Unit 5

UNIT-5
(Wireless communication Systems -GSM)
SUGUMAR.D,
Assistant Professor,
ECE Department,
Karunya University.
1/13/2015
Karunya University
What is GSM ?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a
second generation cellular standard
developed to cater voice services and
data delivery using digital modulation
GSM: History
Developed by Group Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an
initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and

Telecommunication )
Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards
Institute )
Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990

Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile
communication
Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in
India.
GSM in World
3%
Figures: March, 2005
Arab World
3%
Asia Pacific
3%
3% (INDIA)
Africa
East Central Asia
4%
37%
Europe
Russia
43%
1%
4%
India
North America
South America
GSM in India
Figures: March 2005
Aircel
4%
Reliance
3%
MTNL
Spice
2%
4%
BPL
6%
Bharti
Bharti
27%
BSNL
Hutch
IDEA
BPL
IDEA
13%
Aircel
Hutch
19%
BSNL
22%
Spice
Reliance
MTNL
Karunya University
12EC 244 Mobile Communications
Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems
Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

approx. 1.7 bn
1600
2008:
>3.3 bn!
1400
Subscribers [million]
1200
GSM total
1000
TDMA total
CDMA total
PDC total
Analogue total
800
W-CDMA
600
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
400
200
0
1996
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1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004 year
Karunya University
CT0/1
AMPS
NMT
CT2
IS-136
TDMA
D-AMPS
GSM
PDC
TDMA
FDMA
Development of mobile telecommunication systems

IMT-FT
DECT
EDGE
GPRS
IMT-SC
IS-136HS
UWC-136
CDMA
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
HSPA
IMT-TC
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
1G
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IS-95
cdmaOne
cdma2000 1X
2G
2.5G
IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
(3X)
3G
Karunya University
Some statistics
16th April 2008: The GSMA, the global trade group for the mobile industry, today
announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have
now passed the 3 Billion mark globally. The third billion landmark has been
reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion, and just
two years from the second billionth connection. The 3 Billion landmark has been
surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991. Today more
than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are
adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second, or 1.3 million per day.
The worlds biggest GSM markets today are China (509 million), which is growing
at a rate of more than 7 million new connections a month and accounts for 14% of
the third billion growth; India (193 million), growing at 6 million per month
accounts for 12% of the third billion growth, Russia (178 million) and Brazil (93
million) which both contributed 4% of the third billion growth.
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I.GSM: Overview
GSM
(founded 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications
Standardisation Institute)
simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991, 1994,
1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1
and D2)
seamless roaming within Europe possible
Today many providers all over the world use GSM

(218 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 3 billion subscribers in more than 700 networks
more than 75% of all digital mobile phones use GSM
be aware: these are only rough numbers]
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Performance characteristics of
GSM (wrt. analog sys.)
Communication
mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services
Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different
providers
Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization
High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
High transmission quality
high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at
higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)
Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
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Disadvantages of GSM
There is no perfect system!!

no end-to-end encryption of user data
no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent Bchannel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
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1.GSM: Mobile Services
GSM offers
several types of connections
voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains
Bearer Services
Telematic Services
Supplementary Services
bearer services
MS
TE
MT
R, S
GSM-PLMN
Um
transit
network
(PSTN, ISDN)
source/
destination
network
TE
(U, S, R)
tele services
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Bearer Services
Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)
data service (circuit switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
data service (packet switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible will be covered later! (even more
with new modulation)
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Tele Services I
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones

All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security measurements
etc.
Offered services
mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional
bandwidth of 3.1 kHz
Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers;
free of charge; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other
connections possible)
Multinumbering
several ISDN phone numbers per user possible
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Tele Services II
Additional services
Non-Voice-Teleservices
group 3 fax
voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile
terminals)
electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the
fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)
alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal (160
characters) using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of
basic services and SMS
(almost ignored in the beginning now the most successful add-on!)
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Supplementary services
Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone

Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers, countries and protocol
versions
Important services
identification: forwarding of caller number
suppression of number forwarding
automatic call-back
conferencing with up to 7 participants
locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
...
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Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones,

PDAs & Co.
The visible but smallest

part of the network!
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Ingredients 2: Antennas
Still visible cause many discussions

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Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 1
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
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Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 2
comprise the major part
of the network (also
from an investment
point of view)
Management
Data bases
Switching units
Monitoring
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GSM Architecture : overview

OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
NSS
with OSS
VLR
MSC
GMSC
VLR
fixed network
MSC
BSC
BSC
RSS
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2.Architecture of the GSM system
GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within
each country
components
MS (mobile station)
BS (base station)
MSC (mobile switching center)
LR (location register)
subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover,
switching
OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
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GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell
MS
BSS
MS
Um
radio cell
MS
BTS
RSS
BTS
Abis
BSC
BSC
A
MSC
NSS
MSC
VLR
signaling
VLR
GMSC
HLR
IWF
ISDN, PSTN
PDN
O
OSS
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EIR
AUC
OMC
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Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:
1. Mobile Equipment (ME)
2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile Equipment
Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device
Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile

Equipment Identity)
Voice and data transmission
Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for

optimum handover
Power level : 0.8W 20 W
160 character long SMS.
System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS) contd.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other
subscribed services
Encoded network identification details
- Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
Protected by a password or PIN
Can be moved from phone to phone contains key
information to activate the phone
System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that
communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing
operation between components made by different suppliers
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
1.
2.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds the

RF signals to the antenna.
Frequency hopping
Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
System Architecture
Manages Radio resources for BTS
Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in its area
Handles call set up
Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
Handover for each MS
Radio Power control
It communicates with MSC and BTS
System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Heart of the network
Manages communication between GSM and other networks
Call setup function and basic switching
Call routing
Billing information and collection
Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network
by using HLR/VLR.
System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
Home Location Registers (HLR)
- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service
area(generally one per GSM network operator)
- database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming
restrictions,supplementary services.
Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area,
by HLR database
- Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
- Reduces number of queries to HLR
- Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location
Area,authentication key
System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
- Protects against intruders in air interface
- Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and
provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
- Generally associated with HLR

Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
- Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black
List and the Gray List
- Only one EIR per PLMN
-
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GSM: system architecture

radio
subsystem
MS
network and
switching subsystem
fixed
partner networks
MS
ISDN
PSTN
MSC
Um
BTS
Abis
BSC
EIR
SS7
BTS
VLR
BTS
BTS
BSS
HLR
BSC
A
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
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System architecture: radio subsystem

radio
subsystem
MS
network and switching

subsystem
Components
MS (Mobile Station)
BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
consisting of
BTS (Base Transceiver
Station):
sender and receiver
BSC (Base Station
Controller):
controlling several
transceivers
Interfaces
Um : radio interface
Abis : standardized, open
interface with
16 kbit/s user channels
A: standardized, open interface
with
64 kbit/s user channels
MS
Um
BTS
Abis
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BSS
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MSC
BSC
MSC
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Karunya University
System architecture: network and switching subsystem

network
subsystem
fixed partner
networks
ISDN
PSTN
Components
MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center):
IWF (Interworking Functions)
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
MSC
SS7
EIR
HLR
VLR
MSC
IWF
ISDN
PSTN
Network)
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network)
PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.)
CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data
Net.)
Databases
HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
PSPDN
CSPDN
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Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the
switching centers
Components
Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender,
receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several
cells
Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling
BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um)
onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
Mobile Stations (MS)
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GSM: cellular network

segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell
cell
idealized shape of the cell
use of several carrier frequencies

not the same frequency in adjoining cells
cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density,
geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor
cell
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GSM frequency bands (examples)

Type
Channels
Uplink [MHz]
Downlink [MHz]
GSM 850
128-251
824-849
869-894
GSM 900
classical
extended
0-124, 955-1023
124 channels
+49 channels
876-915
890-915
880-915
921-960
935-960
925-960
GSM 1800
512-885
1710-1785
1805-1880
GSM 1900
512-810
1850-1910
1930-1990
GSM-R
exclusive
955-1024, 0-124
69 channels
876-915
876-880
921-960
921-925
- Additionally: GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458/460-468 or 479-486/489-496 MHz)
- Please note: frequency ranges may vary depending on the country!
- Channels at the lower/upper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
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Example coverage of GSM networks

T-Mobile (GSM-900/1800) Germany
AT&T (GSM-850/1900) USA
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O2 (GSM-1800) Germany
Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
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Base Transceiver Station and Base

Station Controller
Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS

BTS comprises radio specific functions
BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions
Management of radio channels
Frequency hopping (FH)
Management of terrestrial channels
Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels
Channel coding and decoding
Rate adaptation
Encryption and decryption
Paging
Uplink signal measurements
Traffic measurement
Authentication
Location registry, location update
Handover management
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BTS
X
X
X
X
X
X
BSC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services

A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups
MT (Mobile Terminal):
offers common functions used by all services the MS offers
corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access
end-point of the radio interface (Um)
TA (Terminal Adapter):
terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
does not contain GSM specific functions
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters
TE
TA
R
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MT
S
Um
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Karunya University
Network and switching subsystem
NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM

switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks, system
control
Components
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal
within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC
Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
Home Location Register (HLR)
central master database containing user data, permanent and semipermanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can
have several HLRs)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user
currently in the domain of the VLR
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Mobile Services Switching Center
The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM

switching functions
additional functions for mobility support
management of network resources
interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)
integration of several databases
Functions of a MSC
specific functions for paging and call forwarding
termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7)
mobility specific signaling
location registration and forwarding of location information
provision of new services (fax, data calls)
support of short message service (SMS)
generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
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Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management, and

maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components
generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR
authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and
encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes
even localized
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network
subsystem
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3.Radio interface (GSM - TDMA/FDMA)

935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
higher GSM frame structures

time
GSM TDMA frame

1
8
4.615 ms
GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard
space
tail
3 bits
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user data
S Training S
user data
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
guard
tail space
546.5 s
577 s
46
GSM-Frame Structure
Karunya University
GSM hierarchy of frames

hyperframe
0
2045 2046 2047 3 h 28 min 53.76 s
...
superframe
...
48
...
49
24
50
6.12 s
25
multiframe
0
...
0
24
2
120 ms
25
...
48
49
50
235.4 ms
frame
...
4.615 ms
slot
burst
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577 s
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Physical Channel
Timeslot and Frame structure

1 super high frame = 2048 super frame = 2715648 TDMA frame
0
SACCH/TCH
FACCH
2044
2045
2046
2047
BCCH
CCCH
SDCH
1 super frame = 1326 TDMA frame6.12s

0
47
48
24
49
50
25
1 multiplex frame = 26 TDMA frames120ms 1 multiplex frame = 51 TDMA frame

0
24
25
49
50
1 TDMA frame = 8 timeslot120/26 = 4.615ms

0
7
50
51
GSM Physical Channels

TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
Timeslot 1
Frequency 1
Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7 Ch 8
Frequency 2
:
:
Frequency 124
:
:
Physical Channel
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
The physical channel adopts FDMA and TDMA techs.

On the time domain, a specified channel occupies the
same timeslots in each TDMA frame, so it can be
identified by the timeslot number and frame number.
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Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Logical Channels
14.4Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F14.4)
9.6Kbit/s FR TCH(TCH/F9.6)
Data CH
(traffic)
4.8Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F4.8)
4.8Kbit/s HR TCH (TCH/H4.8)
TCH
Voice CH
FR Voice Traffic Channel (TCH/FS)

Enhanced FR Traffic Channel (TCH/EFR)
HR Traffic Channel (TCH/HS)
channel
BCH
CCH
CCCH
(control)
FCCH (down) (Frequency correction)

SCH (down) (Synchronization)
BCCH (down)
(Random Access)
RACH (up)
AGCH (down) (Access Grant)
PCH (down) (Paging)
SDCCH(Stand Alone)
DCCH
FACCH(Fast-associated)
SACCH(Slow-associated)
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Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Channel Type
Traffic Channel
Transmit voice and data
Signaling Channel
transmit the signaling and synchronous data between BTS and MS.
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GSM Channel Types

3 groups of logical (i.e., Virtual Circuits)
channels, TCH, CCH and CBCH, which are
realized on top of physical channels.
TCH (Traffic Channel)
To carry voice or data traffic of the users
CCH (Control Channel)
For control and signaling functions
CBCH (Cell Broadcast Channel)
For broadcast functions from a service center to a
MS in a cell area.
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GSM Logical Channels

Traffic (TCH) Channels:
Two-way, carrying voice and data
Full-rate traffic channels (TCH/F)
Half-rate traffic channels (TCH/H)
Full rate channel may carry 13 kb/s speech or
data at 12, 6, or 3.6 kb/s
Half rate channel may carry 6.5 kb/s speech
or data at 6 or 3.6 kb/s
57
GSM Logical Channels, cont..

CCH consists of 3 groups of logical control channels, BCH,
CCCH and DCCH
BCH (Broadcast Channel):
Point-to-multipoint downlink only.
Contains three sub-channels, BCCH, FCCH and SCH
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel):

Used by the BTS to broadcast synchronization
parameters, available services, and cell ID.
I.o.w. sending cell identities, organization info
about common control channels, cell service
available, etc.
58
GSM Logical Channels

FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel):
An MS uses it to synchronize its carrier
frequency and bit timing.
SCH (Synchronization Channel):

Used by the BTS to broadcast frame
synchronization signals to all MSs;
I.o,w., send TDMA frame number and base
station identity code to synchronize MSs.
59
GSM Logical Channels, cont

CCCH (Common Control Channel) One way:
Consists of three sub-channels, PCH, AGCH and RACH.

These channels are used for paging and access
- PCH (Paging Channel): Used by BTS to page the MS
AGCH (Access Grant Channel):
to assign MSs to stand-alone dedicated control
channels for initial assignment; Used by the MS to access
the BTS for call establishment
RACH (Random Access Channel): for MS to send

requests for dedicated connections; for the
acknowledgement from the BTS to the MS after a successful

attempt by MS using RCH.
60

DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel): bidirectional point-to-point -- main signaling
channels. Consist of two sub-channels,
SDCCH and ACCH
SDCCH (Stand-alone dedicated control
channel):
for service request, subscriber
authentication, equipment validation,
assignment to a traffic channel; Call
establishment and mobility management
61

ACCH consists of two sub-channels, SACCH and
FACCH
SACCH (slow associated control channel): for
out-of-band signaling associated with a traffic
channel, e.g., signal strength measurements;
Assigned to each TCH and SDCCH. Used to exchange parameters

between the BTS and the MS to maintain the link.
FACCH (fast associated control channel): for

preemptive signaling on a traffic channel, e.g., for
handoff messages; Used to support fast transitions in the
channel when SACCH is not adequate.
NDG Notes
LOGICAL CHANNELS
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
62
NDG Notes
Control Channels
Control channels fall into three categories:
Broadcast:: BCCH, FCCH, SCH
One way, from base to mobile
Common Control: RACH, AGCH, PCH

One way, some from base to mobile and some from mobile to the
base
Dedicated: SDCCH, SACCG, FACCH

Two-way, stand-alone or embedded in the traffic channels
All signaling channels share one carrier in a cell

the dedicated control channels may be transmitted on traffic carriers
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
63
NDG Notes
Broadcast Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
Carries information for frequency correction
Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Carries information for frame synchronization and for
identification of the BTS
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Broadcasts general information on the BTS
Broadcasts cell-specific information, e.g. Control channel
organization, frequency hopping sequences, cell identification, etc.
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
64
NDG Notes
Common Control Channels

Paging Channel (PCH) - downlink only
for paging purposes
Random Access Channel (RACH) - uplink only

used by any MS to request allocation of a signaling channel (SDCCH)
a slotted Aloha protocol is used, so collisions among MSs may happen
Access Grant Channel (AGCH) - downlink only

used to allocate a SDCCH or a TCH
Notification Channel (NCH) - downlink only

notify MS of voice group and voice broadcast call (ASCI feature)
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
65
NDG Notes
Dedicated Control Channels

Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
used for call setup (authentication, signaling,, traffic channel
assignment), location updates and SMS
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)

always coupled with a SDCCH or TCH
for communicating measurement data and control parameters
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

to respond to increased signaling demand, e.g. during handover
bandwidth (bit slots) are stolen from the associated TCH (traffic
data are preempted)
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
66
NDG Notes
Traffic Channels
GSM support two types of traffic channels
full rate (TCH/F): 22.8 kbps
half rate (TCH/H): 11.4 kbps
Mapping to physical channel

full rate traffic channel - 1 timeslot
half rate traffic channel - 1 timeslot in alternating frames
Full rate channel may carry

13 kbps speech or data at 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbps
Half rate channel may carry

6.5 kbps speech or data at 2.4 or 9.6 kbps
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
67
NDG Notes
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
Channel Usage &

MS Terminating Calls
68
NDG Notes
GSM Numbering Scheme and

Spectrum
Efficiency
GSM Numbering Scheme
Each GSM Mobile has at least three Numbers:
MSISDN [Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network] stored in SIM
Card
SIM Card holds Subscriber ID[MSISDN, IMSI], some Extra Memory to store
phone numbers and Encryption Algorithms
IMSI[International Mobile Subscriber Identity] not known to the User, HLR

does translation between MSISDN to IMSI and vice versa.
ESN or IMEI:Permanently stored/wired in the Mobile Station
Spectrum Efficiency
TDMA, 200 KHz Channel BW, 8-Time Slots per Carrier Channel
Radio Spectrum = 2 x 25 MHz bands can support 125[124] Duplex Carrier
Channels and 1000 Traffic Channels [1000 Simultaneous Calls].
A typical GSM System Cluster Size = 12, so each Cell have Approx. 10 Carrier
Channels and a Capacity of 80 Simultaneous Call [Traffic Channels]
In case of half-rate Coder, Spectrum Efficiency will be Doubled.
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
69
NDG Notes
Technical Realization of GSM

GSM Speech Communications
User Speech is Digitized using Adaptive PCM

Speech Encoding using Linear Predictive Coding [LPC]
User data flow = 13 kbps [ 6.5 kbps in case of half-rate coding]
Adding an overhead of 9.8 kbps[for error detection, error correction, and
synchronization], we get an over all user data flow of 22.8 kbps.
This user data flow is subdivided into short data blocks each of 456 bits, which is
divided into 8 sub-blocks, each of 57 bits, 2 such sub-blocks are used to make a burst
[to fit into a time slot of 0.58 ms]. See frame structure.
These bursts from a user are interleaved over 8 time slots spread over 8 frames.
TDMA/FDMA Mechanism
Each Carrier Channels carries data burst of eight (8) users, each in its allocated
time slot in the frame.
Time slots are transmitted on several Channels [Carrier Channel or Frequency]
Each Carrier Channel transmits the data of 8 users at 271 kbps .
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
70
NDG Notes
Technical Realization of GSM [ Contd]

GSM Speech Communications-2
GSM Carrier Frequencies are numbered 1-124 Channels[Duplex]
Forward Channel = 935.2 MHz + (n-1) * 200 KHz
Reverse Channel = 890.2 MHz + (n-1) * 200 KHz
Frequency
Due to slightly more than 200 KHz bandwidth of the modulated signal,
Consecutive Frequencies are not used in the same System
Also, 1 and 124 Channels are generally not used.
The Spectrum of 124 Channels is generally not allotted to one Service Provider.
Separation between two Duplex paired Channels is 45 MHz.
Each users bursts are transmitted every 4.6ms apart.
97
96
95
94
93
92
1
Frame [4.6ms]
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
Time
71
NDG Notes
SPEECH PROCESSING
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
72
NDG Notes
SPEECH CODING
SPEECH ENCODER
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
73
NDG Notes
SPEECH DATA PROCESSING
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
74
NDG Notes
CHANNEL ENCODING
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
75
NDG Notes
INTERLEAVING
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
76
NDG Notes
VOICE TRANSMISSION PATH
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
77
NDG Notes
Technical Realization of GSM [ Contd]

GSM Framing Structure
Hyper Frame 3 Hrs 28 Min
2048
1
1
51
26
One Super Frame Occurs when

when the Speech and Control Channel
restart at the same time.
Super Frame 6.12 Sec

Multi-Frame 120 ms
Multi-Frame 235 ms
26
26 x Frames 4.61 ms
Speech
Traffic
Control
Traffic
51
Each Frame is sub-divided into 8 time-slots 0.58 ms
Preamble
3
57 bits User Speech Data
26 bits
57 bits User Speech Data
Time Slot 0.58 ms
GuardTime
Block = 456 Bits

1
8 sub-blocks 57 bits each
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
81
81
81
81
8 1
81
8 x Frames 4.61 ms, Slot-2 of each Frame is Allocated to the User
Blocked User Signal

Inter-Leaved into 8 Time Slots
over 8 Frames
8 1
78
NDG Notes
TIME-SLOT STRUCTURE
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
79
NDG Notes
FRAME HIERARCHY
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
80
NDG Notes
BURST
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
81
NDG Notes
TYPES OF BURST
Five different types of bursts
Normal burst
Traffic and control payload
Frequency correction burst

All zeroes sequence
Synchronization burst
A special fixed sequence
Random access burst

Extended guard period of 68.25 bitts (252 s)
Dummy burst
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
82
NDG Notes
BURST STRUCTURES
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
83
(Speech) Signal Processing

Speech
Speech
Speech decoding
Speech coding
13 Kbps
Channel Coding
Channel decoding
22.8 Kbps
Interleaving
De-interleaving
22.8 Kbps
Burst Formatting
Burst Formatting
33.6 Kbps
Ciphering
33.6 Kbps
Modulation
De-ciphering
Radio Interface
270.83 Kbps
Demodulation
Karunya University
4.GSM protocol layers for signaling

Um
Abis
MS
BTS
BSC
CM
CM
MM
MM
RR
RR
BTSM
RR
BTSM
LAPDm
LAPDm
LAPD
LAPD
radio
radio
PCM
PCM
16/64 kbit/s
1/13/2015
MSC
BSSAP
BSSAP
SS7
SS7
PCM
PCM
64 kbit/s /
2.048 Mbit/s
85
Karunya University
5.Mobile Terminated Call Incoming Call
1: calling a GSM subscriber

2: forwarding call to GMSC
3: signal call setup to HLR
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR
calling
6: forward responsible
station 1
MSC to GMSC
7: forward call to
current MSC
8, 9: get current status of MS
10, 11: paging of MS
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection
1/13/2015
HLR
4
5
3 6
PSTN
GMSC
10
VLR
8 9
14 15
MSC
10 13
16
10
BSS
BSS
BSS
11
11
11
11 12
17
MS
86
Karunya University
Mobile Originated Call Outgoing Call

1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources
(free circuit)
9-10: set up call
VLR
3 4
6
PSTN
5
GMSC
2 9
MS
1/13/2015
MSC
1
10
BSS
87
Outgoing Call
1. MS sends dialled number to BSS

2. BSS sends dialled number to MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is
allowed the requested service.If
so,MSC asks BSS to allocate
resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local
exchange of called user
7, 8,
9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is
routed from called user to MS via
GMSC,MSC,BSS
Karunya University
MS
MTC
MTC/MOC
BTS
MS
MOC
BTS
paging request
1/13/2015
channel request
channel request
immediate assignment
immediate assignment
paging response
service request
authentication request
authentication request
authentication response
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering command
ciphering complete
ciphering complete
setup
setup
call confirmed
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment command
assignment complete
assignment complete
alerting
alerting
connect
connect
connect acknowledge
connect acknowledge
data/speech exchange
data/speech exchange
89
Karunya University
6.4 types of handover

1
MS
BTS
MS
MS
MS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
Between 1 and 2 Inter BTS / Intra BSC

Between 1 and 3 Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
Between 1 and 4 Inter MSC
1/13/2015
90
Karunya University
Handover decision
receive level
BTSold
receive level
BTSold
HO_MARGIN
MS
MS
BTSold
1/13/2015
BTSnew
91
Karunya University
Handover procedure
MS
BTSold
BSCold
measurement
measurement
report
result
MSC
BSCnew
BTSnew
HO decision
HO required
HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO command
HO command
HO command
HO request ack ch. activation ack
HO access
Link establishment
clear command clear command
clear complete
1/13/2015
HO complete
HO complete
clear complete
92
Karunya University
7.Security in GSM On air interface,
Security services
access control/authentication
user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
GSM uses
encryption and TMSI
instead of IMSI.
secret PIN (personal identification number)
SIM is provided 4-8
SIM network: challenge response method
digit PIN to validate
confidentiality
the ownership of SIM
voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful
authentication)
anonymity
temporary identity TMSI
secret:
(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
A3 and A8
newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)
available via the
encrypted transmission
Internet
network providers
3 algorithms specified in GSM
can use stronger
A3 for authentication (secret, open interface)
mechanisms
A5 for encryption (standardized)
A8 for key generation (secret, open interface)
1/13/2015
93
Karunya University
GSM - authentication
SIM
mobile network
Ki
RAND
128 bit
AC
RAND
128 bit
RAND
Ki
128 bit
128 bit
A3
A3
SIM
SRES* 32 bit
MSC
SRES* =? SRES
SRES
SRES
32 bit
Ki: individual subscriber authentication key

1/13/2015
32 bit
SRES
SRES: signed response

94
Karunya University
GSM - key generation and encryption

MS with SIM
mobile network (BTS)

Ki
AC
RAND
128 bit
RAND
128 bit
RAND
128 bit
A8
cipher
key
BSS
128 bit
SIM
A8
Kc
64 bit
Kc
64 bit
data
A5
1/13/2015
Ki
encrypted
data
SRES
data
MS
A5
95
Karunya University
8.New Data services in GSM I
Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s

advanced coding allows 14.4 kbit/s
not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)
mainly software update
bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate,
e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots @ 14.4)
advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple
disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission
AIUR [kbit/s]
4.8
9.6
14.4
19.2
28.8
38.4
43.2
57.6
1/13/2015
TCH/F4.8
1
2
3
4
TCH/F9.6
TCH/F14.4
1
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
96
Future Of GSM
2nd Generation
GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
3 Generation
WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
Data rate : 0.348 2.0 Mbps
Characteristics of GSM Standard

Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.

8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.
User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio
path.
Full international roaming capability.
Low speed data services (upto 9.6 Kb/s).
Compatibility with ISDN.
Support of Short Message Service (SMS).
GSM Specifications-1
RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz
GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz
Frequency Resource
GSM900 :
up: 890~915MHz
down: 935~960MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 25MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1800 :
up: 1710-1785MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz
working bandwidth: 75MHz
EGSM900 :
up: 880~890MHz
down: 925~935MHz
bandwidth: 10MHz
GSM1900MHz:
up:1850~1910MHz
down:1930~1990MHz
working bandwidth: 60MHz
GSM Specification-II
Carrier Separation : 200 Khz

Duplex Distance
: 45 Mhz
No. of RF carriers : 124
Access Method
: TDMA/FDMA
Modulation Method : GMSK
Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
Advantages of GSM over Analog system
Capacity increases
Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
International roaming capability.
Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and
user authentication).
Encryption capability for information security and privacy.
Compatibility with ISDN,leading to wider range of services
GSM Applications
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
NDG Notes
Facing Challenges
Higher Costs incurred on Network Capacity Increase

Business Market Saturation
More Money on Advertisement and Subsidies/Customer Discounts
Interconnection Costs [to PSTN/ISDN] are very high

Leased Line Costs to Interconnect own Infra-structural elements are very
high
High License Costs
With Implementation of De-regulation policies this
will
CHANGE.
T.S. Rappaport
Ch 11
104
Cellular bands for AMPS (1G)

an analog cellular phone system using FDMA
AMPS reverse communication band
Second-generation cellular phone systems
D-AMPS
(IS-136, is a digital cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA)
GSM bands
(digital cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA)
GSM system
(each voice channel is digitized and compressed to a 13kbps digital signal)
GSM frame and frequency bands
IS-95 forward transmission

(digital cellular phone system using CDMA/DSSS and FDMA)
IS-95 reverse transmission
Code Division Multiple

Access
(CDMA)
An Overview
CDMA
Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA SYSTEMS
CDMA
one
IS95
IS95B
CDMA
2000
JSTD 008
Narrow Band
Wide Band
CDMA
Multiple Access in CDMA:
Each user is assigned a unique PN code.
Each user transmits its information by spreading
with unique code.
Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used.
Users are seperated by code not by time slot and
freq slot.
CDMA
Concept of CDMA
Users share same
bandwidth
User axis shows
cumulative signal strength
of all users
User
Code 4
Code 3
Code2
Code 1
Freq
CDMA
Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access:
Spread Spectrum
In Spread spectrum data is transmitted with BW in
excess to minimum BW necessary to send it.
Spread spectrum is achieved by spreading with PN code
at transmitter . Same code is used to despread the
received signal at reciever
How do we get increased spectrum

Wide band
code seq
Narrow band
inputsignal
Wide band
Spreaded seq
CDMA
Advantages of spread spectrum:
Multipath Rejection
Immunity to interference and jamming
Multiple access
User
Code 4
Code 3
Code2
Code 1
Freq
CDMA
Comparison between CDMA and

TDMA/FDMA:
In TDMA Band width available for transmission
is small which leads to compromise in quality of
transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire
spectrum is used which enhances voice quality.
In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more
frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas
in CDMA frequency planning is minimal.
TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power
limited system
CDMA
Types of Codes used in CDMA:
Walsh code
Orthogonal codes
In IS 95A and IS 95B 64 Walsh codes are used
In CDMA 2000 128 Walsh codes are used
Short PN code(16 bit)

Used to identify the BS and hence the cell
Long PN code(42 bit code)

Used to identify mobile station on reverse link
CDMA
Formation of channels (IS 95)
PN Code( Chip code) has rate of 1.23 MHz
Chip rate = 1.23 MHz (spread BW)
Link
Forward Link
(BS to MS)
Reverse link
(MS to BS)
CDMA
Forward Link (BS to MS)
Forward CDMA Channels
PILOT
SYNC
PAGE
W0
W32
W1
PAGE
W7
TRAFFIC
W9
POWER
TRAFFIC
CNTRL
DATA
SUB CH
TRAFFIC
W0
CDMA
Reverse Link Channel (BS to MS)
Here CDMA ch does not follow strictly orthogonal rule.
It consists of 242 logical channels. 42 bit long PN code is
used to distinguish between channels.
Reverse CDMA Channels
Access
Ch 1
Access
Ch n
m mobiles tryin to gain access

to system
Traffic
Ch 1
Traffic
Ch m
m mobiles engaged in calls
CDMA
Other key Factors
Diversity
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space(Path) diversity
Power Control
Handoff: It supports Soft Handoff
CDMA
Soft Handoff
Signal
strength
Distance
MULTIPLE ACCESS
SPREADING SPECTRUM
CODES IN CDMA
CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE
POWER CONTROL
DIVERSITY
HAND OFFS
TWO
METHODS FOR SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION
Subscriber
Exchange
Copper Local Loop
Subscriber
Exchange
FSU
BTS
Wireless Local Loop
BSC
WHAT IS MULTIPLE ACCESS ?

NUMBER OF USERS ACCESS AND SHARE
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE
FOR COMMUNICATION AT THE SAME TIME.
MULTIPLE ACCESS
MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSIONS.
SHARING FINITE SPECTRUM AMONG LARGE
SIMULTANEOUS USERS.
NO. OF
NO PRE-ASSIGNED CIRCUIT TO ANY USER.

ANY USER CAN ACCESS ANY CIRCUIT AND MAY ACCESS
DIFFERENT CIRCUITS FOR DIFFERENT CALLS.
DEMAND ASSIGNED CIRCUITS ON FIRST COME FIRST SERVE
BASIS.
PRIVACY.
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY; THEREBY IMPROVEMENT IN SYSTEM
CAPACITY.
MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA is a multiple access method in which users are
assigned specific frequency bands. The user has sole
right of using the frequency band for the entire call
duration.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In TDMA an assigned frequency band shared among
a few users. However, each user is allowed to
transmit in predetermined time slots. Hence,
channelization of user is achieved through separation
in time.
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

(CDMA)
LARGE NUMBER OF TRANSMISSIONS ARE COMBINED
ON THE SAME RF CHANNEL AT THE SAME TIME BUT ARE

SEPERATED BY CODES.
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
F
FDMA
R
E
Q
U
TDMA
E
N
C
CDMA
TIME
RK/TR/ALTTC
WILL/ overview
CDMA: Code Division Multiple CDMA is a

method in which users occupy the same time and
frequency allocations, and are channelized by
unique assigned codes. The signals are separated
at the receiver by using a correlator that Access
accepts only signal energy from the desired
channel. Undesired signals contribute only to the
noise.
A CDMA system uses effective power control
process.
Advantages:The main advantages of this technology

are:
1. Fast Network deployment.
2. Reduced service interruptions.
3. Low Maintenance & operational cost.
4. Better system coverage flexibility
5. Higher capacity
6. Easy transition to mobile services.
Salient Features of CDMA
It is an advanced comm. Technology.

It has Anti-jam and security features.
Large capacity as compared to other Technology.
like FDMA and TDMA.
It uses spread spectrum technology.
Better use of the multipath.
Frequency Reuse.
Frequency Reuse
In CDMA reuse patterns are not required.
Subscriber in every cell can use the same
frequency at the same time. Subscriber is
discriminated from another by the assignment
of a unique code to every conversation.
In GSM freq. Reuse pattern of 7 is used.
C
D
B
A
G
F
C
B
A
E
G
C
D
B
E
G
F
C
Frequency Reuse pattern of 7 (FDMA)
B
A
E
F
C
D
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
CDMA Frequency Reuse
A
A
A
A
Frequency Bands
CDMA
824- 849 MHz

869- 894 MHz
PCS
1850- 1910 MHz

1930- 1990 MHz
CDMA channel is 1.25 MHz wide and there is a separation of 45 MHz in the
forward and the reverse channel in case of cellular band & and 80 MHz in case
of PCS band.
CDMA Channel in 800 MHz band
45 MHz
1.25 MHz
1.25 MHz
CDMA Channel in PCS band

80 MHz
1.25 MHz
1.25 MHz
SPREADING SPECTRUM
Shannons Equation
C= W Log (1+S/N)
Where C=Capacity (bps)
W=Bandwidth
S=Signal Power
N=Noise Power
Shannons Capacity Equation is basis for spread spectrum. System with
large band width can operate at very low SNR level & can provide acceptable
data rate per user.
Therefore in CDMA
- All users uses same 1.25 MHz spectrum.
- Each user has unique Digital code identifier.
- Digital codes separate users to avoid interference.
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES
1. Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum:

Spreading can also be achieved by hopping the narrowband information
signal over a set of frequencies. The type of spreading can be classified
as fast or slow depending upon the rate of hopping to the rate of
information.
2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:

The information signal is inherently narrowband, on the order of less
than 10KHz. The energy from this narrowband signal is spread over a
much larger bandwidth by multiplying the information signal by a
wideband spreading code. DSS technique is used in the IS-95 CDMA
cellular system.
Direct Sequence Spread using Walsh code
Consist of 64 orthogonal codes each 64 bits long

Spreads spectrum to 1.2288 M bps from 9.6 Kbps
Channel Capacity
C=W log (1+S/N)
Increasing BW improves Signal Transmission with lower S/N
Narrow Band Waveform
Power
Spectral
Density
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Noise Level
Spread Waveform
Frequency
PROCESSING GAIN
One of the major advantages with an SS system
is its robustness to interference. The system
processing gain Gp quantifies the degree of
interference rejection. The system processing
gain is the ratio of RF bandwidth to the
information rate:
Gp =W/R
=1.2288x 106 /9.6 x 103
=128
dBgain =10log 128
10
=21
Spread spectrum principle:

Originally spread spectrum radio technology was
developed for military use to counter the
interference by hostile jamming. The broad
spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise
tospread spectrum. A spectrum signal is
generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF)
signal with a code consisting of different pseudo
random binary sequences, which is inherently
resistant to noisy signal environment.
A number of spread spectrum RF signals thus

generated share the same frequency spectrum and
thus the entire bandwidth available in the band will
be used by each of the users using same frequency
at the same time.
On the receive side only the signal energy
with the selected binary sequence code is accepted
and information content is recovered. The other user
signals, whose codes do not match contribute only
the noise and are not de-spread back in
bandwidth. This transmission and reception of
signals differentiated by codes using the same
frequency simultaneously by a number of users is
known as code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
Techniques as opposed to conventional method of

Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time
Division Multiple Access.
In the fig. It has been tried to explain that how

the base band signal of 9.6 kbps is spread using a
long pseudo-random Noise(PN) source to occupy
entire bandwidth of 1.25 Mhz. At the receiving end
this signal will have interference from signals of
other users of the same cell, user different cells and
interference from other noise sources. All these
signals get combined with the desired signal but
using a correlator and correct PN code, the original
data can be reproduced back.
ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:RX
TX
01101001100101100110
USER INPUT
USER OUTPUT
10011
Cell
Cell
1001
1
10011001100110011001
10011001100110011001
CODE
CODE
User Input
1
Spreading
Sequence
1001
TX Data
0110
0110
0
1001
1001
0
1001
1001
1
1001
0110
1001
Decoding using correct Orthogonal

Function
Rx Data
Correct
Function
011
0
100
1
111
1
100
1
100
1
000
0
100 011
1
0
100 100
1
1
000 111
0
1
0
011
0
100
1
111
1
1
Decoding using incorrect Orthogonal

Function
Rx Data
Incorrec
t
Functio
n
0110
1001
1001
0110
0101
0101
0101
0101 0101
0011
1100
1100
0011 0011
0110
Spreading Codes
cdmaOne systems use two types of code
sequences:
Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes).

Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences.
Long codes (242 =4400 Billion)
Short codes (215 =32768)
Walsh Codes:In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by

Unique Walsh code. These are
(a)
64 codes of 64 Bit Length.
(b)
Forwarded traffic channel Codes.
(c)
All codes are orthogonal to each other.
(d) These codes provide Isolation between

signals transmitted by base stations
multiple
The basic concept behind creation of the code is

as follows:
(a)Repeat the function right
(b)Repeat the function below
(c) Invert function (diagonally)
Fig:
Seed 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
0
0
By using this technique we create a set of 64

such codes of 64 bit length which is known as
Walsh codes. All such codes are orthogonal to
each other. The individual subscriber now can
start communication using one of these codes.
These codes are traffic channel codes and are
used for orthogonal spreading of the information in
the entire bandwidth. Orthogonality
provides
nearly perfect isolation between the multiple
signals transmitted by the base station.
PN Code Generation
- PN Codes are generated from prime polynomials using modulo-2
arithmetic.
- State machines generating PN Codes consists of shift registers & XOR
gates.
out
- The length of the PN Code is equal to 2 -1 ( N= no. of shift registers).

Output will be a 7-digit sequence that repeats
continually 1001011
Sequence = 1001011 1001011
PN offset (Masking)
- Masking will cause the generator to produce the same sequence but
offset in time.
- Masking provides the shift in time for PN codes.
- Different masks corresponds to different time shifts.

- ESN are used as masks for users on the traffic channels.
LONG CODE
(a) 242 Bits polynomials.
(b) Forwarded channel Data (traffic and paging chls)
scrambled.
(c) Provides channelizations for the reverse chls.
(d) This code is unique for every subscriber.
(e) It is known as user address mask or user
identification.
(f) Subscriber are differentiated as no two same
codes are used.
(g) Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288
Mcps)
SHORT CODES
(a)
This PN sequence is based on 215

characteristics polynomial.
(b)
Differentiates cells and sectors.
(c)
Identifies cells and sectors.
(d)
Consist of codes for I & Q chls.
(e)
(f)
Each cell uses different codes.

Repeats every 26.67 msec (at a clock
rate of 1.2288 Mcps)
CDMA Channels
Forward Link Channels
Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Paging Channels
Traffic Channels
Reverse Link Channels
Access Channels
Traffic Channels
CDMA CHL ARCHITECTURE

Pilot channel (W0)
The pilot is used by the subs unit to obtain initial
system synchronization and to distinguish cell
sites. Every sector of every cell site has a unique
pilot channel.
Transmitted constantly.
Allows the mobile to acquire the system.
Provides mobile with signal strength comparison.
Approximately 20% of the radiated power is in
the pilot.
Has unique PN Offset(215 ) for each cell or sector.
Sync channel (W32)
Used during system Acquisition stage. Sync chl

provides the subs unit with network information
related to cell site identification, pilot transmit
power & cell site PN offset.
Used by mobile to synchronize with the system
Transmits sync message with
- Pilot PN offset
- System time
- Long PN code
- System ID
- Network ID
- Paging chl data rate
Tx at 1200 bps
PAGING CHLS (W1-W7)

On this chl base station can page the subs unit
and it can send call set-up and traffic chl
assignment information.
Means of communication between base to

mobile station.
Paging CHL data Rates can be 2.4,4.8 or 9.6

Kbps.
CDMA assignment has 7 paging CHLs.
Each paging CHL supports 180 pages per set.
Total pages/ CDMA RF chl = 1260
Provides mobile with

- System Parameter message
- Neighbour list
- Access Parameter list
- CDMA Channel list
Used by base station to :
- Page mobile
- Transmit overhead information
- Assign mobile to traffic channel
Traffic Channels ( W8-W31 & W33-W63)

The traffic chl carries the actual call. That is, the
voice and control information between the subs unit
& base station.
TX upto 9.6kbps on rate set 1 and upto 14.4kbps
on rate set 2.
Access CHLS.
(a) Provides communication from Mobile to base
station when mobile is not using traffic Chl. The
access chl is used for call origination & for
response to pages, orders & registration
requests. It is paired with corresponding paging
chl.
(b) Each Access CHL use long PN code.
(c) Base station responds to transmission on a
particular Access CHL.
(d)Mobile responds to base station message by
emitting on Access CHL.
(e) Tx at 4800bps
cdmaOne Modulation
Information
A/D
Vocoder
Information Bits
FEC
Code symbols
Spreading code
generator
Chips
Spreader
PSK
Forward Traffic Channel

Generation
9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps
1200 bps
Rate set 1
I PN
Power
Control
bit
R=1/2
19.2 ksps
Convolutional
Block
Encoder & Repetition interleaver
Rate set 2
R=3/4
14400 bps
7200 bps
3600 bps
1800 bps
User
1.2288 Mcps
Long
Address
Code PN
decimator
Mask
(ESN)
64:1
Wt
1.2288
Mcps
19.2
ksps
decimator
800bps
24:1
O PN
Reverse Traffic Channel

Generation
9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps
1200 bps
Rate set 1
I PN
Orthogonal
R=1/3
Modulation
28.8 ksps
Convolutional
Block
Encoder & Repetition interleaver
Rate set 2
R=1/2
14400 bps
7200 bps
3600 bps
1800 bps
User
1.2288 Mcps
Long
Address
Code PN
Mask
(ESN)
307.2
KHz
Data
Burst
1.2288
Rand.
Mcps
O PN
Rake receiver
CDMA mobiles use rake receivers. The rake

receiver essentially a set of four or more receivers
(or fingers). One of the receivers constantly
searches for different multipaths and helps to direct
the other three fingers to lock onto strong multipath
signals.
Allows combined reception of up to three different
paths.
Provides searcher receiver to identify changes in
path characteristics/new cells.
Provides both path diversity and frequency diversity.
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher
Correlator
CDMA mobile rake receiver
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
r
Rake
receiver
T0
W0
T1
ANTENNA
T2
W1
T3
W3
W2
Summing
Circuit
OUTPUT
DELAY
TAPS
TAP
WEIGHTS
VOCODER
Disadvantage of Digital Comm. System
Bandwidth expansion of digitally sampled speech
Solution :
Variable rate vocoder
S(t)
S(n)
A/D
P(n)
Speech
Encoder
CDMA
Modem
RF
Microphone S(t): Input analog Speech

S(n): Input digitized speech blocked into 20 msec frames
P(n): Encoded packets every 20 msec representing parameters of
speech
such as spectral envelope, pitch, energy and
phases
S(n): Reconstructed digital speech
S(t): Reconstructed analog speech
S(t)
S(n)
P(n)
D/A
Speaker
Speech
Decoder
CDMA
Modem
Mobile
RF
Channel
RF
Hand offs
Softer handoff
Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS)

Can have upto 3or 6 sectors involved (same cell)
Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one cell to BSC

Make before break
Soft handoff
Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS)
Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA)
Each cell provides voice data to BSC
Voice data is selected at SVC to vocoder in BSC
Make before break
CDMA Capacity
W/R
1
1
N= -------*-----*--------*n *g
Eb/Io d
1+f
Where
N= calls per sector
W= Spread spectrum Bandwidth (1.25 MHz)
R= data rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps)
Eb/Io= Bit energy/ other user interference density (7dB)
d= Voice activity factor (0.4)
f= other interference/ same interference (0.6)
n= loading factor (0.8)
g= reduction for variable power (0.85)
N= 27 users per sector for R=9.6Kbps
18 users per sector for R=14.4Kbps
Power control
CDMA will not work without an effective power

control, because of the near-far problem, fading &
varying path loss.
The system requires fast closed loop power control
for Raleigh fading.
Requires wide dynamic range open loop power
control to handle variations in path losses in different
locations.
Open loop power control:
An original estimate is made by the mobile. Mobile
adjusts its trans power according to changes in its
Closed loop power control:

Base station provides rapid correction to the
mobiles.
Compares with the threshold value.
Takes decision for increasing or decreasing the
power.
Commands the mobile to adjust the output power

accordingly.
=== 0 ===
Power control in CDMA

There are basically two methods of power
control in CDMA
Open loop power control: This is purely a
mobile unit function. It gives open estimation.
This is done only during the initial stage as
soon as the mobile is turned on.
Closed loop power control:This involves both,
the Base station and the mobile unit and gives
the closed loop power correction.
Open loop power control

When the mobile is turned on, it locks on
to the pilot, paging and synch channel.
There is no traffic channel assigned to
the mobile and hence no closed loop.
The mobile Tx power will be inversely
proportional to the pilot strength received.
Open loop power control

The first access probe is sent at a nominal
power given by:
(Pt)mobile=-(Prx)-73+ Nom_pwr +Init_pwr+ correction
Init_pwr= its range is 16 to +15 db with 0db nominal value
Nom_pwr= correction required(range 8 to
+7db with 0db nom value)
For example,if the nominal rec. level is 90dbm, then the mobile Tx
power is +17dbm without any correction.
If BTS does not responds,then pwr_step=0-7db
Closed loop power control

After the traffic channel is assigned, the power
control shifts to closed loop control
Reverse channel has got 16 power control
groups of 1.25ms in one 20ms frame.
BTS receives the mobile receive power once
every 1.25ms and BTS send Power control bit
in the 2nd next 1.25 ms cycle to increase(0) or
decrease(1) the power by 1db.

Unit 5

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UNIT-5

(Wireless communication Systems -GSM)

initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and

Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990

Figures: March, 2005

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Development of mobile telecommunication systems

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Today many providers all over the world use GSM

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

There is no perfect system!!

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

1.GSM: Mobile Services

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones,

The visible but smallest

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Still visible cause many discussions

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

GSM Architecture : overview

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

2.Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

GSM: elements and interfaces

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications

Mobile Station (MS)

Unit-2 Wireless Telecommunication Systems

12EC 244 Mobile Communications