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The Ideal, Paralogism, and Antinomy of Pure Reason are called Dialectics (illusions; a
stalemate), more particularly Transcendental Dialectics (Things we cannot know)
o Metaphysics cannot stand the Critique of Pure Reason; re-echoed by Nietzsche (Death
of God)
Completed the project of metaphysics. By doing so, also completed the project of modernity.
o Modernity
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Deals with the question of science
; scientific
The self is the foundation of science
To make sense of reality, we must go back to man, the foundation
Knowledge is ultimately phenomena (Kant)
Anthropocentric because knowledge can only be human knowledge
Science is ultimately philosophy (Hegel)
Kant was seen as its pinnacle; but was reacted against by the German Idealists
and others (still continuing the project of modernity)
A question of life (Late Modernity)
What can we know: phenomena [Aesthetics (intuition; to perceive) + Logic (Understanding)]
Divided into two parts, the first is the critique of knowledge; the second is how to proceed after
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the critique .
Kant did something after Modernity. What comes after Kant is after Modernity. To do Postmodernism is to
be cognizant of Kant.
o
Husserl
Resuscitated the question of science
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Started phenomenology/Father of Phenomenology (science of beginnings) (science of
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essences )
Ideas (form(eidos(Wesen)))
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Epistemological in nature
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Content of consciousness
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a priori
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By withdrawing [from] the world does not mean denying the world.
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The pure ego is the source of every mental act, a terminus. It should not be empirical.
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Heidegger
One of the more important students of Husserl
He has a love-hate relationship with Husserl
Groomed by Husserl to be the latters heir
Dedicated Being and Time to Husserl
Expelled Husserl from the university
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Concerned with the question of Being
What we know as Being is not actually Being
o [Being is] that which is (Aristotle)
o Its study is called metaphysics (Aristotle); ontology (Leibniz)
We have forgotten Being (from the intellectualization of culture)
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The past conception of Being is no longer Being
We are no longer talking about Being but entities
By intellectualizing, we are defining, taking away from the originariness (?)
Parmenides and Heraclitus are actually speaking the same thing
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To reduce Being into human concepts becomes a fallacy (?)
o We cannot universalize Being
Thinking cannot be divorced from doing in Being
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The history of Western metaphysics is ontotheology
Being is not a concept
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We cannot approach Being directly; we have to be content with what is given to us: entities
We have to do an ontic detour
The entity which is concerned about its Being is the one we can interrogate (Dasein)
Human being [is classified as either]:
o Das Man (not concerned about its Being)
o Dasein
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Dasein cares (Sorge)
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When we care about our existence, the horizon opens up and realize
many things
Geworfenheit abandonment
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beings (seienden)
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Finally, Hegel!
Hegel
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Truth is aletheia.
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Animal consciousness
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Bataille
Reacting against Hegel
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o The desire to be is both tragic and incessant.
Conservation {can either be}:
Negative (not to do anything)
Positive (to do something) (must be understood this way)
o There is no stabilized whole.
o What is outside our sense of order is a monster
Interrogates the question of use
o Use is subject to cultural & psychological consideration
Gift-exchange is cultural, political, economic, and spiritual (Marcel Mauss)
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Derrida
Famous for the project of deconstruction
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o {Deconstruction is} from destruktion (from Heidegger )
Heidegger was not radical enough
Dominant backgrounds: phenomenology & structuralism
o Structuralism
A reaction to phenomenology (all objects are being-for-myself)
To make sense of the oneric (dream), schizophrenic (madness), and
mythic (myth), we have to look at their structures
o The unconscious is given away by desire
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Alternative
A name that brings fields together
(Descombes)
A kind of method
Married to semiology
o {Semiology is the} science of signs
o An attempt to present an encompassing study of language
o Father: Ferdinand de Saussure
o Sign encompasses all forms of language
{The sign is} bifurcated to signifier (expression of the
audio image of the object) and signified (audio image)
Making a connection between the two is
signification
Implications: Language is arbitrary
o Our basis of naming something is based
on difference
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{The sign is} arbitrary but dependent on time
{The sign is} difference (what makes it this is because it
is not that)
There is no such thing as an original name
The process of signs relating to other signs is
signification (due to the signifier)
o The French structuralists used semiology to understand the
meaning behind structures (?), express structures
It heralded the death of man
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o Meaning is out there (brings us to the death of man
[reaction against subjectivity]
A structure is made up of parts that convey a certain theme
Concerning itself of objects of empty contents (structures) to models
(Serres)
A comparatist method
Structures
o {Composed of:} surface structureinformsdeep structure
{surface
structureinformsdeep
structure
are}
analyzed
A method that gives us meaning when there is isomorphism
A movement in France
Deconstruction is plotting against the master
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At this point, the notes have segued a bit to Lacan. Its short so Ill just
dictate what it says:
Lacan
Floating signifiers (ex. Humor) (between something and nothing)
are the best way to express desire
When you desire something, the expression of that desire will
never be enough
Derrida
The history of structure is as old as epistem (human knowledge), where there is an event (a
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rupture , a redoubling , a scandal )
Sign is supplement (substitution (the signifier substitutes for the signified) and addition)
o Language is just a play.
There is nothing outside the text; meaning is always deferred
o The moment we try to capture the signified, the signified becomes a signifier (delay of
meaning
Being is just a name for another name (Heidegger enters the rupture); subject to the play of
difference
Radicalized de Saussure
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Prime target of deconstruction: metaphysics of presence
(there is privileging)
o To exist is to speak
Differance is neither a word nor a concept
o Differance is a neologism.
o To show that meaning is always elusive
Differ the signifier is not this (space)
Defer the signifier is not this and passed (time)
o If a concept, it is not differance, it becomes not what it is
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Rupture of the sign (the signifier collapsing the signified, becomes a signifier)
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Thought
Meaning is elusive
We can deconstruct Truth
There is no center, no essential structure (what deconstruction shows)
Deconstruction must come from a certain tradition
There is no stable position
o Binary opposites dominate metaphysics. Deconstruction shows us that they are just a
play of differences
Heidegger is still doing the metaphysics of presence
The writing of the phenomenological description enters the problem of language (eidetic
objectivity becomes a name subject to the play of difference)
The critique of phenomenology inaugurated the project of deconstruction
o Succession is time
o The noema is immanent (in consciousness) and transcendent (outside the world), open
to space and time through hyle
The noema does not belong anywhere (anarchy of noema), and opens up yo the
time and the other. Meaning (to be passed down in history, must be grounded in
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language ) then becomes the other of the object and subject to time.
To reactivate the meaning of language, one must use language.
Reading is decodification (connected to [Reactivation is in
consciousness]), writing is codification.
Meaning has not yet arrived
Whoo! Nearly done. Ill just go through the last philosophers in the
notes, Nietzsche and Baudrillard, in one go. Theyre connected any
way. Lets move on.
Nietzsche
True world {has become} fable world (reversion of Platonism)
o If we take away the truth, we cannot say something is false. Everything else is possible
o Taking away the true world is taking away the reference, and we lose meaning, then
reality.
Baudrillard
Hyperreality is what is there (fable world)
Simulation is to feign to have what one does not have (connected to hyperreality) (play of signs
due to the loss of reality)
The product of the play of signs is hyperreality
o The body is the graveyard of signs.
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Fixed in writing
Baudrillard
The question of reality is paramount
Hyperreality is more real than the real
o The image is something that is given, something that appears
Successive phases {of the image}:
Reflection of a profound reality (corresponding)
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Masks and denatures a profound reality (ideology (Marxist sense)
comes here) (showing by hiding)
Masks the absence of a profound reality {Has the same connotations as
with the above}
Has relation to any reality (proper entrance of simulation)
Own pure simulacrum
Neo-Marxist
Hyperreality is governed by signs
Here ends the notes. It was a lot of fun transcribing. Good luck
in your exams! ^^
With sincerity,
Ai Shindou
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False consciousness