History of the Philippines

2.

Why Philippines is considered a unique nation?

There are four reasons:

Religion - Filipinos are predominantly Christians
Political History
a. Philippines is the first Republic in Asia, being the first to
achieve independence by revolution and establish a Republic led by
General Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898 1901.
b. The first Southeast Asian Nation to secure independence by
voluntary decolonization of a colonial power after the second World
War in 1946.c. It led the world in waging a People Power Revolution to
oust a dictator by peaceful and prayerful means in 1986.
Cultural Heritage
a. We are assimilated of four heritages, to wit:a. Indigenous
Asiab. The Europeanc. Latind. American heritage
Geographically, Philippines especially Filipinos are by race
and culture a harmonious blend of the East and the West.
Natural Resources Philippines is one of the richest counties of the
world.

Why Philippines is considered as the Melting Pot of People and

Culture?
Our country occupies a good geographical position
It is the crossroads of the worlds culture and races.
It is the meeting place of all aviation, shipping, and trade routes in the
orient.

Importance of Philippine Location:

Philippines serve as a bridge between the culture of the East and the West.
It lies as a crossroads of international air and sea routes
It looms as a bastion of democracy in an area where dictators and
communism hold sway over Asian nation.
It is the citadel of Christianity between the largely Christian West and
largely Non- Christian East.

Land area of the Philippines:

Philippines is an archipelago of 7,100 islands with a total land area of
115,707 sq. m. or 299,681 sq.km.
In terms of the land area, Philippines is almost as large as Italy, larger than
New Zealand, twice as big as Greece and very much larger than Britain.
Luzon Philippines largest island with a total land area of 40, 814 sq. m.,
which is bigger than Hungary and Portugal.
Mindanao Second largest island, with total area of 38,906 sq. m., which is
bigger than Austria.
Visayas 3rd largest island with a total land area of 36, 087 sq. m.

Physical Features:
Highest mountain Mt. Apo (9,600 ft. High in Mindanao)
Lowest Spot Philippine Deep, situated off the Pacific coast of the
archipelago with 37, 782 ft. deep, lower than the Marianas Deep with only 35,640 ft.
Deep.
San Juanico Strait the narrowest strait in the world between Samar and
Leyte.
Manila Bay one of the finest harbors in the Asian World, with the historic
Corregidor Island standing guard as its entrance.

Physical Features:Cont.
Central Plain in Luzon largest plain in Central Luzon, famously known as
the Rice granary of the Philippines.
Cagayan Valley also in Luzon, is the Asias greatest tobacco producing
region.
Cagayan River longest river in the Philippines where tobacco is being
drained.
Laguna de Bay largest lake in the country.

Filipino Image:
As Filipino, during the Third Republican Era (1946-72), Philippines had the
freest press in Asia, the best schools and colleges, and the most progressive
business environment in the region.
During the Commonwealth Period under President Manuel L. Quezon, the
Filipino is not inferior to any man of any race; his physical, intellectual, and moral
qualities are as excellent as those proudest stocks of mankind.

Filipino Image:A Nation of many Languages:

Filipinos are known for their talent in languages. This is exemplified by Dr.
Jose Rizal, who knew 22 languages.
Philippines have 55 languages, and 147 dialects according to the findings of
the Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of North Dakota, headed by Dr.
Richard S. Pittman.
From the previous study of Dr. H. Otley Beyer in the year 1916, he listed
only 43 major languages and 87 dialects.

Filipino Image:
Filipinos are the only English and Spanish speaking nation in Asia.
Filipinos are the most literate Nation in Southeast Asia.
Women in the Philippines enjoy the greatest freedom and highest status
among women in Asia; economically, politically, and socially considered equal with
men.

Names given for Philippines:

Long before the coming of Magellan, Philippines was already known to the
early Chinese traders and geographers. Various records and artifacts antedate SinoPhilippines contacts to 3rd Century A.D., they gave the names for Philippines as:
Ma-yi appears in Sung Dynasty sources in 982 A.D.
Chau-Ju-Kua, a Chinese trader Official gave a detailed account of his trip to
various islands in the Philippines in the year 1225, wherein he called the
country as Ma-i.
Another Pre-Hispanic Sino Writer, Wang-Ta- Yuan in 1349, who wrote his
travels to Ma- i, Mintolang (Mindanao), Malilu (Manila); Sulu and
Pishoye(Visayas).Ma-i = is generally accepted to refer to the island of
Mindoro in Luzon, because of its gold and proximity to the mainland China.
The official name Filipinas wasgiven to the archipelago in 1543 bythe illstarred Spanish explorer RuyLopez de Villalobos, in honor ofPrince Felipe
(Philip) of Asturias, wholater became King Philip II, thegreatest King of Spain.
The name first appeared in the raremap published at Venice in 1554
byGiovanni Battista Ramusio, an ItalianGeographer in the most
popularcollection of early travels andvoyages at the time.
Until it was later Anglicized to Philippine Islands during the American
Colonial regime, and then to the name of Republic of the Philippines after
the decolonization in 1946.

Other Names given for Philippines:

a. Gems of the East

b. Treasure Islands of the Pacific
c. Isles of Fear
d. Isles of Hope
e. Orphans of the Pacific
f. Land of the Morning
g. Pearl of the Orient

Origin of the Filipinos:

1. The Friar Historians Ideas
The ancestors of the Filipinos sprang out of the soil like wild plants.
They were created by the sun.
They were produced from the base metals by the magic act of ancient
alchemists (herbalists).
2. Myths and Legends
3. The Dawn Man and the Migration Theory
The cave-man, dawn-Man type who was similar to the Java Man,
Peking Man, and other Asian homo Sapiens of 250,000 years ago this is the
theory of H. Otley Beyer.
The aboriginal pygmy group, or the Negritos, who came between 25,000
and 30,000 years ago.
The Sea-faring tool-using Indonesian group, who came about 5,000 to
6,000 years ago.
The Sea-faring more civilized Malays who brought the Iron Age culture
and introduced new industries like iron metal smiting, pottery-making, clothweaving by loom, and jewelry making.
4. Core Population Theory:
According to this theory, people of the prehistoric Southeast Asia
belonged to the same racial unit.

The inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago

4 distinct kinds of peoples: tribal groups, such as the

Aetas,
Hanunoo,
Ilongots and
Mangyan who depended on hunter-gathering and were concentrated
in forests;

warrior societies, such as;

Isneg and
Kalingas who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and
roamed the plains;

the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the
mountain ranges of Luzon;
and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along
rivers and seashores while participating in trans-island maritime trade.

Origin of the Philippines:

1. The idea of the theologians during the Spanish era, such as:
Fr. Colin, Fr. Sta. Ines and Fr. Delgado advancing the Theological View
that Philippines is part of Gods creation.
2. Legends and Myths
3. Scientific Theories, that Philippines is:
Part of the lost continent (lost pacific called as Lemuria or Mu)
Volcanic Origin (Dr. Bailey Willis, a geologist who maintained the
theory that Philippines is a volcanic origin).
Land-bridge theory

History of the Philippines

The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of
the first humans via land bridges at least 30,000 years ago. The first recorded visit
from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island, southeast of
Samar on March 16, 1521.

26. Prior to Magellans arrival, there were Negritotribes who roamed the isles
but they were latersupplanted by Austronesians. These groupsthen stratified
into: hunter-gatherer tribes,warrior-societies, petty plutocracies andmaritime
oriented harbor principalities whicheventually grew into kingdoms,
rajahnates,principalities, confederations and sultanates.States such as the
Indianized Rajahnate ofButuan and Cebu, the dynasty of Tondo, theaugust
kingdoms of Maysapan and Maynila, theConfederation of Madyaas, the
sinifiedCountry of Mai, as well as the MuslimSultanates of Sulu and
Maguindanao.

27. These small states flourished from asearly as the 10th century AD,
despitethese kingdoms attaining complexpolitical and social orders, as well
asenjoying trade with areas now calledChina, India, Japan, Thailand,

Vietnam,and Indonesia, none encompassed thewhole archipelago which was

to becomethe unified Philippines of the twentiethcentury. The remainder of
thesettlements was independent Barangaysallied with one of the larger
nations.

28. * Spanish colonization andsettlement began with the arrival ofMiguel

Lpez de Legazpis expedition in1565 who established the first
permanentsettlement of San Miguel on the island ofCebu. The expedition
continuednorthward reaching the bay of Manila onthe island of Luzon in 1571,
where theyestablished a new town and thus began anera of Spanish
colonization that lasted formore than three centuries.

29. Spanish rule achieved the political unification ofalmost the whole
archipelago, that previouslyhad been composed by independent
kingdomsand communities, pushing back south theadvancing Islamic forces
and creating the firstdraft of the nation that was to be known as
thePhilippines. Spain also introduced Christianity,the code of law, the oldest
Universities and thefirst public education system in Asia, thewestern
European version of printing, theGregorian calendar and invested heavily on
allkinds of modern infrastructures, such as trainnetworks and modern
bridges.

30. The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896, but it was
largely unsuccessful until it received support from the United States,
culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic. However, the Treaty of Paris, at
the end of the Spanish American War, transferred control of the Philippines
to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine
Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against
the United States.

31. The Philippine-American War which ensued resulted in massive

casualties. Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and
the U.S. government declared the conflict officially over in 1902. The Filipino
leaders, for the most part, accepted that the Americans had won, but
hostilities continued and only began to decline in 1913, leaving a total
number of casualties on the Filipino side of more than one million dead, many
of them

32. U.S. colonial rule of the Philippines started in 1905 with very limited
local rule. Partial autonomy (commonwealth status) was granted in 1935,
preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946.
Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese
occupation of the islands during World War II.

33. With a promising economy in the 1950sand 1960s, the Philippines in the
late1960s and early 1970s saw a rise ofstudent activism and civil unrest
againstthe corrupt dictatorship of PresidentFerdinand Marcos who
declaredmartial law in 1972.

34. Because of close ties between United States andPresident Marcos, the
U.S. governmentcontinued to support Marcos even though hisadministration
was well-known for massivecorruption and extensive human rights abuse.The
peaceful and bloodlessPeople Power Revolution of 1986, however,brought
about the ousting of Marcos and areturn to democracy for the country. The
periodsince then, however, has been marked bypolitical instability and
hampered economicproductivity.

35. Prehistory The earliest archeological evidence for man in the archipelago
is the 40,000-year-old Tabon Man of Palawan and the Angono Petroglyphs in
Rizal, both of whom appear to suggest the presence of human settlement
prior to the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people.

36. Prehistory The Negritos were early settlers but their appearance in the
Philippines has not been reliably dated. and they were followed by speakers
of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a branch of the Austronesian languages,
who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000 B.C.E,
displacing the earlier arrivals.

38. Around 300700 C.E. the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in
balangays began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay
Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities, adopting influences
from both Buddhism and Hinduism.

39. Spanish Settlement and Rule (1565- 1898) Early Spanish expeditions
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the PhilippinesIn 1521. Parts of the Philippine
Islands were known to Europeans before the 1521 Spanish expedition around
the world led by Portuguese-born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who
was not the first Europeans in the Philippines. Magellan landed on the island
called Homonhon, claiming the islands he saw for Spain, and naming them
Islas de San Lzaro. He established friendly relations with some of the local
leaders especially with Rajah Humabon and converted some of them to
Roman Catholicism.

40. In the Philippines, they explored many islands including the island of
Mactan. However, Magellan was killed in a battle he led there against the
ruling datu Lapu-Lapu. Over the next several decades, other Spanish
expeditions were dispatched to the islands. In 1543, Ruy Lpez de Villalobos
led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after
Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte. The name was extended
to the entire archipelago in the twentieth century.

41. Spanish settlement Colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel

Lpez de Legazpi, arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European
settlements in Cebu. In 1571, the Spanish occupied the kingdoms of Maynila
and Tondo and established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies.
Spanish power was further consolidated after Miguel Lpez de Legazpis
conquest of the Confederation of Madya-as, his subjugation of Rajah Tupas

the King of Cebu and Juan de Salcedos ransacking of the Chinese warlord
Limahongs pirate kingdom in Pangasinan .

42. This grab for power eventually culminatedwith the mass murder and exile
of theroyal families of the Dynasty of Tondo andthe Kingdom of Maynila when
theTondo Conspiracy of 1587-1588 failed inwhich a planned grand alliance
with theJapanese admiral Gayo, Butuans last rajahand Bruneis Sultan Bolkieh,
would haverestored the old aristocracy. Its failureresulted in the hanging of
Agustn de Legazpi(great grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legazpiand the
initiator of the plot) and theexecution of Magat Salamat (the crown-prince of
Tondo).

43. In the following years, the colony wasgoverned as a territory of

theViceroyalty of New Spain, centered inMexico, from 1565 to 1821 and
administereddirectly from Spain from 1821 to 1898.Subsequently, the Aztec
and Mayanmercenaries Lpez de Legazpi brought withhim eventually settled
in Mexico, Pampangawhere traces of Aztec and Mayan influencecan still be
proven by the many chicoplantations in the area (chico is a fruitindigenous
only to Mexico) and also by thename of the province itself.

44. The fragmented nature of the islands made iteasy for Spanish
colonization. The Spanishthen attempted to bring political unificationto the
Philippine archipelago via theconquest of the various states but they
wereunable to subjugate the sultanates ofMindanao and the tribes and
highlandplutocracy of the Ifugao of Northern Luzon.The Spanish introduced
elements ofwestern civilization such as the code of law,western printing and
the Gregorian calendaralongside new food resources such as maize,pineapple
and chocolate from Latin America.

45. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governedfrom Mexico City via the
Royal Audiencia ofManila, before it was administered directly fromMadrid
after the Mexican revolution. TheManila Galleons which linked Manila to
Acapulcotraveled once or twice a year between the 16thand 19th centuries.
The Spanish military fought offvarious indigenous revolts and several
externalcolonial challenges, especially from the British,Chinese pirates,
Dutch, and Portuguese.Roman Catholic missionaries converted most ofthe
lowland inhabitants to Christianity andfounded schools, universities, and
hospitals. In1863 a Spanish decree introduced education,establishing public
schooling in Spanish.

46. In 1781, Governor-General Jos Basco y Vargasestablished theEconomic

Society of the Friends of the Country . ThePhilippines was administered from
theViceroyalty of New Spain until the grant ofindependence to Mexico in 1821
necessitated thedirect rule from Spain of the Philippines from thatyear.
Developments in and out of the country helpedto bring new ideas to the
Philippines including theideals of the French and American Revolutions.
In1863, Queen Isabella of Spain decreed theestablishment of a public school
system in Spanish,leading to increasing numbers of educated Filipinos.The
opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut traveltime to Spain. Both of these

events prompted therise of the ilustrados, an enlightened class ofCreoles and

Indios, since many young Filipinos wereable to study in Europe. The first
official census in the Philippines wascarried out in 1878. The countrys
population as ofDecember 31, 1877 was recorded at 5,567,685persons.

47. Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement tothe injustices of the Spanish

colonialgovernment and the "frailocracy", theilustrados originally clamored
for adequaterepresentation to the Spanish Cortes andlater for independence.
Jos Rizal, the mostcelebrated intellectual and radical illustradoof the era,
wrote the novels "Noli Me Tangere", and "El filibusterismo", which
greatlyinspired the movement for independence. TheKatipunan, a secret
society whose primarypurpose was that of overthrowing Spanishrule in the
Philippines, was founded byAndrs Bonifacio who became its
Supremo(leader).

48. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal waswrongly accused of

implication in the outbreak of therevolution and executed for treason in 1896.
TheKatipunan in Cavite split into two groups, Magdiwang,led by Mariano
lvarez (a relative of Bonifacios bymarriage), and Magdalo, led by Emilio
Aguinaldo.Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldoculminated in
the execution or assassination of theformer by the latters soldiers. Aguinaldo
agreed to atruce with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo andhis fellow
revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong. Notall the revolutionary generals
complied with theagreement. One, General Francisco Makabulos,established
a Central Executive Committee to serve asthe interim government until a
more suitable one wascreated. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming
fromalmost every province in Spanish-governed Philippines.

49. In 1898, as conflicts continued in the Philippines, the USS Maine, having
been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens
during an ongoing Cuban revolution, exploded and sank in Havana harbor.
This event precipitated the SpanishAmerican War. After Commodore George
Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila, the U.S. invited Aguinaldo
to return to the Philippines, which he did on May 19, 1898, in the hope he
would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. By the time
U.S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire
island of Luzon, except for the walled city of Intramuros. On June 12, 1898,
Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite,
establishing the First Philippine Republic under Asias first democratic
constitution.

50. A German squadron arrived in Manila and engaged in maneuvers which

Dewey seeing this as obstruction of his blockade, offered war after which
the Germans backed down. The German Emperor expected an American
defeat, with Spain left in a sufficiently weak position for the revolutionaries to
capture Manilaleaving the Philippines ripe for German picking.

51. In the Battle of Manila, the United States captured the city from the
Spanish. This battle marked an end of Filipino-American collaboration, as

Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila, an
action deeply resented by the Filipinos. Spain and the United States sent
commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris which
ended the SpanishAmerican War. The Filipino representative, Felipe
Agoncillo, was excluded from sessions as the revolutionary government was
not recognized by the family of nations. Although there was substantial
domestic opposition, the United States decided to annex the Philippines.

52. In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the
negotiations to hand over the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for
US$20,000,000.00. U.S. President McKinley justified the annexation of the
Philippines by saying that it was "... a gift from the gods" and that since "they
were unfit for self-government, ... there was nothing left for us to do but to
take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and
Christianize them", in spite of the Philippines having been already
Christianized by the Spanish over the course of several centuries. The first
Philippine Republic resisted the U.S. occupation, resulting in the PhilippineAmerican War (18991913).

53. American period (18981946) Filipinos initially saw their relationship

with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle
against Spain. However, the United States later distanced itself from the
interests of the Filipino insurgents. Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United
States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine
independence. Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became
clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay.

54. Philippine-American War Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, after

two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, a
Manila suburb. This incident sparked the Philippine-American War, which
would cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish
American War. Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the
conflict; 4,234 Americans died, as did 16,000 Filipino soldiers who were part
of a nationwide guerrilla movement of indeterminate numbers. At least one
million Filipinos lost their lives as a direct result of the war, with as many as
200,000 who died as a result of the cholera epidemic at the wars end.
Atrocities were committed by both sides.

55. The poorly-equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by

American troops in open combat, but they were formidable opponents in
guerrilla warfare. Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured on March
31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government escaped however, establishing a
new capital at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. On June 5, 1899, Antonio Luna,
Aguinaldos most capable military commander, was killed by Aguinaldos
guards in an apparent assassination while visiting Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to
meet with Aguinaldo. Gregorio del Pilar, another key general, was killed on
December 2, 1899 in the Battle of Tirad Pass. With his best commanders dead
and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into
northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and

ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of

several military zones. The general population, caught between Americans
and rebels, suffered significantly.

56. Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was
brought to Manila. Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore
allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his
compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war.
However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the
Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.

57. In 1900, President McKinley sent the Taft Commission, to the

Philippines, with a mandate to legislate laws and re-engineer the political
system. On July 1, 1901, William Howard Taft, the head of the commission,
was inaugurated as Civil Governor, with limited executive powers. The
authority of the Military Governor was continued in those areas where the
insurrection persisted. The Taft Commission passed laws to set up the
fundamentals of the new government, including a judicial system, civil
service, and local government. A Philippine Constabulary was organized to
deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the
responsibilities of the United States Army.

58. Insular Government (1902-1935) Flag of the United States, 1896-1908.

The Philippine Organic Act (1902) was a constitution for the Insular
Government, so called because Philippine civil administration was under the
authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs. This government saw its
mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual
independence. On July 4, 1902 the office of Military Governor was abolished
and full executive power passed from Adna Chaffee, the last military
governor, to Taft, who became the first U.S. Governor-General of the
Philippines.

59. United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing
administrations. During the early years of territorial administration, the
Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos, but an elected
Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907, as the lower house of a
bicameral legislature, with the appointive Philippine Commission becoming
the upper house. When Woodrow Wilson became U.S. President in 1913, a
new policy was adopted to put into motion a process that would gradually
lead to Philippine independence. The Jones Act, passed by the U.S. Congress
in 1916 to serve as the new organic law in the Philippines, promised eventual
independence and instituted an elected Philippine senate.

60. In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this

period. In 1895, foreign trade amounted to 62 million pesos, 13% of which
was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos,
66% of which was with the United States. A health care system was
established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes,

including various tropical diseases, to a level similar to that of the United

States itself.

61. Slavery, piracy and headhunting were all suppressed, but not
extinguished. An educational system was established which, among other
subjects, provided English as a lingua francaso that the islands 170 linguistic
groups could communicate with one another and the outside world. While
prior to the coming of the Americans, Spanish was spoken by some segments
of Philippine society, the language was unpopular. At the end of the Spanish
era, less than ten percent of the Christianized population was fully literate in
the language and those who spoke it were limited to the urban centers and
the elite.

62. The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation

with American governors-general, depending on how intent the incumbent
was on exercising his powers vis- -vis the Philippine legislature. Members to
the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence
from the United States. Several independence missions were sent to
Washington, D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by
Filipinos, who had effectively gained control by 1918.

63. Philippine politics during the American territorial era was dominated by
the Nacionalista Party, which was founded in 1907. Although the partys
platform called for "immediate independence", their policy toward the
Americans was highly accommodating. Within the political establishment, the
call for independence was spearheaded by Manuel L. Quezon, who served
continuously as Senate president from 1916 until 1935.

64. Frank Murphy was the last Governor-General of the Philippines (1933
35), and the first U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines (193536). The
change in form was more than symbolic: it was intended as a manifestation
of the transition to independence.

65. Commonwealth The Great Depression in the early thirties hastened the
progress of The Philippines towards independence. In the United States it was
mainly the sugar industry and labour unions that had a stake in loosening the
U.S. ties to The Philippines since they could not compete with the Philippine
cheap sugar (and other commodities) which could freely enter the U.S.
market. Therefore, they agitated in favor of granting independence to the
Philippines so that its cheap products and labour could be shut out of the
United States. In 1933, the United States Congress passed the Hare-HawesCutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act over President Herbert Hoovers
veto.

66. Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the
Philippines, it was opposed by Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon,
partially because of provisions leaving the United States in control of naval
bases. Under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected the bill. The

following year, a revised act known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act was finally
passed.

67. The act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence.
The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self-governing,
though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States, and
certain legislation required approval of the United States president.

68. A constitution was framed and approved by Franklin D. Roosevelt in

March 1935. On May 14, 1935, a Filipino government was formed on the basis
of principles similar to the U.S. Constitution. The commonwealth was
established in 1935, electing Manuel L. Quezon as the president and featuring
a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly , and a Supreme
Court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901.

69. World War II and Japanese occupation Japan launched a surprise attack
on the Clark Air Base in Pampanga, Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten
hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aerial bombardment was followed by
landings of ground troops on Luzon. The defending Philippine and United
States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Under
the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the
Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at

70. On January 2, 1942, General MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila,
an open city to prevent its destruction. The Philippine defense continued until
the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula
in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year. Most of the 80,000
prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to
undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers
to the north. It is estimated that about 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans
died before reaching their destination.

71. President Quezon and Osmea had accompanied the troops to

Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a
government in exile. MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to
plan for a return to the Philippines.

72. The Japanese military authorities immediatelybegan organizing a new

government structurein the Philippines and established thePhilippine
Executive Commission. They initiallyorganized a Council of State, through
whichthey directed civil affairs until October 1943,when they declared the
Philippines anindependent republic. The Japanese-sponsoredrepublic headed
by President Jos P. Laurelproved to be unpopular.

73. Japanese occupation of the Philippineswas opposed by largescaleunderground and guerrilla activity.The Philippine Army, as well
asremnants of theU.S. Army Forces Far East, continuedto fight the Japanese in
a guerrilla warand was considered an auxiliary unitof the United States Army.

74. Their effectiveness was such that by theend of the war, Japan controlled
onlytwelve of the forty-eight provinces. Oneelement of resistance in the
Central Luzonarea was furnished by the Hukbalahap(Filipino: "Hukbong Bayan
Laban sa mgaHapon") ("Peoples Army Against theJapanese"), which armed
some 30,000people and extended their control overmuch of Luzon.

75. The occupation of the Philippines by Japanended at the end of the war.
The Americanarmy had been fighting the so-calledPhilippines Campaign since
October 1944,when it started with MacArthursSixth United States Army
landing on Leyte.Landings in other parts of the country hadfollowed, and the
Allies with the PhilippineCommonwealth troops pushed toward
Manila.However, fighting continued until Japans formalsurrender on 2
September 1945.

76. The Philippines suffered great loss oflife and tremendous

physicaldestruction by the time the war wasover. An estimated 1 million
Filipinoshad been killed, a large portionduring the final months of the war,and
Manila was extensively damaged.

77. Independent Philippines and the Third Republic (19461972)

Administration of Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) Elections were held in April
1946, with Manuel Roxas becoming the first president of the independent
Republic of the Philippines. The United States ceded its sovereignty over the
Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the Philippine economy
remained highly dependent on United States markets more dependent,
according to United States high commissioner Paul McNutt, than any single
U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country.

78. The Philippine Trade Act, passed as aprecondition for receiving war
rehabilitationgrants from the United States, exacerbated thedependency with
provisions further tying theeconomies of the two countries. A
militaryassistance pact was signed in 1947 grantingthe United States a 99year lease ondesignated military bases in the country (thelease was later
reduced to 25 years beginning1967).

79. Administration of Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) The Roxas administration

granted general amnesty to those who had collaborated with the Japanese in
World War II, except for those who had committed violent crimes. Roxas died
suddenly of a heart attack in April 1948, and the vice president, Elpidio
Quirino, was elevated to the presidency. He ran for president in his own right
in 1949, defeating Jose P. Laurel and winning a four-year term.

80. World War II had left the Philippinesdemoralized and severely damaged.
The taskof reconstruction was complicated by theactivities of the CommunistsupportedHukbalahap guerrillas (known as "Huks"), whohad evolved into a
violent resistance forceagainst the new Philippine government.Government
policy towards the Huksalternated between gestures of negotiation andharsh
suppression.

81. Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysayinitiated a campaign to defeat

theinsurgents militarily and at the same timewin popular support for the
government.The Huk movement had waned in theearly 1950s, finally ending
with theunconditional surrender of Huk leaderLuis Taruc in May 1954.

82. Administration of Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) Supported by the

United States, Magsaysay was elected president in 1953 on a populist
platform. He promised sweeping economic reform, and made progress in land
reform by promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north
into traditionally Muslim areas.

83. Though this relieved population pressure in the north, it heightened

religious hostilities. Nevertheless, he was extremely popular with the
common people, and his death in an airplane crash in March 1957 dealt a
serious blow to national morale.

84. Administration of Carlos P. Garcia (1957- 1961)Carlos P. Garcia

succeeded to the presidency after Magsaysays death, and was elected to a
four-year term in the election of November that same year. His administration
emphasized the nationalist theme of "Filipino first", arguing that the Filipino
people should be given the chances to improve the countrys economy.

85. Garcia successfully negotiated for the United States relinquishment of

large military land reservations. However, his administration lost popularity
on issues of government corruption as his term advanced.

86. Administration of Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)Diosdado Macapagal

was elected president in the 1961 election, defeating Garcias re-election bid.
Macapagals foreign policy sought closer relations with neighboring Asian
nations, particularly Malaya (later Malaysia) and Indonesia. Negotiations with
the United States over base rights led to anti-American sentiment. Notably,
the celebration of Independence Day was changed from July 4 to June 12, to
honor the day that Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence from Spain in
1898.

87. Marcos era and martial law (19651986) Macapagal ran for re-election
in 1965, but was defeated by his former party-mate, Senate President
Ferdinand Marcos, who had switched to the Nacionalista Party. Early in his
presidency, Marcos initiated ambitious public works projects and intensified
tax collection which brought the country economic prosperity throughout the
1970s.

88. His administration built more roads (including a substantial portion of

the Pan-Philippine Highway) than all his predecessors combined, and more
schools than any previous administration. Marcos was re- elected president in
1969, becoming the first president of the independent Philippines to achieve
a second term.

89. The Philippine Legislature was corruptand impotent. Opponents of

Marcosblocked the necessary legislation toimplement his ambitious

plans.Because of this, optimism faded earlyin his second term and

economicgrowth slowed. Crime and civildisobedience increased.
TheCommunist Party of the Philippinesformed the New Peoples Army.

90. The Moro National Liberation Frontcontinued to fight for an

independentMuslim nation in Mindanao. Anexplosion during the
proclamationrally of the senatorial slate of theLiberal Party on August 21,
1971prompted Marcos to suspend thewrit of habeas corpus, which herestored
on January 11, 1972 afterpublic protests.

91. Martial law Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a
Communist insurgency, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972
by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press
freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media
establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant
activists, including his staunchest critics senators Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jovito
Salonga and Jose Diokno.

92. The declaration of martial law was initially well received, given the
social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. Crime rates plunged
dramatically after a curfew was implemented. Many political opponents were
forced to go into exile. A constitutional convention, which had been called
for in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution, continued the work of
framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new
constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government
from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power
beyond 1973.

93. Marcos claimed that martial law was theprelude to creating a "New
Society" based onnew social and political values. The economyduring the
1970s was robust, with budgetaryand trade surpluses. TheGross National
Product rose from P55 billion in1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism
rose,contributing to the economys growth.However, Marcos, his cronies and
his wife,Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, wilfully engaged inrampant corruption.

94. Fourth Republic Appeasing the Roman Catholic Church, Marcos officially
lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the
governments power for arrest and detention. Corruption and nepotism as well
as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and
development under Marcos, whose health declined due to lupus.

95. The political opposition boycotted the 1981 presidential elections, which
pitted Marcos against retired general Alejo Santos. Marcos won by a margin of
over 16 million votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another sixyear term. Finance Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime Minister by the
Batasang Pambansa.

96. In 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the
Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long
period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began

a succession of events, including pressure from the United States, that

culminated in a snap presidential election in February 1986. The opposition
united under Aquinos widow, Corazon Aquino.

97. The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (Comelec),

declared Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was a large
discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of Namfrel, an accredited
poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by Corazon Aquino
and her supporters.

98. International observers, including a U.S. delegation, denounced the

official results. Gen. Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile
withdrew their support for Marcos. A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now
popularly called the People Power Revolution, forced Marcos into exile and
installed Corazon Aquino as president on

99. Fifth Republic (1986present) Administration of Corazon C. Aquino

(1986- 1992) Corazon Aquino immediately formed a revolutionary
government to normalize the situation, and provided for a transitional "
Freedom Constitution". A new permanent constitution was ratified and
enacted in February 1987.

100. The constitution crippledpresidential power to declaremartial law,

proposed thecreation of autonomous regions inthe Cordilleras andMuslim
Mindanao, and restoredthe presidential form ofgovernment and the
bicameralCongress.

101. Progress was made in revitalizingdemocratic institutions and respectfor

civil liberties, but Aquinosadministration was also viewed asweak and
fractious, and a return tofull political stability and economicdevelopment was
hampered byseveral attempted coups staged bydisaffected members of
thePhilippine military.

102. Economic growth was additionallyhampered by a series of

naturaldisasters, including the 1991 eruptionof Mount Pinatubo that left 700
deadand 200,000 homeless. During theAquino presidency, Manila
witnessedsix unsuccessful coup attempts, themost serious occurring in
December1989.

103. In 1991, the Philippine Senaterejected a treaty that would haveallowed a

10-year extension of theU.S. military bases in the country. TheUnited States
turned overClark Air Base in Pampanga to thegovernment in November,
andSubic Bay Naval Base in Zambales inDecember 1992, ending almost
acentury of U.S. military presence in

104. Administration of Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) In the 1992 elections,

Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos, endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency
with just 23.6% of the vote in a field of seven candidates. Early in his
administration, Ramos declared "national reconciliation" his highest priority

and worked at building a coalition to overcome the divisiveness of the Aquino

years.

105. He legalized the Communist Party and laid the groundwork for talks
with communist insurgents, Muslim separatists, and military rebels,
attempting to convince them to cease their armed activities against the
government. In June 1994, Ramos signed into law a general conditional
amnesty covering all rebel groups, and Philippine military and police
personnel accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents.

106. In October 1995, the government signed an agreement bringing the

military insurgency to an end. A peace agreement with the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF), a major separatist group fighting for an independent
homeland in Mindanao, was signed in 1996, ending the 24-year

107. However, an MNLF splinter group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front
continued the armed struggle for an Islamic state. Efforts by Ramos
supporters to gain passage of an amendment that would allow him to run for
a second term were met with large-scale protests, leading Ramos to declare
he would not seek re-election.

108. Administration of Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) Joseph Estrada, a

former movie actor who had served as Ramos vice president, was elected
president by a landslide victory in 1998. His election campaign pledged to
help the poor and develop the countrys agricultural sector

109. He enjoyed widespread popularity, particularly among the poor.

Estrada assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis. The economy did,
however, recover from a low -0.6% growth in 1998 to a moderate growth of
3.4% by 1999. Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the
1987 constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional
Correction for Development.

110. Unlike Charter change under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD
proposal, according to its proponents, would only amend the restrictive
economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as impeding the
entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines. However it was not
successful in amending the constitution.

111. In March 21, 2000 President Estrada declared an "all-out-war" against

the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) after the worsening secessionist
movement in Midanao The government later captured 46 MILF camps
including the MILFs headquarters, Camp Abubakar. In October 2000, however,
Estrada was accused of having accepted millions of pesos in payoffs from
illegal gambling businesses.

112. He was impeached by the House of Representatives, but his

impeachment trial in the Senate broke down when the senate voted to block
examination of the presidents bank records. In response, massive street
protests erupted demanding Estradas resignation. Faced with street protests,

cabinet resignations, and a withdrawal of support from the armed forces,

Estrada was forced from office on January 20, 2001.

113. Administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010) Vice President

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (the daughter of the late President Diosdado
Macapagal) was sworn in as Estradas successor on the day of his departure.
Her accession to power was further legitimized by the mid-term congressional
and local elections held four months later, when her coalition won an
overwhelming victory.

114. Arroyos initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics
as well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a
month-long nationwide state of rebellion. Arroyo had declared in December
2002 that she would not run in the May 2004 presidential election, but she
reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to join the race.

115. She was re-elected and sworn in for her own six-year term as president
on June 30, 2004. In 2005, a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced
bearing the voice of Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin
of victory could be maintained. The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyos
resignation.

116. Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official, but

denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down. Attempts to impeach
the president failed later that year. Arroyo unsuccessfully attempted a
controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present
presidential-bicameral republic into a federal parliamentary-unicameral form
of government.

117. 1899 (Malolos Constitution Emilio Aguinaldo) The President of the

Council, Apolinario Mabini. Preamble We, the Representatives of the Filipino
people, lawfully covened, in order to establish justice, provide for common
defense, promote the general welfare, and insure the benefits of liberty,
imploring the aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the Universe for the
attainment of these ends, have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following.

118. 1935 (Commonwealth Period) The 1935 Constitution was ratified on

May 14, 1935. Preamble The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine
Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals,
conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general
welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of
independence under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain
and promulgate this Constitution.

119. 1973 Martial Law [The 1973 Constitution was ratified on January 17,
1973 in accordance with Presidential Proclamation No. 1102 issued by
President Ferdinand E. Marcos]. This is known as the Martial Constitution..

120. PreambleWe, the sovereign Filipino people, imploringthe aid of Divine

Providence, in order toestablish a government that shall embody ourideals,

promote the general welfare, conserveand develop the patrimony of our

Nation, andsecure to ourselves and our posterity theblessings of democracy
under a regime ofjustice, peace, liberty, and equality, do ordainand
promulgate this Constitution.

121. THE 1987 CONSTITUTION - Freedom Constitution PREAMBLE We, the

sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid ofAlmighty God, in order to build a
just and humanesociety, and establish a Government that shall embodyour
ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure toourselves and our posterity, the blessings
ofindependence and democracy under the rule of law anda regime of truth,
justice, freedom, love, equality, andpeace, do ordain and promulgate this
Constitution.

122. Propaganda Movement The Propaganda Movement was a literary and

cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino migrs who had settled in
Europe. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending
Europes universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness
of, the needs of its colony, the Philippines and to propagate a closer
relationship between the colony and Spain.

123. Its prominent members included Jos Rizal, author of Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, Graciano Lpez Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad, the
movements principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organizations secretary and
Marcelo H. del Pilar.

124. Goals Specifically, the Propagandists aims were: Representation of the

Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament; Secularization
of the clergy; Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;

125. Creation of a public school system independent of the friars; Abolition

of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the
government); Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association;
Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service.

126. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain Secularization of

Philippine parishes. Recognition of human rights

127. What are the factors that led to propaganda movement in the
Philippines? There are two major factors that led to propaganda movement in
the Philippines during our early history from 1800 1889. Such as: To
expose the defects and abuses of the Spanish Government; Aimed to seek
reforms to remedy the defects and abuses of Colonial government.

128. Be it noted however, that thepropaganda Movement was not

arevolutionary or seditious affair; theymerely asked for reforms,
notindependence until the Rise of theKatipunan movement in 1892
whichaimed to gain Independence fromSpain.

129. Reforms desired by the Propaganda Movement: Equality of Filipinos and

Spaniards before the laws. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular

province of Spain; Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and equal

treatment of Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines

130. Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the friars.

Human rights of Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press,
and the freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances.

131. To further illustrate: In February 17, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (Gomburza), these priests, were executed by the
Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion. The charges against Fathers
Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were their alleged complicity in the uprising of
workers at the Cavite Naval Yard.

132. The death of Gomburza awakened strongfeelings of anger and

resentment amongthe Filipinos. They questioned SpanishAuthorities and
demanded reforms. Themartyrdom of the three priestsapparently helped to
inspire theorganization of the PropagandaMovement, which aimed to seek
reformsand inform Spain of the abuses of itscolonial government.

133. The ilustrados led the Filipinos quest forreforms. Because of their
education andnewly acquired wealth, they felt moreconfident about voicing
out populargrievances. However, since the ilustradosthemselves were a
result of the changesthat the Spanish government had beenslowly
implementing, the group couldnot really push very hard for the reformsit
wanted.

134. The ilustrados did not succeed ineasing the sufferings of the Filipinos;but
from this group another factionarises called the intelligentsia.
Theintelligentsia also wanted reforms;but they were more systematic
andused a peaceful means called thePropaganda Movement.

135. Katipunan The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society

founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, which aimed primarily to
gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated
by Filipino patriots Andrs Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others
on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer Jos Rizal was to be banished to
Dapitan. Initially, Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in
1896 that led to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution.

136. The word "katipunan", literally meansassociation, comes from the root
word "tipon",an indigenous Tagalog word, meaning "society"or "gather
together" Its official revolutionaryname is Kataas-taasan, KagalanggalangangKatipunan ngg mg Anak ngg Bayan (English: gHigh and Honorable
Society of the Children ofthe Nation, Spanish: Suprema y VenerableAsociacin
de los Hijos del Pueblo). Katipunanis also known by its acronym, K.K.K..

137. Being a secret organization, its membersare subjected to utmost

secrecy and areexpected to abide with the rulesestablished by the society.
Aspirantapplicants were given standard initiationrites to become members of

the society.At first, Katipunan was only open to maleFilipinos; later, women
were accepted inthe society.

138. The Katipunan had its own publication,Kalayaan (Liberty) that had its
first andlast print on March 1896. Revolutionaryideals and works flourished
within thesociety, and Philippine literature wereexpanded by its some
prominentmembers.

139. In planning the revolution, Bonifaciocontacted Rizal for his fullfledgedsupport for the Katipunan in exchangefor a promise of Rizals liberty
fromdetainment by rescuing him. On May1896, a delegation was sent to
theEmperor of Japan to solicit funds andmilitary arms.

140. Katipunans existence was revealed to theSpanish authorities after a

member namedTeodoro Patio confessed Katipunans illegalactivities to his
sister, and finally to themother portress of Mandaluyong Orphanage.Seven
days after the Spanish authoritieslearned the existence of such secret
society,on August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and his mentore their cedlas during
the infamousCry of Balintawak that started thePhilippine Revolution.

141. Influence of the Propaganda Movement A late 19th century photograph

of leaders of the Propaganda Movement: Jos Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and
Mariano Ponce. The Katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios were,
effectively, successor organizations of La Liga Filipina, founded by Jos Rizal,
as part of the late 19th century Propaganda Movement in the Philippines.
Katipunan founders Andrs Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata were
all members of La Liga and were influenced by the nationalistic ideals of the
Propaganda Movement in Spain.

142. Marcelo H. del Pilar, another leader of the Propaganda Movement in

Spain, also influenced the formation of the Katipunan. Modern-day historians
believe that he had a direct hand in its organization because of his role in the
Propaganda Movement and his eminent position in Philippine Masonry; most
of the Katipunans founders were freemasons.

143. The Katipunan had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic
rites. It also had an order of rank, similar to that of freemasonry. Rizals
Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retaa and Filipino biographer Juan Raymundo
Lumawag saw the formation of the Katipunan as Del Pilars victory over Rizal:
"La Liga dies, and the Katipunan rises in its place. Del Pilars plan wins over
that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the same end, even if each took a
different road to it."

144. The Katipunan had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic
rites. It also had an order of rank, similar to that of freemasonry. Rizals
Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retaa and Filipino biographer Juan Raymundo
Lumawag saw the formation of the Katipunan as Del Pilars victory over Rizal:
"La Liga dies, and the Katipunan rises in its place. Del Pilars plan wins over
that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the same end, even if each took a
different road to it."

145. Founding of the Katipunan Captured Katipunan members (also known

as Katipuneros), who were also members of La Liga, revealed to the Spanish
colonial authorities that there was a difference of opinion among members of
La Liga. One group insisted on La Ligas principle of a peaceful reformation
while the other espoused armed revolution.

146. On the night of July 7, 1892, when Rizalwas banished and exiled to
Dapitan inMindanao, Andrs Bonifacio, a memberof the La Liga Filipina,
founded theKatipunan in a house in Tondo, Manila.Bonifacio did established
the Katipunanwhen it was become apparent to anti-Spanish Filipinos that
societies like the LaLiga Filipina would be suppressed bycolonial authorities.

147. He was assisted by his two friends, Teodoro Plata(brother-in-law) and

Ladislao Diwa, plus ValentnDaz and Deodato Arellano. The Katipunan
wasfounded along Azcarraga St. (now Claro M. RectoAvenue) near Elcano St.
in Tondo, Manila. Despitetheir reservations about the peaceable
reformationthat Rizal espoused, they named Rizal honorarypresident without
his knowledge. The Katipunan,established as a secret brotherhood
organization,went under the name Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ngg mgg Anak ngg Bayan(Supreme and Venerable Society of the
Children ofthe Nation)

148. The Katipunan had four aims, namely: to develop a strong alliance with
each and every Katipuneros to unite Filipinos into one solid nation; to win
Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution); to
establish a republic after independence.

149. The rise of the Katipunan signalized theend of the crusade to secure
reformsfrom Spain by means of a peacefulcampaign. The Propaganda
Movementled by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and othershad failed its mission;
hence, Bonifaciostarted the militant movement forindependence