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Objectives
August, 2013
2
Objectives
contd
Growth
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Growth contd
Development
Maturation
Personality
characteristics of an individual
(Dictionary.com, 2010)
Personality
10
contd
11
Nutrition
Socio-cultural
Interpersonal
relationship
Environment
12
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Genetics
Gender
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Gender
Gender
15
16
Environment
Health
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18
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Environment
Environment
Socioeconomic level
Ordinal position in family
Health
The profile of the family characteristics affects the
development of children
Teratogens
19
20
Nutrition
Socio-cultural
22
Nature/Heredity
Socio-cultural
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Nature
Nurture/Environment
contd
Others include:
eye colour
height
cognitive ability to learn
(do math or a language)
patience or temper
genetics
gender
family history of
chronic/non-communicable
diseases & mental illness.
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26
Nurture contd
parenting
early schooling
the home
eating habits
interactions with people
family values & norms
Directional
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Sequential
Differentiation
Developmental pace
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Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
E.g. infant must be able to raise his head before he can sit up.
E.g. An infant close his hand and grasp before he has finger
pinch.
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30
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Growth Pattern
Cephalocaudal
Sequential
Proximodistal
1
Retrieved from http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/samarsen-326986-growth-development-introduction-science-technology-ppt-powerpoint/
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Developmental pace
Differentiation
E.g. 2-4 months, holds rattle in hand, looks at and plays with
own fingers and readily brings object to hand and mouth.
E.g. An infant gets burnt on the finger will flash the finger, cry show sign of
distress in response to pain whereas a toddler may cry and show signs of
distress but does not thrash around (Ranthus, n.d)
33
Principles
34
Principles contd
contd
1.
2.
3.
35
4.
5.
6.
36
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Principles
Basic development of
childhood
contd
7.
8.
9.
Stage
Characteristics
Neonate
birth to 28 days
Infant
29 days to 1 year
Toddler
1-3 years
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38
Characteristics
Preschool child
3-5 years
School child
5-12 years
Adolescent
12-18 years
39
Neonate
Neonate
Weight
Height
Head/chest
circumference
6-8 lbs
(2750-3629 g); gains
5-7 oz (142-198 g)
weekly for first six
months.
contd
41
42
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Neonate
Infant
contd
contd
Weight
Height
Head/chest
circumference
Both are equal. Brain about
2/3 adult size.
43
44
Physical
PHYSICAL
contd
45
Infant
46
Infant
contd
2-4 months
Holds rattle in hand, looks at and plays with own fingers and
readily brings object to hand and mouth
contd
47
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Infant
Infant contd
4-6 months
contd
49
Infant
50
Head control
contd
Newborn
51
Infant
6-8 months
Bangs objects held in hand
52
Infant
contd
Age 6 months
contd
53
54
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Sitting Up
Infant contd
8-10 months
Age 2 months
Age 8 months
55
56
Infant contd
Infant
12-month-old
58
Ambulation
contd
10-12 months
13 month old
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Toddler
Weight:
Gains 5-6 (2.5 kg) lbs/year
Height:
Gains 5 inches/year
Losses subcutaneous fat changes from plumb baby to lean
child with more muscle
Head/chest circumference:
Chest has grown greater than head
From Wong, D. (1999). Whaley and Wongs nursing care of infants and children, ed 6, St Louis: Mosby. Data from McDonald RE, Avery
DR: Dentistry for the child and adolescent, ed. 6, St. Louis, 1994, Mosby.
61
Toddler
62
Toddler
contd
contd
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Speech milestones
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66
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contd
The toddler may stay dry during the day but may need a
diaper at night until about age 4
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Preschool child
Weight:
Gains about 4.5 lbs (2 kg) a year
Height:
Minimal, 2-3.5 inches (6-8 cm) a year.
Head/chest circumference:
Not routinely measured on physical examination beyond 2
years
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School child
70
Weight:
Gains 3-5 lbs (1.3-2.2 kg) annually
Height:
Gains 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) annually
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Can read
Able to concentrate for longer period on activities by
filtering out sounds
From Wong, D. (1999). Whaley and Wongs nursing care of infants and children, ed 6, St Louis: Mosby. Courtesy of Bruce Carter, DDS,
Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX
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Adolescent
74
Adolescent - Physical
Weight:
Boy - 15-65 lbs (7-30 kg)
Girl 15-55 lbs (7-25 kg)
Male puberty:
1216 years; enlargement of scrotum,
testes and penis
pubic, axillary, facial and body hair
nocturnal emissions and mature spermatozoa
voice deepens
95% of height by 15 years
Height:
Boy - 4-12 inches (10-30 cm)
Girl - 2-8 inches (5-20 cm)
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Adolescent
contd
Female puberty:
1014 year; breasts develop
pubic and axillary hair
first menstruation (menarche); ovulation about 12 months
after menarche
95% of height by menarche
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References
Reading assignment:
Atherton, J.S., (2010). Learning and teaching; Piaget's developmental theory. Retrieved from
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning /piaget.htm
1.
2.
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References
80
References
Hatfield, N. T. (2008). Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing (7th ed.). China:
Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
John, O.P., Robins, R.W., & Pervin, L.A. (2008). Handbook of personality: Theory and
research. New York: The Guilford Press.
London, M.L., Wieland Ladewig, P.A., Ball, J.W., & Bindler, R.C. (2007). Maternal and
child nursing care (2cd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Growth and development. (2003). Saunders online resources. USA: Elsevier Science.
[Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from http://online.darton.edu/NCLEXRN/htmdocs/study_set.htm
Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and child health nursing: Care of the childbearing and
childbearing family (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins.
81
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References
Personality. (2010). Dictionary.com. Retrieved from
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/personality
Rathus, S.A. (2008). Childhood and adolescence: Voyages in development (3rd
ed.). Belmont: Thomson, Wadsworth.
Stein, A.M. (2005). NCLEX-RN Review (5th ed.). New York: Thompson Delmar
Learning.
Vitale, B.A. (2007). NCLEX RN notes: Core review and exam prep. United states
of America: F.A Davis Company.
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