047
-0.067
-0.071
-0.073
-0.167
-0.127
-0.122
-0.121
-0.004
0.002
-0.002
0.020
0.006
-0.014
-0.068
-0.031
-0.044
-0.057
-0.047
-0.038
-0.042
-0.064
-0.067
-0.059
-0.114
B-31
Mean
-0.208
-0.192
0.226
0.007
0.114
0.108
-0.022
0.240
0.231
0.227
0.211
0.257
0.189
0.193
0.248
-0.066
-0.002
-0.191
-0.124
-0.443
-0.277
-0.051
-0.082
0.027
-0.016
0.009
-0.037
-0.011
0.004
-0.004
-0.030
0.095
0.047
0.134
0.085
-0.084
-0.066
-0.193
-0.202
-0.259
-0.235
-0.237
-0.234
-0.244
-0.240
-0.207
-0.223
-0.188
-0.169
-0.087
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.058 -0.060
0.070 -0.039
0.073
0.527
0.028
0.135
0.040
0.278
0.042
0.290
0.025
0.080
0.073
0.560
0.067
0.527
0.068
0.519
0.064
0.457
0.078
0.584
0.059
0.496
0.062
0.476
0.069
0.536
0.040
0.085
0.043
0.164
0.068 -0.014
0.060
0.047
0.074 -0.257
0.078 -0.064
0.031
0.085
0.035
0.054
0.025
0.146
0.026
0.110
0.024
0.135
0.023
0.055
0.026
0.078
0.023
0.095
0.028
0.136
0.039
0.193
0.054
0.328
0.047
0.286
0.053
0.353
0.043
0.273
0.047
0.039
0.050
0.060
0.058 -0.062
0.068 -0.056
0.067 -0.109
0.066 -0.094
0.067 -0.093
0.059 -0.100
0.058 -0.108
0.059 -0.104
0.046 -0.079
0.050 -0.087
0.041 -0.068
0.037 -0.062
0.028
0.043
Min
-0.522
-0.545
0.070
-0.063
0.008
0.010
-0.106
0.064
0.085
0.075
0.067
0.088
0.051
0.050
0.077
-0.251
-0.228
-0.537
-0.419
-0.834
-0.633
-0.227
-0.212
-0.075
-0.106
-0.073
-0.128
-0.115
-0.086
-0.106
-0.164
-0.056
-0.096
-0.024
-0.053
-0.281
-0.288
-0.504
-0.475
-0.545
-0.527
-0.555
-0.512
-0.520
-0.506
-0.387
-0.464
-0.393
-0.334
-0.204
B-32
Mean
-0.106
-0.078
0.101
0.199
0.243
0.254
0.202
0.045
-0.203
-0.161
-0.011
-0.042
-0.019
0.002
-0.031
0.014
0.092
-0.005
-0.148
-0.137
-0.174
-0.216
-0.189
-0.022
-0.018
-0.037
-0.079
-0.043
0.240
-0.257
-0.049
-0.064
-0.056
-0.066
0.031
0.156
0.183
0.188
0.041
-0.012
0.011
0.008
0.017
0.017
0.008
0.013
0.001
0.024
-0.039
-1.277
-0.140
-0.174
-0.075
0.008
0.015
0.012
0.001
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.030
0.003
0.023
0.031
0.039
0.269
0.070
0.490
0.080
0.588
0.076
0.598
0.061
0.454
0.034
0.208
0.066 -0.033
0.060
0.009
0.024
0.084
0.021
0.055
0.020
0.077
0.023
0.107
0.027
0.114
0.039
0.236
0.044
0.275
0.027
0.074
0.061 -0.016
0.041 -0.047
0.045 -0.075
0.047 -0.105
0.041 -0.090
0.004 -0.009
0.003 -0.006
0.007 -0.010
0.016 -0.024
0.013 -0.007
0.066
0.504
0.059 -0.100
0.050
0.136
0.027
0.043
0.026
0.061
0.032
0.050
0.041
0.231
0.072
0.523
0.070
0.479
0.061
0.462
0.039
0.210
0.027
0.097
0.025
0.113
0.023
0.148
0.026
0.169
0.030
0.173
0.031
0.172
0.034
0.207
0.037
0.179
0.046
0.256
0.052
0.105
0.048 -1.169
0.049 -0.020
0.050 -0.069
0.024
0.005
0.020
0.120
0.022
0.135
0.020
0.121
0.019
0.093
Min
-0.224
-0.157
0.000
0.046
0.065
0.079
0.030
-0.132
-0.478
-0.477
-0.128
-0.144
-0.097
-0.090
-0.149
-0.087
-0.046
-0.126
-0.396
-0.333
-0.372
-0.415
-0.380
-0.040
-0.032
-0.068
-0.147
-0.101
0.072
-0.571
-0.242
-0.164
-0.153
-0.223
-0.090
-0.028
0.013
0.032
-0.141
-0.148
-0.112
-0.095
-0.136
-0.130
-0.139
-0.128
-0.155
-0.159
-0.295
-1.510
-0.403
-0.416
-0.214
-0.061
-0.052
-0.055
-0.087
B-33
Cfx
RMS
0.433
0.425
0.353
0.336
0.326
0.373
0.359
0.324
0.364
0.348
0.402
0.462
0.398
0.380
0.309
0.338
0.293
0.280
0.200
0.203
0.227
0.240
0.314
0.357
0.228
0.197
0.132
0.149
0.147
0.141
0.101
0.094
0.094
0.069
0.107
0.138
0.072
0.072
0.048
0.058
0.068
0.071
0.306
0.295
0.240
0.344
0.385
0.385
0.335
0.334
Max
3.436
3.129
2.657
-0.279
-0.500
-0.562
-0.579
-0.421
-0.116
2.607
3.321
3.666
3.105
2.848
2.257
-0.255
-0.513
-0.433
-0.196
-0.330
-0.188
1.629
2.492
2.715
1.730
1.647
0.903
-0.054
-0.226
-0.156
-0.108
-0.094
-0.005
0.487
0.833
1.007
0.575
0.581
0.362
0.010
-0.095
-0.079
-0.496
-0.327
-0.126
2.604
3.133
3.043
2.780
2.631
Min
0.479
0.510
0.340
-2.385
-2.562
-2.737
-2.811
-2.607
-2.755
0.117
0.572
0.670
0.542
0.439
0.234
-2.256
-2.217
-2.221
-1.661
-1.593
-1.684
0.115
0.475
0.525
0.345
0.172
0.054
-1.035
-1.188
-1.121
-0.782
-0.759
-0.688
0.010
0.143
0.158
0.065
0.090
-0.001
-0.416
-0.530
-0.539
-2.348
-2.396
-1.710
0.356
0.486
0.647
0.429
0.310
B-34
Mean
0.005
0.009
0.013
0.050
0.060
0.061
0.311
0.298
0.290
-0.309
-0.421
-0.479
-0.924
-0.838
-0.628
0.426
0.467
0.431
0.356
0.445
0.428
-0.785
-1.404
-1.545
-1.857
-1.510
-0.667
0.377
0.416
0.215
0.228
0.343
0.179
-0.442
-1.088
-1.262
-0.182
-0.356
-0.140
-0.135
-0.191
-0.038
-0.166
-0.147
-0.115
0.348
0.420
0.408
0.766
0.773
Cfz
RMS
0.031
0.029
0.024
0.025
0.032
0.032
0.083
0.079
0.089
0.104
0.112
0.131
0.242
0.234
0.215
0.147
0.117
0.107
0.093
0.109
0.138
0.300
0.377
0.422
0.537
0.451
0.290
0.134
0.126
0.087
0.133
0.127
0.122
0.222
0.357
0.430
0.179
0.218
0.155
0.159
0.190
0.152
0.059
0.056
0.046
0.110
0.112
0.111
0.201
0.201
Max
0.165
0.172
0.147
0.165
0.229
0.207
0.684
0.632
0.695
-0.037
-0.148
-0.195
-0.319
-0.278
-0.156
1.000
0.933
0.888
0.787
0.879
1.044
-0.127
-0.543
-0.624
-0.751
-0.353
-0.055
0.954
1.057
0.673
0.931
0.927
0.826
0.130
-0.235
-0.324
0.327
0.208
0.319
0.387
0.388
0.421
-0.033
-0.015
0.022
0.853
0.887
0.895
1.631
1.592
Min
-0.113
-0.084
-0.072
-0.044
-0.084
-0.065
0.127
0.114
0.025
-0.778
-0.953
-1.015
-1.931
-1.782
-1.608
0.113
0.208
0.157
0.067
0.153
0.092
-2.002
-3.076
-3.295
-4.018
-3.618
-1.914
-0.084
0.052
-0.134
-0.243
-0.192
-0.280
-1.495
-2.532
-2.931
-1.135
-1.297
-0.946
-0.798
-1.121
-0.786
-0.438
-0.419
-0.322
0.087
0.133
0.155
0.232
0.182
Mean
0.004
0.006
0.009
0.033
0.040
0.040
-0.029
-0.020
-0.016
-0.013
-0.010
-0.011
-0.029
-0.033
-0.055
-0.086
-0.106
-0.118
-0.201
-0.187
-0.131
-0.064
-0.111
-0.114
-0.141
-0.098
-0.020
-0.138
-0.199
-0.226
-0.187
-0.171
-0.127
0.039
0.069
0.089
0.158
0.179
0.085
-0.100
-0.172
-0.167
0.092
0.089
0.056
0.028
0.010
0.002
0.005
0.014
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.021
0.109
0.019
0.114
0.016
0.097
0.017
0.109
0.021
0.152
0.021
0.137
0.024
0.037
0.020
0.036
0.018
0.045
0.017
0.071
0.019
0.101
0.022
0.110
0.022
0.065
0.021
0.055
0.028
0.047
0.033
0.005
0.036 -0.031
0.038 -0.031
0.056 -0.045
0.051 -0.055
0.045 -0.024
0.035
0.033
0.037 -0.002
0.037 -0.007
0.053
0.008
0.044
0.031
0.029
0.062
0.046 -0.020
0.056 -0.080
0.064 -0.077
0.054 -0.068
0.046 -0.056
0.047 -0.006
0.019
0.131
0.027
0.195
0.030
0.220
0.048
0.380
0.048
0.385
0.032
0.240
0.038
0.006
0.045 -0.063
0.047 -0.052
0.028
0.231
0.028
0.216
0.022
0.160
0.025
0.170
0.019
0.113
0.020
0.112
0.020
0.122
0.020
0.130
Min
-0.074
-0.056
-0.047
-0.029
-0.056
-0.043
-0.140
-0.124
-0.100
-0.097
-0.103
-0.094
-0.121
-0.127
-0.192
-0.217
-0.273
-0.285
-0.444
-0.395
-0.321
-0.211
-0.312
-0.310
-0.369
-0.309
-0.167
-0.307
-0.419
-0.473
-0.407
-0.370
-0.347
-0.062
-0.106
-0.057
0.043
0.059
-0.001
-0.275
-0.351
-0.357
0.002
0.002
-0.012
-0.050
-0.067
-0.081
-0.067
-0.053
Cfx
RMS
0.300
0.179
0.227
0.244
0.163
0.154
0.129
0.235
0.267
0.293
0.167
0.169
0.143
0.088
0.103
0.110
0.087
0.076
0.061
0.069
0.110
0.118
0.067
0.070
0.045
0.054
0.069
0.069
0.088
0.105
0.172
0.272
0.346
0.406
0.477
0.446
0.427
0.364
0.193
0.126
0.086
0.086
0.114
0.133
0.182
0.245
0.329
0.340
0.305
0.215
Max
2.262
-0.047
-0.249
-0.302
-0.203
-0.129
-0.037
1.697
2.113
2.431
1.316
1.317
0.951
-0.022
-0.071
-0.106
-0.075
-0.058
0.015
0.471
0.881
0.869
0.551
0.525
0.365
0.015
-0.020
-0.066
0.669
0.831
1.388
2.233
2.683
3.088
3.546
3.651
3.448
2.717
1.486
0.949
0.643
-0.116
-0.150
-0.147
-0.275
-0.405
-0.505
-0.477
-0.477
-0.264
Min
0.165
-1.261
-1.699
-1.765
-1.219
-1.235
-0.924
0.117
0.403
0.369
0.304
0.227
0.062
-0.627
-0.788
-0.869
-0.654
-0.584
-0.420
0.015
0.128
0.136
0.072
0.063
0.003
-0.391
-0.530
-0.579
0.078
0.143
0.248
0.328
0.503
0.553
0.652
0.770
0.599
0.523
0.326
0.155
0.101
-0.704
-0.949
-1.097
-1.434
-1.924
-2.620
-2.603
-2.344
-1.694
B-35
Mean
0.673
-0.201
-0.249
-0.285
-0.233
-0.232
-0.219
0.806
1.290
1.153
1.616
1.410
0.701
-0.158
-0.140
-0.061
-0.054
-0.072
-0.051
0.383
1.010
1.212
0.330
0.330
0.105
0.093
0.275
0.262
0.116
0.736
1.316
1.204
0.783
0.426
0.011
-0.502
-1.035
-1.568
-1.454
-0.643
0.360
0.267
0.508
0.150
0.264
0.368
0.271
0.060
-0.161
-0.232
Cfz
RMS
0.215
0.075
0.086
0.092
0.085
0.083
0.085
0.297
0.340
0.322
0.402
0.375
0.291
0.071
0.073
0.060
0.080
0.074
0.060
0.182
0.270
0.310
0.128
0.108
0.079
0.085
0.098
0.119
0.115
0.187
0.367
0.320
0.207
0.118
0.033
0.127
0.268
0.431
0.407
0.263
0.134
0.134
0.173
0.096
0.075
0.091
0.074
0.030
0.059
0.082
Max
1.569
0.014
-0.058
-0.082
-0.031
-0.022
0.011
2.088
2.602
2.621
3.069
2.956
1.932
0.031
0.093
0.156
0.263
0.196
0.193
1.305
2.303
2.589
0.985
0.802
0.541
0.563
0.730
0.794
0.548
1.543
3.085
2.585
1.602
0.949
0.209
-0.209
-0.386
-0.621
-0.580
-0.050
0.988
0.791
1.395
0.756
0.584
0.738
0.594
0.182
-0.030
-0.018
Min
0.091
-0.506
-0.612
-0.647
-0.610
-0.604
-0.607
0.077
0.468
0.382
0.638
0.532
0.059
-0.522
-0.470
-0.380
-0.438
-0.472
-0.400
-0.054
0.395
0.442
-0.174
-0.113
-0.174
-0.255
-0.108
-0.172
-0.425
0.225
0.451
0.357
0.274
0.130
-0.108
-1.078
-2.170
-3.311
-3.024
-1.881
-0.283
-0.480
0.024
-0.191
0.015
0.105
0.068
-0.067
-0.387
-0.599
Mean
0.063
0.063
0.113
0.127
0.154
0.132
0.068
0.063
0.104
0.047
0.145
0.105
0.019
0.077
0.149
0.181
0.162
0.137
0.084
-0.037
-0.052
-0.046
-0.143
-0.140
-0.066
0.064
0.132
0.141
-0.183
-0.110
0.088
0.077
0.005
0.005
0.007
-0.022
-0.057
-0.113
-0.051
0.163
0.200
-0.203
-0.184
-0.219
-0.198
-0.122
-0.036
0.040
0.088
0.116
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.035
0.230
0.027
0.185
0.034
0.268
0.035
0.287
0.043
0.338
0.040
0.339
0.027
0.190
0.036
0.235
0.045
0.284
0.031
0.244
0.044
0.326
0.039
0.274
0.030
0.172
0.032
0.220
0.045
0.365
0.053
0.430
0.051
0.392
0.041
0.331
0.034
0.225
0.023
0.032
0.035
0.063
0.036
0.072
0.044 -0.048
0.046 -0.041
0.030 -0.002
0.036
0.258
0.045
0.351
0.045
0.383
0.058 -0.052
0.046 -0.005
0.032
0.256
0.034
0.251
0.021
0.121
0.020
0.123
0.022
0.138
0.022
0.079
0.024
0.035
0.038
0.000
0.033
0.076
0.045
0.375
0.057
0.425
0.057 -0.077
0.051 -0.064
0.063 -0.083
0.058 -0.080
0.037 -0.032
0.023
0.022
0.020
0.121
0.026
0.222
0.032
0.265
Min
-0.041
-0.005
0.033
0.028
0.054
0.034
0.004
-0.041
-0.013
-0.032
0.006
-0.042
-0.093
0.005
0.044
0.067
0.055
0.046
0.007
-0.136
-0.216
-0.196
-0.364
-0.347
-0.242
-0.010
0.013
0.044
-0.443
-0.326
-0.073
-0.039
-0.064
-0.068
-0.072
-0.111
-0.178
-0.298
-0.190
0.045
0.067
-0.465
-0.415
-0.484
-0.441
-0.297
-0.172
-0.044
0.005
0.034
Cfx
RMS
0.136
0.110
0.131
0.100
0.120
0.110
0.115
0.108
0.234
0.209
0.241
0.292
0.187
0.211
0.257
0.227
0.093
0.102
0.107
0.130
0.096
0.076
0.073
0.071
0.170
0.187
0.171
0.143
0.093
0.114
0.136
0.121
0.051
0.053
0.055
0.060
0.039
0.040
0.043
0.037
0.083
0.102
0.084
0.073
0.056
0.067
0.082
0.070
0.025
0.028
Max
-0.134
-0.093
-0.117
-0.093
1.071
0.859
0.824
0.878
1.910
1.787
2.162
2.785
1.642
1.854
2.250
1.808
0.714
1.006
0.765
0.719
0.581
0.585
0.628
0.528
1.436
1.598
1.559
1.142
0.717
0.918
1.122
0.982
0.379
0.393
0.369
0.323
0.289
0.263
0.291
0.225
0.617
0.823
0.695
0.543
0.399
0.529
0.715
0.525
0.172
0.180
Min
-1.012
-0.866
-1.064
-0.779
0.118
0.001
-0.142
-0.011
0.453
0.321
0.460
0.697
0.208
0.396
0.508
0.329
-0.038
0.077
-0.080
-0.341
-0.323
-0.089
-0.025
-0.068
0.152
0.261
0.307
0.125
0.114
0.190
0.238
0.163
-0.074
-0.037
-0.088
-0.139
-0.112
-0.113
-0.097
-0.091
0.072
0.116
0.097
0.054
0.004
0.030
0.072
0.036
-0.080
-0.070
B-36
Mean
-0.113
-0.119
-0.474
-0.149
0.055
0.044
0.030
0.034
0.068
0.067
0.084
0.099
-0.083
-0.103
-0.139
-0.107
-0.034
-0.044
-0.027
-0.010
-0.028
-0.068
-0.080
-0.060
-0.181
-0.236
-0.212
-0.168
-0.144
-0.180
-0.194
-0.155
-0.043
-0.058
-0.057
-0.035
-0.016
-0.027
-0.023
-0.018
-0.075
-0.085
-0.103
-0.093
-0.028
-0.065
-0.054
-0.062
-0.004
-0.016
Cfz
RMS
0.060
0.095
0.172
0.142
0.026
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.025
0.023
0.025
0.028
0.035
0.042
0.048
0.044
0.025
0.029
0.027
0.032
0.048
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.059
0.066
0.064
0.052
0.051
0.056
0.061
0.056
0.038
0.039
0.042
0.050
0.052
0.051
0.052
0.048
0.048
0.056
0.050
0.046
0.061
0.072
0.081
0.072
0.061
0.061
Max
0.050
0.203
0.032
0.300
0.121
0.108
0.100
0.103
0.173
0.169
0.181
0.230
0.032
0.018
-0.034
0.007
0.049
0.043
0.075
0.108
0.184
0.106
0.054
0.072
-0.025
-0.076
-0.044
-0.012
0.002
-0.023
-0.038
0.009
0.126
0.125
0.144
0.167
0.258
0.255
0.274
0.240
0.098
0.135
0.057
0.059
0.167
0.216
0.311
0.224
0.315
0.316
Min
-0.427
-0.543
-1.310
-0.928
-0.112
-0.080
-0.071
-0.092
-0.035
-0.028
-0.014
-0.023
-0.289
-0.319
-0.347
-0.309
-0.196
-0.269
-0.185
-0.168
-0.246
-0.257
-0.297
-0.249
-0.448
-0.535
-0.507
-0.374
-0.365
-0.420
-0.474
-0.375
-0.255
-0.243
-0.266
-0.237
-0.323
-0.250
-0.306
-0.240
-0.314
-0.356
-0.357
-0.325
-0.335
-0.434
-0.489
-0.466
-0.291
-0.285
Mean
0.158
0.183
0.200
0.211
-0.037
-0.029
-0.020
-0.023
-0.045
-0.044
-0.055
-0.065
-0.070
-0.092
-0.113
-0.082
-0.030
-0.049
-0.036
-0.022
-0.026
-0.039
-0.055
-0.035
-0.111
-0.143
-0.120
-0.090
-0.101
-0.134
-0.166
-0.136
-0.036
-0.053
-0.038
-0.025
-0.020
-0.032
-0.042
-0.029
-0.140
-0.185
-0.143
-0.101
-0.085
-0.122
-0.157
-0.120
-0.020
-0.028
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.044
0.350
0.050
0.385
0.058
0.490
0.066
0.516
0.017
0.074
0.014
0.053
0.014
0.047
0.014
0.061
0.017
0.023
0.015
0.019
0.017
0.009
0.018
0.015
0.020 -0.004
0.021 -0.020
0.024 -0.025
0.022 -0.001
0.014
0.053
0.018
0.064
0.015
0.043
0.015
0.040
0.014
0.045
0.014
0.038
0.016
0.026
0.014
0.036
0.031 -0.012
0.030 -0.034
0.027 -0.045
0.024 -0.018
0.026 -0.025
0.033 -0.050
0.041 -0.070
0.038 -0.043
0.012
0.024
0.014
0.017
0.013
0.031
0.012
0.033
0.010
0.026
0.011
0.028
0.012
0.020
0.010
0.018
0.039 -0.046
0.050 -0.070
0.038 -0.052
0.031 -0.029
0.029 -0.019
0.035 -0.031
0.048 -0.053
0.038 -0.038
0.010
0.021
0.011
0.015
Min
0.059
0.066
0.060
0.061
-0.080
-0.071
-0.066
-0.068
-0.114
-0.112
-0.120
-0.152
-0.156
-0.186
-0.221
-0.182
-0.080
-0.110
-0.085
-0.068
-0.080
-0.096
-0.108
-0.082
-0.256
-0.269
-0.269
-0.206
-0.203
-0.287
-0.339
-0.317
-0.087
-0.109
-0.089
-0.066
-0.071
-0.085
-0.093
-0.079
-0.299
-0.394
-0.300
-0.237
-0.209
-0.290
-0.402
-0.290
-0.077
-0.079
Cfx
RMS
0.023
0.023
0.014
0.013
0.015
0.014
0.060
0.067
0.058
0.047
0.069
0.094
0.108
0.100
0.016
0.018
0.015
0.015
0.040
0.041
0.046
0.043
0.146
0.158
0.128
0.101
0.165
0.228
0.248
0.254
0.094
0.100
0.092
0.080
0.129
0.134
0.149
0.127
0.266
0.278
0.245
0.218
0.259
0.291
0.329
0.281
0.156
0.166
0.150
0.149
Max
0.185
0.150
0.111
0.109
0.119
0.103
0.433
0.508
0.422
0.343
0.501
0.646
0.812
0.759
0.122
0.170
0.120
0.103
0.259
0.336
0.406
0.388
1.179
1.314
0.966
0.888
1.324
1.909
2.255
1.986
0.688
0.833
0.766
0.502
0.866
1.160
1.282
0.908
2.271
2.626
2.112
1.894
1.963
2.476
2.857
2.254
1.257
1.456
1.077
0.902
Min
-0.074
-0.071
-0.057
-0.041
-0.030
-0.052
0.027
0.061
0.024
-0.002
0.002
0.069
0.118
0.046
-0.018
-0.001
-0.033
-0.034
-0.085
-0.025
0.040
-0.034
0.099
0.264
0.130
0.078
-0.018
0.193
0.354
0.212
-0.071
0.013
-0.049
-0.093
-0.163
-0.016
0.129
-0.049
0.437
0.630
0.372
0.215
0.186
0.436
0.730
0.471
0.023
0.142
-0.049
-0.175
B-37
Mean
0.000
0.023
0.071
0.085
0.108
0.091
0.354
0.411
0.392
0.281
0.566
0.901
1.197
0.960
0.201
0.307
0.195
0.128
0.186
0.284
0.438
0.303
1.156
1.425
1.044
0.669
0.603
1.016
1.168
1.040
0.351
0.482
0.385
0.225
0.195
0.308
0.388
0.271
0.663
0.807
0.678
0.523
0.257
0.342
0.451
0.359
0.154
0.192
0.136
0.109
Cfz
RMS
0.055
0.056
0.059
0.057
0.064
0.059
0.123
0.138
0.114
0.091
0.198
0.265
0.301
0.287
0.067
0.077
0.069
0.063
0.084
0.088
0.095
0.091
0.345
0.383
0.302
0.235
0.221
0.287
0.281
0.307
0.101
0.106
0.103
0.092
0.082
0.082
0.087
0.077
0.165
0.172
0.151
0.155
0.083
0.093
0.102
0.092
0.046
0.045
0.042
0.043
Max
0.323
0.302
0.478
0.374
0.508
0.459
0.985
1.090
0.950
0.796
1.589
1.954
2.538
2.339
0.562
0.728
0.541
0.442
0.503
0.725
0.831
0.801
2.703
3.012
2.194
2.052
1.739
2.370
2.554
2.393
0.739
0.956
0.827
0.574
0.607
0.811
0.832
0.588
1.390
1.569
1.312
1.258
0.647
0.749
0.875
0.722
0.465
0.433
0.335
0.293
Min
-0.292
-0.248
-0.248
-0.206
-0.184
-0.188
-0.066
-0.064
-0.025
-0.051
0.097
0.251
0.488
0.261
-0.124
-0.072
-0.155
-0.188
-0.238
-0.078
0.040
-0.194
0.242
0.528
0.266
0.156
-0.099
0.192
0.352
0.247
-0.103
-0.033
-0.059
-0.143
-0.175
-0.057
0.039
-0.064
0.262
0.361
0.239
0.128
0.063
0.120
0.190
0.135
-0.035
-0.001
-0.045
-0.111
Mean
-0.019
-0.014
-0.008
-0.014
-0.022
-0.016
-0.108
-0.135
-0.101
-0.067
-0.007
-0.007
-0.012
-0.006
0.005
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.010
0.018
0.026
0.022
0.103
0.115
0.093
0.057
0.053
0.096
0.044
0.071
0.016
0.010
0.023
0.011
0.009
0.004
-0.002
0.007
0.025
0.016
0.024
0.041
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.026
0.004
-0.008
-0.002
0.013
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.008
0.018
0.009
0.019
0.009
0.038
0.009
0.027
0.010
0.020
0.009
0.034
0.039 -0.018
0.044 -0.040
0.038 -0.016
0.031
0.001
0.022
0.076
0.027
0.082
0.033
0.093
0.031
0.114
0.010
0.057
0.011
0.080
0.010
0.068
0.010
0.054
0.013
0.077
0.013
0.112
0.013
0.107
0.014
0.117
0.038
0.270
0.045
0.316
0.035
0.244
0.028
0.212
0.033
0.230
0.043
0.308
0.026
0.198
0.039
0.253
0.017
0.114
0.016
0.132
0.018
0.141
0.016
0.106
0.015
0.129
0.018
0.152
0.016
0.132
0.014
0.110
0.015
0.101
0.015
0.113
0.020
0.148
0.027
0.176
0.018
0.127
0.021
0.127
0.017
0.095
0.018
0.116
0.014
0.139
0.013
0.089
0.014
0.101
0.014
0.095
Min
-0.076
-0.061
-0.074
-0.072
-0.079
-0.068
-0.287
-0.336
-0.279
-0.227
-0.108
-0.126
-0.162
-0.142
-0.059
-0.060
-0.057
-0.056
-0.062
-0.046
-0.057
-0.078
-0.007
-0.009
-0.017
-0.034
-0.048
-0.019
-0.035
-0.027
-0.061
-0.064
-0.062
-0.054
-0.065
-0.058
-0.065
-0.049
-0.026
-0.040
-0.046
-0.027
-0.033
-0.049
-0.038
-0.030
-0.045
-0.060
-0.045
-0.049
Cfx
RMS
0.150
0.152
0.169
0.153
0.314
0.375
0.303
0.253
0.170
0.172
0.138
0.117
0.134
0.154
0.129
0.102
0.095
0.077
0.086
0.090
0.086
0.093
0.088
0.077
0.081
0.071
0.055
0.057
0.052
0.086
0.104
0.089
0.146
0.177
0.148
0.126
0.157
0.130
0.111
0.105
0.098
0.114
0.111
0.131
0.152
0.116
0.111
0.157
0.173
0.225
Max
0.945
1.166
1.526
1.162
2.836
3.516
2.618
1.892
0.460
0.228
0.376
0.394
0.236
0.491
0.648
0.321
0.414
0.480
0.530
0.662
0.779
0.839
0.694
0.605
0.692
0.594
0.452
0.509
0.415
0.672
0.772
0.740
1.037
1.261
1.135
0.887
1.120
0.969
0.639
0.610
0.545
0.473
0.440
0.603
0.265
0.213
0.376
0.522
0.305
0.598
Min
-0.191
-0.100
0.196
-0.053
0.271
0.866
0.454
0.293
-0.844
-1.127
-0.757
-0.619
-0.950
-0.843
-0.470
-0.653
-0.409
-0.182
-0.255
-0.140
0.041
0.008
0.035
0.093
0.162
0.097
0.057
0.063
0.054
0.017
0.011
0.039
-0.058
-0.184
-0.137
-0.140
-0.191
-0.106
-0.316
-0.324
-0.314
-0.546
-0.568
-0.484
-0.884
-0.783
-0.517
-0.804
-1.076
-1.164
B-38
Mean
0.012
-0.017
-0.021
-0.011
0.006
0.007
-0.002
-0.010
0.062
0.007
0.025
0.015
0.042
0.064
-0.032
0.034
-0.019
-0.130
-0.094
-0.182
-0.572
-0.582
-0.545
-0.852
-1.023
-0.860
-0.217
-0.153
-0.262
0.237
0.251
0.271
0.269
0.251
0.235
0.195
0.241
0.234
0.084
0.117
0.085
0.032
0.029
0.014
-0.005
-0.004
0.002
0.012
-0.033
-0.002
Cfz
RMS
0.023
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.027
0.029
0.030
0.023
0.044
0.030
0.029
0.030
0.025
0.044
0.072
0.043
0.045
0.079
0.081
0.086
0.166
0.175
0.173
0.252
0.253
0.245
0.146
0.137
0.156
0.140
0.163
0.136
0.173
0.190
0.168
0.103
0.125
0.108
0.063
0.067
0.060
0.037
0.038
0.043
0.027
0.018
0.021
0.058
0.061
0.077
Max
0.169
0.114
0.156
0.131
0.130
0.152
0.131
0.102
0.256
0.121
0.162
0.155
0.190
0.244
0.209
0.239
0.173
0.143
0.218
0.103
-0.068
-0.053
-0.107
-0.280
-0.446
-0.265
0.154
0.222
0.214
0.975
1.013
0.970
1.046
1.154
1.096
0.733
0.888
0.809
0.350
0.420
0.361
0.184
0.207
0.188
0.100
0.079
0.083
0.240
0.151
0.271
Min
-0.068
-0.078
-0.081
-0.068
-0.079
-0.081
-0.105
-0.081
-0.106
-0.200
-0.137
-0.107
-0.025
-0.104
-0.329
-0.153
-0.203
-0.486
-0.496
-0.623
-1.484
-1.645
-1.364
-2.020
-2.147
-2.014
-1.015
-0.964
-1.122
-0.311
-0.428
-0.262
-0.308
-0.449
-0.425
-0.132
-0.148
-0.143
-0.129
-0.097
-0.134
-0.113
-0.138
-0.142
-0.127
-0.098
-0.122
-0.319
-0.399
-0.362
Mean
0.008
-0.011
-0.014
-0.007
0.004
0.004
-0.002
-0.006
0.041
0.005
0.016
0.009
0.002
0.024
0.012
0.006
0.003
0.001
0.008
0.000
-0.023
-0.019
-0.020
0.026
0.043
0.022
0.121
0.127
0.125
0.119
0.145
0.127
0.103
0.125
0.102
0.028
0.017
0.048
0.009
-0.036
-0.014
-0.011
-0.020
-0.001
0.003
0.003
-0.001
0.009
0.010
0.030
Cmy
RMS
0.015
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.018
0.019
0.020
0.015
0.029
0.020
0.019
0.016
0.017
0.024
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.019
0.020
0.018
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.036
0.038
0.034
0.037
0.045
0.039
0.035
0.047
0.038
0.025
0.030
0.024
0.019
0.021
0.022
0.016
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.012
0.014
0.020
0.019
0.030
Max
0.112
0.076
0.103
0.086
0.086
0.101
0.086
0.067
0.169
0.080
0.107
0.076
0.068
0.128
0.096
0.067
0.065
0.071
0.074
0.079
0.066
0.068
0.050
0.128
0.140
0.122
0.299
0.337
0.274
0.315
0.367
0.322
0.280
0.369
0.317
0.153
0.173
0.172
0.099
0.060
0.093
0.069
0.062
0.086
0.084
0.065
0.081
0.112
0.092
0.152
Min
-0.045
-0.052
-0.053
-0.045
-0.052
-0.053
-0.070
-0.053
-0.070
-0.132
-0.091
-0.093
-0.113
-0.074
-0.057
-0.089
-0.076
-0.051
-0.045
-0.053
-0.105
-0.121
-0.102
-0.074
-0.065
-0.090
0.038
0.042
0.036
0.026
0.037
0.037
0.007
-0.001
0.009
-0.075
-0.072
-0.046
-0.068
-0.121
-0.105
-0.079
-0.098
-0.066
-0.066
-0.052
-0.055
-0.108
-0.112
-0.114
Cfx
RMS
0.168
0.149
0.147
0.098
0.117
0.094
0.091
0.124
0.106
0.084
0.091
0.074
0.048
0.051
0.056
0.054
0.061
0.047
0.052
0.058
0.053
0.056
0.055
0.064
0.111
0.072
0.085
0.106
0.103
0.167
0.237
0.108
0.119
0.092
0.077
0.157
0.091
0.056
0.064
0.050
0.048
0.053
0.048
0.057
0.050
0.051
0.053
0.049
0.074
0.092
Max
0.860
0.465
0.685
0.562
0.692
0.635
0.778
0.953
0.816
0.601
0.704
0.661
0.368
0.428
0.425
0.397
0.527
0.386
0.442
0.488
0.440
0.338
0.357
0.353
0.272
0.158
0.302
0.277
0.104
0.219
1.314
0.615
0.506
0.387
0.547
0.998
0.626
0.399
0.316
0.388
0.456
0.413
0.394
0.444
0.412
0.400
0.448
0.398
0.527
0.713
Min
-0.741
-0.816
-0.687
-0.278
-0.308
-0.191
0.053
0.102
0.038
0.036
0.077
0.044
0.009
0.029
0.011
0.010
0.014
0.008
-0.012
-0.008
-0.009
-0.125
-0.154
-0.175
-0.613
-0.441
-0.421
-0.667
-0.761
-1.021
-0.325
-0.365
-0.532
-0.365
-0.239
-0.135
-0.088
-0.162
-0.170
-0.050
-0.053
-0.025
-0.014
-0.014
-0.012
0.017
0.036
0.019
0.051
0.077
B-39
Mean
0.016
-0.018
0.058
0.153
0.162
0.159
0.625
0.841
0.629
0.794
1.057
0.755
0.341
0.454
0.325
-0.028
-0.004
-0.010
-0.066
-0.072
-0.072
-0.052
-0.045
-0.063
0.058
0.016
-0.007
0.008
0.028
0.063
-0.130
-0.024
0.001
-0.015
-0.038
-0.215
-0.177
-0.046
-0.044
-0.054
-0.033
-0.079
0.002
0.008
-0.018
0.223
0.317
0.224
0.733
0.949
Cfz
RMS
0.108
0.095
0.097
0.113
0.135
0.108
0.202
0.273
0.236
0.237
0.261
0.219
0.098
0.121
0.119
0.063
0.077
0.059
0.054
0.062
0.052
0.051
0.051
0.057
0.064
0.043
0.049
0.034
0.031
0.049
0.061
0.037
0.039
0.057
0.049
0.083
0.076
0.054
0.058
0.052
0.052
0.053
0.055
0.071
0.060
0.091
0.107
0.082
0.208
0.237
Max
0.553
0.389
0.464
0.734
0.876
0.672
1.715
2.045
1.753
1.903
2.241
2.130
0.785
0.964
0.930
0.219
0.342
0.218
0.118
0.141
0.117
0.131
0.150
0.145
0.302
0.203
0.232
0.188
0.209
0.286
0.065
0.086
0.137
0.175
0.113
0.043
0.063
0.127
0.140
0.103
0.130
0.098
0.204
0.338
0.204
0.658
0.786
0.625
1.682
2.050
Min
-0.518
-0.536
-0.430
-0.423
-0.474
-0.314
-0.004
0.121
0.043
0.113
0.379
0.228
-0.018
0.093
-0.071
-0.309
-0.394
-0.328
-0.365
-0.436
-0.353
-0.297
-0.325
-0.331
-0.184
-0.162
-0.222
-0.155
-0.108
-0.129
-0.405
-0.243
-0.231
-0.273
-0.348
-0.553
-0.517
-0.362
-0.309
-0.351
-0.378
-0.360
-0.290
-0.383
-0.345
-0.121
-0.093
-0.124
0.212
0.368
Mean
0.023
0.013
0.008
0.009
0.006
0.011
0.042
0.054
0.041
0.006
0.011
0.010
-0.081
-0.100
-0.091
-0.082
-0.101
-0.075
-0.050
-0.061
-0.049
-0.006
-0.008
-0.005
0.021
0.014
0.008
0.012
0.013
0.019
0.015
0.012
0.008
0.018
0.013
0.013
-0.009
0.004
0.007
-0.027
-0.027
-0.039
-0.061
-0.078
-0.060
-0.084
-0.098
-0.082
-0.004
0.005
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.026
0.143
0.022
0.121
0.022
0.140
0.023
0.154
0.028
0.180
0.023
0.117
0.031
0.201
0.037
0.224
0.033
0.219
0.034
0.159
0.037
0.151
0.031
0.123
0.032 -0.006
0.034 -0.019
0.037 -0.007
0.028 -0.022
0.033 -0.024
0.024 -0.017
0.016 -0.005
0.018 -0.005
0.017 -0.003
0.013
0.064
0.013
0.065
0.014
0.060
0.017
0.110
0.012
0.080
0.014
0.088
0.014
0.101
0.012
0.088
0.020
0.114
0.021
0.107
0.015
0.103
0.015
0.097
0.014
0.095
0.014
0.084
0.021
0.104
0.016
0.052
0.011
0.066
0.012
0.061
0.015
0.012
0.014
0.013
0.016
0.004
0.025 -0.010
0.032 -0.012
0.026 -0.010
0.034 -0.011
0.035 -0.024
0.032 -0.013
0.032
0.113
0.039
0.127
Min
-0.132
-0.113
-0.110
-0.105
-0.129
-0.095
-0.096
-0.083
-0.080
-0.166
-0.152
-0.149
-0.243
-0.283
-0.281
-0.219
-0.285
-0.205
-0.154
-0.154
-0.152
-0.052
-0.062
-0.071
-0.040
-0.022
-0.039
-0.034
-0.040
-0.048
-0.057
-0.037
-0.044
-0.031
-0.025
-0.058
-0.077
-0.052
-0.046
-0.112
-0.140
-0.133
-0.219
-0.246
-0.213
-0.265
-0.296
-0.264
-0.139
-0.184
Cfx
RMS
0.083
0.114
0.143
0.126
0.232
0.148
0.144
0.184
0.174
0.290
0.336
0.197
0.201
0.173
0.167
0.316
0.272
0.146
0.140
0.121
0.126
0.195
0.119
0.107
0.104
0.070
0.078
0.072
0.049
0.051
0.048
0.044
0.044
0.045
0.080
0.090
0.084
0.114
0.122
0.114
0.125
0.126
0.118
0.114
0.117
0.134
0.184
0.133
0.116
0.126
Max
0.605
0.836
0.990
0.999
1.550
1.125
1.103
0.953
1.064
1.731
1.572
1.058
1.005
0.849
0.698
1.411
1.790
0.918
0.763
0.694
0.775
1.186
1.032
0.808
0.812
0.648
0.615
0.651
0.421
0.430
0.406
0.353
0.381
0.363
0.629
0.717
0.637
0.852
0.878
0.858
0.911
0.913
0.881
0.710
0.643
0.807
1.051
0.631
0.523
0.410
Min
0.032
-0.014
0.046
0.024
-0.170
-0.226
-0.235
-0.551
-0.516
-0.513
-0.780
-0.696
-0.805
-0.804
-0.844
-0.736
-0.398
-0.479
-0.498
-0.375
-0.434
-0.276
-0.042
-0.245
-0.170
-0.008
-0.048
0.022
0.051
0.086
0.063
0.031
0.018
0.035
-0.015
-0.030
-0.011
-0.104
-0.112
-0.065
-0.164
-0.283
-0.153
-0.351
-0.415
-0.367
-0.470
-0.655
-0.444
-0.681
B-40
Mean
0.694
0.461
0.649
0.596
0.370
0.148
0.162
0.043
0.048
0.232
0.066
0.020
0.016
0.024
0.009
0.012
-0.094
-0.005
-0.003
-0.044
0.005
-0.105
-0.246
-0.063
-0.110
-0.285
-0.340
-0.428
-0.584
-0.713
-0.581
-0.169
-0.099
-0.145
0.214
0.155
0.187
0.205
0.203
0.250
0.125
0.165
0.145
0.015
0.017
0.013
-0.030
-0.020
-0.017
-0.014
Cfz
RMS
0.235
0.219
0.268
0.237
0.265
0.161
0.161
0.117
0.114
0.192
0.114
0.068
0.062
0.033
0.026
0.041
0.067
0.031
0.042
0.057
0.052
0.095
0.110
0.082
0.087
0.125
0.144
0.141
0.165
0.162
0.169
0.123
0.099
0.114
0.142
0.156
0.148
0.142
0.140
0.143
0.089
0.095
0.095
0.049
0.053
0.051
0.042
0.030
0.028
0.023
Max
1.727
1.681
1.901
1.910
1.786
1.258
1.257
0.732
0.756
1.213
0.602
0.379
0.367
0.201
0.174
0.202
0.108
0.111
0.205
0.191
0.194
0.143
0.011
0.216
0.146
0.023
0.072
-0.061
-0.110
-0.276
-0.119
0.188
0.236
0.211
0.862
1.035
0.790
0.893
0.908
0.958
0.631
0.627
0.711
0.298
0.235
0.234
0.193
0.112
0.089
0.072
Min
0.160
-0.049
-0.005
-0.061
-0.228
-0.301
-0.286
-0.388
-0.387
-0.281
-0.312
-0.250
-0.287
-0.152
-0.143
-0.193
-0.483
-0.184
-0.184
-0.327
-0.314
-0.633
-1.026
-0.662
-0.681
-1.100
-1.116
-1.288
-1.414
-1.390
-1.355
-0.807
-0.621
-0.802
-0.315
-0.431
-0.398
-0.295
-0.262
-0.224
-0.197
-0.235
-0.174
-0.168
-0.209
-0.180
-0.196
-0.177
-0.139
-0.150
Mean
0.005
0.023
0.032
0.019
0.019
0.007
0.015
0.014
0.006
0.017
0.013
0.007
0.018
0.016
0.006
0.008
0.012
0.007
0.008
0.012
0.011
0.024
0.010
0.017
0.014
-0.001
-0.003
-0.015
0.015
0.020
0.013
0.100
0.100
0.097
0.105
0.119
0.101
0.079
0.090
0.084
0.056
0.051
0.048
0.020
0.018
0.031
0.033
0.009
0.006
0.009
Cmy
RMS
0.034
0.027
0.032
0.032
0.033
0.025
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.033
0.031
0.021
0.022
0.022
0.017
0.027
0.023
0.016
0.020
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.016
0.016
0.014
0.015
0.020
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.029
0.029
0.030
0.034
0.040
0.036
0.028
0.033
0.029
0.031
0.027
0.024
0.019
0.020
0.026
0.023
0.017
0.016
0.015
Max
0.113
0.161
0.208
0.182
0.230
0.158
0.162
0.163
0.143
0.206
0.171
0.141
0.119
0.133
0.115
0.134
0.120
0.114
0.109
0.119
0.138
0.121
0.107
0.123
0.107
0.073
0.096
0.062
0.078
0.092
0.089
0.234
0.252
0.240
0.274
0.339
0.287
0.227
0.272
0.255
0.208
0.207
0.194
0.154
0.155
0.159
0.135
0.128
0.100
0.099
Min
-0.163
-0.095
-0.124
-0.110
-0.107
-0.124
-0.102
-0.099
-0.114
-0.117
-0.129
-0.093
-0.093
-0.100
-0.095
-0.127
-0.083
-0.060
-0.070
-0.060
-0.055
-0.039
-0.046
-0.038
-0.026
-0.071
-0.087
-0.103
-0.086
-0.060
-0.076
0.021
0.012
0.023
0.022
0.027
0.018
-0.001
0.000
-0.002
-0.031
-0.051
-0.048
-0.051
-0.059
-0.052
-0.038
-0.057
-0.056
-0.047
Cfx
RMS
0.125
0.249
0.214
0.144
0.214
0.174
0.153
0.226
0.183
0.138
0.141
0.113
0.122
0.141
0.129
0.122
0.111
0.090
0.090
0.092
0.045
0.042
0.044
0.041
0.037
0.047
0.074
0.089
0.085
0.146
0.143
0.154
0.217
0.169
0.202
0.256
0.186
0.273
0.304
0.204
0.293
0.313
0.225
0.306
0.305
0.263
0.272
0.193
0.236
0.244
Max
0.653
1.454
1.309
0.865
1.184
0.923
0.957
1.370
1.172
0.895
0.914
0.768
0.841
0.899
0.976
0.987
0.831
0.697
0.711
0.676
0.361
0.354
0.363
0.368
0.363
0.422
0.733
0.756
0.690
1.237
0.966
1.261
1.575
1.284
1.299
1.417
1.230
1.600
1.767
1.401
1.683
1.677
1.458
1.828
1.901
2.177
1.682
1.316
1.614
1.771
Min
-0.453
-0.419
-0.317
-0.305
-0.417
-0.425
-0.298
-0.238
-0.238
-0.342
-0.266
-0.138
-0.272
-0.192
-0.146
-0.129
-0.097
0.002
-0.054
-0.013
0.019
0.024
0.022
0.046
0.063
0.068
0.032
-0.087
-0.014
-0.119
-0.198
-0.021
-0.216
-0.307
-0.290
-0.457
-0.416
-0.328
-0.590
-0.491
-0.565
-0.519
-0.452
-0.535
-0.236
-0.396
-0.237
-0.059
-0.181
-0.142
B-41
Mean
-0.018
-0.042
-0.048
-0.013
-0.027
0.008
0.013
0.019
0.058
0.036
0.033
0.126
0.121
0.167
0.260
0.185
0.199
0.214
0.161
0.272
-0.090
-0.043
-0.118
-0.490
-0.532
-0.599
-0.389
-0.225
-0.285
-0.199
-0.107
-0.330
-0.214
-0.063
-0.119
-0.050
-0.030
-0.076
0.000
0.005
0.005
0.111
0.070
0.096
0.327
0.191
0.257
0.374
0.371
0.473
Cfz
RMS
0.022
0.033
0.036
0.024
0.029
0.037
0.033
0.047
0.069
0.055
0.056
0.084
0.088
0.107
0.165
0.142
0.140
0.162
0.157
0.162
0.121
0.100
0.129
0.159
0.134
0.177
0.139
0.155
0.147
0.126
0.118
0.139
0.108
0.081
0.100
0.061
0.045
0.060
0.047
0.027
0.038
0.100
0.073
0.106
0.207
0.173
0.181
0.221
0.275
0.291
Max
0.047
0.068
0.074
0.057
0.069
0.189
0.194
0.260
0.400
0.293
0.328
0.580
0.629
0.695
1.090
1.062
0.959
1.023
0.990
1.062
0.277
0.341
0.294
-0.052
-0.130
-0.161
-0.070
0.159
0.035
0.097
0.151
0.012
0.114
0.120
0.137
0.127
0.089
0.088
0.279
0.189
0.206
0.573
0.505
0.586
1.330
1.489
1.245
1.599
1.856
2.106
Min
-0.151
-0.216
-0.216
-0.166
-0.176
-0.131
-0.115
-0.142
-0.170
-0.189
-0.151
-0.170
-0.252
-0.193
-0.299
-0.382
-0.307
-0.355
-0.505
-0.314
-0.840
-0.600
-1.073
-1.426
-1.256
-1.513
-1.375
-1.452
-1.204
-1.072
-0.847
-1.214
-0.770
-0.658
-0.637
-0.375
-0.285
-0.394
-0.185
-0.124
-0.157
-0.236
-0.238
-0.284
-0.258
-0.262
-0.195
-0.116
-0.215
-0.254
Mean
0.012
0.028
0.032
0.009
0.018
0.022
0.016
0.053
0.058
0.027
0.029
0.045
0.048
0.069
0.093
0.086
0.078
0.111
0.123
0.117
0.103
0.096
0.095
0.008
0.016
0.013
-0.006
0.008
0.009
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.030
0.012
0.017
0.015
0.007
0.019
0.000
0.003
0.003
0.005
0.003
0.004
0.019
0.009
0.014
0.017
0.019
0.031
Cmy
RMS
0.015
0.022
0.024
0.016
0.019
0.020
0.020
0.025
0.032
0.026
0.023
0.025
0.031
0.034
0.033
0.035
0.028
0.039
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.027
0.029
0.018
0.015
0.017
0.015
0.019
0.015
0.016
0.018
0.018
0.024
0.018
0.020
0.024
0.018
0.028
0.031
0.018
0.025
0.028
0.021
0.031
0.037
0.028
0.031
0.033
0.036
0.040
Max
0.100
0.143
0.143
0.110
0.117
0.126
0.119
0.172
0.228
0.161
0.175
0.183
0.222
0.228
0.263
0.291
0.224
0.316
0.316
0.327
0.239
0.234
0.240
0.080
0.090
0.087
0.058
0.123
0.095
0.125
0.134
0.108
0.161
0.127
0.119
0.161
0.143
0.164
0.184
0.125
0.136
0.168
0.156
0.172
0.219
0.212
0.217
0.240
0.244
0.274
Min
-0.031
-0.045
-0.049
-0.037
-0.046
-0.034
-0.035
-0.022
-0.026
-0.038
-0.032
-0.024
-0.041
-0.029
-0.010
-0.005
0.005
0.029
0.022
0.022
0.012
0.016
0.015
-0.103
-0.068
-0.092
-0.111
-0.081
-0.055
-0.026
-0.036
-0.046
-0.042
-0.050
-0.046
-0.076
-0.054
-0.076
-0.122
-0.082
-0.104
-0.107
-0.106
-0.130
-0.117
-0.109
-0.094
-0.126
-0.136
-0.110
Cfx
RMS
0.159
0.175
0.141
0.090
0.104
0.094
0.051
0.053
0.056
0.057
0.059
0.055
0.062
0.051
0.059
0.089
0.064
0.095
0.141
0.096
0.135
0.175
0.119
0.196
0.266
0.197
0.134
0.100
0.090
0.120
0.166
0.254
0.185
0.124
0.081
0.067
0.056
0.063
0.085
0.136
0.096
0.054
0.047
0.039
0.026
0.031
0.035
0.067
0.051
0.023
Max
1.175
1.205
1.058
0.716
0.835
0.783
0.371
0.433
0.384
0.434
0.498
0.487
0.484
0.325
0.426
0.618
0.422
0.676
0.796
0.635
0.812
0.821
0.690
1.020
2.103
1.731
1.152
0.719
0.593
0.977
1.586
1.995
1.377
1.135
0.654
0.439
0.321
0.491
0.732
1.120
0.659
0.418
0.312
0.225
0.162
0.217
0.253
0.442
0.352
0.214
Min
0.026
0.005
0.021
0.029
0.003
0.068
0.006
0.016
-0.007
-0.009
-0.026
0.010
-0.010
-0.086
-0.057
-0.134
-0.123
-0.007
-0.251
-0.220
-0.253
-0.467
-0.350
-0.357
0.281
0.199
0.069
-0.136
-0.179
-0.027
0.170
0.270
0.181
0.004
-0.011
-0.148
-0.140
-0.111
-0.025
0.012
-0.019
-0.065
-0.107
-0.096
-0.093
-0.085
-0.070
-0.040
-0.049
-0.042
B-42
Mean
0.704
0.725
0.599
0.801
1.017
0.831
0.376
0.514
0.391
-0.021
0.012
-0.024
-0.128
-0.036
-0.077
-0.116
-0.067
-0.222
-0.168
-0.069
-0.101
-0.048
-0.034
-0.094
-0.019
0.020
0.038
0.024
-0.019
-0.049
-0.126
-0.219
-0.311
-0.184
-0.079
-0.031
-0.027
-0.063
-0.156
-0.312
-0.195
-0.080
-0.018
-0.005
0.007
-0.015
0.003
-0.049
0.079
0.121
Cfz
RMS
0.318
0.349
0.276
0.244
0.259
0.239
0.110
0.135
0.141
0.062
0.067
0.060
0.061
0.055
0.060
0.078
0.062
0.087
0.088
0.064
0.080
0.055
0.043
0.065
0.033
0.039
0.030
0.023
0.028
0.039
0.057
0.073
0.106
0.075
0.042
0.034
0.043
0.050
0.076
0.121
0.111
0.070
0.060
0.051
0.062
0.072
0.080
0.099
0.114
0.091
Max
2.358
2.413
2.103
2.041
2.272
1.973
0.921
1.168
1.072
0.183
0.317
0.247
0.077
0.169
0.116
0.096
0.118
0.011
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.106
0.105
0.110
0.091
0.126
0.125
0.086
0.075
0.084
-0.009
-0.017
-0.056
-0.002
0.076
0.112
0.198
0.160
0.076
0.043
0.104
0.196
0.268
0.240
0.436
0.357
0.370
0.284
0.583
0.603
Min
-0.026
-0.016
-0.015
0.173
0.210
0.225
-0.005
0.065
-0.040
-0.413
-0.345
-0.398
-0.429
-0.298
-0.416
-0.529
-0.381
-0.606
-0.598
-0.452
-0.473
-0.305
-0.272
-0.389
-0.169
-0.182
-0.147
-0.117
-0.200
-0.294
-0.453
-0.533
-0.712
-0.578
-0.342
-0.301
-0.231
-0.349
-0.607
-0.882
-0.752
-0.463
-0.328
-0.261
-0.257
-0.382
-0.408
-0.561
-0.412
-0.317
Mean
0.031
0.037
0.028
0.007
0.010
-0.012
-0.079
-0.085
-0.074
-0.059
-0.068
-0.073
-0.052
-0.021
-0.027
0.002
-0.001
-0.011
0.020
0.007
0.017
0.022
0.005
0.026
0.012
-0.013
-0.025
-0.016
-0.021
-0.041
-0.034
-0.017
-0.028
-0.043
-0.047
-0.026
-0.028
-0.047
-0.041
-0.035
-0.051
-0.037
-0.039
-0.024
-0.019
-0.028
-0.031
-0.063
-0.060
-0.027
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.037
0.207
0.038
0.245
0.035
0.235
0.039
0.130
0.045
0.151
0.039
0.111
0.034 -0.004
0.035 -0.010
0.037
0.004
0.029 -0.007
0.033 -0.006
0.029 -0.018
0.019 -0.006
0.014
0.019
0.017
0.013
0.013
0.059
0.011
0.064
0.016
0.068
0.022
0.143
0.016
0.092
0.017
0.105
0.020
0.113
0.017
0.105
0.023
0.140
0.022
0.112
0.026
0.121
0.020
0.097
0.015
0.078
0.015
0.071
0.021
0.073
0.025
0.074
0.021
0.068
0.021
0.059
0.024
0.083
0.018
0.055
0.014
0.072
0.014
0.041
0.016
0.048
0.020
0.059
0.021
0.067
0.023
0.012
0.015
0.027
0.013
0.022
0.010
0.024
0.010
0.022
0.012
0.025
0.014
0.012
0.030
0.003
0.034
0.032
0.015
0.028
Min
-0.122
-0.113
-0.120
-0.181
-0.198
-0.229
-0.245
-0.286
-0.254
-0.219
-0.282
-0.261
-0.154
-0.100
-0.122
-0.066
-0.049
-0.082
-0.055
-0.043
-0.040
-0.042
-0.044
-0.048
-0.060
-0.084
-0.082
-0.057
-0.065
-0.108
-0.112
-0.096
-0.117
-0.128
-0.103
-0.077
-0.078
-0.116
-0.126
-0.142
-0.159
-0.115
-0.095
-0.068
-0.068
-0.090
-0.109
-0.211
-0.233
-0.141
Cfx
RMS
0.018
0.015
0.016
0.019
0.026
0.053
0.089
0.050
0.046
0.045
0.089
0.099
0.103
0.142
0.201
0.160
0.146
0.129
0.142
0.185
0.218
0.247
0.307
0.236
0.186
0.145
0.354
0.462
0.504
0.500
0.498
0.470
0.422
0.348
0.299
0.356
0.417
0.389
0.275
0.296
0.290
0.253
0.164
0.188
0.165
0.170
0.099
0.114
0.119
0.114
Max
0.145
0.128
0.131
0.161
0.232
0.402
0.733
0.406
0.385
0.375
0.592
0.813
0.775
1.205
1.578
1.283
1.113
1.074
1.036
1.515
1.796
2.089
2.564
2.165
1.531
0.971
2.814
3.696
4.477
4.319
4.337
4.075
3.647
2.576
2.296
2.943
3.378
3.378
2.224
2.468
2.371
1.870
1.303
1.405
1.288
1.321
0.721
0.838
0.944
0.780
Min
-0.060
-0.060
-0.032
-0.019
-0.005
0.012
0.019
0.006
0.006
-0.057
-0.097
-0.053
-0.056
0.046
0.114
0.033
-0.064
-0.224
-0.416
-0.010
0.187
0.228
0.319
0.006
0.008
-0.136
0.304
0.671
0.956
1.077
0.911
1.114
0.382
0.282
0.210
0.579
0.858
0.631
0.416
0.537
0.396
0.198
0.120
0.250
0.187
0.200
0.076
0.121
0.062
0.011
B-43
Mean
0.104
0.091
0.187
0.281
0.273
0.255
0.424
0.388
0.387
0.265
0.254
0.390
0.440
0.491
0.478
0.397
0.323
0.195
0.101
0.178
0.260
0.300
0.034
0.005
-0.010
-0.003
0.038
0.039
0.016
0.022
0.670
0.667
0.493
0.328
0.586
0.855
1.097
1.048
1.287
1.409
1.242
0.887
1.261
1.587
1.478
1.231
0.835
1.098
1.323
1.087
Cfz
RMS
0.075
0.062
0.073
0.082
0.097
0.115
0.137
0.112
0.100
0.092
0.094
0.110
0.122
0.153
0.147
0.109
0.094
0.080
0.043
0.058
0.071
0.092
0.038
0.034
0.025
0.019
0.030
0.034
0.031
0.033
0.156
0.140
0.130
0.112
0.184
0.217
0.250
0.245
0.352
0.367
0.313
0.283
0.402
0.461
0.383
0.371
0.261
0.290
0.330
0.332
Max
0.576
0.556
0.583
0.680
0.772
0.714
1.053
0.808
0.849
0.804
0.696
0.914
1.001
1.248
1.181
0.898
0.749
0.683
0.384
0.495
0.612
0.706
0.258
0.204
0.191
0.153
0.225
0.231
0.178
0.170
1.327
1.222
1.093
0.849
1.411
1.840
2.027
2.128
2.832
2.878
2.616
2.175
3.094
3.349
2.871
2.843
1.964
2.259
2.755
2.654
Min
-0.219
-0.204
-0.182
-0.138
-0.199
-0.245
-0.080
-0.051
-0.087
-0.197
-0.145
-0.174
-0.103
0.004
-0.015
-0.084
-0.174
-0.193
-0.167
-0.058
0.006
-0.013
-0.081
-0.105
-0.086
-0.061
-0.052
-0.070
-0.089
-0.102
0.244
0.315
0.113
0.088
0.128
0.340
0.502
0.406
0.502
0.609
0.406
0.230
0.343
0.556
0.438
0.374
0.177
0.427
0.337
0.368
Mean
-0.023
-0.014
0.008
0.006
-0.006
-0.042
-0.004
0.025
0.027
0.017
0.006
0.010
0.029
0.030
0.049
0.018
0.002
0.001
-0.002
-0.004
0.011
0.035
0.023
0.004
-0.007
-0.002
0.025
0.026
0.010
0.014
0.050
0.039
0.030
0.029
0.026
0.023
0.024
0.056
0.122
0.097
0.043
0.042
0.117
0.138
0.120
0.081
-0.042
-0.039
-0.021
-0.001
Cmy
RMS
0.012
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.017
0.036
0.035
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.017
0.021
0.024
0.032
0.035
0.027
0.023
0.017
0.014
0.019
0.022
0.031
0.025
0.022
0.016
0.013
0.020
0.023
0.021
0.022
0.029
0.022
0.020
0.017
0.015
0.019
0.025
0.041
0.047
0.051
0.026
0.026
0.047
0.054
0.042
0.039
0.032
0.038
0.040
0.034
Max
0.040
0.040
0.067
0.072
0.057
0.045
0.113
0.112
0.142
0.125
0.131
0.164
0.205
0.161
0.233
0.183
0.173
0.136
0.132
0.122
0.171
0.198
0.170
0.135
0.126
0.101
0.149
0.153
0.118
0.113
0.197
0.140
0.116
0.122
0.121
0.122
0.142
0.266
0.346
0.331
0.218
0.223
0.340
0.355
0.312
0.273
0.075
0.085
0.123
0.136
Min
-0.096
-0.084
-0.065
-0.077
-0.122
-0.206
-0.165
-0.089
-0.066
-0.079
-0.064
-0.092
-0.083
-0.109
-0.085
-0.093
-0.107
-0.066
-0.068
-0.075
-0.069
-0.086
-0.054
-0.069
-0.057
-0.040
-0.034
-0.046
-0.059
-0.068
-0.032
-0.039
-0.034
-0.023
-0.026
-0.067
-0.078
-0.065
-0.008
-0.016
-0.040
-0.034
-0.025
-0.021
-0.020
-0.076
-0.177
-0.227
-0.203
-0.143
Cfx
RMS
0.071
0.075
0.064
0.057
0.073
0.081
0.096
0.083
0.103
0.108
0.115
0.108
0.163
0.169
0.171
0.128
0.156
0.223
0.265
0.244
0.356
0.352
0.329
0.222
0.244
0.357
0.432
0.415
0.386
0.371
0.239
0.107
0.100
0.249
0.319
0.335
0.248
0.253
0.185
0.075
0.060
0.133
0.175
0.162
0.118
0.126
0.089
0.056
0.063
0.070
Max
0.555
0.548
0.475
0.409
0.547
0.650
0.747
0.620
0.808
0.828
0.907
0.867
1.311
1.357
1.359
0.989
1.200
1.720
2.133
1.979
3.197
2.920
2.718
1.746
1.868
2.809
3.482
3.389
3.097
3.053
0.976
0.251
0.262
1.186
2.665
2.585
1.883
2.034
0.982
0.322
0.486
0.849
1.383
1.319
0.976
0.953
0.667
0.457
0.504
0.577
Min
0.033
0.056
0.046
0.011
0.014
0.051
0.064
0.020
0.069
0.113
0.139
0.088
0.246
0.262
0.226
0.059
0.157
0.366
0.477
0.426
0.686
0.630
0.414
0.059
0.307
0.626
0.802
0.810
0.359
0.528
-0.765
-0.620
-0.607
-0.674
0.411
0.385
0.272
0.428
-0.407
-0.433
-0.137
-0.083
0.202
0.203
0.132
0.144
0.012
-0.053
0.012
0.039
B-44
Mean
0.427
0.437
0.403
0.296
-0.052
-0.058
-0.065
-0.059
-0.072
-0.070
-0.188
-0.221
-0.324
-0.296
-0.197
-0.109
-0.132
-0.250
-0.328
-0.337
-0.205
-0.212
-0.170
-0.091
0.052
0.082
0.113
0.107
0.087
0.068
-0.025
-0.002
0.016
-0.052
-0.204
-0.167
-0.322
-0.363
-0.100
-0.007
-0.049
-0.154
-0.335
-0.352
-0.286
-0.235
-0.114
-0.057
-0.048
-0.035
Cfz
RMS
0.147
0.154
0.125
0.112
0.076
0.082
0.101
0.090
0.058
0.062
0.080
0.081
0.094
0.088
0.076
0.061
0.057
0.078
0.093
0.092
0.064
0.064
0.063
0.044
0.026
0.034
0.040
0.035
0.033
0.038
0.031
0.017
0.031
0.067
0.067
0.061
0.099
0.102
0.086
0.044
0.056
0.089
0.098
0.100
0.098
0.093
0.070
0.056
0.072
0.080
Max
1.217
1.232
0.988
0.856
0.226
0.252
0.371
0.275
0.121
0.160
0.051
0.035
-0.088
-0.077
-0.004
0.091
-0.005
-0.068
-0.122
-0.108
-0.050
-0.046
-0.017
0.039
0.172
0.224
0.283
0.278
0.243
0.223
0.097
0.081
0.181
0.172
-0.026
-0.020
-0.064
-0.126
0.158
0.214
0.126
0.074
-0.046
-0.056
-0.038
0.046
0.130
0.134
0.247
0.269
Min
-0.066
-0.093
-0.116
-0.094
-0.431
-0.479
-0.528
-0.560
-0.371
-0.378
-0.570
-0.670
-0.721
-0.667
-0.507
-0.415
-0.400
-0.582
-0.700
-0.712
-0.515
-0.483
-0.452
-0.321
-0.060
-0.060
-0.026
-0.020
-0.028
-0.102
-0.200
-0.115
-0.133
-0.389
-0.497
-0.430
-0.745
-0.786
-0.534
-0.260
-0.430
-0.610
-0.755
-0.769
-0.779
-0.655
-0.441
-0.390
-0.461
-0.406
Mean
-0.127
-0.156
-0.127
-0.098
-0.116
-0.144
-0.183
-0.138
-0.151
-0.191
-0.178
-0.137
-0.138
-0.173
-0.185
-0.127
-0.094
-0.154
-0.163
-0.136
-0.130
-0.128
-0.110
-0.065
-0.035
-0.054
-0.074
-0.070
-0.057
-0.045
0.016
0.002
0.005
0.024
-0.091
-0.097
-0.120
-0.130
0.010
0.007
-0.006
-0.033
-0.160
-0.135
-0.138
-0.171
-0.100
-0.053
-0.092
-0.128
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.047 -0.022
0.050 -0.037
0.043 -0.031
0.038 -0.007
0.039 -0.020
0.044 -0.044
0.056 -0.051
0.044 -0.040
0.048 -0.036
0.053 -0.071
0.049 -0.065
0.042 -0.045
0.040 -0.047
0.045 -0.068
0.052 -0.067
0.041 -0.020
0.028 -0.023
0.039 -0.051
0.042 -0.051
0.036 -0.042
0.032 -0.041
0.033 -0.025
0.031 -0.011
0.023
0.015
0.017
0.040
0.023
0.039
0.026
0.017
0.023
0.014
0.022
0.019
0.025
0.067
0.020
0.132
0.012
0.076
0.014
0.081
0.026
0.151
0.030
0.009
0.030 -0.005
0.033 -0.021
0.036 -0.016
0.032
0.148
0.014
0.096
0.014
0.063
0.036
0.082
0.042 -0.040
0.037 -0.040
0.042 -0.041
0.050 -0.055
0.037 -0.012
0.018
0.001
0.032 -0.015
0.041 -0.043
Min
-0.367
-0.362
-0.314
-0.271
-0.300
-0.372
-0.438
-0.337
-0.386
-0.420
-0.388
-0.337
-0.327
-0.378
-0.416
-0.334
-0.216
-0.301
-0.352
-0.307
-0.287
-0.271
-0.284
-0.172
-0.114
-0.148
-0.188
-0.184
-0.161
-0.148
-0.064
-0.054
-0.046
-0.087
-0.221
-0.235
-0.262
-0.274
-0.134
-0.033
-0.065
-0.217
-0.328
-0.302
-0.364
-0.377
-0.302
-0.158
-0.259
-0.335
Cfx
RMS
0.082
0.071
0.061
0.067
0.068
0.062
0.100
0.114
0.101
0.089
0.147
0.151
0.199
0.107
0.096
0.166
0.305
0.258
0.347
0.364
0.221
0.125
0.139
0.239
0.427
0.424
0.441
0.494
0.249
0.129
0.128
0.223
0.504
0.383
0.348
0.437
0.218
0.134
0.127
0.163
0.352
0.297
0.228
0.273
0.104
0.088
0.047
0.069
0.193
0.142
Max
0.698
0.517
0.411
0.538
0.549
0.497
0.728
0.894
0.837
0.645
1.169
1.174
1.322
0.799
0.746
1.152
1.970
1.961
2.534
2.633
1.319
0.544
0.504
1.236
3.302
3.198
3.562
3.683
1.130
0.453
0.632
1.191
3.374
2.664
2.733
2.896
1.594
0.653
0.827
0.900
2.317
1.976
1.699
1.769
0.627
0.583
0.336
0.601
1.358
1.197
Min
0.052
0.041
0.015
0.039
0.055
0.027
0.043
0.113
0.091
0.041
0.188
0.134
0.044
-0.003
-0.212
-0.197
0.096
0.315
0.430
0.298
-0.575
-0.565
-0.706
-0.958
0.423
0.464
0.642
0.546
-1.133
-0.777
-0.607
-0.587
0.299
0.019
-0.083
0.038
-0.555
-0.612
-0.499
-0.496
-0.031
-0.173
-0.030
0.004
-0.250
-0.368
-0.159
-0.071
-0.097
-0.030
B-45
Mean
-0.059
-0.052
0.244
0.367
0.319
0.241
0.710
0.884
1.053
0.778
1.140
1.078
0.810
0.453
0.147
0.254
0.985
1.111
0.793
0.707
0.055
0.043
0.014
-0.011
0.416
0.437
0.016
0.018
0.009
0.005
0.009
0.015
0.028
0.025
0.204
0.290
0.029
0.015
0.045
0.055
0.516
0.365
0.470
0.670
0.080
0.060
0.095
0.168
0.688
0.515
Cfz
RMS
0.084
0.072
0.109
0.119
0.118
0.112
0.246
0.241
0.269
0.244
0.308
0.339
0.332
0.216
0.114
0.198
0.390
0.326
0.234
0.224
0.151
0.081
0.049
0.090
0.123
0.126
0.029
0.036
0.040
0.024
0.023
0.035
0.040
0.042
0.107
0.121
0.079
0.049
0.084
0.112
0.241
0.199
0.285
0.331
0.119
0.093
0.095
0.126
0.313
0.261
Max
0.256
0.211
0.770
0.877
0.843
0.818
1.931
2.162
2.189
1.719
2.468
2.647
2.345
1.600
0.851
1.367
2.504
2.384
1.783
1.697
0.829
0.422
0.234
0.393
0.940
0.947
0.190
0.194
0.223
0.140
0.160
0.249
0.258
0.245
0.809
0.794
0.511
0.289
0.598
0.663
1.635
1.382
2.160
2.146
0.777
0.595
0.583
0.987
2.333
2.077
Min
-0.560
-0.428
-0.176
-0.080
-0.086
-0.231
0.175
0.300
0.417
0.079
0.373
0.197
0.003
-0.139
-0.299
-0.327
0.033
0.339
0.241
0.115
-0.475
-0.387
-0.277
-0.424
0.097
0.114
-0.131
-0.114
-0.205
-0.146
-0.133
-0.138
-0.130
-0.132
-0.083
-0.044
-0.260
-0.296
-0.362
-0.387
-0.091
-0.187
-0.121
-0.055
-0.324
-0.440
-0.385
-0.257
-0.119
-0.059
Mean
-0.146
-0.118
-0.100
-0.125
-0.144
-0.112
-0.030
-0.077
-0.023
-0.037
0.068
0.067
0.009
0.022
0.012
0.014
0.078
0.097
0.040
0.013
0.001
0.007
0.005
-0.001
0.011
0.016
0.011
0.012
0.006
0.003
0.006
0.010
0.019
0.016
0.014
0.006
0.005
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.036
0.021
0.034
0.050
0.003
0.005
0.006
0.005
-0.004
0.024
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.044 -0.045
0.038 -0.030
0.040 -0.010
0.044 -0.026
0.045 -0.036
0.041 -0.018
0.040
0.106
0.049
0.095
0.037
0.108
0.037
0.090
0.034
0.230
0.037
0.257
0.042
0.203
0.032
0.184
0.023
0.135
0.036
0.212
0.051
0.318
0.042
0.283
0.039
0.243
0.028
0.181
0.037
0.200
0.019
0.129
0.016
0.096
0.031
0.144
0.022
0.121
0.021
0.145
0.019
0.125
0.024
0.128
0.027
0.148
0.016
0.092
0.015
0.106
0.023
0.165
0.026
0.170
0.028
0.162
0.028
0.176
0.028
0.141
0.025
0.181
0.016
0.125
0.019
0.145
0.025
0.129
0.042
0.261
0.034
0.207
0.039
0.267
0.044
0.254
0.023
0.139
0.018
0.120
0.017
0.109
0.021
0.112
0.037
0.194
0.030
0.191
Min
-0.370
-0.296
-0.272
-0.356
-0.363
-0.328
-0.244
-0.302
-0.222
-0.181
-0.074
-0.058
-0.146
-0.125
-0.115
-0.163
-0.101
-0.029
-0.069
-0.106
-0.185
-0.085
-0.091
-0.161
-0.065
-0.052
-0.087
-0.075
-0.136
-0.096
-0.088
-0.091
-0.086
-0.087
-0.097
-0.114
-0.115
-0.112
-0.093
-0.139
-0.100
-0.090
-0.079
-0.106
-0.126
-0.101
-0.111
-0.122
-0.164
-0.127
Cfx
RMS
0.087
0.114
0.036
0.029
0.030
0.036
0.080
0.067
0.090
0.106
0.050
0.037
0.048
0.057
0.130
0.116
0.173
0.207
0.086
0.064
0.089
0.130
0.298
0.255
0.308
0.395
0.160
0.104
0.116
0.171
0.402
0.328
0.140
0.390
0.487
0.422
0.402
0.413
0.350
0.166
0.154
0.347
0.355
0.344
0.248
0.304
0.308
0.146
0.128
0.248
Max
0.601
0.803
0.354
0.261
0.228
0.300
0.526
0.492
0.614
0.673
0.475
0.298
0.339
0.419
0.816
0.807
1.087
1.339
0.612
0.390
0.439
0.813
2.001
1.645
2.145
2.607
0.903
0.398
0.547
0.933
2.699
2.151
0.633
2.590
3.584
3.485
3.286
3.207
2.227
0.880
0.947
2.385
2.653
2.875
1.975
2.131
2.047
0.943
0.973
1.469
Min
0.001
0.033
-0.020
-0.046
-0.048
-0.041
-0.010
-0.040
-0.032
-0.020
-0.061
-0.071
-0.148
-0.155
0.018
-0.037
0.025
0.099
-0.180
-0.250
-0.394
-0.253
0.133
0.072
0.006
0.237
-0.479
-0.522
-0.559
-0.539
0.177
0.048
-0.577
-0.317
0.564
0.626
0.666
0.379
-0.357
-0.678
-0.456
-0.275
0.328
0.372
0.378
0.071
-0.179
-0.169
0.019
0.071
B-46
Mean
0.428
0.473
0.189
0.118
0.082
0.115
0.134
0.179
-0.056
-0.069
0.027
0.028
0.001
-0.017
-0.204
-0.126
-0.208
-0.376
-0.063
-0.018
-0.014
-0.074
-0.408
-0.233
-0.131
-0.246
-0.046
0.003
-0.004
-0.026
-0.009
0.009
0.018
0.020
0.014
0.011
0.461
0.416
0.155
0.016
0.045
0.352
0.716
0.802
1.144
1.007
0.605
0.191
0.505
1.024
Cfz
RMS
0.191
0.196
0.099
0.092
0.082
0.090
0.116
0.116
0.101
0.109
0.084
0.066
0.057
0.064
0.102
0.094
0.113
0.133
0.074
0.057
0.050
0.078
0.132
0.112
0.070
0.084
0.055
0.035
0.021
0.031
0.040
0.038
0.028
0.040
0.034
0.028
0.117
0.120
0.109
0.055
0.097
0.232
0.215
0.234
0.321
0.385
0.382
0.166
0.252
0.439
Max
1.509
1.552
0.733
0.697
0.464
0.578
0.722
0.748
0.285
0.341
0.376
0.309
0.264
0.227
0.085
0.138
0.045
-0.030
0.144
0.212
0.214
0.133
-0.072
-0.001
0.032
-0.042
0.100
0.148
0.069
0.056
0.170
0.176
0.162
0.291
0.201
0.151
0.982
0.930
0.703
0.340
0.733
1.588
1.603
1.841
2.461
2.678
2.569
1.188
1.843
2.749
Min
-0.082
-0.007
-0.202
-0.327
-0.294
-0.396
-0.366
-0.327
-0.594
-0.643
-0.449
-0.296
-0.324
-0.387
-0.606
-0.577
-0.696
-0.890
-0.505
-0.344
-0.279
-0.522
-0.879
-0.738
-0.450
-0.611
-0.392
-0.210
-0.136
-0.192
-0.184
-0.142
-0.101
-0.142
-0.113
-0.105
0.182
0.084
-0.237
-0.269
-0.296
-0.274
0.159
0.184
0.405
0.063
-0.279
-0.241
-0.031
0.137
Mean
-0.022
-0.073
-0.008
-0.003
-0.016
-0.026
-0.107
-0.066
-0.080
-0.124
-0.032
-0.019
-0.012
-0.023
-0.111
-0.085
-0.071
-0.086
-0.006
-0.001
0.004
0.008
-0.055
-0.054
-0.037
-0.033
0.019
0.003
0.003
0.017
0.006
-0.006
0.012
0.013
0.009
0.007
0.018
0.012
0.010
0.013
0.015
0.022
0.013
0.040
0.101
0.074
0.041
0.017
0.029
0.028
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.040
0.089
0.052
0.058
0.023
0.058
0.019
0.064
0.020
0.032
0.024
0.027
0.053
0.007
0.044
0.026
0.046
0.005
0.054 -0.011
0.024
0.023
0.017
0.016
0.013
0.036
0.016
0.046
0.047 -0.014
0.044
0.003
0.040
0.010
0.043
0.033
0.017
0.087
0.012
0.069
0.015
0.095
0.019
0.108
0.036
0.054
0.035
0.041
0.032
0.052
0.034
0.068
0.020
0.136
0.016
0.111
0.014
0.090
0.020
0.127
0.027
0.122
0.025
0.094
0.019
0.107
0.027
0.193
0.023
0.133
0.018
0.100
0.019
0.126
0.021
0.129
0.031
0.176
0.020
0.108
0.021
0.143
0.039
0.209
0.025
0.160
0.039
0.249
0.045
0.295
0.049
0.320
0.051
0.314
0.025
0.165
0.030
0.184
0.043
0.252
Min
-0.210
-0.323
-0.185
-0.140
-0.151
-0.199
-0.348
-0.326
-0.323
-0.363
-0.251
-0.151
-0.112
-0.137
-0.306
-0.318
-0.249
-0.269
-0.097
-0.058
-0.043
-0.059
-0.206
-0.233
-0.182
-0.186
-0.037
-0.043
-0.046
-0.037
-0.113
-0.116
-0.067
-0.094
-0.074
-0.070
-0.058
-0.057
-0.136
-0.080
-0.092
-0.130
-0.079
-0.071
-0.035
-0.059
-0.111
-0.090
-0.100
-0.131
Cfx
RMS
0.174
0.144
0.087
0.099
0.133
0.094
0.058
0.074
0.057
0.055
0.074
0.088
0.076
0.054
0.059
0.114
0.121
0.117
0.164
0.167
0.155
0.066
0.092
0.246
0.263
0.261
0.349
0.351
0.293
0.112
0.117
0.339
0.364
0.380
0.199
0.400
0.235
0.122
0.122
0.219
0.398
0.186
0.147
0.318
0.166
0.099
0.079
0.123
0.220
0.108
Max
1.272
1.218
0.628
0.730
0.979
0.776
0.451
0.590
0.479
0.391
0.648
0.700
0.561
0.366
0.455
0.683
0.911
0.888
1.349
1.349
0.994
0.377
0.439
1.589
2.051
1.937
2.755
2.845
1.671
0.374
0.473
1.966
2.885
2.913
1.540
2.654
1.420
0.612
0.584
1.542
2.662
1.484
1.224
2.086
1.102
0.565
0.466
0.770
1.365
0.908
Min
0.134
0.218
0.077
0.089
0.096
0.036
0.013
0.042
0.026
0.019
-0.034
0.068
0.019
-0.027
-0.089
-0.044
0.125
0.126
0.173
0.221
-0.117
-0.219
-0.466
-0.289
0.303
0.273
0.341
0.469
-0.243
-0.618
-0.525
-0.308
0.472
0.409
0.070
0.042
-0.207
-0.455
-0.600
-0.256
0.013
0.030
0.007
0.061
-0.205
-0.385
-0.221
-0.131
0.020
-0.026
B-47
Mean
1.145
1.208
0.857
1.098
0.987
0.704
0.291
0.435
0.565
0.389
-0.001
-0.009
0.041
0.018
-0.037
-0.093
-0.208
-0.256
-0.299
-0.283
-0.158
-0.022
0.002
-0.161
-0.325
-0.297
-0.171
-0.197
-0.091
0.004
-0.004
0.001
0.074
0.095
0.012
0.018
-0.014
-0.003
-0.003
-0.078
-0.195
-0.099
-0.164
-0.329
-0.113
-0.016
-0.040
-0.105
-0.294
-0.148
Cfz
RMS
0.403
0.319
0.251
0.267
0.273
0.248
0.114
0.139
0.141
0.132
0.077
0.088
0.081
0.066
0.060
0.081
0.090
0.092
0.098
0.091
0.093
0.060
0.055
0.101
0.106
0.102
0.064
0.070
0.064
0.035
0.019
0.039
0.038
0.034
0.030
0.050
0.030
0.020
0.039
0.063
0.083
0.051
0.073
0.134
0.090
0.059
0.069
0.097
0.129
0.078
Max
2.841
2.680
1.902
2.245
2.343
2.036
0.806
1.089
1.199
1.162
0.308
0.358
0.385
0.265
0.178
0.148
0.064
0.009
-0.051
-0.046
0.113
0.200
0.229
0.131
-0.077
-0.070
-0.016
-0.026
0.084
0.178
0.063
0.168
0.247
0.269
0.147
0.242
0.084
0.068
0.154
0.054
0.020
0.040
0.059
-0.001
0.101
0.195
0.191
0.119
0.022
0.077
Min
0.259
0.428
0.234
0.403
0.348
0.132
-0.132
0.007
0.122
-0.054
-0.454
-0.502
-0.328
-0.326
-0.392
-0.484
-0.576
-0.709
-0.744
-0.706
-0.623
-0.335
-0.296
-0.694
-0.779
-0.725
-0.513
-0.499
-0.381
-0.156
-0.122
-0.166
-0.127
-0.041
-0.117
-0.143
-0.184
-0.135
-0.191
-0.431
-0.544
-0.351
-0.575
-0.850
-0.610
-0.351
-0.357
-0.638
-0.803
-0.602
Mean
0.075
0.084
-0.021
0.000
-0.081
-0.013
-0.091
-0.138
-0.108
-0.093
-0.130
-0.166
-0.122
-0.072
-0.026
-0.083
-0.176
-0.141
-0.127
-0.156
-0.055
0.004
0.008
-0.030
-0.125
-0.117
-0.100
-0.096
-0.015
0.006
0.002
-0.001
-0.049
-0.063
-0.008
-0.012
0.009
0.002
0.006
0.001
-0.050
-0.028
-0.038
-0.076
-0.003
0.006
0.003
-0.017
-0.109
-0.051
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.044
0.269
0.036
0.269
0.038
0.114
0.038
0.121
0.057
0.102
0.038
0.113
0.038 -0.009
0.049 -0.028
0.038 -0.017
0.036 -0.013
0.039 -0.014
0.047 -0.064
0.044 -0.034
0.027 -0.008
0.017
0.015
0.048
0.009
0.048 -0.063
0.043 -0.045
0.038 -0.030
0.042 -0.047
0.044
0.045
0.012
0.061
0.014
0.084
0.040
0.080
0.035 -0.014
0.037 -0.011
0.031 -0.006
0.031 -0.003
0.032
0.116
0.013
0.076
0.013
0.081
0.026
0.110
0.025
0.084
0.022
0.027
0.020
0.077
0.033
0.095
0.020
0.122
0.014
0.090
0.014
0.075
0.020
0.095
0.041
0.095
0.021
0.055
0.021
0.036
0.045
0.058
0.020
0.093
0.013
0.078
0.012
0.059
0.021
0.052
0.054
0.022
0.025
0.034
Min
-0.068
-0.035
-0.168
-0.164
-0.331
-0.216
-0.298
-0.391
-0.317
-0.259
-0.356
-0.390
-0.333
-0.198
-0.152
-0.290
-0.392
-0.340
-0.297
-0.346
-0.257
-0.050
-0.036
-0.212
-0.278
-0.282
-0.243
-0.244
-0.159
-0.038
-0.042
-0.111
-0.164
-0.178
-0.097
-0.160
-0.056
-0.045
-0.044
-0.079
-0.249
-0.156
-0.171
-0.265
-0.118
-0.038
-0.064
-0.135
-0.335
-0.226
Cfx
RMS
0.073
0.139
0.092
0.065
0.051
0.065
0.110
0.051
0.040
0.082
0.056
0.045
0.049
0.074
0.111
0.041
0.075
0.177
0.117
0.075
0.116
0.180
0.273
0.120
0.181
0.401
0.254
0.136
0.157
0.292
0.446
0.222
0.226
0.480
0.295
0.152
0.151
0.150
0.305
0.207
0.163
0.147
0.145
0.144
0.185
0.153
0.141
0.139
0.142
0.139
Max
0.647
0.946
0.644
0.460
0.342
0.470
0.737
0.429
0.344
0.566
0.421
0.374
0.441
0.567
0.793
0.363
0.782
1.151
0.874
0.560
0.794
1.181
2.001
0.884
1.316
2.388
1.644
0.829
0.819
1.793
2.795
1.687
1.959
3.194
2.022
0.937
0.491
0.709
1.880
1.048
0.760
0.687
0.833
0.797
1.123
1.113
0.948
0.993
1.100
0.979
Min
-0.018
0.034
-0.113
-0.115
-0.052
-0.082
-0.015
-0.028
-0.007
-0.005
-0.021
-0.025
-0.018
-0.009
-0.017
0.007
-0.020
-0.051
-0.032
-0.085
-0.289
-0.160
-0.064
-0.076
-0.071
-0.211
-0.268
-0.424
-0.562
-0.256
-0.078
-0.077
-0.020
-0.064
-0.285
-0.616
-0.740
-0.655
-0.340
-0.526
-0.827
-0.592
-0.378
-0.609
-0.345
-0.150
-0.235
-0.271
-0.104
-0.159
B-48
Mean
-0.092
-0.179
-0.056
-0.037
0.011
0.014
-0.077
-0.024
0.165
0.149
0.086
0.081
0.212
0.239
0.640
0.418
0.426
0.772
0.296
0.195
0.119
0.247
0.650
0.340
0.252
0.452
0.208
0.047
0.025
0.127
0.275
0.173
0.020
0.028
0.017
0.018
-0.024
-0.030
-0.053
-0.031
-0.031
-0.034
0.016
0.033
0.035
0.207
0.189
0.147
0.240
0.226
Cfz
RMS
0.076
0.102
0.085
0.064
0.064
0.075
0.116
0.079
0.093
0.134
0.090
0.075
0.114
0.144
0.259
0.158
0.153
0.374
0.199
0.134
0.126
0.208
0.347
0.149
0.130
0.254
0.173
0.086
0.052
0.092
0.130
0.083
0.038
0.043
0.031
0.025
0.033
0.034
0.045
0.044
0.043
0.036
0.064
0.068
0.066
0.114
0.116
0.114
0.180
0.175
Max
0.128
0.102
0.174
0.190
0.357
0.337
0.266
0.284
0.563
0.799
0.559
0.399
0.850
1.108
1.856
1.288
1.455
2.529
1.439
0.927
0.895
1.433
2.398
1.130
0.943
1.455
1.153
0.564
0.351
0.583
0.810
0.628
0.245
0.251
0.209
0.154
0.081
0.053
0.102
0.179
0.116
0.139
0.318
0.328
0.328
0.750
0.741
0.756
1.321
1.175
Min
-0.562
-0.637
-0.540
-0.382
-0.347
-0.431
-0.696
-0.484
-0.433
-0.443
-0.314
-0.292
-0.140
-0.164
-0.050
-0.053
-0.056
-0.253
-0.139
-0.236
-0.262
-0.267
-0.166
-0.165
-0.103
-0.248
-0.224
-0.310
-0.225
-0.139
-0.056
-0.087
-0.084
-0.134
-0.107
-0.111
-0.197
-0.232
-0.298
-0.197
-0.252
-0.191
-0.222
-0.267
-0.191
-0.211
-0.230
-0.320
-0.406
-0.349
Mean
-0.058
-0.128
-0.034
-0.019
-0.036
-0.044
-0.128
-0.055
-0.044
-0.114
-0.047
-0.035
-0.008
-0.027
-0.039
0.005
0.022
0.039
0.000
0.009
0.013
0.011
0.052
0.019
0.013
0.022
0.014
0.011
0.011
0.009
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.018
0.011
0.012
0.016
0.020
0.035
0.048
0.016
0.017
0.027
0.019
0.054
0.066
0.044
0.050
0.096
0.097
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.026
0.009
0.055 -0.015
0.029
0.027
0.019
0.025
0.026
0.014
0.034
0.017
0.058 -0.010
0.025
0.002
0.026
0.005
0.054
0.004
0.037
0.014
0.030
0.016
0.026
0.070
0.034
0.055
0.044
0.101
0.025
0.112
0.021
0.128
0.042
0.281
0.025
0.125
0.020
0.095
0.020
0.135
0.029
0.199
0.049
0.281
0.026
0.171
0.027
0.172
0.036
0.214
0.030
0.205
0.018
0.121
0.017
0.118
0.025
0.174
0.030
0.176
0.026
0.191
0.025
0.162
0.029
0.166
0.021
0.139
0.017
0.102
0.022
0.130
0.023
0.154
0.030
0.197
0.032
0.212
0.025
0.164
0.025
0.158
0.026
0.186
0.027
0.205
0.036
0.227
0.040
0.279
0.031
0.227
0.032
0.253
0.037
0.346
0.037
0.296
Min
-0.225
-0.379
-0.213
-0.153
-0.183
-0.243
-0.397
-0.233
-0.228
-0.374
-0.279
-0.247
-0.193
-0.240
-0.278
-0.134
-0.101
-0.129
-0.154
-0.102
-0.095
-0.108
-0.085
-0.090
-0.073
-0.103
-0.107
-0.091
-0.064
-0.080
-0.092
-0.062
-0.056
-0.088
-0.071
-0.073
-0.054
-0.035
-0.068
-0.056
-0.061
-0.049
-0.052
-0.081
-0.050
-0.060
-0.054
-0.070
-0.001
-0.020
Cfx
RMS
0.149
0.115
0.129
0.122
0.078
0.078
0.075
0.068
0.069
0.063
0.088
0.099
0.107
0.177
0.112
0.113
0.151
0.151
0.252
0.377
0.188
0.183
0.210
0.230
0.410
0.417
0.248
0.248
0.205
0.209
0.355
0.279
0.172
0.167
0.147
0.151
0.185
0.111
0.114
0.109
0.085
0.101
0.079
0.070
0.091
0.071
0.053
0.060
0.062
0.130
Max
1.125
0.999
0.939
1.008
0.623
0.604
0.597
0.615
0.605
0.517
0.784
0.829
0.979
1.408
0.930
0.897
1.086
0.888
1.591
2.175
0.855
0.732
0.734
1.202
2.243
2.353
1.214
1.067
1.232
1.125
2.143
1.717
1.139
1.139
1.018
1.240
1.353
0.800
0.919
0.828
0.661
0.805
0.655
0.537
0.780
0.591
0.368
0.454
0.519
0.973
Min
-0.043
0.060
0.051
0.046
0.106
0.098
0.088
0.106
0.120
0.088
-0.011
0.005
0.082
-0.045
-0.258
-0.153
-0.534
-0.549
-0.425
-0.673
-0.867
-0.786
-0.869
-1.013
-0.763
-0.941
-1.250
-1.024
-0.605
-0.737
-0.480
-0.272
-0.433
-0.256
0.011
0.033
0.056
0.085
0.061
0.094
0.043
0.074
0.054
0.046
0.044
0.009
-0.103
-0.088
-0.037
-0.131
B-49
Mean
0.334
0.374
0.397
0.366
0.047
0.335
0.063
-0.704
-0.619
-0.599
-0.387
-0.539
-0.637
-0.428
-0.057
-0.141
0.015
0.016
-0.149
-0.134
0.023
0.039
0.017
0.008
-0.007
0.125
0.019
-0.003
0.024
0.036
0.289
0.475
0.146
0.181
0.606
0.647
0.809
0.920
0.869
0.842
0.023
-0.075
0.056
-0.121
-0.200
-0.083
-0.009
-0.014
-0.066
-0.263
Cfz
RMS
0.186
0.182
0.238
0.198
0.156
0.134
0.148
0.207
0.172
0.192
0.163
0.189
0.203
0.183
0.094
0.100
0.071
0.062
0.127
0.095
0.040
0.052
0.045
0.033
0.051
0.144
0.086
0.080
0.129
0.137
0.243
0.319
0.186
0.186
0.255
0.267
0.311
0.235
0.249
0.237
0.145
0.158
0.136
0.094
0.123
0.098
0.060
0.064
0.061
0.111
Max
1.273
1.314
1.491
1.430
0.625
0.949
0.631
-0.164
-0.153
-0.099
0.009
-0.008
-0.142
0.023
0.209
0.119
0.251
0.247
0.202
0.147
0.204
0.237
0.215
0.249
0.235
0.767
0.506
0.387
0.893
0.759
1.471
1.985
1.220
1.418
1.771
2.250
2.339
2.061
2.150
1.916
0.480
0.356
0.495
0.161
0.218
0.252
0.240
0.283
0.169
0.069
Min
-0.239
-0.214
-0.304
-0.329
-0.718
-0.317
-0.691
-1.719
-1.373
-1.504
-1.500
-1.590
-1.827
-1.396
-0.785
-0.750
-0.495
-0.342
-0.835
-0.594
-0.194
-0.165
-0.158
-0.190
-0.260
-0.442
-0.483
-0.375
-0.396
-0.567
-0.295
-0.260
-0.547
-0.310
-0.051
-0.011
0.109
0.212
0.109
0.150
-0.816
-0.955
-0.564
-0.553
-0.857
-0.655
-0.301
-0.347
-0.440
-0.842
Mean
0.116
0.169
0.161
0.161
0.195
0.185
0.192
0.055
0.081
0.047
-0.005
-0.011
-0.017
0.001
0.014
0.012
0.019
0.010
0.018
0.009
0.008
0.015
0.011
0.005
-0.005
0.004
0.007
0.012
0.013
0.006
0.021
0.021
0.007
0.015
0.017
0.020
0.014
-0.051
-0.050
-0.045
-0.162
-0.198
-0.165
-0.101
-0.119
-0.090
-0.033
-0.045
-0.055
-0.012
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.043
0.346
0.052
0.453
0.053
0.409
0.053
0.448
0.052
0.412
0.051
0.400
0.050
0.395
0.026
0.163
0.030
0.202
0.025
0.156
0.019
0.100
0.021
0.091
0.023
0.079
0.021
0.103
0.017
0.117
0.015
0.109
0.022
0.177
0.021
0.132
0.026
0.163
0.029
0.154
0.022
0.148
0.026
0.125
0.030
0.142
0.022
0.165
0.034
0.156
0.040
0.227
0.026
0.214
0.030
0.139
0.027
0.163
0.029
0.174
0.042
0.267
0.043
0.234
0.033
0.180
0.030
0.214
0.037
0.187
0.041
0.183
0.043
0.195
0.056
0.096
0.065
0.130
0.058
0.107
0.057 -0.029
0.067 -0.049
0.052 -0.035
0.034 -0.028
0.043 -0.029
0.034 -0.022
0.018
0.012
0.020
0.011
0.021
0.001
0.022
0.089
Min
0.001
0.037
0.035
0.047
0.070
0.065
0.059
-0.057
-0.054
-0.081
-0.098
-0.122
-0.133
-0.106
-0.044
-0.038
-0.072
-0.070
-0.085
-0.122
-0.118
-0.072
-0.104
-0.126
-0.172
-0.160
-0.118
-0.118
-0.113
-0.164
-0.124
-0.184
-0.174
-0.148
-0.189
-0.204
-0.185
-0.316
-0.359
-0.328
-0.437
-0.533
-0.434
-0.271
-0.365
-0.281
-0.132
-0.171
-0.169
-0.127
Cfx
RMS
0.076
0.084
0.120
0.099
0.204
0.306
0.135
0.159
0.173
0.129
0.216
0.155
0.098
0.130
0.093
0.076
0.107
0.054
0.053
0.055
0.064
0.077
0.067
0.066
0.084
0.071
0.087
0.092
0.088
0.153
0.149
0.131
0.218
0.221
0.248
0.327
0.224
0.294
0.363
0.239
0.369
0.353
0.219
0.336
0.261
0.224
0.321
0.333
0.222
0.283
Max
0.415
0.451
0.460
0.528
1.248
1.998
0.730
0.654
0.901
0.914
1.152
0.890
0.707
0.713
0.616
0.515
0.722
0.444
0.359
0.402
0.518
0.556
0.620
0.526
0.620
0.508
0.672
0.690
0.696
1.036
1.062
1.023
1.511
1.607
1.504
2.309
1.449
1.834
2.078
1.529
2.038
1.862
1.445
1.843
1.625
1.236
1.609
1.835
1.478
1.692
Min
-0.198
-0.291
-0.539
-0.310
-0.256
-0.318
-0.531
-0.692
-0.329
-0.338
-0.507
-0.278
-0.190
-0.319
-0.113
-0.109
-0.064
-0.012
-0.067
-0.090
-0.014
0.022
0.009
0.039
0.058
0.002
0.071
0.060
0.071
-0.014
-0.002
-0.009
-0.125
-0.151
-0.063
-0.447
-0.385
-0.451
-0.522
-0.476
-0.712
-0.897
-0.390
-0.549
-0.575
-0.591
-0.759
-0.725
-0.524
-0.642
B-50
Mean
-0.065
-0.021
0.010
-0.043
-0.240
-0.187
-0.030
0.006
-0.061
-0.039
-0.123
-0.182
-0.058
-0.081
-0.128
-0.078
-0.242
-0.085
-0.024
-0.047
-0.046
-0.106
-0.054
0.078
-0.058
0.017
0.557
0.589
0.598
0.662
0.522
0.490
0.360
0.336
0.511
0.342
0.181
0.258
0.140
0.086
0.124
0.029
0.011
0.021
0.019
0.010
0.016
0.087
0.063
0.082
Cfz
RMS
0.073
0.078
0.069
0.061
0.106
0.080
0.045
0.049
0.055
0.047
0.068
0.084
0.060
0.074
0.080
0.070
0.094
0.052
0.050
0.052
0.083
0.094
0.085
0.132
0.133
0.126
0.168
0.178
0.161
0.261
0.251
0.214
0.241
0.246
0.290
0.224
0.147
0.194
0.126
0.079
0.127
0.048
0.027
0.040
0.034
0.030
0.044
0.114
0.068
0.090
Max
0.151
0.254
0.245
0.152
0.098
0.096
0.123
0.190
0.100
0.082
0.133
0.128
0.099
0.158
0.115
0.103
0.085
0.114
0.160
0.181
0.245
0.183
0.226
0.570
0.344
0.438
1.324
1.398
1.321
1.887
1.970
1.788
1.727
1.831
1.807
1.597
0.977
1.243
0.746
0.549
0.760
0.268
0.182
0.281
0.210
0.213
0.264
0.631
0.516
0.635
Min
-0.428
-0.443
-0.318
-0.395
-0.668
-0.524
-0.304
-0.243
-0.299
-0.295
-0.404
-0.493
-0.406
-0.417
-0.555
-0.493
-0.635
-0.367
-0.270
-0.319
-0.526
-0.564
-0.651
-0.514
-0.736
-0.630
0.095
-0.013
0.015
-0.052
-0.075
-0.021
-0.177
-0.190
-0.116
-0.299
-0.279
-0.366
-0.187
-0.149
-0.306
-0.162
-0.106
-0.146
-0.143
-0.129
-0.165
-0.300
-0.188
-0.303
Mean
0.007
0.010
0.017
0.016
0.010
0.003
0.014
0.006
0.018
0.006
0.030
0.019
0.005
0.017
0.002
-0.002
-0.017
-0.052
-0.028
-0.029
-0.071
-0.087
-0.088
-0.128
-0.156
-0.123
-0.048
-0.063
-0.065
0.012
0.006
0.009
0.019
0.014
0.037
0.032
0.013
0.020
0.019
0.010
0.021
0.019
0.007
0.014
0.012
0.006
0.011
0.014
0.005
0.010
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.016
0.100
0.015
0.080
0.020
0.123
0.019
0.109
0.026
0.146
0.029
0.177
0.022
0.140
0.024
0.143
0.022
0.116
0.019
0.102
0.028
0.158
0.024
0.120
0.016
0.103
0.017
0.087
0.014
0.075
0.012
0.057
0.018
0.067
0.018 -0.002
0.018
0.014
0.018
0.014
0.030 -0.012
0.037 -0.020
0.033 -0.022
0.044 -0.026
0.055 -0.038
0.047 -0.002
0.049
0.073
0.056
0.076
0.049
0.059
0.036
0.151
0.036
0.151
0.034
0.164
0.031
0.187
0.032
0.246
0.037
0.228
0.037
0.247
0.026
0.175
0.032
0.185
0.033
0.208
0.022
0.154
0.034
0.204
0.032
0.177
0.018
0.120
0.026
0.186
0.022
0.139
0.020
0.141
0.029
0.175
0.030
0.179
0.021
0.150
0.025
0.176
Min
-0.046
-0.061
-0.048
-0.047
-0.091
-0.097
-0.057
-0.058
-0.051
-0.050
-0.058
-0.064
-0.048
-0.048
-0.060
-0.059
-0.098
-0.147
-0.125
-0.139
-0.257
-0.264
-0.296
-0.348
-0.410
-0.336
-0.287
-0.322
-0.305
-0.156
-0.149
-0.146
-0.136
-0.125
-0.101
-0.102
-0.108
-0.122
-0.086
-0.085
-0.134
-0.107
-0.070
-0.097
-0.095
-0.085
-0.109
-0.124
-0.102
-0.123
Cfx
RMS
0.234
0.231
0.300
0.247
0.221
0.193
0.133
0.185
0.166
0.104
0.111
0.085
0.053
0.066
0.062
0.061
0.072
0.061
0.073
0.071
0.076
0.110
0.086
0.093
0.131
0.110
0.160
0.214
0.142
0.180
0.184
0.166
0.224
0.219
0.157
0.165
0.153
0.143
0.185
0.152
0.124
0.121
0.110
0.114
0.132
0.093
0.080
0.085
0.052
0.047
Max
1.534
1.488
1.920
1.955
1.469
1.348
1.021
1.402
1.170
0.807
0.810
0.598
0.410
0.506
0.467
0.450
0.541
0.454
0.484
0.480
0.635
0.794
0.632
0.645
0.826
0.664
1.001
1.262
0.876
1.110
1.215
1.027
1.476
1.525
1.057
0.999
1.049
0.978
1.257
1.158
0.869
0.911
0.771
0.943
0.998
0.707
0.598
0.715
0.391
0.362
Min
-0.339
-0.342
-0.355
-0.152
-0.277
-0.138
0.023
-0.104
0.016
0.029
0.059
0.044
-0.031
0.029
0.018
0.001
-0.013
-0.015
-0.046
-0.055
-0.001
-0.045
-0.115
-0.081
-0.237
-0.205
-0.232
-0.325
-0.353
-0.326
-0.311
-0.304
-0.243
-0.338
-0.261
-0.307
-0.282
-0.196
-0.216
-0.114
-0.226
-0.158
-0.026
-0.105
-0.024
0.008
-0.093
-0.011
0.044
0.014
B-51
Mean
0.186
0.167
0.238
0.449
0.331
0.343
0.532
0.657
0.707
0.797
0.908
0.699
0.251
0.356
0.287
-0.044
0.008
-0.035
-0.108
-0.069
-0.161
-0.246
-0.093
-0.139
-0.095
-0.072
-0.201
-0.128
-0.038
-0.060
-0.009
-0.010
-0.028
0.027
0.022
0.021
0.064
0.059
0.090
0.184
0.102
0.133
0.220
0.180
0.282
0.231
0.142
0.200
-0.133
-0.072
Cfz
RMS
0.150
0.151
0.202
0.295
0.254
0.218
0.259
0.343
0.314
0.244
0.248
0.231
0.108
0.120
0.101
0.067
0.068
0.067
0.074
0.071
0.076
0.096
0.078
0.083
0.079
0.070
0.094
0.066
0.048
0.060
0.030
0.026
0.037
0.045
0.033
0.035
0.060
0.054
0.067
0.109
0.087
0.090
0.131
0.132
0.151
0.158
0.151
0.148
0.133
0.115
Max
0.954
1.041
1.325
2.424
1.823
1.525
2.149
2.437
2.331
2.004
1.992
1.877
0.801
0.903
0.768
0.285
0.276
0.248
0.104
0.128
0.078
0.062
0.100
0.089
0.112
0.107
0.104
0.096
0.099
0.084
0.075
0.079
0.097
0.275
0.173
0.207
0.393
0.341
0.442
0.773
0.607
0.708
0.866
1.049
1.031
1.045
0.825
1.003
0.243
0.281
Min
-0.240
-0.222
-0.301
-0.192
-0.357
-0.232
0.010
-0.237
-0.007
0.130
0.213
0.134
-0.197
-0.112
-0.173
-0.374
-0.390
-0.419
-0.466
-0.424
-0.595
-0.675
-0.538
-0.551
-0.498
-0.443
-0.634
-0.429
-0.289
-0.362
-0.169
-0.177
-0.194
-0.135
-0.125
-0.116
-0.123
-0.127
-0.136
-0.193
-0.272
-0.184
-0.213
-0.306
-0.204
-0.349
-0.539
-0.364
-0.793
-0.774
Mean
0.011
0.007
0.019
0.030
0.013
0.018
0.021
0.024
0.029
-0.027
-0.017
-0.004
-0.078
-0.103
-0.094
-0.083
-0.079
-0.065
-0.034
-0.029
-0.061
-0.019
-0.005
-0.001
0.014
0.006
0.023
0.021
0.006
0.017
0.006
0.006
0.018
0.046
0.015
0.019
0.031
0.029
0.063
0.079
0.049
0.043
0.076
0.077
0.104
0.118
0.096
0.104
0.106
0.096
Cmy
RMS
Max
0.027
0.178
0.026
0.205
0.034
0.233
0.040
0.285
0.034
0.266
0.030
0.215
0.032
0.227
0.037
0.222
0.036
0.251
0.043
0.114
0.051
0.123
0.038
0.119
0.035
0.020
0.043 -0.019
0.041 -0.012
0.032 -0.017
0.041 -0.008
0.031 -0.009
0.020
0.010
0.020
0.016
0.022 -0.008
0.020
0.070
0.013
0.057
0.014
0.054
0.016
0.094
0.016
0.115
0.024
0.130
0.023
0.122
0.016
0.088
0.019
0.108
0.020
0.112
0.017
0.117
0.024
0.128
0.025
0.166
0.021
0.158
0.020
0.142
0.025
0.166
0.028
0.178
0.033
0.221
0.037
0.277
0.034
0.236
0.027
0.207
0.030
0.244
0.037
0.279
0.038
0.300
0.041
0.321
0.033
0.275
0.037
0.307
0.034
0.259
0.031
0.239
Min
-0.122
-0.111
-0.133
-0.098
-0.138
-0.105
-0.120
-0.157
-0.120
-0.236
-0.257
-0.177
-0.271
-0.334
-0.309
-0.237
-0.295
-0.230
-0.148
-0.149
-0.190
-0.101
-0.084
-0.071
-0.049
-0.049
-0.055
-0.051
-0.050
-0.047
-0.050
-0.052
-0.064
-0.029
-0.043
-0.038
-0.050
-0.037
-0.040
-0.034
-0.056
-0.031
0.001
-0.017
0.002
0.019
0.007
0.016
0.029
0.009
Cfx
RMS
0.051
0.056
0.035
0.045
0.101
0.106
0.099
0.165
0.159
0.175
0.215
0.181
0.249
0.282
0.196
0.229
Max
0.429
0.536
0.328
0.374
0.776
0.775
0.752
1.352
1.083
1.397
1.369
1.351
1.734
2.003
1.428
1.530
Min
0.024
0.071
0.018
0.042
0.008
-0.025
0.080
0.021
-0.124
-0.079
-0.208
-0.298
-0.055
-0.414
-0.332
-0.403
B-52
Mean
-0.115
-0.700
-0.392
-0.512
-0.394
-0.241
-0.586
-0.413
-0.141
-0.242
-0.131
-0.075
-0.250
-0.080
-0.034
-0.039
Cfz
RMS
0.124
0.228
0.153
0.185
0.175
0.179
0.192
0.155
0.133
0.151
0.102
0.088
0.125
0.062
0.047
0.052
Max
0.267
-0.166
0.028
-0.080
-0.011
0.071
-0.127
-0.035
0.110
0.061
0.138
0.146
0.027
0.096
0.099
0.095
Min
-0.819
-1.976
-1.263
-1.485
-1.319
-1.263
-1.468
-1.321
-1.035
-1.235
-0.709
-0.711
-0.914
-0.432
-0.364
-0.349
Mean
0.105
0.011
0.007
0.002
0.006
0.012
-0.017
0.013
0.019
0.023
0.027
0.013
0.030
0.020
0.008
0.016
Cmy
RMS
0.034
0.022
0.017
0.020
0.018
0.018
0.020
0.020
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.019
0.028
0.028
0.018
0.022
Max
0.284
0.097
0.082
0.075
0.099
0.108
0.077
0.120
0.132
0.157
0.164
0.147
0.168
0.160
0.132
0.149
Min
0.016
-0.129
-0.094
-0.116
-0.083
-0.076
-0.119
-0.069
-0.035
-0.029
-0.033
-0.044
-0.055
-0.079
-0.066
-0.056
Mean
0.229
0.143
0.199
0.259
0.350
0.277
0.383
0.438
0.211
0.115
0.117
0.196
0.403
0.364
0.254
0.260
0.324
0.392
0.112
0.199
0.338
0.220
0.367
0.322
0.323
0.388
0.337
0.363
0.230
0.368
0.220
0.122
0.394
0.345
0.306
0.291
0.383
0.412
0.127
0.207
0.201
0.123
0.449
0.385
0.290
0.282
0.201
0.237
0.366
0.389
Cfx
RMS
0.088
0.037
0.230
0.246
0.195
0.271
0.315
0.227
0.092
0.052
0.054
0.092
0.219
0.313
0.269
0.275
0.300
0.215
0.054
0.089
0.103
0.052
0.184
0.319
0.307
0.322
0.327
0.187
0.052
0.114
0.094
0.054
0.246
0.292
0.290
0.267
0.314
0.239
0.054
0.091
0.085
0.052
0.257
0.307
0.250
0.230
0.043
0.088
0.269
0.205
Max
0.702
0.361
1.517
1.635
1.585
1.704
1.991
1.454
0.753
0.442
0.522
0.714
1.478
1.992
1.674
1.654
1.947
1.438
0.452
0.665
0.838
0.430
1.271
1.901
1.853
1.823
1.993
1.286
0.466
0.957
0.708
0.421
1.738
1.864
1.790
1.979
1.840
1.502
0.457
0.685
0.727
0.437
1.652
2.016
1.736
1.598
0.420
0.734
1.979
1.532
Min
-0.040
0.035
-0.554
-0.352
-0.014
-0.329
-0.297
-0.032
0.010
0.009
0.004
-0.095
-0.022
-0.425
-0.371
-0.404
-0.497
-0.050
-0.002
-0.039
0.071
0.079
-0.021
-0.625
-0.585
-0.619
-0.617
-0.015
0.084
0.049
-0.037
-0.010
-0.027
-0.367
-0.340
-0.357
-0.335
-0.056
0.016
-0.030
-0.051
0.019
-0.007
-0.297
-0.353
-0.289
0.070
-0.035
-0.417
-0.031
B-53
Mean
0.164
-0.444
0.009
0.081
0.702
0.011
0.112
0.892
0.161
-0.393
-0.397
0.150
0.813
0.109
0.010
0.010
0.097
0.791
-0.380
0.133
0.268
-0.617
0.739
0.119
0.020
0.024
0.126
0.735
-0.664
0.301
0.158
-0.414
0.779
0.102
0.010
0.009
0.112
0.826
-0.439
0.153
0.150
-0.402
0.923
0.114
0.009
0.021
-0.626
0.192
0.112
0.778
Cfz
RMS
0.146
0.142
0.029
0.082
0.376
0.030
0.098
0.451
0.139
0.194
0.207
0.145
0.433
0.101
0.030
0.031
0.096
0.424
0.196
0.143
0.143
0.164
0.347
0.115
0.046
0.050
0.118
0.359
0.166
0.156
0.130
0.197
0.491
0.092
0.030
0.029
0.099
0.484
0.197
0.139
0.137
0.198
0.535
0.098
0.029
0.030
0.150
0.147
0.089
0.397
Max
0.856
-0.037
0.228
0.525
3.220
0.206
0.677
3.145
0.994
-0.010
0.054
0.930
2.940
0.694
0.230
0.207
0.683
2.977
0.090
0.862
0.896
-0.210
2.558
0.741
0.292
0.275
0.759
2.469
-0.182
1.117
0.817
0.040
3.575
0.583
0.214
0.255
0.621
3.206
-0.049
0.892
0.927
-0.040
3.457
0.632
0.200
0.218
-0.104
0.986
0.717
2.870
Min
-0.453
-1.150
-0.142
-0.177
-0.122
-0.113
-0.192
-0.034
-0.409
-1.612
-1.625
-0.490
-0.072
-0.267
-0.113
-0.132
-0.221
-0.118
-1.550
-0.503
-0.252
-1.467
-0.044
-0.275
-0.170
-0.181
-0.235
0.005
-1.653
-0.227
-0.387
-1.640
-0.085
-0.155
-0.106
-0.109
-0.169
-0.162
-1.687
-0.425
-0.366
-1.607
-0.061
-0.129
-0.102
-0.100
-1.405
-0.419
-0.241
-0.058
Mean
0.118
0.015
0.006
0.007
0.032
0.007
0.006
0.044
0.107
0.006
0.007
0.099
0.038
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.037
0.007
0.104
0.170
0.035
0.034
0.021
0.013
0.016
0.023
0.035
0.033
0.184
0.113
0.007
0.032
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.037
0.006
0.106
0.102
0.010
0.048
0.007
0.006
0.014
0.021
0.119
0.009
0.035
Cmy
RMS
0.038
0.017
0.019
0.024
0.041
0.020
0.024
0.047
0.043
0.021
0.023
0.043
0.049
0.026
0.020
0.021
0.026
0.045
0.022
0.042
0.049
0.020
0.042
0.033
0.031
0.033
0.035
0.041
0.020
0.055
0.046
0.021
0.048
0.024
0.020
0.019
0.024
0.049
0.022
0.043
0.040
0.021
0.055
0.024
0.019
0.020
0.020
0.038
0.025
0.042
Max
0.336
0.102
0.151
0.167
0.315
0.136
0.170
0.329
0.340
0.103
0.147
0.339
0.314
0.193
0.152
0.137
0.199
0.306
0.110
0.314
0.404
0.121
0.243
0.206
0.193
0.182
0.208
0.267
0.123
0.467
0.350
0.103
0.365
0.143
0.142
0.169
0.171
0.325
0.121
0.342
0.326
0.104
0.363
0.162
0.132
0.144
0.097
0.336
0.236
0.286
Min
0.020
-0.081
-0.094
-0.087
-0.133
-0.075
-0.105
-0.137
0.014
-0.097
-0.142
-0.008
-0.149
-0.113
-0.075
-0.087
-0.118
-0.153
-0.102
0.008
0.049
-0.062
-0.138
-0.117
-0.113
-0.120
-0.115
-0.126
-0.090
0.044
0.008
-0.128
-0.186
-0.089
-0.070
-0.072
-0.103
-0.162
-0.129
0.011
-0.004
-0.133
-0.146
-0.101
-0.067
-0.066
-0.096
0.017
-0.119
-0.138
Mean
0.373
0.322
0.361
0.127
0.275
0.346
0.372
0.412
0.341
0.123
0.264
0.247
0.138
0.301
0.221
0.194
0.389
0.380
0.347
0.120
0.261
0.232
0.133
0.330
0.425
0.392
0.451
0.420
0.308
0.138
0.273
Cfx
RMS
0.261
0.189
0.288
0.046
0.099
0.269
0.270
0.308
0.205
0.044
0.097
0.089
0.036
0.186
0.208
0.204
0.271
0.287
0.205
0.040
0.094
0.097
0.043
0.183
0.298
0.286
0.297
0.272
0.174
0.038
0.094
Max
1.813
1.296
1.755
0.410
0.761
1.754
1.709
1.944
1.292
0.367
0.761
0.771
0.333
1.215
1.265
1.299
1.720
1.972
1.336
0.384
0.703
0.799
0.385
1.289
1.896
1.872
2.071
1.730
1.164
0.342
0.758
Min
-0.303
-0.078
-0.364
0.019
0.018
-0.287
-0.260
-0.342
-0.073
0.008
0.011
-0.003
0.031
-0.073
-0.343
-0.270
-0.272
-0.338
-0.024
0.014
0.006
-0.005
0.021
-0.044
-0.243
-0.238
-0.490
-0.385
-0.025
0.034
0.021
B-54
Mean
0.007
0.664
0.119
-0.472
0.202
0.021
0.024
0.135
0.681
-0.471
0.197
0.190
-0.449
0.585
0.073
0.008
0.025
0.126
0.684
-0.452
0.187
0.165
-0.490
0.664
0.144
0.029
0.030
0.140
0.598
-0.493
0.194
Cfz
RMS
0.029
0.376
0.102
0.198
0.142
0.039
0.040
0.104
0.388
0.191
0.137
0.141
0.143
0.351
0.077
0.030
0.042
0.104
0.381
0.163
0.129
0.152
0.180
0.348
0.110
0.045
0.043
0.100
0.320
0.169
0.136
Max
0.221
2.686
0.644
-0.023
0.886
0.228
0.272
0.690
2.636
0.082
0.994
0.955
-0.036
2.342
0.565
0.227
0.235
0.710
2.803
0.001
0.837
0.930
-0.065
2.298
0.680
0.259
0.246
0.652
2.227
-0.053
0.948
Min
-0.120
-0.118
-0.149
-1.607
-0.351
-0.092
-0.104
-0.166
-0.078
-1.642
-0.343
-0.383
-1.286
-0.161
-0.188
-0.091
-0.099
-0.162
-0.028
-1.341
-0.336
-0.405
-1.634
-0.061
-0.131
-0.102
-0.105
-0.152
-0.010
-1.510
-0.397
Mean
0.004
0.035
0.014
0.000
0.141
0.014
0.016
0.016
0.030
-0.002
0.135
0.125
0.011
0.021
0.009
0.006
0.017
0.016
0.028
-0.001
0.135
0.120
0.001
0.031
0.019
0.019
0.020
0.017
0.022
0.004
0.141
Cmy
RMS
0.019
0.041
0.028
0.020
0.049
0.026
0.027
0.027
0.041
0.019
0.049
0.041
0.018
0.038
0.023
0.020
0.028
0.028
0.039
0.019
0.047
0.045
0.020
0.039
0.030
0.030
0.029
0.028
0.035
0.019
0.045
Max
0.146
0.283
0.173
0.086
0.391
0.151
0.180
0.177
0.278
0.075
0.373
0.358
0.085
0.243
0.197
0.150
0.155
0.185
0.250
0.086
0.352
0.413
0.072
0.242
0.183
0.171
0.163
0.183
0.186
0.077
0.359
Min
-0.079
-0.129
-0.084
-0.135
0.023
-0.061
-0.069
-0.094
-0.146
-0.122
0.029
0.018
-0.105
-0.144
-0.084
-0.060
-0.065
-0.098
-0.130
-0.111
0.032
0.023
-0.130
-0.133
-0.075
-0.067
-0.069
-0.076
-0.123
-0.104
0.041
7.3
This section describes some of the primary parameters associated with winds in a thermally neutral
atmospheric boundary layer that are commonly simulated in a wind tunnel for proper measurement of
wind loads on a scaled model. These parameters specify mean, or time-averaged, and turbulence
characteristics of winds which can then be related to the surface roughness of the field site.
C.1 Mean Wind Speed Characteristics
F zI
U(z) = U G J
Hz K
(C.1)
where U is the mean wind speed, z is the height above the ground, and is the power-law exponent
dependent on roughness of terrain and averaging time of measurements. The height zR is the reference
height, commonly 10 meters or 33 ft, and UR represents the wind speed at the reference height.
The power-law exponent is obtained by a linear regression of wind data measured at different heights on a
log-log basis as illustrated in Figure C-1(a). Recommended values of power-law exponent are tabulated
in Table C-1.
Table C-1 Recommended values of power-law exponent
Coastal Areas
Open Terrain
Suburban Terrain
Center of Large City
Davenport (1965)
0.16
0.28
0.4
FG IJ
H K
u*
z
ln
k
zo
(C.2)
in which u* is the shear velocity, zo is the aerodynamic roughness length, and k is the von Karmans
constant, approximately 0.4. The shear velocity may be interpreted as a fluid velocity which would cause
a normal stress (i.e., dynamic pressure) equivalent to one half, in magnitude, of the shear stress occurring
C-1
over a solid surface, and the roughness length as a height at which the fluid velocity in Equation 6.2
vanishes due to friction.
The roughness length, zo, is obtained by a regression on a linear-log basis as shown in Figure C-1(b).
Values of zo corresponding to different types of surface roughness have been reported from various
sources, however considerable scatter exists from experiment to experiment. The variability is generally
attributed to local flow inhomogeneities that cannot be easily accounted for, and to some extent, the fact
that the estimate of zo is extremely susceptible to accuracy involving wind speed measurements due to
extrapolation in the regression technique.
Typical roughness lengths for various types of terrain are given in Table C-2.
Table C-2 Typical surface roughness lengths, Simiu et al. (1996)
Type of Surface
Sand
Snow surface
Mown grass (~0.01 m)
Low grass, steppe
Fallow field
High grass
Palmetto
Pine forest
Sparsely built-up suburbs
Densly built-up suburbs
Center of large cities
C-2
zo (cm)
0.01-0.1
0.1-0.6
0.1-1
1-4
2-3
4-10
10-30
90-100
20-40
80-120
200-300
100
100
Elevation, ft
Elevation, ft
10
Power-law
exponent
10
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
U/U(33 ft)
0.01
0.0
Roughness length, zo
0.5
1.0
1.5
U/U(33 ft)
Iu ( z ) =
u(z)
U(z)
(C.3)
where Iu is the local turbulence intensity and u(z) is the standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations in
the longitudinal direction at height z. Vertical and lateral turbulence intensity may be similarly defined.
Turbulence intensity can be estimated using several different available empirical equations. Lumley and
Panofsky (1964) suggests
Iu ( z ) =
Ck
z
ln
zo
FG IJ
H K
(C.4)
where C is the constant that varies approximately from 2.0 to 2.5 depending on the roughness length zo,
see Simiu and Scanlan (1996). For a lower surface layer below a height of 100 m, Snyder (1981)
C-3
FG 30 IJ
Hz K
I (z) =
F zI
ln G J
Hz K
ln
(C.5)
in which the heights are measured in full-scale meters, and is the power-law exponent.
When a mean wind speed is relatively high, say above 20 mph, lateral turbulence intensity may be
approximated by the standard deviation of wind direction fluctuations. It can be shown that
Iv ( z ) =
( z )
180
(C.6)
Here, Iv is the lateral turbulence intensity and is the standard deviation of wind direction fluctuations
measured in degrees. The magnitude of lateral turbulence intensity is somewhat smaller than longitudinal
component. For example, empirical equations for velocity power spectral densities proposed by Kaimal
(1972), described below, imply that that
Iv ( z )
= 0.63 .
Iu ( z )
(C.7)
C-4
Energy-containnig
eddies
S(n)
Largest
eddies of
permanent
character
n ~ 0.01
Inertial sub-range
n ~ 0.2
n~2
Frequency n , Hz
Note: Frequency values are nominal, and vary depending on wind speed and height.
(C.8)
where S is the power spectral density, n is the frequency in Hz, and x is defined as
1200n
U (10)
x=
(C.9)
in which U(10) is the mean wind speed in meters per second at z = 10 m. It should be noted that
Davenports model does not account for the dependence of spectra on height. A more elaborate model
was suggested by Kaimal (1972) as
nS ( z , n )
200 f
=
2
(1 + 50 f )5/ 3
u*
(C.10)
nz
.
U(z)
C-5
(C.11)
Kaimal also proposed a model for the lateral turbulence spectrum as follows.
nS v ( z , n )
15 f
.
=
2
u*
(1 + 9.5 f )5/ 3
(C.12)
To illustrate some of the noteworthy properties of a power spectral density, consider time series of wind
velocity fluctuations u(t). Then
u 2 = S ( n )dn
(C.13)
and
1
T 2T
Ru ( ) = lim
(C.14)
where Ru() is the auto-covariance function of the original velocity time series. Applying the spectral
property in Equation (C.13) to the Kaimals longitudinal and lateral spectrum models above, it can be
shown that
2u = 6u*2
(C.15)
2v =
(C.16)
(C.17)
2
u
Ru1u 2 ( x )dx
(C.18)
where Ru1u2(x) is the cross-covariance of the longitudinal turbulence components u1 and u2 measured at
two separate points in space with the longitudinal distance of x. However, a simplified approximation to
C-6
the above equation is widely accepted based on the Taylors frozen field hypothesis (1938) that states
that;
the sequence of changes in the fluid velocity at the fixed point are
simply due to the passage of an unchanging pattern of turbulent motion
over the point,
and given by
Lux =
2
u
Ru ( )d .
(C.19)
This approximation allows the longitudinal length scale to be obtained by a temporal auto-covariance of
the turbulence that can be calculated using Equation (C.14).
Among several empirical expressions for longitudinal length scale, the model proposed by Counihan
(1975) has been widely recognized. The model takes the following expression.
Lux = Cz m
(C.20)
where C and m are constants dependent on the surface roughness length, zo, and all lengths are measured
in meters. A model suggested by ESDU (1975) is also often referenced, which is essentially a variation
of Counihans model for which
C = 25zo 0.063 , and m = 0.35 .
C-7
(C.21)
References
American National Standard A58.1-1982, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
American National Standard Institute, Inc., New York, 1982.
J. S. D. Bendat and A.G. Piersol, Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures, A WileyInterscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1971.
J. Counihan, Adiabatic Atmospheric Boundary Layers: A Review and Analysis of Data from the Period
1880-1972, Atmos. Environ., 9 (1975), 871-905.
A. G. Davenport, The Relationship of Wind Structure to Wind Loading, in Proceedings of the
Symposium on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, Vol. 1, National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, U.K., Her Majestys Stationery Office, London, 1965, pp.53-102.
A. G. Davenport, The Spectrum of Horizontal Gustiness Near the Ground in High Winds, J. Royal
Meterol. Soc., 87 (1961) 194-211.
ESDU, Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence Near the Ground, Item No. 75001, Engineering
Science Data Unit, London, U.K., 1975.
National Building Code of Canada 1980, National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee of
the National Building Code, NRCC No. 17724, Ottawa, Canada, 1980.
G. Hellman, Uber die Bewegung der Luft in den untersten Schichten der Atmospare, Meteoro. Z., 34
(1916) 273.
J. O. Hinze, Turbulence, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1975.
J. C. Kaimal et al., Spectral Characteristics of Surface-Layer Turbulence, J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 98
(1972) 563-589.
J. L. Lumley and H. A. Panofsky, The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1964.
E. Simiu and R. H. Scanlan, Wind Effects on Structures, 3rd ed., A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.
D. H. Slade, editor, Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968, Technical Information Center, U.S.
Department of Energy, 1968.
W. H. Snyder, Guideline for Fluid Modeling of Atmospheric Diffusion, Report No. EPA600/8-81-009,
USEPA, Environmental Services Research Laboratory, Office of Research and development, Research
Triangle Park, New Jersey, 1981.
Taylor, G. I., The Spectrum of Turbulence, Proceedings of the Royal Soc., A164 (1938), 476-490.
C-8
7.4
D-1
Configuration B1
D-2
Configuration B1 (continued)
D-3
Configuration B1 (continued)
D-4
Configuration B1 (continued)
D-5
Configuration B1 (continued)
D-6
Configuration B1 (continued)
D-7
Configuration B1 (continued)
D-8
Configuration B1 (continued)
D-9
Configuration C1
D-10
Configuration C1 (continued)
D-11
Configuration C1 (continued)
D-12
Configuration C1 (continued)
D-13
Configuration C1 (continued)
D-14
Configuration C1 (continued)
D-15
Configuration C3
D-16
Configuration C3 (continued)
D-17
Configuration C3 (continued)
D-18
Configuration C3 (continued)
D-19
Configuration B3 (continued)
D-20
Configuration C3 (continued)
D-21
Configuration C5
D-22
Configuration C5 (continued)
D-23
Configuration C5 (continued)
D-24
Configuration C5 (continued)
D-25
Configuration C5 (continued)
D-26
Configuration C5 (continued)
D-27
Configuration D1
D-28
Configuration D1 (continued)
D-29
Configuration D1 (continued)
D-30
Configuration D1 (continued)
D-31
Configuration D1 (continued)
D-32
Configuration D1 (continued)
D-33
Configuration D1 (continued)
D-34
Configuration D1 (continued)
D-35
7.5
A set of CD-ROMs provided to NREL as backup to this report contains the time series of local
pressure coefficients measured on the model of the solar collector concentrator. The pressure
values have been adjusted to approximate the directly measured force and moment balance loads
when integrated. The weight factors for pressure integrations are provided in a spreadsheet file
(INTEGRATE.XLS), also found on the CD-ROM.
Data Filename Convention
The following data file naming convention is used.
cccP-rrr.DAT
where
ccc : Test configuration, I1 I11.
rrr : Run number.
Data File Format and Contents
The data are stored in printable ASCII format. Each data file contains a brief header
followed by series of instantaneous local pressure coefficients. A typical data file might look like
this (description of the data lines in parentheses):
Run
Config
Yaw (deg.)
Pitch (deg.)
Uref (fps)
Qref (psf)
Sample Rate (Hz)
No. Samples
No. Segments
1
I1
.0
105.0
25.69
.6270
500.0
8192
4
130
129
128
-.0207
-.4157
-.3385
.
.
.
.
.
-.8503
-1.5147
-.1248
-.4448
-.3933
.
.
.
.
.
-.9533
-1.0938
-.3266
-.5087
-.3903
.
.
.
.
.
-.9259
-1.1680
-.0989
-.1662
-.4142
-.3249
-.2717
-.3196
.
.
.
.
.
.
(End of File)
-.1522
-.4434
-.3241
.
.
.
E-1
Form Approved
OMB No. 0704-0188
The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,
gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this
collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Executive Services and Communications Directorate (0704-0188). Respondents
should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a
currently valid OMB control number.
May 2008
4.
3.
Subcontract Report
DE-AC36-99-GO10337
5b. GRANT NUMBER
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6.
AUTHOR(S)
NREL/SR-550-32282
5e. TASK NUMBER
CP085002
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7.
8.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
NAA-2-32439-01
10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)
NREL
11. SPONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
NREL/SR-550-32282
12. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Extensive wind-tunnel tests were conducted on parabolic trough solar collectors to determine practical wind loads
applicable to the structural design for stress and deformation, as well as the local component design for the
concentrator reflectors. The overall dynamic loads and simultaneous pressure distributions on the concentrator were
measured using force balances and a multi-pressure data acquisition system, respectively, in a boundary layer wind
tunnel at Cermak Peterka Petersen. Various test configurations were examined, including an isolated collector and
solar field collectors at different positions. Significant test results are presented and discussed in detail. Overall, the
wind-tunnel tests produced sufficient data that can be used by designers of the present and future for a variety of
design practices. Several recommendations are made for future work. The validity of the wind-tunnel data is
particularly important. Ultimately, the acceptability of the test results should be based on model-to-full-scale
comparison, which requires measurement of wind loads on a full-scale solar collector. Should further wind tunnel
study prove useful, the pressure test model should attempt to increase the pressure tap installation density to
enhance the resolution of discrete pressure distribution data.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
Concentrating solar power; parabolic trough; solar collectors; wind tunnel; wind load; structural design; stress; deformation
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:
a. REPORT
b. ABSTRACT
Unclassified
Unclassified
c. THIS PAGE
Unclassified
17. LIMITATION
18. NUMBER
OF ABSTRACT
OF PAGES
UL
F1146-E(09/2007)