Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ON
THEORY
by
Shefiu S. Zakariyah, PhD
PREFACE
In an effort to facilitate learning and teaching of engineering and physical sciences to
potential engineers and scientists amongst others, what follows is a series of solutions to
questions (original and modified) found in standard textbooks in the aforementioned
fields of study.
This booklet presents 45 worked examples on gas laws and kinetic theory, which is
preceded by an introduction to the theory, laws and formulae associated with the topic.
Questions used in this work are drawn from physics and chemistry textbooks designed
for A-level, foundation year and college students or what can be considered as
equivalent. It is however anticipated that students in the early years of degrees in
engineering and related fields will also find this helpful especially if kinetic theory
forms part of an elective module. Additionally, it could be adopted by teaching staff as
a reference guide during classes.
Since this work is part of a series of learn by examples undertaken by the author,
pertinent suggestions, feedbacks and queries are highly welcome. This can be directed
to the author at the address below. Coming soon in this series are:
ii.
i
i
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made by the author in ensuring the accuracy of the information,
including questions and associated solutions, presented in this booklet. The author does
not assume and hereby disclaims any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or
disruption caused by errors or omissions, either accidently or otherwise.
iii
CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................. I
DISCLAIMER ...................................................................................................................................................... III
CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................ IV
INTRODUCTION TO GAS LAWS ........................................................................................................................... 1
WORKED EXAMPLES .......................................................................................................................................... 9
SECTION 1: BOYLES LAW .........................................................................................................................................9
SECTION 2: CHARLES LAW ....................................................................................................................................12
SECTION 3: GAY-LUSSACS LAW ............................................................................................................................15
SECTION 4: COMBINED GAS LAW ...........................................................................................................................17
SECTION 5: IDEAL GAS EQUATION ..........................................................................................................................26
SECTION 6: ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES ......................................................................................................................32
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FURTHER READING ............................................................................................................37
iv
Or
From Boyles law above and for the purpose of calculation it can be stated that if and
are the initial pressure and volume respectively and and are the final pressure
and volume respectively then we can write the law as:
Note: Boyles law is not always true for real gases since at high pressures, a real gas can
condense into liquid due to the inter-molecular force of attraction in the gas molecules.
1.2. Charles law
This law states that the volume of a given mass of gas at constant pressure is directly
proportional to its temperature ( ) in Kelvin. If the volume is fixed, i.e. the gas is not
allowed to expand, then Charles law can no longer hold or be used. This can be written
mathematically as:
Or
Or
Also,
Or
Avogadros law implies that at the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of all gasses contain equal numbers of molecules.
1.5. Combined gas law
As the name suggests, it combines two or more laws. Generally, it is considered as a
combination of Boyles and Charles laws (so it is Boyles-Charles gas law) or Boyles,
Charles and Gay-Lussacs laws (so it is Boyles - Charles - Gay-Lussacs gas law).
And then
The above expression of the combined gas law is because the quantity of the gas (moles
or mass) involved remains constant from initiation to its final state. However, it is
possible that the amount of the sample changes, hence the number of mole (n) is
included. We can therefore write a more encompassing expression of combined gas law
as:
We then have
Based on the above expression, ideal gas equation can be stated as:
The volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the
temperature in kelvin and number of moles (or molecules) and inversely
proportional to the pressure.
Removing the (sign of) proportionality, we have
k is the constant of proportionality which, for this case, is denoted by letter and is
referred to as the universal gas constant. The value of R is 8.31 J mol-1K-1 for ideal
gases, but it is different and varies for real gases. Hence, the ideal gas equation is
General Note
3. Kinetic theory
The movement of ideal gas molecules can be described using the kinetic theory based
on three fundamental assumptions.
i.
Collision: Gas molecules move constantly but randomly in straight lines and collide
with each other and with the walls of their containers. This collision is perfectly
elastic, i.e. without any energy loss during the process
ii.
iii.
where
is the pressure of the gas (Pa);
Since density is
where
Note that the average molecular speed here is a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) and not
simply mean. In all cases, the latter is either less than or equal to the former.
3.2. Energy
Since the molecules of gases are in constant motion, they possess kinetic energy. The
value of the kinetic energy can be determined using a formula derived from the ideal
gas equation as will be shown in this section.
For the current case, it is assumed that the number of molecules is equal to one mole.
One mole of gas has an Avogadros number of molecules, denoted by NA. This has a
constant value of
and is called Avogadros constant. Hence, for one
mole of gas, we can have
and
The left-hand side is a kinetic energy formula which can be written as:
(
The ratio of the gas constant (R) to Avogadro constant (NA) is also a constant, , which
is known as the Boltzmann constant. Its value is
or
. The kinetic energy of the gas molecules can therefore be expressed as
Also, the
is the (r.m.s.) mean kinetic energy of gas molecule. Based on the above, the
ideal gas equation can also be written as:
Derivation of
We know that
( )
But
( )
This implies that
( )
Substituting R in equation (1), we have
( )
The number of molecules, N, in gas is related to Avogadros constant and number of
moles as
( )
Combining equations (4) and (5), we have
WORKED EXAMPLES
Section 1: Boyles Law
questions 1b & 1c.
Important
When using gas laws, it essential that
appropriate (combination of ) SI units are
used. For example, when Pascal (Pa) or
Newton per square metre (N/m2) are
used for pressure, the volume should be
in cubic metre (m3). Similarly, when
pressure is in atm, the volume should be
in litres.
10
Thus
Step 2: Re-arrange the formula to make
the unknown the subject of the formula.
Step 4: Substitute the values of the
known variables to determine the
unknown variable.
Thus
Thus
11
= 450 K
(
12
Similar to number 7b
V1 = 20 cm3, T1 = 27 oC = 300 K, T2 = 57
oC = 330 K and V = ?
2
13
Thus
Thus
Thus
14
( )
(
15
( )
Step 3: Substitute the values of the
known variables to determine the
unknown variable.
(
16
Thus
( )
Step 4: Substitute the values of the
known variables to determine the
unknown variable.
(
17
)(
remember to convert
temperature to Kelvin scale.
( )( )
(b) V1 = 700 m3, V2 = 550 m3, P1 = 39 kPa,
P2 = 77 kPa and T1 = 57 oC.
)(
(
)
)(
)(
)(
)
(c) V1 = 1.50 m3, V2 = 2.40 m3, P2 = 90.0
kNm-2, T1 = 300 K and T2 = 360 K.
18
(
(
)(
)(
known conditions.
)(
)(
( )( )
Step 3: Substitute the values of the
known variables to determine the
unknown variable.
19
)(
)(
)(
( )( )
(
)(
)
Step 2: Re-arrange the formula to make
the unknown the subject of the formula.
( )( )
20
)(
This implies
(b) V1 = 7.5 litres, T1 = -23 oC= 250 K
,
o
P1 = 20 atm, V2 = 15 litres, T2 = 27 C
= 300 K and P2 = ?
Thus,
( )( )
)(
( )(
)(
21
)( )
)(
( )(
( )( )
( )( )
(
22
)(
( )( )
)(
( )( )
26) A cylinder of compressed air has a
volume of 2.12 litres and a pressure of
11.0 atm at 15 oC. What volume would
the air from the cylinder occupy at
STP?
)(
)
Step 1: List the known (and unknown)
variables.
23
)(
( )( )
Step 4: Determine the volume occupied
by 32.0 g of oxygen gas (using
Avogadros law).
)(
( )( )
Step 3: Substitute the values of the
known variables to determine the
unknown variable.
24
Thus,
( )( )
Step 3: Substitute the values of the
known variables to determine the
unknown variable.
(
)(
)(
( )( )
( )( )
)(
25
above that
( )( )
Step 3: Substitute the values of the
known variables to determine the
unknown variable.
(
)(
26
)(
It follows that
33) What is the mass of gas at a pressure
of 500 kPa and a temperature of 50 C
if it occupies a volume of 0.10 m3? The
gas has a characteristic gas constant of
189 J kg-1 K-1.
b) Volume.
Thus
( )( )
27
Thus
28
Thus
Thus
29
N/V
Thus
Or
30
Thus
a) Volume
Step 2: Choose a formula. In this case, it
is ideal gas equation; re-arrange this to
make the unknown the subject of the
formula.
Thus
31
Section 6: Additional
examples
)
Step 1: List the known (and unknown)
variables.
T1 = 0 oC = 273 K, P1 = 1.010 x 105 Pa, T2
=100 oC = 373 K, P2 = 1.600 x 105 Pa, P3 =
1.250 x 105 Pa and T3 =?
32
Also,
33
Thus
(
(
)
)
Thus
34
Let
and
be the partial pressures for
nitrogen and hydrogen gases
respectively. Also, let
and
be the
number of moles for nitrogen and
hydrogen gases respectively.
Step 3: Determine the number of moles
for nitrogen and hydrogen gases
Therefore,
35
Let
be the total pressure in the can.
Therefore,
(
(
36
)
)
37