Simplified Design of Low Rise

Masonry Structures
NCSEA Webinar
November 19 , 2013

Prof . Richard E . Klingner

Professor Emeritus
University of Texas at Austin
former Chair , MSJC ( 2002 - 2008 )
klingner@mail.utexas.edu

Objectives

basic structural behavior and essential

elements of low rise , wall - type buildings ,
with emphasis on reinforced masonry
the fundamental role of the MSJC in
developing masonry provisions for US building
codes
basic guidelines for specification of masonry
using the 2011 MSJC Code and Specification

how do we teach students

about structural systems ?

beams , trusses , frames

computer programs
thats it !!

most new engineering graduates have little

or no exposure to the behavior of wall - type
structural systems
3

potential advantages of wall type structural systems

walls act as architecture , envelope and

structure ( three jobs at once )
they use material efficiently

grout

steel
reinforcement

. . . typical
materials in
reinforced
masonry
mortar

clay masonry
veneer
hollow
concrete or
fired clay units
5

to design wall - type structures

quickly , use simplified
design

rational and safe

uses strength design principles

satisfies the lower - bound theorem

involves four essential steps

develop structural configuration

specify materials
draw structural elements and details
check safety of elements and system

the lower - bound what ??

Any design is safe if it

provides a path for transmission of forces from

their point of application , to the foundation
provides sufficient resistance along that path ,
under the deflections associated with the load

an example of the lower bound theorem . . .

a concrete slab , regardless of its plan

aspect ratio , can be designed with
reinforcement in one direction only
the slab may crack badly , but it will not
collapse

. . . an example of the lower bound theorem

slab with all
reinforcement in
the long
direction
cracking

If the reinforcement is sufficient to resist the

total static moment , the slab will not collapse
9

Essential elements of
simplified design for wall type structures

starting point for design

design of vertical strips in walls perpendicular
to lateral loads
design of walls parallel to lateral loads
design of lintels
simplified analysis for lateral loads
design of diaphragms
detailing
10

Starting point for wall - type

masonry structures
NO BEAMS OR COLUMNS
( example of
direction of span )

vertical reinforcement of
#4 bars at corners and
jambs
Horizontal reinforcement
of two #4 bars in bond
beam at top of wall ,
and above and below
openings ( two #5 bars
over openings with span
11
> 6 ft )

Essential function of walls in

resisting gravity loads
bearing walls resist
axial loads ( concentric
and eccentric ) as
vertical strips

non - bearing walls

resist concentric axial
load as vertical strips

12

Essential function of walls in

resisting lateral forces
walls parallel to lateral
forces act as shear
walls
bond beams transfer
reactions from walls to
horizontal diaphragms ,
and act as diaphragm
chords
vertical strips of walls perpendicular to
lateral forces resist combinations of axial
load and out - of - plane moments , and
transfer their reactions to horizontal
diaphragms

13

Effect of openings . . .
Effective
Width of
Strip A

Strip A

Width A

Effective
Width of
Strip B

Effective
Width of
Strip C

Strip B

Strip C

Width B

Width C

14

. . . Effect of openings
Openings increase original design
actions on each strip by a factor
equal to the ratio of the effective
width of the strip divided by the
actual width

Effective Width B

Actions in Strip B Original Actions

Actual Width B
15

Design of vertical strips in

perpendicular walls
moments and axial forces due
to combinations of gravity and
lateral load
M = Pe

M = Pe/2

M wind

16

. . . Design of vertical strips in

perpendicular walls

Pn

moment - axial
force interaction
diagram ( with the
help of a
spreadsheet )

Mu , Pu
Mn
17

Design of parallel walls . . .

moments , axial forces and shears
due to combinations of gravity
and lateral loads
P
V
h

18

. . . Design of parallel walls

Pn

moment - axial
force interaction
diagram ( with the
help of a
spreadsheet )

sufficient lateral
capacity comes from
wall density

Mu , Pu
Mn
19

. . . Design of parallel walls

shearing resistance

Vn Vm V s
Vnm

M u
Anv
4.0 1.75
Vu d v

f m' 0.25 Pu
20

Design of lintels . . .
( example of
direction of span )

moments and shears

due to gravity loads

wu 2
Mu
8
wu
Vu
2
21

. . . Design of lintels
shear design : provide
enough depth so that
shear reinforcement is
not needed
flexural design :
neutral
axis

d
As

required
s

Mu

f y 0.9 d
22

Distribution of shears to shear

walls . . .

classical approach

determine whether the

diaphragm is rigid or
flexible
carry out an appropriate
analysis for shears

23

Classical analysis of structures

with rigid diaphragms

locate center of rigidity

treat the lateral load
as the superposition of
a load acting through
the center of rigidity ,
and a torsional
moment about that
center
24

Simplified analysis of
structures with rigid
diaphragms . . .
32 ft

4 ft
8 ft
V

32 ft

8 ft

consider only the

shearing stiffness ,
which is proportional
to plan length
neglect plan torsion

8 ft
4 ft

25

. . . Simplified analysis of
structures with rigid
diaphragms
32 ft
4 ft
8 ft
32 ft
V

8 ft
8 ft
4 ft

32 ft
2
Vleft
Vtotal Vtotal
32 4 8 4 ft
3

4 8 4 ft
1
Vright
Vtotal Vtotal
32 4 8 4 ft
3 26

Classical analysis of structures

with flexible diaphragms . . .

distribute shears according to tributary areas

of the diaphragm , independent of the
relative stiffnesses of the shear walls

27

. . . Classical analysis of
structures with flexible
diaphragms
32 ft
half

half

4 ft
8 ft

32 ft

8 ft
8 ft
4 ft

1
Vleft Vtotal
2
1
Vright Vtotal
2
28

Simplified diaphragm analysis

design for the worse of the two cases
32 ft
4 ft

2/3 V
1/2 V

8 ft
V

32 ft

8 ft

1/3 V
1/2 V

8 ft
4 ft

29

Design of diaphragms

Diaphragm shears are resisted by the total

thickness or the thickness of the cover
alone ( for non - monolithic diaphragms ) .
Diaphragm moments are resisted by
diaphragm chords ( bond beams ) .
L/2
M = w L2 / 8

V=wL/2
w

30

. . . Details

wall - diaphragm connections

design of lintels for out - of - plane loads
between wall - diaphragm connections
connections between bond beam and walls
connections between walls and foundation

31

Review of design of wall - type

structures

box - type structures , without frames

sufficient wall density in both plan directions
design of perpendicular and parallel walls
details

32

Code - development process in

the US

no national building code

code development process is complex

technical organizations develop provisions

model codes reference those provisions
local authorities legally adopt those model codes

33

The code
system
it aint pretty
. . . but it
works

34

Masonry Design Codes in the US

ANSI process ( balance of interests , letter ballots ,
resolution of Negatives , public comment )
Technical
Industry
ASTM
Organizations
Groups
( Material
NEHRP
MSJC
MSJC
Specifications )
develops
Code
provisions
MSJC
model codes
Specification
ICC
reference
( QA ,
Other Model
(
International
those
materials ,
Codes
Building
Code
)
provisions
execution )
( NFPA )
local authorities
adopt those
model codes
Building Code
( legal standing )
( contract between society and the designer )

( part of a civil
contract
between owner
and contractor )
35

The MSJC Code

and Specification . . .

ACI
(ACI 530-11)
(ACI 530.1-11)

2011 MSJC
Code and
Specification
ASCE
(ASCE 5-11)
(ASCE 6-11)

lead sponsor
TMS
(TMS 402-11)
(TMS 602-11)

Masonry Standards
Joint Committee
36

. . . the MSJC Code and

Specification

MSJC began in 1978

MSJC develops Code and Specification under
ANSI consensus procedures , for reference by
model codes such IBC , NFPA
New edition of the Code and Specification
every 3 years

2011
2008
2005
2002

edition
edition
edition
edition

is
is
is
is

referenced
referenced
referenced
referenced

by
by
by
by

2012
2009
2006
2003

IBC
IBC
IBC
IBC
37

. . . the 2011 MSJC Code and

Specification

Code and
Code Commentary
Specification and
Specification Commentary

38

2011 MSJC Code . . .

Ch. 1 - General Requirements

Ch. 2
Allowable
Stress
Design

Ch. 3
Strength
Design

Ch. 4
Prestressed
Masonry

3.1 - General SD
3.2 - URM
3.3 - RM

Ch. 5
Empirical
Design

MSJC
Specification

Ch. 6
Veneer

6.1 - General
6.2 - Anchored
6.3 - Adhered

Ch. 7
Glass
Block

Ch. 8
AAC

App. B
Infills

2.1 - General ASD

2.2 - URM
2.3 - RM
39

. . . 2011 MSJC Specification

MSJC
Specification

MSJC Code

Part 1
General

Part 2
Products

1.6 Quality
assurance

2.1 - Mortar
2.2 - Grout
2.3 Masonry Units
2.4 Reinforcement
2.5 Accessories
2.6 Mixing
2.7 - Fabrication

Part 3
Execution
3.1 - Inspection
3.2 - Preparation
3.3 Masonry erection
3.4 Reinforcement
3.5 Grout placement
3.6 Prestressing
3.7 Field quality control
3.8 - Cleaning
40

Review masonry basics . . .

units
mortar
grout
accessory materials

reinforcement ( may or
may not be present ) ,
connectors , flashing ,
sealants

typical details
41

basic terms . . .

unit orientation ( looking at wall )

h

h
t
header

l
stretcher

h
soldier

h
rowlock
shiner
(rowlock stretcher) (rowlock header)

t
sailor

42

. . . basic terms

bond patterns ( looking at wall )

bed
joints

head
joints

Running Bond

Stack Bond

1/3 Running Bond

Flemish Bond
43

masonry units . . .

Concrete masonry units ( CMU )

specified by ASTM C90

minimum specified compressive
strength ( net area ) of 1900 psi
( average )
net area is about 55% of gross
area
nominal versus specified versus
actual dimensions
Type I and Type II designations
no longer exist

44

. . . masonry units

Clay masonry units

specified by ASTM C62 , C216 ,

or C652
usually solid , with small core
holes for manufacturing purposes
if cores occupy 25% of net
area , units can be considered
100% solid

45

. . . masonry mortar

Mortar for unit masonry

is specified by ASTM
C 270
Three cementitious
systems

cement lime mortar

masonry cement mortar

mortar cement mortar

46

. . . masonry mortar

Within each cementitious system , mortar is

specified by type ( M a S o N w O r K )

Going from Type K to Type M , mortar has an

increasing volume proportion of cement . It sets
up faster , and has higher compressive and
tensile bond strengths .
As the volume proportion of cement increases ,
mortar is less able to deform when hardened .
Types N and S are specified for modern masonry
construction .
47

. . . masonry mortar

Under ASTM C270 , mortar can be specified by

proportion or by property
If mortar is specified by proportion ,
compliance is verified only by verifying
proportions . For example :

Type S cement - lime mortar has volume proportions

of 1 part cement to about 0.5 parts hydrated
masons lime to about 4.5 parts masons sand
Type N masonry cement mortar ( single bag ) has
one part Type N masonry cement and 3 parts
masons sand
48

. . . masonry mortar

Under ASTM C270 , mortar can be

specified by proportion or by property

Property specification is more complex :

establish the proportions necessary to produce a

mortar that , tested at laboratory flow , will
meet the required compressive strength , air
content and retentivity ( ability to retain water )
verify in the field that volume proportions meet
proportion limits .

49

. . . masonry mortar

The proportion specification is the default .

Unless the property specification is used , no
mortar testing is necessary .
The proportion of water is not specified . It
is determined by the mason , to achieve good
productivity and workmanship .
Masonry units absorb water from the mortar ,
decreasing its water cement ratio and
increasing its compressive strength . Mortar
need not have high compressive strength .
50

. . . grout

Grout for unit masonry is

specified by ASTM C476
Two kinds of grout

fine grout ( cement , sand , water )

coarse grout ( cement , sand ,
gravel , water )

ASTM C476 permits a small

amount of hydrated lime , but
does not require any . Lime is
usually not used in plant
batched grout .
51

. . . grout

Under ASTM C476 , grout can be specified

by proportion or by compressive strength

proportion specification is simpler . It requires

only that volume proportions of ingredients be
verified .
specification by compressive strength is more
complex . It requires compression testing of
grout in a permeable mold ( ASTM C1019 ) .

52

. . . grout

If grout is specified by proportion ,

compliance is verified only by verifying
proportions . For example :

fine grout has volume proportions of 1 part

cement to about 3 parts masons sand .
coarse grout has volume proportions of 1 part
cement to about 3 parts masons sand and about
2 parts gravel .

Unless the compressive - strength specification

is used , no grout testing is necessary .
53

. . . grout

If grout is specified by compressive

strength , compliance is verified by
preparing grout specimens in permeable
molds and testing in accordance with
ASTM C1019 . See next slide .

54

. . . grout testing by ASTM

C1019

55

. . . grout

The proportion of water is not specified .

The slump should be 8 to 11 in .
Masonry units absorb water from the grout ,
decreasing its water cement ratio and
increasing its compressive strength . High
slump grout will still be strong enough .

56

. . . grout

Starting with the 2008 MSJC Code

and Specification , self - consolidating
grout is permitted .
Self - consolidating grout penetrates
voids and surrounds reinforcement
without requiring mechanical
vibration for consolidation .
Flow of self - consolidating grout is
evaluated using a slump flow test .
57

. . . role of fm

Concrete

designer states assumed value of fc

compliance is verified by compression tests
on cylinders cast in the field and cured
under ideal conditions

Masonry

designer states assumed value of fm

compliance is verified by Unit Strength
Method or by Prism Test Method

58

. . . verify compliance with

specified fm

Unit strength method ( Specification 1.4 B 2 )

compressive
ASTM C270
grout meets
compressive

strengths from unit manufacturer

mortar
MSJC Specification Article 2.2 or a
strength of 2000 psi

Prism test method ( Specification 1.4 B 3 )

Pro : can permit optimization of materials

Con : requires testing , qualified testing lab , and
procedures in case of non - complying results
59

. . . example of Unit Strength

Method ( Specification Tables 1
and 2 )

Clay masonry units ( Table 1 )

unit compressive strength 4150 psi

Type N mortar
compressive strength can be taken as 1500 psi

Concrete masonry units ( Table 2 )

unit compressive strength 1900 psi

Type S mortar
compressive strength can be taken as 1500 psi
60

. . . application of Unit Strength

Method ( Specification Tables 1
and 2 )

Design determines required material

specification

designer states assumed value of fm

specifier specifies units , mortar and grout that
will satisfy Unit Strength Method

Compliance with fm can be verified with no

tests on mortar , grout or prisms

61

. . . accessory materials
horizontally oriented expansion joint
under shelf angle
weepholes
flashing
shelf angle

sealant gap
~ 3 / 8 in .
connectors ( ties )
62

details . . .

Floor slab

Foundation slab
Cohesionless soil

Foundation slab
Cohesionless soil

63

. . . details

Concrete plank roof

Welded-wire reinforcement in slab cover

64

. . . details

Wooden roof

Wooden
roof beam

Wooden
top plates
Grouted ,
reinforced
bond beam
65

Review masonry basics . . .

units
mortar
grout
accessory materials

reinforcement ( may or
may not be present ) ,
connectors , flashing ,
sealants

typical details
66

For more information

MSJC = www.masonrystandards.org
TMS = www.masonrysociety.org
BIA = www.bia.org
NCMA = www.ncma.org

67

Objectives

basic structural behavior and essential

elements of low rise , wall - type buildings ,
with emphasis on reinforced masonry
the fundamental role of the MSJC in
developing masonry provisions for US building
codes
basic guidelines for specification of masonry
using the 2011 MSJC Code and Specification

68