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INTRODUCTION TO BENGALI
PART I
SOMDEV BHATTACHARJI
SUHAS CHATTERJEE
Published for
the Sauth, Asia
by EASTu4
CENTER'' PRESS
Honolulu
The
65-2725
PREFACE
Student aims, as
vi
Somdev Bhattacharji
Suhas Chatterjee
The University of Chicago
May, 1964
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
Part I.
Phonology
ix
1
Lesson I
55
Lesson II
71
Lesson III
89
Review I
105
Lesson IV
111
Lesson V
130
Lessen VI
144
Review II
160
Lesion VII
169
Lesson VIII
185
Lesson IX
198
Lesson X
213
Lesson XI
228
Lesson XII
210
Lesson XIII
256
Lesson XIV
266
INTRODUCTION
THE LANGUAGE
The Bengali language is spoken by upwards of seventy millions of
people in the eastern part of the Indian sub-continent; it is a recognized language in both the Republic of India and the Republic of
I.
Pakistan.
Bengali is an Indo-European language, and therefore of the same linguistic lineage as English and the other European languages, though of a
different branch of the family. The branch of the family to which Bengali belongs is called Indo-Iranian; its sub-branch is called Indic In
the Indic family among the modern languages (of which the direct ancestor Is a form of Sanskrit) are Bengali, Hindi, Narathi, Gujarati, iindhi,
Assamese, Oria, Punjabi, Nepali, Sinhalese, and Kashmiri. These languages are closely related to one another, as are, for example, Italian
and Spanish of the European Romance branch of the Indo-European family
There are three other major language families in the sub-continent, the
Dravidian (including 'Paull, Yolugul iialtq;aam, and i,annada), 11L0 ILLbeto
Burman languages of the north-east, and the Austria or Munda family
(tribal languages of central and eastern India).
The immediate origins of the Bengali language are somewhat obscur
The chances are taat it derives directly from an .astern variety of an
Indic language closely related to Sanskrit, perhaps a "dialectical" variety of that language. In any case, in the stages of Indic language
development known as Prakrit and Apabhramsa, it seems clear that in the
eastern areas of the Indian sub - continent -- those areas now occupied by
the states of Bengal, Assam, Orissa, the eastern parts of Bihar, and the
Pakistani province of East Bengal -- divergent forms of language were
developing. The earliest work in Bengali which has been so far discover
3426.
x
ed is that of the so-called carya-padas, late Buddhist religious verses. 2
Some scholars date these songs as early as the 8th centruy, though the
10th century would perhaps be more accurate.
Interestingly, these songs
TYPE OF LANGUAGE
The language which you are about to begin learning is called "standard colloquial" Bengali. This is the form of the language which is spoken by a very large number of people throughout both West Bengal and East
Pakistan today, though it includes elements peculiar to West Bengali
speech, and originally was probably the language spoken in and around the
city of Calcutta. This does not mean that it is the only form of the
spoken language which exists.
Dialectical varieties of Bengali occur,
and the dialects of, say, Burdwan district in West Bengal, and Chittagong
2.
The cary'd-padas were discovered in a manuscript in Nepal by M.M.
Haraprasad Shastri.
They have been published several times in Benglai,
and some of them translated into English (Sukumar Sen, Old Bengali Texts
xi
THE MATERIALS
Aims
a.
The title of this book is An Introduction to Bengali. We
will not neglect the written language; part of our purpose is to teach
you to read Bengali well, and An Introduction to Bengali, Part II, deals
with this. But it has seemed to us sound practice to introduce you to
the spoken language first. Before we begin to teach you the written
language we want you to be able to carry on simple but reasonably fluent
conversation in Bengali. Thus Part II of this Introduction, the reader,
is designed to follow about five lesson units behind Part I. Our reaFirst, it is assons for putting the spoken language first are three.
sumed that you will be using the spoken language sometime in the future,
that you will at some time be in Bengal. Secondly, the Bengali writing
system is quite as deviant from the pronunciation of the language as is
the English one; to learn to spell Bengali words in Bengali script is
not the most elementary, and therefore not the first, task. Finally,
3.
and perhaps most important, we feel that reading the language will come
easier to you if its sentence patterns have become familiar through
speech.
In other words, when you learn to read you will be able to
think of a Bengali sentence or clause as a unit, and not be forced to
read 'Word by word", trying to fit each word into the sentence pattern
consciously and slowly. The importance of this will be seen when it is
realized that Bengali is a "leftward-branching" language in its clause
and sentence structure; the verb comes at the end of the clause or senIf you first learn to think of the verb as coming in that positence.
tion, your eye will go there automatically; good habits are more easily
established through speech. Further, Bengali is not a highly inflected
language, in which there are many case-endings and other factors to make
the relationships of words to each other obvious; on the contrary, Bengali, like English, is a language in which great subtlety is possible
through syntactic variation. You would be more puzzled by this if you
xii
attempted to go directly to the written language than you will be by mastering the patterns of the spoken Bengali first.
b.
Arrangement of materials.
Conversation.
2.
3.
4.
The conversations and other drills are recorded on tape. Before each class, the student should spend time listening to the taped
drills of the lesson, memorizing the sentences and mutations, and preparing himself to be able to reproduce them flawlessly in class.
"Flawlessly" means not only in good grammatical form, but with good
pronunciation and intonation as well. In the class, the instructor will
move around the room, asking each student to reproduce the sentence,
first in English, then in Bengali. As one student repeats, other students should repeat the sentence under their breaths.
If a mistake is
made, both instructor and student should repeat the sentence in full,
with corrections.
The sentences can then be used as conversations, with
the instructor as A and the student as B, or with two students taking
two parts, or with some other arrangement. The conversation is the
base
of the whole lesson. It is necessary, therefore, that the sentences
in
it should be perfected before going on.
2.
Grammatical section.
This section is designed to give variants and to highlight formal types of structure which occur within the basic conversation.
The
grammatical section is not designed to stand alone, but to extend what
has already been memorized. Knowing what is in this section will not
enable you to speak the language.
But occasionally verbal or other
paradigms occur within this section; it will not hurt to memorize these.
It is important that you know what is in this section -- read it with
care, and drill on it where necessary. For the first several lessons
also, there are charts of sentence structure included in the grammar
section.
Go through these charts carefully, forming possible Bengali
sentences.
The instructor may also use these charts as a basis for constructing Bengali sentences for comprehension drill. In such a comprehension drill, the instructor should speak the Bengali sentence; after
him, the student will repeat the sentence and translate it into English.
2.1.
Taped drills.
In addition to saturation, repetition, and response drills on
the sentences of the basic conversation (which will be described in the
text in Lesson 1), there will be on the tapes of each of the first ten
.
lessons a series of "mutation drills". These will be rapid-fire sentences based on the grammar section and designed to fix in your minds
the major grammatical concepts of the lesson.
3.
Pattern drills.
These drills are based upon the sentence patterns which occur
within the conversation, with variation first in vocabulary, and later
with more elaborate variations. The purpose of these is to fix a sen-
tence pattern in the student's mind, so that he can reproduce the pattern automatically, with his concentration only upon the substituted
form or forms. This type of drill is good also for vocabulary. The
instructor will move around the class, drilling each student on the
pattern. It is to be noted that these pattern drills are designed only
as a base; it is expected that the instructor will add variations of his
own.
It is to be noted also that the pattern drills are vertically constructed, so as to constitute a connected conversational sequence: i.e.,
la, 2a, 3a, .etc.; lb, 2b, 3b, etc.
Although the patterns are given only
in English in the text, on the tapes they are arranged as follows:
Bengali
Space for repetition
Bengali
Space for repetition
The student will follow the English with his eye, while listening to and
repeating the Bengali.
Translation drills.
These also are based on the conversation, though they are more
deviant than are the pattern drills.
It is expected that the student
will write these translations out, at first in transliteration and, af4.
xiv
last section of each lesson is designed to go with both the pattern
drills and with these translation exercises.
5.
Vocabulary cards.
Flash cards, with a single item and its meaning on each card,
should be made and kept up to date. These cards should be made out in
transliteration and, after it is learned, in Bengali script.
6.
It is to be noted that there are other types of drills
which can be profitably used -- for example, completion drills, in which
a correct but incomplete Bengali sentence is given, to be completed by
the student with the appropriate item or items. It is also expected
that unprepared conversations will be used, in which the instructor supplies a stimulus in the form of a physical object, or in the form of
statements and questions to the students.
Students will answer in Bengali, and, when corrected, repeat the complete Bengali sentence.
c.
The method.
speech of the Bengali speaker is not insulting or impolite in the learning situation.
On the contrary, it is flattering to him that you want
to learn his language correctly.
Try to imitate his speech as closely
as possible.
It is his native language, and he knows how it should be
spoken.
Secondly, the speech of one Bengali speaker might differ slightly from that of another, just as an American from Boston will speak differently from one from Texas. But as both Bostonians and Texans speak
good American English, so you will speak good Bengali if you imitate the
speech of your instructor.
It is always a temptation for American students to trust their
analytic ability more than their reflexes, and thus to want to think
through each response carefully before making it. This method usually
leads to the correct response, but at the expense of speed. The system
presented here is based on a somewhat different concept. While in no
sense do we discount the value and even the necessity of analysis on the
part of the student in language learning (minds trained to reason will
automatically seek to categorize and classify phenomena, grammatical and
otherwise), we have arranged the material on the theory that by constant
repetition and corrected drill on forms and patterns, a correct response
xv
It will thus be necessary for the student to unlearn
becomes a reflex.
certain habits, to learn to trust his reflexes. He will usually, to his
surprise, find that his responses are right, even though he might not
fully understand why. And do not worry about making mistakes; this also
is part of the learning process, and you will have a chance to correct
yourself.
grammatical concepts which you might have learned in Latin, for instance,
In some cases it might work, but in others it might only
on Bengali.
serve to cloud the issue.
Learning a language is work.
3.
easing the strain, and we have tried to help with this as much as possible; but there is a point beyond which nothing but your own effort will
suffice. You will need to memorize vocabulary and patterns, you will
All that we can say is that you can be taught the language if you
are willing to learn. Do not be discouraged if things do not seem to go
at first as fast as you had hoped they would. And do not be discouraged
if you cannot read and speak the language like a Bengali at the end of
two years, to say nothing of two months, of study. Whatever might be the
advantages of modern language teaching methodology, it still falls short
made.
AN INTRODUCTION TO BENGALI
PART I. PHONOLOGY
(A -- nasal passage)
B -- upper lip
-- upper teeth
D
alveolar ridge
E -- palate
F -- velum
G -- tongue blade
H -- tongue tip
I -- lower teeth
J -- lower lip
Diagram A.
and more controllable set of biceps or any other muscles. Therefore some
may find that they can learn to reproduce unfamiliar sounds easily and
rapidly; others may find that they have a little trouble at first. It is
vital for those who do seem to have a little trouble at first to realize
that learning to pronounce Bengali sounds well is a matter of establishing a new set of articulatory habits; these will come with time, effort,
and practice. You will be able to pronounce the language well if you
want to do so enough to work at it.
The student should be ready to mimic the speakers whom he hears.
Every inflection, every lip movement, every tongue movement,
every gesture -- oral and non-oral -- should be repeated by the
student with as much fidelity as he can attain. He may "feel
queer" in attempting to mimic but he should remember that he
has a choice: (1) he may choose to appear queer to himself but
less queer to the native because of the accurate reproduction
of the sounds, or (2) he may choose to appear natural to himself but seem to the native speakers of the language to be very
queer and "foreign" because of his carry-over of English sounds
to the other language.
In adult society within a single language
group it is likely to appear highly discourteous for one person
to mimic another, but when different languages are involved the
speakers of the one are highly pleased when a foreigner attempts
to speak their language flawlessly. The mimicry of foreign
speakers with scrupulous attention to detail is socially commendable rather than rude. The student should take every opportunity, therefore, of trying to mimic native speakers, taking
care to reproduce their sounds as accurately as possible.1
3.
Symbols.
Since the roman alphabet does not allow for the representation of certain
of the sounds which occur in Bengali, modifications of it have been made
in the romanized transcription in which this part of An Introduction
to,
Bengali has been partially written. We have tried to use as few unfamiliar symbols as possible, but a few are unavoidable. These will quickly
become familiar to you. Those which may be unfamiliar are the following:
1.
// (subscript dot).
1.
Nm.ermFw.1.w
acpatglaLL.12chridn
a es to
3.947. p. 12.
Kenneth L. Pike,
Writing, Aim Arbor: University of Michigan Press
3
2.
A3/.
4.
/th/.
This symbol does not represent the sound which it represents in the English words "thin" or then", but symbolizes an
aspirated dental stop.
For a discussion of aspiration, see
below, section 4.1.4.
/6/ is one of the common phonetic symbols for the sound represented by the English letter-sequence
sh
5. /W is the symbol for the vowel sound in the .1nglish word "cat"
(ikhat]).
6.
7.
/o/ is the symbol for the vowel which some American dialects
have in the word "law" (L10.0 or "saw" (Lsoi); those in whose
dialects this sound does not occur will have to learn it as a
new sound. See below, section 5.3.2.3.
In connected sequences of words, you will also find the signs
and ".
'
3.1.
4.1.
TILe.."atnEaLl_aaanila.
Consonants.
pro, kho, go, gho, 1737 co, cho, jo, jho, fro, Iho, 4o, 4110:
t, th, d, dh, no, Po, Ph*, bo, bho, mo, ro, lo, $o, (so),
ho]
4.1.1.
a)
cd
et)
1
-P
-P
TA
ro
F.1
03
PI
-I-)
c0
a)
P-I
a)
cd
H
CH
o
a)
I'D
rd
cd
4
"H
A
Cd
0
Voiceless
a)
I'D
rd
a)
I'D
a)
cd
cd
a)
cti
-P
F-1
4')
F-1
+)
03
4-1
cd
cd
P4
PI
Pt
P4
Cd
Pi
Cd
PI
Cd
<4
<4
th
eh
Stops
.t-1
PI
rd
+)
PI
Ph
id
PI
PI
<4
rd
"H
a)
rd
a)
03
o
H
rd
a)
I'D
-I-)
-I-)
Cd
.
rd
rd
rg
PI
a)
I'D
a)
+)
PI
vi
PI
Pi
Pi
Cd
rd
03
cd
PI
PI
<4
.V
1h
kh
4h
gh
_.
bh
Voiced
Nasals
dh
Laterals
Flaps
Spirants
El
jh
/3
6
I
4.1.2
Stops
Other
Voiceless
rd
0
-P
W
k
.H
IVelar
rd
A
U
g
m
'14
0
W
k
.H
-P
rti
Cl)
0
W
k
.H
-P
m
W
W
<4
m
Pi
H
Pi
ko
kho
go
gho
Palatal
co
cho
jo
jho
Retroflex
II)
Iho
4ho
Dental
to
tho
do
dho
nc
Labial
Po
pho
bo
bho
mo
Glottal
Voiceless
rd
0
-P
W
k
.H
Voiced
k
0
W
HW
A
P4
fio
ro
lo
so
ho
kh
g
13
oh
ph
b
1
6
Lichit]
rphan]
Lh Eemi
Lget]
Eri0
[chat]
[jam]
[ben]
[mead
Elam]
E6in3
[sin.]
Unfamiliar sounds.
held as long as the breath can be held. The term "voiceless" means that
the vocal cords a.a kept loose, and that there is therefore no sonorous
vibration as there is in "voiced" sounds. The distinction is that between pairs, identical expect for voicing: [k] (voiceless) and CO
(voiced); 4] (voiceless) and [b.] (voiced); f.-c] (voiceless) and Cg]
(voiced).
Say the pairs aloud and notice the difference between them.
Aspiration: Most English voiceless stops are aspirated, though they are
aspirated with less force than are Bengali stops. Aspiration is easy to
Take a piece of tissue paper or a lighted match or candle
demonstrate.
and hold it before your mouth. Then pronounce the following English
words:
kit
cat
chat
pit
pat
tat
The tissue paper or the flame will move with the release of the initial
stop in each of these words. The breath which moves the paper or flame
is the normal English aspiration of an initial voiceless stop of a monosyllabic word or a stressed syllable.
Pronunciation of voiceless unaspirated stops: English does have voiceless unaspirated stops in certain easily defined types of situations.
These sounds therefore will not be entirely unfamiliar. Take the tissue
paper or flame, and pronounce the following sets of English words:
kit
kit
skit
cat
scat
top
stop
skit
In the pronunciation of the words in the first column, the paper or the
In the pronunciation of the words in the second column,
flame should move.
it should not. Voiceless unaspirated stops in English occur when following s, and when final in a word. There is a third stivation in which
voiceless unaspirated stops occur. Pronounce the following English words:
concerted
concert
contrast (verb)
contrast (noun)
convert (verb)
convert (noun)
In the pronunciation of the words in the first column, the paper or flame
In the pronunciation of those in
will move on the underlined syllable.
the second column, it will move less or not at all. This is due to the
stress pattern of English. Voiceless stops are unaspirated or nearly unaspirated in unstressed syllables.
sound the so-called "vocal cords" are tightened; as the breath passes
through them they vibrate, setting up a resonance, much like that from
The Bengali voiced unaspiratthe plucked tight string of an instrument.
ed stops, (e.g., g, j2 12 d, b) are approximately the same as in English.
The series of voiced aspirated stops, however, (e.g., gh, jh, dh, bh)
will be less familiar. The closest one can come in English to approximating a voiced aspirated stop is in such sequences as:
doEhouse
cardhouse
and the
In English, however, there is a syllabic break between the d or
the following h, which is not present in the pronunciation of the BenPolish and finess in pronuncing voiced aspirated stops
gali sound.
are important in speaking the language clearly and well.
Dental and retroflex stops.
American English has a set of stops represented by the letters t (voiceless) and d (voiced). Bengali has two sets of stops of this type: dental
4.1.4.3.
9
represented by LI, Ih, 4, and 4hj. A great deal of care should be taken
in learning to hear and to reproduce these two types of sound. As will
be seen, a mistake in pronunciation will make a difference in what you
say.
The distinction between dentals and retroflexes seems to give some
American students trouble at first. There is no reason why it should
long continue to do so -- proper pronunciation is a matter of practice.
Care should be taken form the very beginning to make the contrasts
clear.
4.1.4.3.1.
Dental stops.
Diagram B.
The English sounds represented by the letters t and d are usually alveolar sounds -- i.e., sounds made by the contact of the tip of the
tongue (A) with the area of the alveolar ridge (B). Pronounce the
English words
tip
dip
tank
dim
dank
Notice the area of the alveolar ridge with which the tip of your tongue
comes into contact.
top
The Bengali sounds represented by the symbols Lt, th, d, and dh] are
dental sounds. They are made by contact of the tip of the tongue (A)
with the back of the upper teeth near the gums (B).
10
Diagram C.
Practice making dental stops with the tongue in the proper position.
Drill on dental stops will be in sections 4.4.4.ff., below.
Retroflex stops.
These stops are made with the tongue curled back (retroflexed) toward
the mid-palate. Contact for the stop is made between the tip of the
4.1.4.3.2.
tongue (A) and the area just behind the alveolar ridge (B).
Diagram D.
13.
retroflex stop.
Nasals.
As is the case with stops, the ordinary American English nasal represented by n is usually an alveolar or pre-alveolar sound. The Bengali
nasal represented by n is usually, however, a dental sound; it is articulated with the tongue in about the same position as it is for the
dental stops.
4. 1. 4. 4.
Flaps.
Diagram E.
The second is the retroflex flap, made by contact of the tip of the
tongue (A) with the post-alveolar region (B):
Diagram F.
Consonant drills.
For the time being, the meanings of the words given below are not important.
You will read and hear the meanings of the words, and will remember some of them. But our first purpose is not to learn these words;
it
is to get their pronunciation correctly.
4.2.1.
English
Bengali
Initial position:
envelope
very
kham
khub
13
canal
khal
empty
ditch
food
I eat
khali
khana
khabar
khai
Medial position:
mix
branch (subdivision)
makha
6akha
Final position:
happiness
Elukh (auk
fv)
Utterances:
I eat food
This piece (of cloth)
is very bad
4.2.2.
ami'khabar khai"
ekhana'khub kharap"
English
Bengali
Initial position:
song
cheek
body
tree
round
gan
ga;
ga
Bach (gac
gol
Medial position:
(to) strike
within reach
fire
garden
laga
nagale
agun
bagan
Final position:
1.
nag
phag
f.v.)
34
Utterances:
sing a song
My cheek is red
4.2.3.
/13/
(velar nasal).
ami'gan gal"
amar galllal"
position in Bengali.
Medial position:
violence (injury, harm)
plough
hi236a
world, family
Bengali (person)
Bengali (language)
lat)o1
baaa
Final position:
clown
60r)
4.2.3.1.
with (accompanying)
Ganges River
6oluge
arithmetic sum
013ko
gonga
Utterances:
4.2.4.
(speak
bol-)
I speak Bengali
I eat meat
ami'barjla boll"
amilmangio khai"
se/6033 6ajen
Initial position:
ashes
chat
skin, hide
goat
chal
chapa
chele
chagol
Medial position:
bed, bedding
15
year
child (affectionate)
I am
bochor
bacha
achi
false
miche
it is
ache
Final position:
tree
fish
Utterances:
agun'chai hoe"
chele'kharap"
(sit
chele'gan gae"
bo6-)
gseigache bole"
4.2.5.
water
net, snare (noun)
(to) know
(to) wake up
ship
who (relative pronoun)
that which
I kindle
shirt
jol
jal
jana
jaga
jahaj
je
ja
jalai
jama
Medial position:
(to) dress, decorate
giaja
baja
maji
Final position:
easy
6ohoj
work
kaj
16
Utterances:
Wor
is easy
He goes on a ship
There is a fish in the
water
The net is in the water
There is a fish in the net
kap6ohoju
6e'jahaje Jae"
jole'jal ache"
jole'jal ache"
jale'mach ache"
4.2.6.
flower
fruit
whispering
(to) return
phul
chip, slice
(to) drop
phala
phmla
phag
phol
phi6 phi6
phera
Medial position:
(to) jump
laphano
fruitless
biphol
Final position:
pardon (noun)
Utterances:
4.2.7.
chele'laphae"
phul'bagane ache"
gache pholu
Initial position:
flood
sister
ban
bon
17
(to) sit
bola
bola
baila
baja
Bengali (language)
(to) sound, ring
Medial position:
father (affectionate)
food
stupid, foolish
baba
khabar
haba
Final position:
very
khub
all
150b
Utterances:
He speaks Bengali
Father eats
He sits with my sister
(play
All the boys play in the
garden
4.2+8.
15013941a bole"
baba khan"
6elamar boner 6olage bolfse"
khml -)
150b cheletbagane khale"
Initial position:
mother
maternal uncle
garland
meat
fair
name of a month
ma
mama
mala
madio
mmla
magh (mag
Medial position:
(to) descend
coat, jacket
long, tall
nama
jama
lomba
ami
Final position:
name
envelope
nam
kham
f.v.)
mango
am
Utterances:
I am a Bengali.
My sister eats mangoes.
My name is lal.
My mother is tall.
My uncle sits with me.
4.2.9.
ami banali"
lal
(to) jump
laphano
long, tall
(to) hit, strike
lomba
laga
unit of 100,00
(to) write
lakh (lak
lekha
f.v.)
Medial position:
(to) play
(to) drop
empty
gardener
khmla
phmla
khali
mall
bola
Final position:
water
cheek
flower
goat
jol
gal
phul
chagol
Utterances:
garden.
Bob jal'khali"
19
4.2.10.
6a1
(to) dress
easy
6aja
6ohoj
there
6ekhane
he, she, it
week
6e
6optaho
Medial position:
(to) come
(to) sit
dwelling-place, nest
a6a
bola
ba6a
Final position:
month
end
mas
6e6
Utterances:
606ekhane ase"
4.2.10.1.
road
slowly
stri (learned)
20
mostok (learned)
head, skull
4.2.11.
Initial position:
hama
hirAa
hat
hat
crawling (noun)
violence, malice
periodic market
hand
/h/ occurs only rarely in medial position, and that primarily in words
reborrowed by Bengali from Sanskrit. In most cases in spoken Bengali a
medial h has been elided. The phone never occurs in final position,
except in heavily Sanskritized Bengali and in monosyllabic interjections,
Utterances:
ma' ha-
jan"
reread section 4.1.4., and with the help of a piece of tissue or flame,
practice the aspirated and unaspirated sounds (represented by the symbols k and kh), until you are able to pronounce k with little or no
aspiration.
Aspirated
Unaspirated
kho
ko
kha
khi
khu
khm
khe
kho
ka
ki
ku
kae
ke
ko
21
Initial position:
what
who
ke
time
kal
desire
ear
kamona
kan
kache
kaka
kak (kag - f.v.)
kagoj
kalo
kano
near
paternal uncle
crow
paper
black
why
ki
Medial position:
remainder, balance
type of plant
morning
all
baki
makal
(to) scold
boka
6okal
60kol
Final position:
let it go
jak
vegetable
Utterances:
Who is he?
se ke"
se 6okaleyhagane jae"
ami'6okale jagi"
kak kalo"
kali kalo"
ge haIei6ak kene"
22
Aspirated
Unaspirated
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
canal, creek
sheath
empty
khal
khap
time
kal
cup
kap
khali
ink; name of
goddess
ear
kali
kan
kana
ka6a
kuli
Utterances:
kag'am kahe"
kali'khub kalo"
6ak'khub kharap"
4.3.1.2.
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
ear
kan
song
time
kal
kali
cheek
gan
gal
name of goddess
crow
nose
4.3.2.
Voiced
gali
kak
abuse (noun)
let him sing
nak
snake, surname
nag
gak
Practice the following two sets of sounds until you are able to pronounce
c with little or no aspiration:
Aspirated
Unaspirated
cho
co
cha
ca
chi
ci
chu
cu
chm
cm
the
ce
cho
CO
ca
I want
cai
he wants
skin, leather
cae
wheel
custom, habit, fashion
caka
(to) move, go
cola
cana
cal
Medial position:
(to) dance
(to) wash (as clothes)
naca
kaca
below, under
platform
speech
nice
maca
bacon
Final position:
dance (noun)
sound of crunching
creaking sound (as of
shoes
nac
kockoc
mocmoc
Utterances:
I want tea.
My sister dances.
ami'ca cai"
amar bon'nace"
The following are contrasts between /0/ and /ch/. Again, you
4.3.2.1.
will see that distinction of aspiration is vital to the meaning.
Aspirated
Ellaa,RInattoi
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
ashes
skin, hide
chaff
I want
cai
chal
fashion; rice
big sack
chala
(to) drive,
goad
cal
cala
young of an
animal
cha
tea
ca
214.
knife
(to) print
churl
chapa
thick rope
kachi
robbery
(to) press
I wash
curl
capa
kaci
Utterances:
I want tea.
ami'ca cai"
I want ashes.
He sits under the tree.
amitchai cal"
lieigacher nice be
sets of contrasts:
Voiced
Voiceless
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
cak
let it go
jak
tea
ca
go!
ja
fashion
cal
trap, net
jal
he wants
he (hon.) wants
below
cae
he goes
jae
can
he (hon) goes
Jan
nice
one's own,
one's self
nije
Enluimal
Vho
Vo
Iha
Vhi
Vhu
Va
VhEe
VEe
Vhe
Ve
Vho
.o
25
Bengali
Initial position:
thick
Vha6
exactly
thik
Vhuk
Ihakur
than
tap, knock
deity; cook
sacred place
Medial position:
gum, glue
measure of land
stick, club
difficult
(to) rise up
aVha
kaVha
laIhi
koVhin
oVha
Final position:
wood, fuel
field, meadow
kath (ka$
f.v.)
math (mat W f.v.)
Utterances:
jani na"
malmaVhe jan
or'laVhi ache"
Bnglish
Bengali
Initial position:
money
hat
aim
Vika
Vaku
tali
Vana
aka
Vupi
Vik, tip
Medial position:
(to) cut, divide
kaVa
26
(to) pound to pulp
cup
baja
baVi
choVo
caVa
small
(to) lick, lap
Final position:
matted hair
sound of footsteps
periodic market
joV
goV goV
haV
Utterances:
He cuts wood.
He draws water.
6elkap. kate"
lilar'Vaka ache"
maliVaqorol lok"
60j01 Vane"
4.3.3.1.
Unaspirated
.146119.4
Bengali
English
Bengali
deity; cook
measure of land
you (fam.) send
exactly
(to) hammer
Vhakur
kaVha
paVha
Vhik
Vhoka
of the spindle
(to) cut
Vakur
be cheated
on the back;
Vhoke
piVhe
cake
plank
aim
a knock; to
copy
becomes sour
having
hammered
kaVa
paVa
Vik, Vip
Voka
joke
piVe
Utterances:
want money.
I want a cook.
ami'Vaka cai"
maVhelgach ache"
ami'Vhakur cai"
sound.
bide4Pra Vhoke"
27
Voiceless
Voiced
English
Bengali
English
money, rupee
baldness
taka
call ,/verb)
-ak
draw (verb)
lama
call, mail
(nouns)
wing
balance
'Val
lentils,
Bengali
.aka
c.ak
4ana
4al
branch
/t/ and /th/ (dental voiceless stops, aspirated and unaspirated).
For this set also, first find with your tongue the dental position, and
practice finding that position with your tongue until it feels natural
and comfortable to you (see ante, section 4.1.4.3.1.). Then pronounce
4.3.4.
Aspirated
Unaspirated
tho
to
tha
thi
thu
the
the
to
tho
to
ti
to
to
to
English
Bengali
Initial position:
thaka
thana
thala
than
tholi
thama
Medial position:
head
pain
matha
bp)tha
28
word, story
kotha
Final position:
way, road
chariot
Utterances:
I stay here.
ami'ekhane thaki"
I stop here.
I have pain.
heat, warmth
musical measure
tune
oil
(to) stare
Iola
tak
tap
tal
tan
tel
taka
Medial position:
koto
Data
Final position:
hand
seven
4.3.4.1.
hat
at
Unaspirated
JlInglish
Bengali
English
Bengali
(to) remain
thaka
than
(to) stare
taka
tan
tak
mata
piece of cloth
let it remain
head
ocean
thak
matha
pathar
(learned)
tune
shelf
to be enthusiantic
of the page
patar
29
thala
thole
lock, padlock
tala
picks up
tole
Utterances:
ami'pothe thaki"
ami'pothe thami"
amittar 6oxjgetkotha boll"
4.3.4.2.
Voiced
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
tune
tan
right, gift
dan
bottom
his, her
opinion
tol
group
dol
tar
door
dar
not
liquor
mod
4.3.4.3.
Aspirates
Dental
Retroflex
English
Bengali
police station
stop
(to) remain
thana
cold
$han4a
tham
thaka
posture
Vham (poetic)
deity; cook
-plakur
lish
Bengali
Utterances:
It is cold there.
6ekhane Vhan4a"
6ekhane'thana ache"
amar mathat-plan4a"
30
Unaspirates
Retroflex
Dental
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
taka
Iaka
tune
tan
musical measure
clapping of
hands
hand
tal
tali
money
you (inf.) draw
balance
tile
hat
periodic market
hal
an
Ial
Tali
Utterances:
Aspirated
Unaspirated
pho
po
pha
phi
pa
phu
pu
phm
pa
phe
pe
pho
po
pi
English
Bengali
Initial position:
ripe
pats
pan
pala
paka
sail; a surname
wing, fan
pal
pakha
leaf, page
betel
heap (village drama)
31
Medial position:
term of affectionate address bapu
chapa
(to) print, (stamp)
mapa
(to) measure
jopa
sap
silence
cup
Utterances:
6apIaicheleke kaIen
ami'pan khai"
60maIh mape"
words illustrating
The following are contrasting pairs of
4.3.5.1.
bilabial voiceless stops:
Unaspirated
Aspirated
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
chip, (slice)
phala
phul
phala
heap
bridge
pala
plank
paIa
flower
(to) crack
pul
sets of contrasts:
Voiced
Voiceless
Bengali
English
Bengali
heap, (village
drama)
betel leaf
pala
bangle
bala
pan
sin
term of affectionate address
pap
bapu
flood
father (coil. )1
a Bengali Hindu
gentleman
ban
bap
babu
4.4.
10111111111..V.
1.
English
32
Practice the aspirated series until you can imitate the tape well.
Unaspirated
Aspirated
go
gho
ga
gha
gi
ghi
gu
ghu
gee
ghw
ge
ghe
go
gho
English
Bengali
Initial position:
water pot
ghoI
ghat/
clarified butter
oil-mill
gham
gha
ghi
ghani
Medial position:
blow
fierce (tiger-like)
lightness
aghat
bagha
laghob
Final position:
tiger
name of a month
Utterances:
I go to the ghat.
I cut the grass.
I fetch the ghi.
ami'ghaIe jai"
ami'gha6 kaViu
ami'ghi ani"
33
oIa kiibagh"
Is that a tiger?
4.4.1.1.
Aspirated
Unaspirated
English
Bengali
tiger-like
(to) strike
laga
round
fair colored
body
within grasp
gol
lightness
buttermilk
(to) roam
bagha
laghob
ghol
ghora
gha
baghe
Bengali
English
gora
ga
bage
sore
by the tiger
Unaspirated
Aspirated
jho
jo
ja
jha
ji
jhi
ju
jhu
je
jh
jhe
jo
jho
English
Bengali
Initial position:
jhal
sharp, clever
plunge (jump)
jhanu
maid-servant
jhi
jhup
Medial position:
among
(to) understand
majhe
bojha
3h-
Final position:
the middle
Utterances:
The food is hot.
The boy is clever.
He sits among the flowers.
I understand what you say.
4.4.2.1.
khabazia jhal
cheleIa jhanu"
6e'phulgulor majhe bo6e"
tumi ja bolo'ta ami bujhi"
Unaspirated
English
Bengali
maje
he scours
boja
(to) be shut
respectful suffix ji
jal
net
jama
shirt
jola
weave
maji
I scour
English
Bengali
among
(to) understand
majhe
bojha
maid-servant
pugent, hot
blackened brick
jhi
bag
boatman
jhola
Thal
jhama
majhi
Unaspirated
40
4a
4i
4u
Aspirated
4h0
4ha
4hi
4hu
4m
Ohm
4e
4he
40
Oho
35
Now pronounce the following set of Bengali words with unaspirated stops:
English
Bengali
Initial position:
(to) call
4aka
dry land
branch, lentil
small boat
egg
(to) sink
stick, staff
very, very much
4a4a
4a1
41/3
4im
4oba
48,14a
bo44o
road
rod.
Utterances:
amiljole 4ubi"
I sink in the water.
There is a staff in his hand. tar hatel4a124.0
The bird sits on the branch. pakhiIa'4alebo6e"
4imValkhub choVo
The egg is very small.
Now pronounce the following Bengali words with voiced aspirated stops:
English
Bengali
4haka
4hal
shield
(to) pour out
mound
loose, slack
a kind of drum
4hala
4hipi
4hil
4hol
Vat voiced retroflex aspirated stop never occurs medially between vowels
or finally.
36
Utterances:
ami'boi$a 4haki"
4holVa baje"
6e'jol 4hale"
Unaspirated
Aspirated
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
(to) call
4aka
4ime
(to) conceal
slow
04flaka
cal
shield
4hal
in the egg
branch
chime
Utterances:
amitchele$ake 4aki"
amitcheletake 4haki"
There is also in Bengali a retroflex flap /'/ (see also section 4.4.5.1.).
This sound occurs only medially and finally in Bengali words -- in places,
in other words, where the stop /4/ does not occur except in loans.
Place your tongue in the proper position, practice making flaps, and then
try the following series:
ao
ava
avi
avu
avm
ave
avo
English
Bengali
Medial position:
big
house
(to) fly
bovo
ba'i
ova
37
(to) read, study
pova
mava
pava
6ava
lona
Final position:
bone
feeling, sensation
ha;
6av
Utterances:
amilboila po'i"
chele$a'khub bovo"
pakhila oven
amar bavit6ekhanen
For contrasts between the retroflex and dental flaps, see section 4.4.5.1.
/d/ and /dh/ (voiced dental stops, unaspirated and aspirated).
Again, there are two problems with these sounds: tongue position and
Place your tongue,
aspiration. Refer to sections 4.1.4.2. and 4.1.4.3.
as before, in the proper position for dentals, and then pronounce the
following series:
4.4.4.
Unaspirated
Aspirated
do
dho
da
dm
dha
dhi
dhu
dhm
de
dhe
do
dho
di
du
English
Bengali
Initial position:
price
dam
gift
dan
stain (blemish)
dag
38
day
din
chin, beard
dayi
Medial position:
elder brother
white
river
dada
Sada
nodi
adi
first, original
Final position:
omission
taste
bad
gad
Utterances:
dadatbayite jann
dan koraibhale
tar dayitkhub lombe
4.4.4.1.
English
Bengali
Initial position:
abode
Adham (learned)
dhan
dhon
dhara
dhulo
dhum (learned)
dhik (learned)
dhar
Medial position:
gadha
modhu
gadha
Sidhe
Final position:
desire (wish)
Eiadh (sad
--
fv.)
39
unobstructed
f.v.)
obadh (obad
Utterances:
I have many desires.
4.4.4.1.
Unaspirated
Aspirated
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
price
dam
abode
gift
dan
unhusked rice
dham (learned)
dhan
(paddy)
direction
afterwards
heap
white
dik
bade
gada
6ada
4.4.4.2.
Retroflex
Dental
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
dry land
egg
bucket
4913a
riot
4im
day
swinging
de4ga
din
dol
4o1
4.4.4.2.2.
Retroflex
English
Dental
Bengali
English
Bengali
dhok dhok
dhulo
dhop dhope
occurs in all positions; try making the flap sound, using the following
set:
ro
r a
ri
ru
r83
re
ro
English
Bengali
Initial position:
(to) keep, (place)
rakha
color
ro33
raga
raja
roga
rat
roj
Medial position:
(to) wear
whole, (entire)
pora
Sara
mara
kora
The flap In
necklace; defeat
of the gift
of me
of you (ord.)
of you (hon.)
of him (ord.)
har
daner
amar
tomar
apnar
tar
Utterances:
ami'kaj kori"
I do work.
rakhi"
ami
I put it on the table.
I go to the store every day. ami roj'dokane jai"
or rolP6ada"
Its color is white.
tar'kaj ache"
He has work.
4.4.5.1.
Dental
Retroflex
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
(to) read
(to) step over;
thresh
pova
ma'a
(to) wear
(to) strike
pora
mara
reply
bone
(to) fly
reprimand; rebuke
6ava
whole
6ara
ha'
ova
taVa
necklace
they (yonder)
they (the same)
har
ora
tara
Unaspirated
Aspirated
bo
bho
ba
bha
bi
bhi
bu
bhu
bhm
bhe
bho
be
bo
English
Bengali
Initial position:
cooked rice
bhat
steam
bhap
pretence
(to) think
(to) float
wet
(to) fry
(to) forget
bhan
bhaba
bhal5a
bhije
bhaja
bhola
Medial position:
deep
gobhir
navel
splendor
meeting, assembly
nabhi
probha (learned)
60bha
Final position:
gain, result
Note that in lax or rapid speech /bh/ tends to become a sound very like
that one represented in English by v; some Bengali speakers have a
sound which is made by expulsion of breath through a narrow aperture in
the lips.
position.
4.4.6.1.
Unasyirated
Aspirated
English
Bengali,
English
father
arrow
bap
steam
thunder
nest; rented
house
in the seed
time
sound
bhap
ban
pretence
(learned)
bhan
baj
bhaj
baela
bije
wet
bhije
bmla
bol
raft
bhmla
bh11
you (fame)
forget
bhatia
14-3
your tongue in the proper position, and pronounce the following Bengali
words:
English
Bengali
Initial position:
dance
nose
nac
nak
nana
nam
nama
na6 (learned word)
many, various
name
(to) descend
ruin
Medial position:
lama
thana
ghani
Final position:
gift
dan
ear
kan
betel leaf
pan
consonant sound for twice the ordinary amount of time it would take to
pronounce that consonant. Examples:
4.5.1.
/kk/
Single
4.5.2.
Doubled
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
kind of bird
(learned)
cokor
round
cokkor
bhago
luck
bhaggo
/gg/
you (ord.) go
away
144
4.5.3.
/cc/
choose
4.5.4.
4.5.5.
4.5.6.
Baca
little boy
bacca (coll.)
straight
6oja
bed
amusement
worship
moja
pujo
marrow
respectable
6ojja
mojja
I lick
carri
a few, some
whole wheat
flour
aVa
eight
caVVi pchani)
coll.)
aIVa
pata
whereabouts
patta
beginning,
initial
adi
kind of cloth
addi (coll.)
pertaining to
wine
modo
wine (learned)
moddo
pana
emerald
panna
kana
mana
bona
weeping
surname
flood
karma
manna
bonny
puk
adopted
in the world
rascal
pu661 (eon.)
bi66e (learned)
/jj/
AI/
/tt/
leaf, page
4.5.7.
4.5.8.
/dd./
/nn/
weed which grows
in water
blind in one eye
(to) agree, obey
(to) weave
4.5.9.
pujjo
/66/
I bring up
in the poison
guilty
bill
dok
do66i (coll.)
4.5.10. /11/
garland
you (ord.) twist
molo
cotton
tub()
mala
boatman
malls,
an expert in
moll (learned)
Kusti, -- a
type of wrestling
like
tullo (learned)
45
radish
5.
mullo (learned)
price
mulo
Vowels.
5.1.
5.2.
Front
High
Back
Central
Mid
Lower-mid
Low
.11.=1=0
0011....
/m/
/a/
/o/
as in some dialects of
American English
as in some dialects of
American English
as in some dialects of
American English
"can"
[khan]
"calm"
Lkhami
"law"
Up]
Those in whose dialects these pounds do not occur will have to learn
them by careful imitation of the Bengali.
5.3.2.
5. 3.
2. 1.
1.6
English
Bengali
Initial position:
one
now
alone
such
ek
mkhon
aka
mmon
Medial position:
(to) play
(to) throw
as if
how
why
time
fair (noun)
khwla
phmla
jano
kamon
kmno
bmla
=via
/a/
Initial position:
(to) come
again
light
a6a
abar
alo
sky
aka6
you (honorific)
and; also
(to) fetch
apni
ar
ana
Medial position:
food
red
shawl
time
ear
bad.
khabar
lal
Gal
kal
kan
kharap
Final position:
(to) do
kora
(to) read
po'a
khla
(to) play
5.3.2.3.
/0/
Initial position:
silly
otherwise, (or)
eternal
powerless
oga (coll.)
,thoba (learned)
0nonto
06okto
Medial position:
all
60b
possible
ten
juice, (sweetness)
60mbhob
fever
room, (house)
(to) do
d06
r06
jor
ghor
kora
ho
b0
In American English, the front vowel sounds /i/ and /e/ are
usually pronovnced with what is known as an "off- glide". This means that
while the vowel sound is being made, the tongue moves upward from its
orlginal position, thus varying the quality of the sound. In the following set of English words, listen for the off-glide.
5.4.1.
key
Lkhiy.1
bee
LhiyJ
LbiyJ
hay
lee
sea
LziyJ
gee
LjiyJ
fee
Lfiyi
Lliyi
Now pronounce them yourself, feeling the way in which your tongue moves.
Again, in the following set of English words, listen for the off-glides,
and then pronounce them yourself:
kay
bay
say
fey
Lheyi
Lbey.1
hay
lay
CseyJ
jay
Ljeyi
LkheyJ
LleyJ
Lfey]
[sow]
hoe
low
Lf ow.1
joe
Lj ow.1
coo
LkhuwJ
Ehuw]
foo
EfewJ
who
loo
sue
Csuw]
jew
Ljuwi
boo
Lbuw.1
bow
sow
foe
CbowJ
Llowi
Lluw]
Now pronounce them yourself and feel the way in which your tongue and
lips move.
The Bengali vowels /1, e, o, u/ are "pure" vowels -- that is, they
are pronounced without an off-glide. The difference between American EngYou will
lish and Bengali vowels is easy to hear, but less easy to make.
have to break yourself of the habit of giving an off-glide to the vowels.
But proper pronunciation of vowel sounds is a mark of a good speaker of the
Listen carefully to the following sets of sounds, the first set
pronounced by a speaker of English, the second by a speaker of Bengali:
language.
Bengali
English
Orthographic
khonetic
bee
LbiyJ
bi
gee
LjiyJ
4.
me
Lmiy3
11-1
bay
Lbey.]
be
jay
Ljey]
je
may
LmeyJ
me
bow
LbowJ
bo
joe
LjowJ
jo
mow
LmowJ
mo
boo
Jew
Ebuwi
bu
Qum]
ju
moo
CmuwJ
mu
/1/.
English
Bengali
Initial position:
ini
(proper name)
ila
(interjection)
i6
n-dial position:
day
he, she (hon.)
in the seed
wet
sesame seed
type of tree
egg
din
tini
bije
bhije
til
nim
(Am
Final position:
what
ki
khi
maid-servant
I strike
sari
marl
house
baVi
elavi
5.4.4.1.
kintu
khil khil
station
i4e6an
50
describe here.
5.4.5.
/e/.
Initial position:
this
here
ekhane
of this
er
come:
eso
this way
edik
Kedial position:
(to) buy
I play
girl
having eaten
district
country
kena
kheli
me.e
khe.e
jela
det5
.&inal position:
who
ke
he, she
we
there
sekhane
kene
5.4.5.1.
ekVu
boy
thus, such
5.4.6.
/0/.
Initial position:
that
there
okhane
Jo
n.rtin.
uo.R
ao
auo
(pao) esTa du
veto.
XTP0
kem
:uoTn.Tsod
(on.)
purn.saepun
punos
(on.)
Tog
q.e2aoj
aon.sTs
fuTs
uoci,
0-TwJ)
oAocre
puT4 jo
fop
aodo
map
Tad
LL44T :uoTg.Tsod
(pao)
uo.R (pao)
nod (pao)
nod (pao)
uo.R
ci
n.ro
orT14
len.s
oqrqn.
:foods
()leg
n.Ts
seq.
in/
TrTn.TuT :uoTn.Tsod
curom
Tomro
ordu
4.11.
4.Ton
TIn.oct
oe'qqu
dTticaom (npuTH)
aroodu (pouaroT)
TrTpoll :uoTn.Tsod
quI14
aomou
Tulld
T911114
T'out's
4cpunoc cpaom
TTnq
4.00a
Tum (PaturnoT)
goorj Tp.uom
114nm
:uoTA.Tsod
aon.d000ad
A.00
nan2
nao0
Ifnul)
(*.A.J
52
bhanu (learned)
5.4.7.1.
puttro (learned)
1;asalization.
Aon-nasal
Nasal
5,
1.
'6'
5.4.8.1.
Nasal
1401102
Bengali
English
Bengali
his (ord.)
tar
tar
kaca
his (hon.)
young
or
badha
phota
hate
capa
(to) bind
(to) bloom
in the market
(to) press
kaca
badha
mark on forehead phOta
he walks
hate
kind of flower
capa
53
5.4.9.
as two vowels without any mark between), or full vowel plus full vowel
(two syllables, written with a period (.) in between).
As will be seen
below, there are differences both in pronunciation and in meaning between
the two types of sequences. Compare the following:
you (ord.) get
leg also
pao
I get
pai
leg (emphatic)
pa. i
he (ord.) gets
on the leg
pae
pa.o
pa.e
ei
e.i
that
of
o.i
lies down
6oe
having endured
6o.e
he carries
in the letter b
boe
boo
bo.o
he takes; legitimate
in the legitimacy
nme
nm.e
expenditure
bme
in the expenditure
bm.e
he sings
in the body
gae
you (ord
nao
na.o
not also
take
bo.e
ga.e
54
midwife
responsible
dai
dai
da.i
bag
in the bag
thole
da.i
thole.e
Syllable structure.
It has been suggested previously that word-stress is not phonemic in
5.4.10.
railway station
coke oven
post office
cabinet minister
bath room
pastry
ice cream
gasoline (petroleum)
control
bundle
multiplication
night-rate, nitrate
re.lo.e6.Ie.6an
ko.ko.bhen
po6.$a.phi6
mi.ni60$ar
ba$4hrum
pe6.Iri
a.i6.krim
pet.$rol
kon.$rol
ban. 4i1
mal.Ii.pli.ke.6an
na.i$*rev
Lesson 1, part 1.
Conversation.
Bengali
1.
A. Greetings.
A. nomo6kar "
2.
B. Greetings.
B. nomo6kar "
4.
ama-r
amar
nam
robi
A. amar nam
apna-
-r
6.
ki
A.
apnar nam
ki "
ram
B.
amar nam
robi
apnar
proper name
B. my name is Ram.
'
apni
'
ram "
"
56
interrogative, "where"
stem of verb "live, remain, stay"
2nd person (honorific) verbal
ending
"you (honorific) do live"
B. I live in Chicago.
8.
A. apni
ami
-te
Elikago
Elikagote
(ami) thaki
B. ami
(apni) koren
-en
A. apni
'
ki koren "
poT-i
"I study"
11.
-en
(apni) thaken
kor-
B. I study in Chicago.
10.
thak-
kothae
"Bengali" (language)
PoV
-en
(apni) poven
apni
ba/31a
ki poren "
57
B. I study Bengali.
12.
pori "
B. ami
ki
6okto
ki
A. Is Bengali difficult?
13.
"very"
na
khub
"easy"
6ohoj
"no"
"hot"
B. 1112a11.11A212.2XLIPt.
16.
"cold"
"yes"
B. yesi...1:Lisy=
18.
A AikaG2Ifth1211MILJEIROn"
no-e
noe
B. na' khub gorom nne "
1ha44a
kkagote ki
hae
B. hEe
koto
"big, large"
bn.ro
"city"
6akto "
gorom
B. na,
'
A. 6ikago
6ohor
58
B. Chicago is a very big clix.
20.
"'people"
A. 6ikagote
on-
"one"
-ek
onek
B. 60hore
-e
"it strikes"
lage
B. Very much.
shore
kmmon
lag-
"good, well"
"
-e
interrogative, "how"
stem of verb "strike"
lok
negative prefix
23.
B. 6ikago
A. a nar
61
tenon
e "
bhalo
gRaE-611A8a211-12.111.112JAILt"
59
lesson 1, _part 2 Drills
The taped drills based upon the conversation are arranged in the
following manner:
1.
Saturation drill #1. The saturation drills are the recorded Bengali
conversations spoken by two native speakers of Bengali. You are to
listen carefully to the conversation, following it in the printed
text.
2.
3.
Lk
5.
Bengali pronunciation.
6.
7.
8.
Lesson 1, part 3.
Grammar.
60
The simple present tense is used to denote habitual action. The use
of the simple present, for example, in sentences 6-11, implies that the
speaker resides habitually or permanently in Chicago, that he habitually
studies at the University, etc.
2.
3.
tiohor
college
kolej
Bengali
baKila
in or to the city
60hore
in or to the college koleje
in Bengali
bar3late
baTjlae
Calcutta
kolkata
in or to Calcutta
kolkatate
kolkatae
5.
ilikagote
kkagote
6ikago
6ikago
Is it cold in Chicago?
It is not cold in Chicago
kkagote ki
Ihawla "
kkagote ' Vha44a noe "
'
gorom "
'
5.1.
61
5.3.
Chicago is hot
6ikago gorom"
/ha/.
I study
ami pori
you do
apni koren
I do not study
you do not do
ami pori na
apni koren na
6.
Stem
Ending
1st (ami)
_i
-en
-e
Examples:
I remain
ami thaki
apni thaken
6e
thake
I sit
ami
apni 1306en
6e 1306e
Drills.
(in English):
ami
ami
62
Student (in Bengali):
7.
ami
kothae
kanon
koto
kon
kmno
Thus:
English
what, interrogative particle
where
how
ekhane
apnar
7.3.
Thus:
apni
apni
apni
ki koren "
ki poven "
apni
apni
apni
'
63
Descriptively, it can be said that /.:on/ must take a noun following it;
/ki/ may or may not.
8.
Intonation patterns.
you're going
first as a statement, then as a question. The difference between the
There is no other element which
two is the intonation of the utterance.
denotes the difference between a statement and a question in this case.
The situation is similar in Bengali. There are three types of intonation patterns so far met, one a statement intonation, and two question
intonations.
Listen carefully to the tapes, until you are sure that you can reproduce
Bengali intonation patterns exactly.
Pattern 1: Statement.
My name is
My name is
It is very
You (hon.)
You (hon.)
work)
Robi.
Ram.
hot in Chicago.
live in Chicago.
work (lit you do
amar nam
amar nam
kkagote
robi "
'
ram "
'
khub gorom
11
apni
apni
I study Bengali.
I study at the college.
ami
ami
Jo you do?
jou work?
koren "
apni koren
apni ki
'
ki "
ki "
(/ki/ is not
64.
apni ki
apni
ki koren "
apni koren
ki "
apni
ki poven "
apni poTen
apnar
ki nam "
apnar rem
ki "
apnar
That is your work?
'
ki kaj
apnar kaj
apni
ki "
'
"
ki "
6ikagote
'
apnar 6ikago
kaemon lage"
banla
koto 6okto "
'
Drills.
9 Word order:
gorom gahor
khub bhalo
easy Bengali
gohoj
Bengali sentence formation: Form Bengali sentences (both as questions and statements -- note differences of intonation between the types
of formations), from the following outlines and translate them into
Use forms in parentheses (interrogatives) for question
English.
10.
formation.
10.1.
Modifier
Noun
(Interrogative)
nam
(ki)
(ki)
ram
apnar
verbal
modifier
or object
verb
stem
apni
gekhane
6e
gohore
khmlbog-
ram
robi
bavite
gikagote
noun or
pronoun
(Interrogative)
ami
(ki)
10.3.
(Interrogative)
robi
amar
10.2.
Noun
kothae
ki (what)
kor-
suffix
(Interrogative)
66
Noun
10.4.
Interrogative
Modifiers
Noun
(Verb)
Interrogative
khub boo
Sikago
(ki)
Sohor
choVo
'Davi
ghor
(ki)
(noe)
koto
Sohor
(ki)
bar)la
Sokto
Noun
(locative)
Sikagote
gorom
koto
ekhane
(noe)
Thai 4a
bavite
6ohore
(ki)
lesson lt_part 4.
1.
My
My
My
My
My
name
name
name
name
name
Pattern:
is
is
is
is
is
sentences 3, 5.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Pattern drills.
Pattern: sentences 3, 4, 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
eo
2.
(ki)
My
My
My
My
name
name
name
name
Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
do
Where
Where
Whore
Where
is
is
is
is
Rita (Critaj).
Shanta (E6antai).
Shita (C6itai).
Shillra ([64ra]).
sentences 6, 8, 10.
do
do
do
do
you
you
you
you
live?
sit?
play?
study?
Pattern:
sentences 7, 9.
d. I study in Chicago.
e. I study here.
5.
Pattern:
sentences 6, 8, 10.
Pattern:
sentence 11.
Pattern:
sentence 12.
b. Is Bengali difficult?
c. Are the games easy?
d Is language easy?
e. Is English very difficult?
8.
Pattern:
sentence 13.
Pattern:
68
b.
c.
d.
e.
Is
Is
Is
Is
it
it
it
it
10. Pattern:
very
very
very
very
15 and 17.
Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12.
Is
Is
Is
Is
Is
it
it
it
it
it
Pattern:
12 and 14.
very
very
very
very
very
15 and 17.
Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
14.
How
How
How
How
How
18.
Pattern:
19.
69
15. Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
How
How
How
How
How
20.
many
many
many
many
many
16. Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
There
There
There
There
There
How
How
How
How
How
are
are
are
are
are
do
do
do
do
do
18. Pattern:
are
are
are
are
are
there
there
there
there
there
in
in
in
in
in
the city?
the country?
Chicago?
your house?
your college?
21.
17. Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
people
people
people
people
people
many
many
many
many
many
people
people
people
people
people
in
in
in
in
in
Chicago.
the country.
the city.
my house.
my college.
22.
you
you
you
you
you
like
like
like
like
like
the city?
Bengali?
Chicago?
your house?
the college?
23.
Drills.
Drill 1
Drill 2
-----
70
-- It is in Chicago.
-----
-----
art 6.
Vocabulary
Nouns
Verbs
Bengali
English
bavi
ghor
house
room
kaj
work
khml a
Bengali
English
game
bob-
sit
cear
chair
de6
country
khaelkor-
play
do, make
bha6a
English (language)
language
college
kolej
Adjectives
Other
Bengali
English
Bengali
English
60hoj
easy
ei, e
this
6okto
difficult
small
oil o
that
ekhane
okhane
here
there
6ekhane
there
cholio
Idioms
amar
bhalo
lage
kharap
me -of
good
strikes-(it)
bad
Lesson 2, part 1.
1.
Conversation.
Bengali
tumi
kor-
(tumi) koro
A. tumi
ki koro, "
ophi6
kaj
kor-
"I do"
(ami) kori
3.
-o
-e
ophi6e
B. ami
toma-r
tomar
baba
tomar baba
72
demonstrative, "that"
morpheme indicating place
locative ease ending
se
liekhane
koren
4.
5.
6.
-e
-en
A. tomar baba ki
kaj koren "
B. na
tini
koren na "
A. tomar baba
"some, any"
"none at all"
6ekhane kaj
ki koren "
na
kono
B. tini
bhai
'
kono
tiekhane
tini
-khan-
'
kono kaj
'
koren na"
ach-e
du-
-jon
B. hie " amar
73
9
10.
l].
12.
13.
"big"
tara
-e
tara thake
kothae thake "
A. tara
bavi
-te
barite
B. tara
'
barite thake,"
bovo
B. He works in an office.
B. tini
"little"
15
-ra
A. Ylatt4.1211.2EIE211-9.22_12K9142E
work.
ta-
'
kothae
choto
ki kaj
ta-
-r
tar
boe6
'
pore "
74.
A. How old is he?
(how much is his age?)
16.
17.
18.
"twenty"
koto "
kuri
B. He is twenty.
(his age is twenty)
B. tar bees
19.
ja-
-e
20.
"four"
"which"
"which (plural)"
"which day"
"which days"
A.
1419Aglaxts1A1:194talslataha
not go to college.
22.
A. tar bees
Sunday
Monday
'
kuri "
'
(se) jae
roj
roj
Soptaho
-e
kon
kon kon
kon din
kon kon din
A. Se Soptahe
kon kon din
koleje jae na
robibar
Sombar
'
75
Tuesday
Wednesday
mcmgolbar
budhbar
"and"
ar
23.
B. 15e robibar
moligolbar
'
15ombar
'
or Wednesdays,.
ar budhbar
koleje jae na "
"only"
kebol
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
briholipotibar
'
'
6ukrobar
6onibar
B.
15e kebol
iiukrobar
brihamotibar
ar iionibar
76
Lesson 2, part 2.
Drills.
Grammar.
Many Bengali nouns, pronouns, and verbs have two alternative stems.
The two alternative verb stems will hereafter be distinguished as "high"
1.
and "low" stems, the terms referring to the height of the stem-vowel
(see chart below).
The low-stem form is the basic form, the form which
you will be given throughout this text, since through it the system of
vowel change is more easily understood.
The basic form -- low stem -- can be considered as the verbal noun
minus the nominal suffix:
1.1.
1.2.
Verbal noun,
Basic stem
kora
kena
khmla
jaoa
"playing"
knrkenkhml-
"going"
ja-
"doing"
"buying"
High
Middle
Back
Mid
Low
1.2.1.
/e/.
/u/.
Ail,
/0/.
77
1.3.
defined, as for example in sentences 1 and 2 in this exercise. In sentence 1, the verb "do, make" occurs with the stem /kor -/.
In sentence
2, the same verb occurs with the stem /kor-/. Note that the 1st person
(personal ending -i) form of the verb, i.e, /kori /, is the form which
occurs in sentence 2.
It is a general phonological rule for the language
that when a word of this shape: consonant-vowel-(consonant), has for the
second vowel either /i/ or /u /, the preceding vowel of the word is high.
In sentence 2, the second vowel of /kori/ is /1/, and the /0/ vowel of
the low stem becomes the high vowel /0/.
1.3.1.
are:
Vowel Alternation
e/i
m/e
0/43
o/u
1.4.
Stem
ken-
ami kini
"I buy"
tumi keno
apni kenen
6e kene
tini kenen
ami kheli
"I play"
tumi khmlo
"you play"
apni khmlen
"you play"
6e khmle
"he plays"
tini khmlen
"he plays"
ami boft
"I sit"
tumi bolo
"you sit"
apni b06en
6e b06e
"you sit"
tini ben
"he sits"
ami u$hi
tumi o$ho
apni open,
6e ()the
tini o$hen
khml-
b06-
"he sits"
78
Stem
jan-
ami jani
"I know"
tumi jano
"you know"
apni janen
6e jane
"you know"
tini janen
"he knows"
ami jai
"I go"
tumi jao
"you go"
apni jan
6e jae
"you go"
tini jan
"he goes"
ja-
"he knows"
"he goes"
Note that stems with vowel final have the ending /-n/ in the honorific
forms.
1.5.
Lesson 1.
1.6.
Vowel Alternation
o/u
0/o
Genitive
Nominative
tomar
tumi
"of you"
"you (ord.)"
Masculine
Feminine
n01
noIi
"actor!,
"actress"
1.8.
Write the simile present tense paradigms for the following verb
stems;
(to) read
pot-
(to)
(to)
(to)
(to)
phl-
drop, throw
know, recognize
hear
remain
cen-
6on-
thak-
ami dii
"I give"
79
tumi dao
apni dmn
6e dace
tini daen
e.g.,
ekhane
okhane
6ekhane
konkhane
3.
3.1.
5.
I have a
book (there)-is
book.
ache"
He has a
big dog.
We have now had two types of second person pronoun -- the stems
80
honorific verbal endings are the same for both 2nd and 3rd persons.
apni koren
you do
tini koren
he/she does
apni janen
tini janen
you know
he/she knows
apni jan
you go
he/she goes
tini jan
5.2.
not easily defined, but a basic rule of thumb might be the following:
Nominative:
Genitive:
(Objective:
tui
for
toke)
tui jani6
"you know"
This form is sometimes used for addressing very intimate friends and
younger family members, sometimes for servants and children, and for
animals.
It is not a form which a foreigner can often use; therefore
there will be little stress laid upon it in these lessons.
6.
The nominative stem of the 3rd person pronoun is /6e/ or, in the
honorific, /tini/. The inflectional stem, however, is /ta-/ or, in the
honorific, /ta-/.
Thus:
He reads his book.
7.
The nominative plural ending for pronouns and nouns which have reference to human beings is /-ra/ (for stems with vowel final) and /-era/
for stems with consonant final). Thus:
chele
boy
chelera khae
ta-
tara jane
manu6
manusera jae
man
men go
Note that the rule is not inflexible: the forms /manu6ra/ and /lokra/
(people) are possible.
7.1.
The personal endings of the verb are identical for singular and
plural:
English
Bengali,
I do
ami kori
tumi koro
tui kori6
you (ord.) do
you (inf.) do
you (hon.) do
he (she, it)
apni koren
does
se kore
tini koren
we do
you (ord.) do
you (inf.) do
amra kori
tomra koro
tora kori6
82
you (hon) do
apnara koren
tara kore
tara koren
they (ord.) do
they (hon.) do
7.2.
verbs:
(to) buy
(to) go
ken-
(to) play
(to) hear
khmlson-
(to) know
jan-
ja-
7.3.
6optaho
6optaher
6optahe
91.
Sentence formation:
Modifier
Noun or
Pronoun
Interrogative
ami
tumi
(ki)
ekhane
6ekhane
ja-
bavite
6e
ghore
tins
eichore
tara
apnar
tomar
tar
tar
Verb
Stem
apni
baba
dada
bhai
bon
ma
khmlpovthak-
koleje
bondhu
(etc.)
kothae
Suffix
Icor-
amar
Verbal
Modifier
y
Xy
e
83
9.2.
Modifier
Noun or
Pronoun
Interr.
(Genitive) (ki)
tomar
amar
apnar
amar
boet5
koto
tomar
boeti
kuvi
apnar
bondhur
9.3
Modifiers
and Nouns
Verb
kono baba
ach-
Modifier
Modifier
ami
6optahe
apni
kon kon
kon
mk
6e
du
ram
tin
robibar
bhai
Noun
din
Verbal
Modifier
Verb
koleje
ja-
ekhane
khml-
barite
poi
6ohore
at5-
gilonibar
roj
Lesson 2, part 4.
a.
b.
0.
d.
e.
2.
What
What
What
What
What
Pattern:
Pattern drills.
sentences 1, 5.
does
does
does
does
work
your
your
your
your
does
sentences 2, 12.
(ki)
dada
choto bhai
bovo bondhu
Noun or
Pronoun
Pattern:
Interr.
tirit5
tumi
1.
Suffix
Suffix
Yel)/
e
81i.
e.
3.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
b.
Does
Does
Does
Does
c.
d.
e.
4.
Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
your
your
your
your
sentence 4.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
That
What
What
What
What
Pattern:
a.
b.
7.
Pattern:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
Pattern:
a.
sentence 7.
sentence 8.
85
d.
e.
b.
c.
Pattern:
9.
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
10.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13.
He lives at college.
He buys books in the city.
They study in the room.
He lives at home.
He works at the college.
sentence 15.
Pattern:
a.
12.
does he live?
does he buy books?
do they study?
does your older brother live?
does he work?
11.
sentences 9, 11.
How
How
How
How
How
old
old
old
old
old
Pattern:
is
is
is
is
is
he?
your
your
your
your
younger brother?
older brother?
older sister?
father?
sentence 16.
a.
He is thirty.
b.
He is twenty.
c.
d.
He is twenty-five.
He is forty.
e.
He is fifty.
b.
c.
d.
Does
Does
Does
Does
86
e.
l4.
Pattern:
b.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
d.
e.
Pattern:
a.
b.
0.
d.
e.
16.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which
Which
Which
Which
Which
Pattern:
sentence 20.
Pattern:
a.
18.
Does
Does
Does
Does
Does
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
my
my
he
he
sentence 19.
Pattern:
a.
17.
sentence 18.
a.
c.
15.
sentence 21.
go home?
go to college?
come home?
study?
at the college?
Fridays
e.
87
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Lesson 2, part 4.
Sentence Drill.
Drill 1
Drill 2
Vocabular1y.
Nouns
Bengali
English
rokom
kind
4aktar
doctor
kolkata, kolikata Calcutta
colli6
twenty-five
thirty
forty
1:16210a6
fifty
tiri6
Bengali
English
bon
ma
dada
chele
mee
bondhu
sister
mother
older brother
son, boy
daughter, girl
friend
88
Adjectives
Verbs
English
Bengali
English
Bengali
nacbol-
dance
Cardinal Numbers:
say
one
we
come
mk
dui, du
tin
car
a$
four
five
six
seven
eight
noe
do6
kavil bi6
nine
ten
twenty
Other
mattro
kebol
kichu
pac
only
some, a few
shoe
gat
two
three
robibar
gombar
mongolbar
budhbar (budbar)
briho6potibar
6ukrobar
6onibar
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
1.
Bengali
"news"
khobor
ki khobor
A. What news?
"of you (ordinary)"
2.
B. Good.
A. ki khobor "
tomar
ki khobor "
demonstrative, "that"
qualifying suffix; see grammar,
section 2.
"that (particular)"
A.
Good.
"one"
4.
ki boi "
mk
-Ia
mkVa
kobita
-r
kobitar
kobitar boi
90
5.
boi
-r
8.
boia
boi4ar
A. o boitar
bolaka
B. o boitar nam
oVar
lekh-
lekhok
ke
A. otar
'
lekhok ke "
robindronath (Vhakur)
B. o ar lekhok
it.
bolaka "
-r
interrogative, "who"
nam ki "
robindronath "
jan-
(tumi) jano
B. tumi ki robindronather
nam
jano "
10.
ta-
tar
A. na " ami
tar nam
jani na "
91
11 A. Who is he?
12.
"one"
mk
-jon
mkjon
kobi
B. He is a poet,.
13.
14
gan
A. tini ki
160
B. tini
150
A. tini ke "
son 6un-
-b-e
(tumi) 6unbe
B. hga " tumi ki
gan
Ounbe
'
robindronather
'
sun-
-b-o
(ami) 6unbo
A. hga " ami
'
tar gan
6etar
baja(tumi) bajabe
'
6unbo "
92
A. tumi ki
behala
17.
B. na " ami
A. I shall accom an
you on the
tables.
'
behala ba4abo
toma-
18.
'
-r
gorze
tomar 6orjge
tobla
tomar 6onge
A. ami
bajabo "
'
B. tomar bhai ki
bajabe "
A.
Lesson 3, part 2.
1.
'
tobla
6etar
Grammar.
The general rule for the formation of the genitive case is that
when a word has a vowel final, the suffix is /-r/. When a word has a
There is an exception to this
consonant final, the suffix is /-er/.
1.1.
rule:
When the word has the shape CV (consonant-vowel) and the final vowel is
/i/, /u/, or /a/, the genitive suffix is either /-r/ or /-er/. When the
word has the shape OVV (consonant-vowel-vowel), and the final vowel is
/i/ or /u/, the genitive suffix is /-er/. Examples:
CV:
CVV:
English
Nominative
Genitive
mother
foot
ma
pa
mar, maer
book
boi
boier
par, paer
93
brother
wife
bhai
bou
bhaier
bouer
But the genitive of /kobi /, "poet", is /kobir /, the word being of CVCV
shape.
2.
used one is the one which we have in sentences 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 -i.e., /.14/.
It is often difficult to assign a lexical meaning to these
qualifiers.
They are frequently added to adjectives or, as here, demonstrative pronouns, which are not accompanied hy a noun.
Examples:
English
Bengali
oIa ki boi"
eta ki boi"
eVa ki'60hoj"
6eVa ki'kharap"
6dIa'kharap"
olay6ohoj kaj"
o boi4a'ki"
o kajVaigohoj"
o kobitaVa'khub 6undor"
du aria
"five rupees"
"two seers"
pac Iaka
du 6er
95
3.
I have a book.
I have a brother.
3.1.
The two uses of the future tense which are illustrated in this
a.
time.
b.
The future tense is formed by the addition of the future sign /-b-/
/a /,
to the high stem of the verb, unless the vowel of the verb stem is
If the vowel of the stem is /a/
and with the exception of the stem /h0-/.
the future tense. The
or the stela is /h0-/, the low vowel is preserved in
b
personal endings of the future tense are then added to the stem
complex. The future tense personal endings are:
3.2.
,-o
-e
-en
-e
-en
"hear"
ami 6unbo
I shall hear
tumi, 6unbe
tui 6unbi
apni 6unben
6e 6unbe
tini 6unben
96
ken-
"buy"
ami kinbo
I shall buy
tumi kinbe
tui kinbi
apni kinben
6e kinbe
tini kinben
"play"
kheel-
ami khelbo
I shall play
tumi khelbe
tui khelbi
apni khelben
6e khelbe
tini khelben
kor-
"do, make"
ami korbo
I shall do
tumi korbe
tui korbi
apni korben
6e korbe
tini korben
he (ord.) will do
he (hone) will do
,fan?
"know"
ami janbo
I shall know
tumi janbe
tui janbi
apni janben
tini janben
ami jabo
I shall go
tumi jabe
6e janbe
97
tui jabi
apni jaben
6e jabe
he (ord.) will go
he (hon.) will go
tini jaben
There are two types of verbs which are irregular in the future.
The first is the stem /ho-/ "be, become". This preserves its low stem
in the future, except where it is changed by a final high vowel:
3.4.
"be, become"
ho-
ami hobo
I shall become
tumi hobe
tui hobi
apni hoben
6e hobe
tini hoben
Note however that there are other stems of shape Co-, which take the
high stem in the future.
ca-
"want"
ami caibo
I shall want
tumi caibe
tui caibi
apni caiben
6e caibe
tini caiben
kin-
"endure"
ami tfloibo
I shall endure
tumi Libe
tui
apni Liben
98
6e 6oibe
tini 6oiben
4.
golpo
Syntax.
Modifiers
5.1.
Noun
Interrogative
eV.
Interrogative
boi
(ki)
6okto
6ohoj
oIa
golper
(ki)
bhalo
e/a
seta
boi/a
53
Noun
bhalo
(ki)
oIa
6e/a
boi4a
5.2.
Complement
60kto
60hoj
Modifiers
Noun
boi4ar
robindronather
rawer
nam
Interro_I
gative
(ki)
Noun
Verb
jan-
or
oIar
Interrogative
(ki)
(ki)
lekhok
(ke)
er
ear
robindronath
lekhok
boi/ar
(ki)
ram
--.
99
5.4.
Modifiers
Noun
(Subject)
Modifiers
(ki)
amar
tomar
gan
apnar
tar
tar
tobla
golpo
ami
tumi
tomra
amar
bhai
tomar
ma
baba
ramer
Noun
(Object)
Interrogative
6etar
bhalo
kharap
60hoj
60kto
aka
Lesson 3, part 3.
1.
b.
d.
Is that a novel?
Is that a play?
e.
Is that a story?
c.
2.
b.
d.
e.
c.
3.
Is that a book?
Is that a poem?
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
c.
Pattern Drills.
Verb
baja6on-
Interrogative
(ki)
100
4.
Pattern: sentence 4.
d.
It is a play by Rabindranath.
e.
It is a story by Jomdev.
a.
b.
5.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
of that book?
of that poem?
of that novel?
of that play?
of that story?
b.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
b.
2.
2.
Yes
it is a good book.
Yes, it is a book of poetry.
101
9.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a
d.
e.
b.
c.
10.
Pattern: sentences 8, 9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
11.
h.
c.
d.
e.
12.
Who is he?
Who is he?
d.
e.
He is a friend.
c.
And he is a writer.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Is
Is
Is
Is
Is
he
he
he
he
he
a
a
a
a
a
poet of Bengal? *
writer of poems?
writer of many novels?
writer of stories?
friend of yours (i.e., of you)?
b.
14.
No, I don't
Yes, I know
Yes, I know
Yes, I know
No, I don't
13.
Yes.
102
15.
b.
c.
Yes.
d.
Yes.
e.
Yes.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I
I
I
I
I
should
should
should
should
should
like
like
like
like
like
to
to
to
to
to
hear
hear
read
read
hear
his Bengali.
a song by him.
his novels.
his stories.
a song by him.
b.
c.
d.
e.
16.
you
you
you
you
you
read
play
read
read
sing
his poetry?
the sitar?
a novel?
a story?
a song?
b.
c.
d.
e.
17.
Will
Will
Will
Will
Will
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sentence Drill.
Drill 1
103
do
- -Is it a novel?
Drill 2
--This is a good story.
--What story?
--A story by Bonaphul Lbonaphul].
- -Is that his real name?
--No, his real name is Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay Lbalai cand
mukhopaddhaej. He is a good writer.
naIok
nobhel
kobita
play
novel
poetry, poem
Vocabulary.
104
iryeiji
English (language)
bal)la
gan
Bengali (language)
song
des
country
bar)lade6
Bengal
story
writing
golpo
lekha
gan ga-
sing (a song)
(Fut.: gan gai-)
par6ekh-
be able
learn
prothom
ditio
tritio
a6o1
tavatavi
first
ba
or
second
third
ar
and
pore
age
after, afterwards
before
now
kon
ke
which
who
true, original
quick, quickly
Idiom: to hole
that becomes-(if)
mkhon
then, if that is so
Review I
1.
Th; following items and formations should now be at your command and
you should know their particular place of occurence in a sentence.
Noun stems:
nam
banla
glikago
150hor
kaj
baba
ma
bhai.
bon
chele
mee
rokom
4aktar
inriji
name
Bengali (language)
Chicago
city
work
father
mother
brother
sister
son, boy
daughter, girl
kind
doctor
English (language)
bavi
ghor
kolkata
house
room
Calcutta
boeti
age
6optaho
week
day
book
story
poem, poetry
din
boi
golpo
kobita
nobhel
lekhok
kobi
gan
novel
writer
poet
song
Personal Pronouns:
ami
tumi
you
you
you
he,
he,
tui
apni
60
tini
Lainra
we
(inferior)
Ctomra
Ctora
(honorific)
Capnara
you (ordinary)]
you (inferior)]
you (honorific)]
she (ordinary)
Ctara
they (ordinary) ]
she (honorific)
Ctgra
they (honorific)]
(ordinary)
Adjectives:
bhalo
gorom
good
$harl4a
cold
hot
bovo
big
io6
choto
small
60hoj
easy
onek
kichu
many
a few, some
gokto
difficult
Other modifiers:
ei, e
this
Oil o
that
6ei, 6e
6ekhane
prae
about
khub
very
ekhane
Interrogatives:
ki
what
ki
koto
kola
kmmon
kothae
kon
ke
Verb stems:
kor-/korthak100V-/P0V-
lag-
do, make
b06-/boSsit
khml-/khel- play (a game)
ach-, (ache) be, (have)
ja-
go
jan-
know, recognize
hear
play (an instrument)
dance
sky, speak
glon-/6un-
bajanacbol-/bolgan ga-/
gan gaipar-
sing
be able
107
6ekh-
learn
Other:
ar
and
ba
or
Thus far we have seen that the genitive suffix in Bengali appears in
two variant forms, /-er/ and /-r/. Their selection depends upon the
structure of the word taking the ending.
2.1.
2.1.1.
robindronath
robindronather
6ohor
6ohorer
ghorer
"of city"
ghor
gan
kaj
gaper
kajer
"of room"
"of song"
"of work"
boi
bhai
bou
2.2
2.2.1
boier
bhaier
bouer
"of book"
"of brother"
"of wife"
are:
bavi
6ikago
kobita
bavir
6ikagor
kobitar
"of house"
"of Chicago"
"of poetry"
108
ma
pa
ghi
3.
maer,-mar
paer, par
ghier, ghir
"of mother"
"of foot"
The locative suffix in Bengali has two variants, /-e/ and /-te/.
choice of a particular suffix is determined phonologically.
The
3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
"in city"
kolej
6ohore
koleje
"in college"
gan
gane
"4n song"
of vowels:
pa
boi
pa.e
boi.e
"on foot"
"in book"
3.2.
vowel:
bayi
goru
3.3.
bayite
gorute
"in house"
"on cow"
kolkata
4.
6ikagote, 6ikagoe
kolkatate,
koikatae
"in Chicago"
"in Calcutta"
Person
Nominative
Genitive
lst
ami
2nd (o'rd.)
tumi
2nd (hon.)
apni
2nd (inf.)
tui
ama-r
toma-r
apna-r
for
109
3rd (ord.)
3rd (hon.)
6e
ta-r
tini
to -r
5.
Person
Stem
V-stem
0-stem
-i
-i
-o
-o
-6
-i6
-n
-en
-e
-e
-n
-en
ja-
jan-
Person
Tense si
Stem
V-stem
0-stem
-o
-o
turd
-e
-e
tui
-i
-i
apni
-en
-en
se
-e
-e
tini
-en
-en
ja-
0-stem
Ending
V-stem
IIL
6.
0-stem
Ending
V-stem
1st (ami)
5.2.
Tense sign
jan-
-b-
We have had so far three types of negatives, the negative verb "be not"
(/no-/), the negative particle /na,/, which serves to negate other verbs,
and the particle /nei/1 "there is not".
6.1.
6.2.
ob.orelgorom"
ohorelgorom noe"
110
6.3.
I know.
ami jani"
I do not know.
I like it.
amar'bhalo lage"
bagane'gaeh ache"
bagane'gach nei"
I have a pen.
amartkl)lom ache"
I have no pen
amar'kolom nei"
Lesson 4, part 1.
Conversation.
Bengali
toma-der
tomader
mto
lok
keno
"why"
to lok keno
your housgr--
2.
"today"
aj
ben
0
A. argALIELlitlgia1211
boner
bie
B. aj
"that is why"
tai
lok
loker
amar boner
bie "
bhiy
loker bhi
B. tai
loker bhi
II
112
4.
bon
-eder
boneder
moddhe
boneder moddhe
xa-
kar
B. laune_r2cho3onera42 "
"of whom"
kar
6orlge
kar ginnge
hoh,be
A. Nham_lg.ahl_matalas?
(with whom her wedding will-be)
MA.
A. kar lionge
surname, "Uen"
B. She will marry the Sens' eon.
6en
B.
chele
cheleVi
A. What .does
et..19221%.1.11.1.2.c
re
"
113
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
LANFOOMMIIIINNIMMININ1131-
chattro
kolejer chattro
B. 6e
'
-era
A. 6enera ' kothae thaken "
ta-
-ra
tara
rajpur
bajar
kache
bajarer kache
B. tara 'rajpure
bajarer
kache
thaken "
bhai
-ra
bhaira
biete
as-
a6be
A. tomar bhaira
abbe ki "
biete
60kole
B. h63 " tara 6okole
aebe "
14.
tom-
-ra
tomra
rattri
16.
gan
ga-
gan gaibe
A. tomra
bier rattre
gaibe ki "
'
-ra
amra
B. hga " amra
mee
-der
meeder
gan
am-
17.
rattre
bier rattre
moddhe
meeder moddhe
ka-
-ra
kara
A. meeder moddhe
gan gaibe "
kara
bondhu
bondhura
amar boner bondhura
115
21. B. Yes
22.
con4i
da6
kirtton
con4ida6
20.
A. tara
tum.o
A. tumi.o ki
B.
"
ama-
-der
amader
"all right"
be6
ta hole
toma-
ciak-
'
-ke
4akbo
tomake clakbo
rattre
116
"seven"
25.
at
-$a
6atVa
"seven o'clock"
post-position, "before", with
preceding gent five
age
6atVar age
A. 11221hilAELLIEEatL
dakbe "
26.
"eight"
a$
-$a
a$Ia
pore
a$$ar pore
B. LIALRIELLLIIIEEIEt
dakbo "
Lesson 4, part 2.
1.
Grammar.
For the time being, we can consider that the objective case in
Bengali takes the singular case ending /-ke/ and the plural case ending
/-der/ or /-derke/ for pronouns and nouns which have human reference. A
more elaborate statement describing this case inflection will be given
1.1.
in Lesson 7.
Uninflected:
He speaks Bengali.
I will hear the song.
60banla bole"
amitganta 6unbo"
117
Inflected:
Plurals.
2.1.
chele
boys
sister
book
bon
boi
sisters
books
chelera
bonera
boigulo
two boys
many sisters
some books
dujon chele
onek bon
kichu boi
2.2.
-ra / -era
-der / -eder
-der / -eder, -derke / -ederke
Except in pronominal stems and noun stems with /e/ final, where the
suffix is always /-ra/, /-der/ (or /-derke/), there is free variation
between /-ra
-era/, etc., irrespective of whether the stem has a
consonant or vowel final.
2.3.
"boys" (nominative)
"of boys (genitive)
chelera
cheleder
"(to) boys" (objective) cheleder, chelederke
2.4.
Nominative
Genitive
Objective
1st
2nd (inferior)
tora
amader
tomader
toder
amader, amaderke
2nd (ordinary)
amra
tomra
tomader, tomaderke
toder, toderke
2nd (honorific)
apnara
tara
apnader
tader
apnader, apnaderke
tader, taderke
3rd (ordinary)
118
3rd (honorific)
tara
tader
tader, taderke
Note:
boigulo
boigulor
"books" (objective)
boiguloke
2.6.
cheletki kore"
chelegulofki kore"
2.7.
am pore
phul phote
chele khmle
amgulo pore
phul phoIe
phulgulo phote
chele khmle
chelegulo khmle
am pore
119
2.8.
In sum:
2.8.1.
2.8.2.
gulote
2.8.3.1.
ekti mee
two girls
dui mee
sing.
The noun takes the suffix /-gulo, -gulor, -guloke/ when the
reference is to a particular or specific surveyed concrete group.
2.8.3.3.
bier rattre
gaibe "
meegulo gan
sing.
2.8.4.
phul lal
120
phulgulo lal
Mutation drills.
2.9.
"the mangos
3.
am kola ar jamgulo
Nominative
Genitive
Objective
Singular
Plural
ke (hon. ke)
tomar kukurgulor'konIa"
tomar boigulor'konVa"
4.2.
The two qualifiers are used under the same circumstances with both animate and inanimate nouns. There is a slight qualitative distinction
between the two. The qualifier /-Ii/ is frequently used to suggest that
the speaker has a personal, positive feeling with reference to the person or object about whom or which he is speaking, and /-.Da/ in more
ordinary circumstances. It is to be noted, however, that the /-Vi/
suffix is often considered a polite form; as such, it can be used
exclusively and in all types of circumstances with complete correctness.
121
5.
5.1.
Some nouns which have /-0/ final replace the final /-o/ with 1-1/,
as:
chattri
"student" (masc.)
chattro
"student" (fem.)
Nouns which have other vowels final frequently add the /-ni/
suffix to the noun stem, as:
dhopani (1.t.) "washerwoman"
"washerman"
dhopa
5.3.
5.4.
/-ini/
Nouns which have consonants final frequently add the suffix
baghini
"tiger"
"tigeress"
6.
are:
amar 6orjge
meeder moddhe
"with me"
"among the girls"
etar pore
"after this"
"before this"
jonne
"after (time)"
"before (time)"
"for (the sake of)"
opore
Vebiler opore
6m3ge
"with"
moddhe
"among"
pore
age
eVar age
tar jonne
122
7.
701.
Modifiers
kader
amar
Post-positional phrase
kar
tar
tomar
boner, -eder
bhaier
-der
apnar
tar
bondhur, -der
cheler, -der
apnar
meer
amader
6me
Subject
Verb
bie
hobe
tomar
bondhur
7.2.
Post-positional phrase
amar
tomar
tar
boner, -eder
bhaier, -der
bondhur, -der
Subject
Object
Verb
6oljge
ami
gan
gai-b-
moddhe
jonne
tumi
kaj
kor-b-
apni
ki
pore
ke
o/
e/
en
kara
Lesson 4, part 3.
1.
Pattern Drills.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
2.
Pattern: sentences 2, 3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
5.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
7.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
He is a student.
b.
He is a college student.
c.
He is an artist.
d.
He studies Bengali.
We learn songs.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
11.
a.
a.
10.
Pattern: sentence 9.
e.
9.
b.
co
125
d.
e.
12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13.
b.
c.
do
e.
14.
b.
c.
d.
e.
15.
d.
e.
16.
126
b.
c.
d.
17.
b.
c.
d.
e.
18.
b.
0.
MICIMOI
19.
d.
e.
d.
e.
20.
b.
a.
a.
..11.6.11MIMMI11111111
d.
e.
127
21.
b.
c.
d.
a.
e.
22.
23.
All right.
b.
All right.
c.
All right.
d.
All right.
e.
All right.
b.
c.
d.
e.
24.
b.
c.
d.
e.
128
- -He will come at seven o'clock sharp. Probhas will come too.
--Will Ila sing? She has a beautiful voice.
--Yes, she will sing kirtan songs.
examination
ut6ob
celebration
Vocabulary.
bidda
learning
6ekh-
learn
kola
art
a6-
come
6or3git
an-
pochondo kor-
bring, fetch
like
6omoe
music
melody
time
boisrlob
Vaioava
roj; protidin
bhokto
pochondo
dada
devotee
liking
aj
elder brother
kal (agami
kal--)
gula
throat, voice
night
Sarasvati
goddess
instrument
tai
6ur
rattri
60ro66oti
debi
jontro
6ilpi
baiji
bandhobi
adhunik
purono
mi6Vi
pracin
Idioms:
everyday, daily
today
tomorrow
therefore, that
is why
kintu
artist
modern
old
sweet
ancient
koIar 6omoe a6be
aIIar 6omoe a6bo
aj rattre (rate)
Lesson 5, part 1.
1.
Bengali
-babu
ma-baba
"before, formerly"
name of a city, capital of
East Pakistan
"in Dacca"
simple past tense stem of verb
/ach-/, "be"
sign of the simple past tense
age
-en
3.
Conversation.
"this"
4haka
4hakae
chi-
-1(terra) chilen
hakae
e/m
-kon
mkhon
kolkata
B. mkhon
131
4.
5.
A.
6.
apnader
-der
amader
birbhum
-o
chilo
apna-der
birbhume
am-
-ra
amra
0
amra.o
A. akhon amra.o
thaki "
kolkatae
"which"
kon
jaega
kon jaegae
B. kolkatae
thaken "
'
dighi
dhar
kon jaegae
'
132
"on the side of the tank"
9.
-um
(amra) chilum
A.
age
'
apnar 6013ge
ar
ar ke
B.
apnar 61nge
kolkatae
ar ke thaken "
'
A.
amader 6o/36ar
boudi
A.
amar 6onge
ma-baba
dada ' ar boudi thaken "
"how many"
ko-
qualifier
"how many"
ko$i
'
60136ar
dada
6tmge
6ambajar
'
11.
A. amra mkhon
dighir
dhare
thaki "
10.
dighir dhare
chele
mee
chele-mee
B. apnar dadar
chele-mee "
koti
14.
ek-
"one"
ekIi
du-
"two"
dull
16.
kaka-kakima
-ra
kaka-kakimara
B. apnar kaka-kakimara ki
apnar 6oge thaken "
-o
mkhono
19.
kakima
mkhon
"some, something"
emphatic suffix, see Grammar,
section 7.
'
kaka
"now"
18.
'
prophasar
A. tini age
chilen "
kichu
'
prophesar
134
"something (emphatic)"
"nothing at all" see Grammar,
section 7.
kichui
kichu na
A. mkhon
"that"
se
"what"
ki
se ki
to
-um
"I saw"
dekhlum
-ke
take
dekh-1-
A. kon ophi6e
dekhlen "
B. ami take
dekhlum "
23.
perhaps
but
Lesson 5, part 2.
Compound nouns.
take wkhon
tar 0.phi6e
'
ache "
kintu
1.
take
hoeto
'
'
kaj
135
Compound nouns are common in Bengali; they are made up or two or more
noun stems. The case or number inflection, where there ie one, is added
to the last member of the compound only. Therefore such compounds are
treated inflectionally as simple nouns. Examples:
"mother-father, mother and father"
"brother-sister, brother and sister"
ma -bab a
bhai-bon
onelgach-palagulo'
tavatavi gojae"
2.
2.1.
b.
The sign of the simple past tense is -1-, which is added to the
high stem of all verbs except, those of CVO- shape with /a/-vowel stems.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2nd (ordinary)
-e
2nd (inferior)
2nd (honorific)
-en
3rd (ordinary)
-o
3rd (honorific)
-en
Examples:
ken-
"buy"
ami
kin-l-um
tumi
kin-l-e
kin-l-i
kin-l-en
tui
apni
kor-
khml-
"do"
"play"
"rise up"
Se
kin-l-o
tini
kin-l-en
ami
korlum
tumi
korle, etc.
ami
khellum
tumi
khelle
ami
uplum
tumi
uthle, etc.
"know"
ami
janlum, etc.
Stems of shape CV-, even where the stem-vowel is /a/, take the high
stem.
For example:
pa-
"get"
ami
pe-l-um
tumi
pe-l-e
tui
apni
pe-l-i
pe-l-en
Se
pe-l-o
tini
pe-l-en
The verb /ja-/, "go", has an irregular stem in the simple past.
The stem /ja-/, is inflected in this way:
2.5.
2.60
ami
ge -1 -um
tumi
ge-l-e
tui
apni
ge-l-i
ge-l-en
Se
gm-l-o
tini
ge-l-en
"read"
phml-
"drop"
"hear"
de-
"give"
par-
"be able
kha-
"eat"
137
2.7.
The stem of the simple past tense of the verb "be" (/ach-/) is
The sign of the simple past and the simple past personal
/chi-/.
endings are added to this stem. The simple past is the only past tense
3.
ami jani
5.
amra jani
"I know"
kokhon
onekkhon
"much time"
to the
There are two particles, /-i/ and 7-0/, which give emphasis
is exword to which they are attached. Often an emphatic negative
pressed in Bengali by the use of the construction
7.
(positive)-(emphatic)
(verb) + na
as in sentence 19:
something-(emphatic) does-do not
kichui koren na
Other examples, using the /-o/ emphatic suffix as in sentence 16, might
be:
tara kokhonoqekhane
jae na"
138
8 When the subject of a sentence is plural the complement takes no
plural suffix; e.g.,
9.
tarallekhok"
tarOchattro chilen"
Modified
ma-baba/ra
bhai-bon/era
chele-mee/ra
amar
amader
tor
toder
Verb
Verbal Modifiers
Subject
pare
kothae
kolkatae
akhon
age
60hore
ekhane
chi thak -
e jaegae
tomar
tomader
awi/amra
tui/tora
tumi/tomra
pare
dighir dhare
akono
tader 6011ge
tar kache
apni/apnara
Lesson 5, part 3.
1.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Patterns.
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
do
do
do
do
do
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
-1-b-
um/e/en/o
o/e/en/e
139
Pattern: sentence 3, 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
a.
b.
Now
Now
Now
Now
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
In
In
In
In
In
which
which
which
which
which
part
part
part
part
room
of
of
of
of
of
a.
b.
Now
Now
Now
Now
d.
e.
b.
Who
Who
Who
Who
c.
d.
e.
7.
Pattern: sentence 8.
c.
6.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
5.
Pattern: sentence 5, 6.
c.
4.
else
else
else
else
lives
lives
lives
lives
14.0
b.
c.
d.
e.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
8.
b.
c.
d.
e.
9.
b.
c.
d.
e.
children
children
children
children
children
do they have?
does your sister have?
does he have?
does your brother have?
do you have?
b.
c.
d.
e.
11.
many
many
many
many
many
10.
How
How
How
How
How
b.
No,
No,
No,
No,
c.
d.
e.
in Dacca.
in the city.
with my brother.
with my father.
141
12.
c.
d.
a.
b.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Formerly,
Formerly,
Formerly,
Formerly,
Formerly,
he was a writer.
he was a poet.
they were writers.
he was an artist.
they were students.
b.
c.
d.
e.
14
b.
c.
d.
e.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
16.
15.
Now
Now
Now
Now
Now
142
17.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sentence Drill.
Drill 1
- -Shall I sit with you a while?
- -Yes, we shall gossip a while.
Drill 2.
Vocabularz.
d6ch-
see, look
ja-
go
6e6 kor-
finish
pa6e
beside
student (m.)
bhirore
within (post-position)
chattri
student (f.)
dhopa
dhopani
washerman
washerwoman
bhitore
kache
near (post-position)
dokan
shop
mondir
i6kul
temple
school
50136ar
family
6ikkhok
6er
masIar mosae
teacher (m.)
sikkhoitri
didimoni
teacher (f.)
chattro
poribar
ro4
rasta
bharot
bharotbor6o
Idioms:
kichukkhon
mkhon
ekhuni
prae
kokhono na
a while
now
now (emphatic);
just now
often
never
road
India
uttor
dokkhin
purbo
north
south
pacim
west
east
I think, it seems to me
golpo koreimattro
6e ki'bhalo ache"
talk, gossip
apni ki'bhalo
achenu
tumi ki'bhalo
acho"
just now
Is he well?
Are you (hon.) well?
Are you (ord.) well?
Use simple past -- the recognition has taken place in the immediate past.
Lesson 6, dart 1.
2.
3.
Conversation.*
Bengali
ca-
-n
can
A. ki can "
B. I want a book.
"history"
ama-ke
awake
of
notun
itiha6
boi
-gulo
boigulo
dekha-n
With apologies to the booksellers of Bengal, who do not act this way
at all, and suffer from our attempt to combine the bargaining situation
with vocabulary and grammar useful to the student.
*
114.5
"please show"
(for this imperative usage,
see grammar, section 2.2.)
B. amake
of notun itiha6
boigulo
dmkhan "
kin-
-en
dmkhan
-b(apni) kinben
A. apni ki mkhon
dekh-
-b-
-o
dekhbo
Note: the change it word order; with /mkhon/ coming first in the
sentence, emphasizes the conc apt now, at this time.
B. No, I shall look at the books
now.
6.
"afterwards"
"this"
pore
"plural suffix
-gulo
"these"
egulo
ni-
boigulo
nie
ja-
2.46
70
"the books"
boigulo
boigulor
dam
de-b-en
(apni) deben
8.
90
10.
bhai
-ke
papapapaben
'
boigulor dam
bhaike
B. He will pay.
B. 6e
"the price"
high stem of irregular verb
dam-Da
"give"
di-
honorific ending
"please give"
(imperative -- see grammar,
section 5.1.)
-n
A. apni ki akhon
deben "
"all right"
"how much"
din
'
accha
koto
koto dam
147
12.
numeral, "three"
tin-
-Ie
Note: no plural suffix is used with the noun when the noun is
accompanied by an adjective of quantity.
"these three books"
ei tin-e boi
"the price of these three books"
ei tinIe boier dam
A. The price of these three books
is five rupees.
13.
14.
beft
bozo beft
B. boro beft dam "
car
"rupee"
Iaka
-te
car Iakate
pac,
taka "
numeral, "four"
'
B. car Iakate
"five"
boi
-gulo
-te
boigulote
pac
"hundred"
60
"page"
pata
"so much"
"small"
"so small"
A. na " ei boigulote
pata "
mto
kom
mto kom
dam
-e
pac 6o
148
locative case ending
"in (within) price"
"within (for) so small a
price"
A. LahallAsztaia.tL-glaull
-e
dame
"book"
18. A. IlllEiLtiaEILL1111MtLEE
boila
ei boiVa
B. koto dame
'
A. du Iakate
'
two rupees.
19.
kintu
ei boiVate
"but"
mattro
"hundred"
6o
"one hundred"
"one hundred pages"
mk 6o
mk 60 pate.
ei borate
B. kintu
mk 6o pata "
mattro
"this"
eIa
ache
ictures in
e'ate
chobi
A. e'ate
B. mk takate
"another"
onno
"shop"
dokan
onno dokane
dekh-
1111
dekhun
"please look"
1.
'
Grammar.
The objective case ending is used with pronouns and nouns denoting
Except in certain circumstances, inanimate nouns are left unpersons.
inflected in the objective case (see below, 1.3.)
1.1.
When a verb has both a "direct" and an "indirect" object, the case
ending is used with the indirect object, and the direct object is left
uninflected. Thus, in sentence 3, the indirect object /amake/ takes the
case inflection, while the direct object /boigulo/ is left uninflected.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
150
2.
3.
Do not let our use of the term "imperative" confuse you. There are
reasons for our using it to designate both a command, ("GoJ", "Readin,
"Please gol", "Please readJ") and what is sometimes called an "optative",
the
("Let me/him go", "Let me/him read"). The grammatical analysis of
construction "let me go" in English and Bengali is too complex to allow
explication here. Assume, then, that we arbitrarily assign the term
"first person imperative" to such constructions as "let me read", and the
"let him read ".
term "third person imperative" to such constructions as
kini
jai
keno
"buyl"
jao
In the 3rd person ordinary and in the 2nd and 3rd person honorific
forms, the imperative is formed by the addition of the suffixes /-uk, -k/
alternative suffixes depends
and /-un, -n /, respectively; the use of the
upon whether the verb stem has a consonant or vowel final.
202.
kinun
"please buy"
kinuk
"let him/her/it
(ord.) buy
"let him (hon.)
buy"
kinun
2.3.
an
(colun)
uk)
a'l
an
(colun)
"please go"
"let him/her/it
(ord.) go
"let him (hon.) go"
kor-
6on
othpheal-
pa30
,rtr.1.11/1,1WMINIFFIRMMile.T.11MINT.,.....
151.
The past active participle is formed by the high stem of a verb with the
ending /-e/. There are many "compound verbs" in Bengali,
as here in
sentence 6, some of which consist of the non-finite past active participle
plus an inflected or finite form of another verb.
The past active participle is often translatable either as "-ing" or "having ...-en"; here,
for example, either "taking" or "having taken". There will be a more
full discussion of the past active participle and of compound verbs in
Lesson 8.
5.
The verbs /de-I, "give" (as in sentence 9) and /ne-/, "take" form an
irregular verb class. A paradigm of the simple present, past, and future
tenses will be:
Person
Present
Past
Future
1st
dii
dilum
debo/dobo
2nd (ord.)
dao
dile
debe
2nd (hon.)
2nd (inf.)
dmn
di6
dilen
dili
deben
dibi
3rd (ord.)
dme
dilo
debe
3rd (hon.)
dmn
dilen
deben
5.1.
The 3rd person ordinary and the honorific imperative forms are also
irregular, being formed by means of the high-stem /di-/:
3rd (ord.)
dik
din
152
7.
7.1.
Subject
Int
Indirect Object
ami
(ki)
awake
ki
tumi
tomake
eIa
apni
apnake
Oa
6e
take
mkta
tini
take
duIo
aj
amra
amader (ke)
baa
rg
kal
tomra
tomader (ke)
apnara
tara
apnaker (ke)
tader (ke)
terra
Verbal
Modifier
Verb
Neg.
(na)
mkhon
pore
dmkhade-
boi
papa-
boi
6ekhane
ken-
notun
itiha6
boigulo
onno
dokane
nie ja-
tader (Ice)
bovo
dam
ranke
boier
boigulor
ram
lekhok
Direct Object
de-
bhaike
lekhokke
7.2
Subject
Modifier
ami
boier
tumi
boigulor
Object
(Int.)
dam
Verb
an-
de-
e$ar
koto
ki
o$ar
egulor
7.3.
Subject
Indirect
Object
ami
amake*
tumi
tomake
Modifier
(I nt.)
Verb
(Neg.)
e$a
de-
(na)
o$a
pa$ha-
boi$a
ken-
Direct.
Object
mk
du
tin
$akate
bhaike
koto dame
bovo
cho$o
(ki)
153
7.4.
Modifier
boilate
Subject
mattro
boigulote
ask So
pata
du 6o
onek
Lesson 6, part 3.
Patterns.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Pattern: sentence
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
I hear a song.
I see a book.
I buy books.
I read books.
I want many books.
154
3.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
No.
b.
No.
c.
No.
Send it to my brother.
Send the book to my sister.
Send them to my father.
d.
No.
155
e.
No.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b*
c He will pay for the books (i.e., "he will give the price of the
books").
d.
e.
7.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
a All right*
b.
All right.
c.
All right.
d.
All right.
All right.
e.
9.
c.
d.
e.
10.
b.
co
156
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
11.
a.
No.
b.
No.
c.
No.
d.
e.
I shall not sell it (i.e., give it) for such a large price.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12.
b.
All right.
All right.
c.
All right.
d.
All right.
e.
All right.
a.
13.
b.
c.
157
14.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
15.
b.
c.
d.
e.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
17.
Why are
16.
b.
c.
d.
Yes.
e.
No.
a.
158
Lesson 6, part 4.
Sentence Drill.
Drill 1
- -What do you want?
- -I want a sari.
--No, sir, please pay me now, or I shall not give them to you.
--Then I shall not buy them. I am an honest man.
--But I am a poor man.
I shall sell you these saris for such a small
price and make no profit.
--Then I shall go to another shop.
- -Yes, please go.
Drill 2
159
Lesson 6, part 5.
Vocabulary.
6avi
sari
bmc-
sell
silk
kapo'
silk
ken-
buy
mo6ae, mo6ae
labh
coppol, coIi
sir, gentleman
6undor
fine, beautiful
profit
sandals
60t
gorib
honest
poor
sal
shawl
phike,
hatirdat
ivory
rare
color
cloth, material
halka
light
ghono
dark; thick
dhoni
rich
red
,_,
accha
all right, OK
.1...eu.
paci6
tiri6
collig
PSnca6
twenty five
thirty
forty
fifty
1.
Bring up to date your file of word cards, to include all the new
vocabulary of Lessons 4-6.
bhiy
crowd
bie
wedding
market
song
friend
type of religious song
Vaigyava
mother and father
place
tank
family
sister-in-law
paternal uncle (father's younger
brother)
bajar
gan
bondhu
kirtton
boisyob
mababa
jaega
dighi
63136ar
boudi
kaka
kakima
chelemee
6ilpi
6ikkhok
6ikkhoittri
chattro
chattri
dhopa
dhopani
dokan
mondir
i6kul
itiha6
163.
dam
price
Taka
pata
chobi
rupec
rasta
sari
silk
kapov
mosae; mosae
lath
coppol, coTi
street
6a1
shawl
ivory
hatirdat
ron
page, leaf
picture
sari
silk
cloth, material
sir, gentleman
profit
sandals
color
mto
so many
kola, koTi
ka -
how many
who (inflectional stem)
1.3.
kmno
why
1.4.
a6-
come
hear, listen to
1.2.
6on4ak-
call, shout
chil-
like
simple past stem of ach-, "be"
oTh
rise up
pa-
get, receive
ja-
go
ge-/gsa-
dmkh6e6 kor-
see, look
finish
ca-
want
dmkhanie ja-
show
take (away)
papa-
send
bmcken-
sell
pochondo kor-
buy
162
1050
1.6.
6okole
all
uttor
dokkhin
purbo
po6cim
north
south
con4ida6
biddapoti
gmnda6
1.70
migti
pracin
beft
6undor
sweet
60t
honest
poor
light
dark; thick
ghono
dhoni
aj
kal
gotokal
agamikal
askhon
prothome
kichukkon
kichu
prae
1.9.
west
purono
gorib
phike, halka
1.80
east
ancient
a lot, very much
fine, beautiful
rich
today
yesterday, tomorrow
yesterday
tomorrow
now
at first
a while
some, a little
often
tai
"also"
kintu
but
1.10. 6onge
kache
moddhe
age
with
near
within, among
before (time or place)
163
pore
dhare
bhitore; bhetore
be6
all right
accha
Onca6
fifty
thirty
pa6e
1.110
1.12.
tiri6
Oci6
twenty=five
forty
hundred
colli6
so
2.
The plural.
2.1.
Nominative
Genitive
Objective
-ra, era
-der, -eder
-der (ke),
-eder (ke)
chelera
cheleder
lokera
chelederke,
cheleder
lokederke,
lokeder
lokeder
These suffixes are used by Class I nouns, and within that class only
rarely by Class I.b. nouns.
The plural suffix /-gulo/1 to which are added the case endings of
the sj.ngular, can be used with both classes of nouns:
2.3.
Nominative
Genitive
Objective
Locative
chelegulo
kukurgulo
gachgulo
chelegulor
cheleguloke
kukurgulor
kukurguloke
gachgulor
gachguloke
- --
gachgulote
- --
164
These two sets of suffixes are often used interchangeably. The use
of one or the other of the suffixes, however, may have significance.
Frequently, the /-ra, -era/ suffix is used to indicate particulars within
2.4.
the class.
Examples:
/lokqohore thake"/
/lokeraqchore thake"/
/lokgulot6ohore thake"/
There are, then, three levels of plural usage, though the distinctions are not always kept perfectly clear by Bengali speakers.
2.5.
2.5.1.
/dhopaikapov kace"/
2.5.2.
/dhoparatkapoT kace"/
2.5.3.
/dhopagulotkapol' kace"/
2.6.
Example:
/6ekhanelonek lok"/
2.6.2.
Examples:
/ke ke'a6be"/
/kothae kothaetjabe"/
165
If the subject of the sentence is plural, its complement does not
2.6.3.
/taraidu6Iu chele"/
2.6.4.
may be omitted:
Example:
/boier damlbe6in/
2.6.4.1.
/boigulor dam'be6i"/
2.7.1.
/egulo ki'boi"/
/e boigulo ki'bhalo"/
3.
Qualifiers.
3.1.
There are two sets of qualifiers which are commonly used in Bengali.
which are square, flat, or cubical in shape, e.g., /boi /, "book", /bard /,
166
"house", etc.
Example:
/amake'boikhana din"/
3.2.
3.4.
3.4.1.
The case endings are added after the qualifier, in cases of this
kind.
Example:
/cheleIake'boila dao"/
3.5.
/ota'ki boi"/
/o boi-Da' ki"/
4.
Verbal inflection.
You should now have three verb tenses at your command: the simple present
167
the simple future, and the simple past.
4.1.
Future
tumi hobe
tui hobi -- (Note: the stem changes here for
phonological reasons)
apni hoben
6e hobe
tini hoben
4.1.2.
tumi 6oibe
tui 6oibi
apni 6oiben
6e 6oibe
tini 6oiben
4.1.3.
caibo
gaibo
tumi
caibe
gaibe
etc.
4.1.4.
Simple past
5.
Conjunctive, "and"
amra.o jabo
Emphatic
"You go there"
Lesson
1.
art 1.
Conversation.
Bengali
nodi
dhar
post-position, "from",
preceding genitive
optional
"from the river-bank"
qqt
nodir dhar
theke
e-
-1- g-
99sM
-en
VIC-4;
dff
apni elen
Wm-Novi-1
apni mkhon elen aTe9.
2.
dP19. aff9.
"daily"
roj .0Ta
dhar
-e
trru
.1.7C
dhare
141-0
nodir dhare
Trz-c--
170
B.
11.""
nodir dhare
1-4Te 141
3.
4.
-a -T
haIa 43T
B. nodir dhare hats,
WM
mach
kin-
tvq-
B. ar ami roj
"1
51
apni kinlen
mach kini
'
kin-1-
-en
A. a ni ki a
aT911-9*
7.
bhalo "
oil 1
<1-0 zri-
ta-
Trd 6'ri5:1
6.
jai "
A. kano j an "
991-U 'QM
'
"1"'
6fFirq
'
aTe
rui mach
"C"Mr-C9'
1,10,WM
kin- f-1ura
70
ami kinlum
UTit NuicioM
T<P-.1(.11 ?
171
Trivl
171.1
8.
Tr-4.
Tr-QT-rr q'Th
jele
vatq
-ke
jeleke Tucq-N
di- "19--1-
-T 9
apni dilen
-en
Us(-e9 NL619
A. jeleke
'
T35(.16.0
9.
1 itc14
B. ami jeleke
'
rupee.
Trtg
10.
"very, quite"
be6
adjective, "cheap"
adverb, "cheaply"
60sta
LTP trw
wcf
Mier
costae
Aarm
A. a ni mach ulo
5r--x-ffr
11.
as
-un
be6 costae
aTN079*
asun na
5'T31749 9T
Note: /na/ here does not have the force of a negative, see
Grammar, section 7.
elen"
B. X22!a2/!121LLIT11119.
dwpr
mk6013ge
Dic0
1/4-51"
LTFAttrirczrr
13.
war
ko-
-la -ST
6omoe APE
koIar tomoe
a6ben "
1 c Ali 01-1A6d N
urG
numeral "eight"
qualifier
al
aar somoe
Q .61-U "PUT
ko,ar 6omoe
B. a ni
5741
14.
a6bo
-Va.
-ST
A. attar 6omoe
611-66TU NWT
afto
o'clock.
)1901 UTAT4T
15.
as orm-
"of coming"
post-position, "before",
with preceding genitive
a6bar OTTATM
"before coming"
loan word, "telephone"
compound verb, "(to)
telephone"
-ba-
-4T-
-r
age
phon
51TT51
TUTff
phon kor-
XrPT9'
11
173
"(please) phone (future)"
phon korben
TUT9' *Kiri
aff
16.
6f1714"-rd
al
awake phon
'
C51
6M:ITW "CUT9*
phon kor-ba-r
TUTff
phon korbar
pore gr-0
TUT9.
n'161TU
tUTff
`':5:11-d 410
A. accia,laolliseallo korbax_pore
ami asbo "
ultr
d1N 01171T4T
17.
18.
N id
Note: for this usage of the future tense, see Grammar, section 4.1.
A. 6e
'
V T K-51-4' 7411-9?1
19.
anben ki "
'
"so, therefore"
tai
a1kplco
'
jabe "
Vf-cd I
an- uTn-a
-7
ana aT9T
A. So it won't be possible
to bring her.
sombhob
5;04
6ombhob hobe na
A. tai
TIMP Oriffi
a Q(.< 911
ta hole
chelederke, cheleder
OT z641
B. ta hole
apnar chelederke '
anben ki "
OT
N110i
gT919-M
taderke, tader
nie
t9Tal
ja-
laff
4C4 71"
'
21.
)14
nie ja-
01(.1111"V
t9TP
jaoa
44TOUT
60kto
zrrksur
aila 'mod
175
A. It will be difficult to
take them.
A. taderke nie
aoa
ghuma-, ghumo-
A. tara
VC 4
979Tp- kwm
rattre ghumobe
Lesson 7, part 2.
Grammar.
1.
2.
The formation and usage of verb nouns (sentences 4, 15, 16, 19, 21).
bol- ("speak")
Inflected forms
bola
bolar
(bolake -- rare)
bolate
bol- ("speak")
-ba
bolba
bolbar
pa- ("get")
-oa
paoa
paoar
( paoate -- rare)
paoate
-ba
paba
pabar
176
2.2.
The use of the suffixes /a/ and /oa/ depends upon the shape of the
verb stem. When the stem shape is Ca-, the suffix is /oa/:
jaoa
"going"
paoa
deoa
"getting"
"giving"
When the stem has the shape CVO-, the suffix is /a/:
kena
pova
"buying"
"reading"
2.3.
The verbal noun suffix /-ba/ is frequently used, with stems of all
shapes, when the case of the verbal noun is genitive.
The genitive case
suffix is added to the verbal noun suffix:
jabar age
'
'
I shall call
before going.
call aloud)
60kto "
6ekhane jaoa '-o6ombhob
eIa paoa ' 6ohoj hobe "
"
The verbal noun can take an object, as can any other verbal form;
in the second example in 2.3., the object of the verbal
noun is /eIa/.
2.5.
2.6.
'
ogombhob "
To go there is impossible.
Going there is impossible.
2.6.1.
177
sentence; it functions as a noun.
In the second example, "to study" is
a function of "ought".
In the first example, "to study"
can be replaced
by "studying", with no change
of meaning; it is, then, a verbal noun, and
must be translated by one in Bengali.
'Thus:
ppTa'bhalo jini6"
3.
3.1.
glum
elum
rile
ele
gli
eli
glen
glo
glen
elen
elo
elen
4.1.
He will go there.
He is going there (in the future).
4.2.
178
the subject, however, will not be clear. Therefore take
care, in the
omission of a pronoun subject, that there is no confusion
between, say,
2nd and 3rd person honorific, or as to the number of the
subject.
6.
7.
Subject
ram
ami
apni
tumi
6e
tini
tara
Indirect
Object
Interr.
jeleke
ki
amake
take
Verbal Modifiers
roj
1.
akhon
amaderke
taderke
rattre
tomaderke
meeke
Pattern: sentence
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
mach (gulo)
eta
seta
aj
kotar 6omoe
Lesson 7, part
3.
Direct
Object
mto take
Patterns.
1.
to the city?
Ram, has he (hon.) just gone
to the river bank?
Ram, has he (ord.) just come
from the store?
Verb
a6ja-
kenneande-
179
2.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
co
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
do you go?
does he (ord.)
does he (hon.)
does he (hon.)
does he (ord.)
come?
go?
walk?
go?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 6.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Did
Did
Did
Did
Did
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Why
Why
Why
Why
Why
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
6.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
ea
gib
180
c.
d.
e.
8.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b.
He
He
He
He
c.
d.
e.
9.
paid
paid
paid
paid
him
him
the
the
tiree rupees.
twenty rupees.
fisherman two rupees.
washerman five rupees.
d.
You
You
You
He
e.
a.
b.
c.
10.
got
got
got
did
the
the
the
not
Yes.
b.
Yes.
c.
Yes.
d.
Yes.
e.
No.
Why
Why
Why
Why
don't
don't
don't
don't
you
you
you
you
come
come
come
come
to
to
to
to
Why don't you go to the washerman's house and give him ten
rupees.
11.
All right.
b.
All right.
c.
All right.
d.
All right.
All right.
e.
12.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13.
I shall go afterwards.
At
At
At
At
At
what
what
what
what
what
time
time
time
time
time
3.81
b.
c.
d.
e.
14
b.
c.
do
e.
15.
a.
All right.
b.
All right.
All right.
d.
e.
you
you
you
you
All right.
All right.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
17.
Will
Will
Will
Will
c.
16.
All right.
All right.
All right.
All right.
All right.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
So,
So,
So,
So,
So,
it
it
it
it
it
won't
won't
won't
won't
won't
be
be
be
be
be
possible
possible
possible
possible
possible
to
to
to
to
to
bring
bring
bring
bring
bring
her.
them.
him.
Ram.
Lila.
182
18.
b.
co
d.
e.
19.
Then
Then
Then
Then
Then
will
will
will
will
will
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
d.
e.
c.
Lesson 7, part 4.
Sentence Drill.
Drill 1
--Hello, Ram.
Is Naresh-babu at home?
He came in a little while ago. (Please) come in the house.
--Yes, sir.
--Will you tell him that I am here?
--Yes sir.
--Hello, Naresh.
--Hello Probhas. Why are you in Calcutta?
I have some work outside the city.
--I arrived this morning.
brought some sondes for your children.
Will you come and eat with us this evening?
- -Fine.
What time?
Is your wife with you?
--At eight sharp.
--No, but my three sons are at the station.
Will you. bring them with you?
--Good.
- -All right.
I have
183
- - -No, they are going (i.e., "will go") to their friends' house tonight.
- -How long will you be here?
- -I leave tomorrow.
Will you come with me to Ashim's Col5imer] house?
--When are you going?
- -Right now.
- -No, I just came from the university, and I'm very tired.
you tonight.
- -All right.
I'll see
Drill 2
- -Where have you just come from?
--I have just come from the tank. It is beautiful there in the evening.
- -Do you have business (i.e., "work") there?
It is beautiful; that is why I go there every evening.
- -What is that in your hand?
- -No.
- -It is a garland.
bikel
6ondhel
6ondhebmla
s6nde6
mala
hat
moja
tati
moera
mudi
morning
afternoon
Vocabulary.
Ihik
exactly
klanto
tired
gicmge
with
joime
theke
kachtheke
from (place)
from (person)
bhetore,
bhitore
within
baire
outside
evening
type of
Bengali
sweet
garland
hand
fun
weaver
sweet-maker
grocer
Expressions of time:
kichukkhon
kotokkhon
onekkhon
kichu din
koto din
a few days
onek din
kokhon
kobe
kotar 6omoe
ekIu age
Idioms:
deckha kobe
dmkha korbo
In the first of them, the subject of the sentence is the verbal noun
/dmkha/ -- therefore the verb is in the third person and is the inactive
verb /ho -/.
The subject of the second is the pronoun /ami/, and the
verb is the active /kor-/ -- the subject of the sentence is actively
bringing the "seeing" about.
Lesson 8, part 1.
1.
Conversation.
Bengali
kobe
baijlade6
A. ram
UST
2.
name of a Bengali
month -- April-May
noun stem, "end"
"at the end of Boi6akh"
B. I shall go at the end of
Boibakh.
'
B. ami
ka-
i (.11(M kri 6Q ?
tzirm , wrcarm
Twin
boi6akher sere
tzTalTMI 111
boi6akher sere
kake
"take"
ni-
14TO
-e
nie
'
-ke
"whom" (objective)
high stem of verb /ne-/,
IL< ZIT
boi6akh, boEiek
6e6
tumi klbe
al
4TWICTI
1.-MW
nie ja-
WWI
jabo
186
A. Whom will you take with
22-0
A. tomar 6ovge
4.
B. ami
amar stri
'
'
5.
zn-c4
"
Tru rwr6
poth (pot)
IT%
Pothe
ar choto
,912
kothae
TWITIV
kothae kothae
W'1'2111 WTZT/la
ghur-e
-T
u70
ghure
ghure ja-
A. What
What various places will
you visit on the way?
A. tumi pothe
E170
'
kothae kothae
ghure
'
jabe
6.
lonlon
'
gi-e
'151-
-Tn
gie
kolkatae gie
ovr4
8.
B. When I go to Calcutta I
shall study Bengali.
447W3TU
1414TZTRI ?'iii
B. kolkatae gie
'
WWWU
9.
"again"
abar
phire
phire
af<Isi
-e
A.
tMU
"IKU
abar kobe
I 74l 4I
10.
q" MT eWc4T I
phir-
"returning, having
returned"
4UT4
bochor
pore
itrcd MA<
ZMU
.fiTU
TKU km.< ?
11.
4igri
188
A. I shall return to the
country after taking my
degree.
12.
or r
ib b I ih CW
"which"
kon
"which (various)"
kon kon
dekhe
017
7T4
'
beri-
berie
home.
"from" post-position,
preceding genitive
optional
loan word, "camera"
"for me"
Lag
r ccri
\5n
'
iurop
A. ami.o
jabo "
pt.i4
'
iurop berie
'
arNe lnun
bazi phire
itpcs]
47T 4T I
theke
TWC74;
kmmera
4T1TRUT
amar jonne
011-1.11
nie
f14f
nie
B. tumi pothe
kon kon jaega dekhe
dele phirbe "
tO171 KITRIT
5ivis
-NW TM-
"
011
#117).1
13.
'
10 T T
M Zi s
dOT *TTWUT Ii
V3rr rzr4
aTAW
'
189
15.
enene
5I-
6E7
debo, dobo
ZITOT
A. h.e
'
aff wrwr
Trow.
16.
no-
kine
9-
kuvi
kin-
S'1-
TWO'
T4T1t 4T04 9a
acluTwr
17.
quickly, immediately
tavatavi
A. tumi ki
&LW I
Z517,175Tt
'
kmmerata
'
taratari cao
18.
'
'
a6bar
alAil<
60moe
)M4
al-grFU 7171C
11(.44 don
'
tomar
yror
bT3 ?
190
Lesson 8, part 2.
1.
1.1.
Grammar.
ken-
kin-e
kheel-
khele
son
sun e
kor-
kor-e
jan-
jen-e
de-
di -e
pa-
pe-e
Translation
buying, having bought
playing, having played
1.4.
191
kolkatae gie
verbs in /a/,
The verb /ja-/ is regular, within its class of vowel-stem
for the simple present and simple future, i.e., /ami jai/ "I go", and
/ami jabo/ "I shall go", etc. In the simple past and in the past active
participle forms, there are alternative stems. A paradigm of the simple
past is:
ami
gelum
tumi gele
tui geli
apni gelen
6e
gmlo
tini gelen
4.
4.1.
implied:
chelemee'barite thake"
4.2.
At
192
chelemee'ba,ite ache"
4.3.
chelemee'bavite"
4.4.
chelemeetbaTite hoe"
A Bengal villager
may mean by it his village and the countryside he knows well. A sophisticated Bengali may mean by it all India. The meaning of the term
varies according to the sophistication of the speaker, and the place
A Bengali in the United States might
where he is when he is speaking.
mean by /de6/1 India; a Bengali in Delhi might use the term to refer to
5.
In
Subject
Verbal Modifier
Verb
Verbal Modifier
Verb
ami
lon4on
ghure
kolkatae
as
amra
pmris
gie
ja-
tumi
kothae
dekhe
60hore
baTite
tomra
kothae kothae
6ekhane
apni
apnara
Direct Object
Direct Object
eta
nie
eta
nie 013-
la
kine
ota
coppol
dekhe
boigulo
6avita
gie
193
Lesson 8, Part 3.
1.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
When
When
When
When
c.
d.
e.
2.
will
will
will
will
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
0.
d.
e.
3.
Patterns.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
b.
o.
e.
Whom
What
Whom
What
will
will
will
will
you
you
you
you
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
d.
e.
o.
5.
Pattern: sentence 5.
d.
What
What
What
What
e.
a.
b.
c.
6.
(various)
(various)
(various)
(various)
Pattern: sentence 6
(use PAP).
d.
Having
Having
Having
Having
e.
a.
b.
o.
7.
Europe, I shall
London, I shall
Paris, we shall
the book shops,
go to India.
go back to Bengal.
go back to Bengal.
I shall oome back here.
b.
d.
e.
o.
8.
visited
visited
visited
visited
I
I
I
I
d.
When
When
When
When
e.
a.
b.
o.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b.
o.
d.
e.
9.
b.
o.
d.
e.
10.
b.
o.
d.
195
e.
11.
d.
I
I
I
I
e.
a.
b.
o.
12.
shall
shall
shall
shall
wander
wander
wander
wander
in
in
in
in
b.
o.
d.
e.
14.
also
also
also
also
13.
b.
o.
d.
e.
b.
o.
d.
e.
Buy
Buy
Buy
Buy
Buy
b.
c.
I do not want them right away. Bring them with you when you
oome. (/tomar/ optional)
I do not want it right away. Bring it with you when you oome.
(/tomar/ optional)
Take them with you when you go.
I do not want them right away.
(/tomar/ optional)
I shall eat them when I come.
I do not ItaiAL them right away.
She does not want it right away.
196
Lesson 8, Part 4.
Drills.
Will .1
--Rahim Crohim] , are you going back to Calcutta soon?
--Yes, I shall be going there at the end of next month.
America.
197
--It is a nice watch. What did
you bring for me?
--Nothing. Why do you keep sitting there?
Go along.
--All right.
I'll come bank and see you tonight.
Lesson 8, Part 5.
guru
salsar
upokar
beginning
family
mas
favor, help
clothes
watch, clock
corner, junction
month
beral
cat
jama, kapor
ghori
mor
onek, nana
ekhuni
mka
ebar
ba dik
den dik
various
right away
alone
this time
left (side)
right (side)
agami
next, approaching
VocabularY
tham-
stop
harie ja-
neme as-
bole thak-
remain sitting
dhorPor-
6amne
Bengali months:
bo6ek, boi6akh
jo6Vi, joigpo
agar
erabon
bhaddro
a66in
kartik
ogghran, ogrohaon
po6, pou6
magh (mag)
phalgun
cot, coittro
April-May
May-June
June-July
July-August
August-September
September-October
October- November
November-December
December-January
January-February
February-March
March-April
write
catch
wear
in front of -- post
position with genitive
Lesson 9, part 1.
1.
Bengali
mustapha
dorkar
Conversation.
MiTrouoW
Mustafa, is it neoessar;;
5174177T
WOW'
UTM
ache
dorkar ache
zrrm
2.
w41
emphatic suffix
"right now, right away"
ekhuni
Lfac7rff
Note: the locative suffix on /bari/ is optional in this context.
7:41-14
3.
'
bari Jabar
UT9TM LI2re-tqc
alc.
gi-
-e
gie
1151-
7ca
fffug
kil<1.4
199
A. AlafaMI.J.Eq4EILLAllk
willl
you do,
010,N 4171. tA,14 fo
4.
"much, many"
onek
v1-M4
wra
onek kaj
kaj
n31 0*M
all4TQ UCIO
5.
"that"
plural suffix
"those"
ache "
15e
17
-117 MT
-gulo
171517MT
fiegulo
r$1
6.
B. baxi gie
"again"
abar
pher-
tz1V-
phire
1\0.4
phire Et6'
11'(.11
A. tumi ekhane
8.
C21117
mkbar
ik5(
010-aUl
,nda MAT<
'Ng ?
B. na " ekhane a
9T
oa4 1.0
oar4 k54TrffOli1.0
7.
z3:11ZIT
1.40 a Pm] 9T I
200
A. When you finish your work
will you meet me again
A. tumi
kal 6e6 kore
amar songs
mkbar dmkha korbe ki "
trwr
9.
gclr owl%
'Pp 4"C?1
Wr4 "1-4 ?
B. na n-utr
ora
om
91
137.crni
ob
a 83,r
obe na "
iTarn =4 9T I
10.
6omoe
MWDI
60moe kor-
AJ W-
A. ai tomar
ektu 60moe kora '
6ombhob hobe na "
iFf' 'PT
Ard 91- ?
11. B. Why?
B. kmino
? t4t74 411/111
t i
13. B. OK
UT IN I
'
ami rattre
phire an "
al M OT 'TO'
orTAW I
14.
114
e6-
e6o
kfig
OPT
SFr 77I
Prvi
'
hmk a
201
aMT
15.
roti
4110
amar
B. dmkho " ai rotir 6onge
dmkha korar ' dorkar ache "
'
aim I
ItTU
16.
gekh-
711--
eekha -IT
aj
-orrin
ajo
M
7P1TT4
17.
ntorvw4
5TU Q
t9
kotokkotokgulo
Wa7461747qT
OW
tar
kach theke
Z'
5T4 WM WO
kach theke
amar
B. na " ai tar kach theke
kotokgulo kobitar boi ' nebar
dorkar ache "
6 O6<1* 1,114111
i1
v
91W51517MT4 Wse Zr91-4 Zrt rIzT131
1Q<M Q
18.
inriji
agami-
"tomorrow"
agamikal
01151
"
OFIVN14Tr1
202
A. tumi
agamikal gie
boigulo
nie ego "
kobitar
'
'
UT5iTerWM t5IVE
B. na " agamikal
hobe na "
9T
'
amar jaoa
ene
dn Tff-
ene de-
A. ta hole
ami tomake
boigulo ene dobo "
'
OT
A. amar jaoa
'
agamikal
uTATOcrici
orIN Tursrr
6ombhob
'
M 9T
20.
ziti;TRT
LIM I
'
Tiar4 4c
In that case? I
22. B. Good.
shall come back right
'
ami taratari
"
away.
Orr?TOT
OT 4V 1
7.7111
onmeil
23.
"much, a lot"
be6i
"much time"
be6ikkhon
thaka
WNIPT
TNT
B. tobe
amar
tomar 6onge
6-ombhob hobe na "
bebikkhon thaka
'
'
'
Vhik
Vhik ache
kotha
WIT
lt4
TMT
203
"speak, say"
bol-
"converse"
4g-
kotha bol-
I have
kotha bolardorkarMe
ts-M
"
25.
be6 to
WI ZOT
'
Sunbo "
oirmwr
A. Vhire aSbar
Somoe ' ninake tomar
songe
nie ebo "
'
UPAIII
91.11(./
dENT 1
Lesson 9, part
2.
TZTVIU mt.
'
dorkar
9404W UTT
Grammar.
1.1.
b) ganIa Sune'Se'amar
kachelelo"
2011.
1.2.
semantic categories:
1.
2.
1.3.
A compound verb in Bengali has at least two members, one of which, the
second member, is a finite verb (i.e., a verb which is inflected for perThe first member may be one of a number of classes of
son and tense).
words -- nouns, adjectives, verbs -- but in the cases before us at present,
the first member of the compound is a past active participle. PAP + verb
is in fact the commonest form of the compound verb. Also, in the cases
before us, the nucleus of meaning of the compound verb is the participial
form.
For example:
In these two examples, the second member of the compound is the same,
In Bengali, as we shall see
yet the meaning of the compound changes.
later on, this type of formation lends itself to great subtlety where by
variation of one or another member of the compound, minute shades of
distinction can be attained.
205
There is a necessity of me of
going (i.e., it's necessary for
me to go).
4.
4.1.
The use of the verb /de-/ in either its simple form or in a compound,
permits the /-ke/ suffix denoting the indirect object. But with /de-/,
the post-positional phrase with /jonne/ may be used. Thus another
possibility, depending entirely on the speaker's stylistic choice, is:
tomar jonne'boigulo ene dobo"
There are some Bengali verbs such as /ga-/ which do not take
indirect objects. In "I shall sing you a song," "you" will not be translated as /tomake/. In Bengali, the expression will be either:
4.2.
4.3.
Note that "to you", as in the English expression "I shall come to
you" does 2,21 use the suffix /-ke/. Here also a post-position is required, namely /kache/, "near, in the vicinity of":
ami'tomar kache atibou
5.
To this point, we have had verbal nouns used only with such formations
as:
eta
karaliSckto"
It is difficult to do this.
(The doing of this is difficult.)
I like to go there.
(I like going there.)
tfiekhaben"
6.
The formation of PAP from -a final verb stems (/dmkha/, /bmTa-/, etc.)
6.1.
The PAP of -a final verb stems takes the high stem-vowel, except
where the stem-vowel is /a/9 and replaces stem-final -a by -i, thus:
But:
Stem
PAP
dmkha-
bra-
dekhie
be;ie
elekha-
Eiikhie
ghumajana-
ghumie
janie
Gloss
Lesson 9, Dart 3.
1.
Pattern: sentence 1.
d.
Is
Is
Is
Is
e.
a.
b.
c.
2.
it
it
it
it
necessary
necessary
necessary
necessary
for
for
for
for
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Pattern Drills.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
208
5.
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
b.
o.
de
e.
6.
d.
e.
b.
c.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
When
When
When
When
c.
d.
e.
8.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
10.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
9.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
7.
Will
Will
Will
Will
Will
OK.
b.
OK.
11.
c.
OK.
d.
OK.
e.
OK.
b.
0.
d.
e.
12.
b.
c.
d.
e.
14.
15.
13.
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
Look,
Look,
Look,
Look,
Look,
I have to
I have to
he has to
they have
I have to
Why?
b.
Why?
c.
Why?
d.
Why?
e.
Why?
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
Go
Go
Go
Go
c.
d.
e.
and
and
and
and
210
16.
a.
b.
o.
d.
e.
17.
b.
o.
d.
e.
18.
I can go.
Then I shall get you the books tomorrow.
I can go.
Then I shall get the books for you tomorrow.
Then I shall bring them for you tomorrow. I can go.
I can go.
Then I shall get you them tomorrow.
I can go.
Then I shall buy you them tomorrow.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
19.
b.
c.
d.
e.
211
20.
21.
Pattern: general.
a.
Good.
b.
Good.
c.
Good.
d.
Good.
e.
Good.
d.
When
When
When
When
e.
a.
b.
c.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sentence Drills.
Drill 1
- -I must go home right away.
- -We'll buy some flowers on the way and give them to her.
vgallialmommillin..1111111111111111111011111.111111011MMININIMMUMMIX11111111111111111111j
212
- -Good.
Drill 2
- -When will you go to Puri?
- -Next week.
temple walls.
--It will be a nice trip. What will you do after you have seen Puri and
Cuttack?
- -Then I shall return to Calcutta and sleep. Travelling makes me tired.
Lesson 9, part 5.
mis$i
murti
bhromon
bajar
boroph
jini6
sweet (meats)
image
travelling, trip
market
ice
thing (material goods)
deoal
hand, arm
illness
moon
paper
wall
lal
red
nil
holde
blue
yellow
flobuj
green
hat
o6ukh
cad
kagoj
begune
begne
violet
Vocabulary.
beea
wander around
bathe
P0V
poye jabhalr
divaghuma(ghumie-PAP)
fall
poficha
arrive
opor
karon
on, over
because
break
stand, wait
sleep
o6ukh kor
bhalo kore
bhalo kore 6ekho
well
learn (it) well
-7-=-7.....707"010"01,001"111.11101111141WIMIIIIIIIMMI
1.
Conversation.
Bengali
montu
ektu
"before, ago"
age
ektu age
W4i
d06 a'
WIT%
LNG: UM'
A. montu
tomake ektu age
daklam "
'
phone
A. tumi
0;t4 TW2TUI
2.
6u-
sue ach-
khabar
khee
ektu
0100a
97e-
1474TU
"suddenly"
44T4T4.
ho that
VrM
twritt
214
PAP, "sldeping, having
slept"
high stem of verb /per /,
$17,fm7
"fall"
por-
"fall asleep"
ghumie por-
ghumie
B. kintu hothat
tqg
417MTW
W;Nr;13
41-TrTU
bmpar
noun stem, "matter"
Note that the tense is understood by the context of the
conversation.
A. ki bmpar "
zrrmal ?
noun stem, "body"
idiom, "be feeling badly"
(with 3rd person verb)
For /naki/, see Grammar,
1.01.0
6orir
6orir kharap ho-
1ft *1131Tei
2.
A. tomar 6orir
town' Iggtt
4.
demonstrative, "that"
ta
B. na
"but"
413f 1
-ccqr
9T1--4 ?
that.
9T
tobe
Ii?).4.
or
911
URI
adjective, "whole,
41111
6ara
entire"
NWT f49
6ara din
"the whole day"
'1i5'
klanto
adjective, "tired"
For the use of the verb /ach-/, see Grammar, 4.
215
B. tobe ami ai
achi "
'
Sara
din
5.
bissram
'
Q(M
6.
171
gitar ki holo
B. War
!WU
611-0TU
boroph IJ
pore
pore ja- a
PAP of of compound,
abar
UTTM
ki holo
erum
A-cwr ?
41C1
"falling,
having fallen"
511'3I
7.
aj bissram nao
on
T itA
I iew4
gita
343'
i4mN
khub klanto
'
pore gie
hat
WO
bherje
bo6e ach-
.frc
tircu
Tuc
16)1 01M-
ktn)m)
216
bhene
8.
'
Tal$ it)i
tital
3T
tai naki
'ii
'
? 3T "um' , aTN
Tqui kniCI T9 Z1 UT,T4T I
9.
"decide"
conjunctive, "that"
Vhik korje
tin
A. kintu
take
'
'
ami
ami thik korlum e
sondhebmla ' dekhe asbo "
'
ti
"then, at that time"
69N1a
tokhon
\r an-4
01-QM
WM'
tule
tule ne-
oatei 1"9"
tule
10.
5t-
gavi
B. tumi
'
tomar garita
A. hi " ami
Vrt
dr
'
nie jabe ki
Ii 63.f
V= I
217
12. B. Good.
Then when you are
going will you call and
pick me up?
amake
'
t4; ?
14.
'
tule nebo
fl
adjective, "ready,
prepared"
"be (remain) ready"
toiri
c31111 Lica]
IAN
toiri thak-
00
(a.)
attar 6omoe
oll"
toiri
(b.)
B. tumi
kotar 6omoe
`.4 NI
15.
nine
16.
A. ami
911
notar 6omoe
poncho -, poacha-
B.
no, noe
al
'
tOtW17-
titi-M rff-
itenttrd!z:oleci'lltumi amake
t' N[
Lic.a 1)4 ?
oaNi
aTsiro
'
alp 1.0
barite
218
17. A. Yes, I shall.
A. hie
'
dob0 "
TITT4T
18.
kine
kine an-
eno
t470
NFL' Orff-
kg9T
B. dmkho
alibar filmoe
kine eno "
l"74
'
kichu phul
20.
'
laka "
nie
wrwr
21. A. All right. Then when
I come, I shall bring
some flowers.
"afterwards, later"
B. Good. Then I'll see you
later.
pore
UTTOT I
err?!
'
ami
YN1
22.
'
'
TV wr wa-zrr
Grammar.
The stem /poacha-/ has alternative forms in the PAP, namely /poache/
The verbal noun of the stem /kha-/, "eat", is formed with the suffix
/-ba/; as in sentence 2, however, there is another form /khabar /, a noun
meaning "food".
4.
First of
The use of /de-/ as an "auxilliary" in Bengali is very complex.
all, as in this lesson, there is the sense of giving assistance to someone
in doing something. Thus, using sentence 16 as an example,
tumi'bavite poachobe ki"
220
Another example:
amiieVa korbo"
amiie$a kore debo"
I shall do it.
There are other usages, which we shall deal with later on.
The nominative form of the word "someone, anyone" is /keu/; the stem
is /kau-/ before the objective suffix -ke.
Thus:
6.
kauke'die atibo"
6.1.
7.
time.
7.1.
/onek-bar/
/koek-bar/
7.3.
/onekkhon/
/ektukkhon/
221
8.
Clause II
Subj.
Obj./VM
Verb
ami
khabar
khee
tomake
4ak-
tumi
take
dekhe
pher-
tomra
tara
6ekhane
tomar
pore
eta
boita
6oue
Verb
Obj./VM
phire ja-
gie
phire at15-
dekh-
eg5e
eta
tomake
nie
4eke
dekhe al5-
dekhe Jane-
Verb
de-
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Patterns.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
After
After
After
After
c.
d.
e.
table.
a while.
a while.
down for a while.
222
a.
b.
d.
e.
0.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the
the
the
the
the
matter?
matter?
matter?
matter?
matter?
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
was
was
was
was
was
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
5.
What
What
What
What
What
Then tell her that it's necessary that she rest today.
Then it's necessary that you rest today.
Then it's necessary that he rest today.
Then it's necessary that you rest this week.
Then it's necessary that you rest now.
I'll come back after seeing Ram.
Come back after resting.
Pattern: sentence 6.
b.
c.
Yes.
a.
d.
e.
223
7.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
(3.
d.
e.
8.
b.
Is that so?
tomorrow.
d.
Is that so?
week.
e.
Is that so?
Pattern: sentence 9.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
I
I
I
I
I
call
call
call
call
call
you
you
him
you
you
b.
c.
d.
e.
11.
Is that so?
come back.
Is that so?
c.
a.
10.
9.
Will
Will
Will
Will
Will
Yes.
b.
Yes.
224
c.
d.
e.
12.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
15.
14.
When I reach home, I shall take my car and pick you up.
Yes When I call you, I shall come and pick you up.
Yes.
When you call me, I shall come and pick you up.
13.
No.
Yes.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Yes.
b.
c.
d.
e.
225
16.
b.
b.
c.
d.
e.
17.
All right.
store.
b.
All right.
c.
d.
e.
Yes.
Drills.
Drill I
--Did you call me on the phone a while ago? I fell asleep.
--But what's the matter? Don't you feel well, or do you always sleep
in the middle of the day?
--I don't exactly know.
I've been feeling tired all week long. But let
that go. What time is it?
--Almost half-past four. Are you going to class today?
--Yes.
Look, will you do me a favor? When you are ready, will you pick
me up? It's impossible for me to walk.
--Of course.
I'll bring my car and pick you up in (i.e., "within"--use
either /bhetore/ or the locative case) half an hour.
--There is one other matter. Will you buy the new books at the store and
bring them to me when you come?
--That won't be possible for me. I won't go to the store today.
* "buy and bring"
226
--It doesn't matter. Will it be possible for you to leave me back here
before half-past seven?
--Why? What will happen at half-past seven?
It is neces3ary for me to buy and cook the food before
--Robi is coming.
half-past eight.
I shall drop you back here by (i.e., "within") half -past
--All right.
seven.
Drill 2
thirty.
--Yes, I'll certainly come. There's a Jamini Roy exhibition (i.e., "an
exhibition of Jamini Roy's work"), isn't there?
I told her that I would take her.
Ila likes his work very much.
--Yes.
--Good.
--Yes.
khabar
6ilpol kola
aka (verbal
noun)
6ilpi
loko-6ilpi
dhoron
mogol
ciVhi
pa
Vocabulary.
food
iuropio
European (adj.)
art
bharotio
Indian
comotkar
a6o1
wonderful
true, genuine
6otti
true
ni6coi
moto, moton
agami
certainly
like, similar
painting
painter, artist
folk artist
form (as in
painting)
Mogul
letter
leg, foot
(adj.)
next, approaching
227
rakh-
majhe, moddhe
in the middle
ak-
paint
Lave
half-past
bornona kor-
describe
copy
cook
save carte
save car'a
adh
converse
show
adh ghonta
half-past four
half
half an hour
Idioms:
mkebare
kola baje
tai na
tai naki
at all
what time is it?
jak
ta jete
let it go
ta charo
ar mkta
tate khoti nei
Conversation.
1.
Bengali
"noun, "crowd"
"crowd of people"
bhiz'
A. There is a crowd of
people over there.
clkp
GqTrff viT(Awa o
2.
ho-
-cch- A3E-e
-.1'
hocche
(.ip,t
B. ki hocche
vcv ?
3.
"perhaps"
noun, "game"
A. I don't know. Perhaps
there is some game
going on.
bodhoe
khmla
T1TI
'MT
Ii
3FTcrsT
"WM
9T
1--4174
kono
khmla
r4T913 "MT
4.
tumi ki
oo
5.
'
tilTU rn11-44 tl
idiom, "think"
mone ho-
maramari
$41111141
maramari kor-
Icy
WpalWroi
kor-
ITT 4T41
wrn
6.
raot
guru
guru ho-
9:4
971
mitmivir gT4TATilt
41111
10 ww?
7.
lokera_L
pala-
mkpa
1111T-
A. No
if that were so
people won. d
A. na " to hole
eeing.
nr
37
lokera 13alabe
cm:(04.01 11(11-44
noun, "crowd"
bhi'
bhir kor-
d%1
It
230
A. They wouldn't form a
korbe na "
A. bhir
crowd.
e'M
8.
B. to hole
'
kara
loTai
lovai kor-
choto chelera
MV1111
oriNn.a qtR IN Tq
WM
present imperative,"move",
idiomatic, "let's go"
1st person present imperative, "let's see"
AA Come on, let's go see.
'
colo um"
dekhi
51T,t14I
10.
noun, "snake"
sap
noun, "game"
"snake charmer's
performance"
khmla MT
31Tff
Wq MT
sap khmla
!Sap khmla
7T
noun, "fear"
verb, "be afraid of, fear"
B. I am afraid of snakes.
an
bhoe
bhoe korB. ami tilapke
an 4*-
'
atN XTIU'l an
231
11.
109-
dujon
"both"
A. All r
ht
Dome on.
what's happening.
N II
FM'
11*1
12.
You go.
14.
01114 WWI 9T J
I viotrf 1r r9- 4
We I
dekh-
7C4.-
-oh-
-i
64
at
004
6A Ter 10;ai
A. to hole
OT
Lesson 11, hart 2.
641
'
Nfill
57q470 4ITT1
Grammar.
Note that from this lesson on, there will be no mutation drills given on
the tapes. The reason for this is that by this time the student has at
his command a variety of correct ways to express a thought; the usage of
one or another form is a matter of style. All of these alternatives
It is expected, however, that the instructor
cannot be given on the tape.
232
will continue the mutation drills in class, where allowance can be made
for the student's style.
1.
ami bujohi"
1.2.
2.
ekhane ego'
Come here'
accha"ami alSchi"
6on
"hear"
khml-
"play"
ami
kor-
"do"
ami
etc.
etc.
233
2.2.
stems, thus:
/a/-vowel retain their low
with
the
Consonant stems
"know"
jan-
/a/-stems retain
follow the same pattern:
vowel
final
Stems with
2.3.
However, all stems of
high-stems.
take
their
their low stem form, others
affix, thus: /- och -/.
CV -shape double the /oh/
de -
"give"
kha -
"eat"
"be,
120 -
become"
2.3.1.
ga-/gai-
"sing"
3.
pa-
ho
hooa or hobs.-
de-
in the
occurs only
/-a/ or /oa/
Bengali. For
example:
Nominative:
khmla hocche"
tar a6a,holo na"
Genitive:
immoe'bri6ti holo"
231.
4.
Objective:
rare)
Locative:
ff.) :
kaTakavi
lapalapi
gatogati
mutual snatching
mutual fighting with sticks
mutual pushing aside with elbows
4.2.
6.1.
7.
654"lovai korche"
6aver'lovai hocche"
and
235
or between
chelerallovai korche"
cheledertloTai hocche"
and
7.1.
oIaquru hocche
It is beginning. (intransitive)
oIaquru korche"
and
Patterns.
Note: from this lesson on, only the first two patterns will be heard on
the tape.
1.
b.
c.
d.
2.
3.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
236
4.
5.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
No.
b.
No.
c.
No.
d.
No.
e.
No.
b.
c.
e.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
No.
b.
No.
c.
No.
d.
b.
c.
d.
e.
c.
d.
Yes.
a.
b.
e.
9.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
8.
d.
e.
7.
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
6.
Let's go see.
on.
237
c.
Let's go see.
Let's go see.
d.
I see.
e.
Why?
b.
10.
b.
c.
d.
c.
d.
Yes.
e.
Yes.
No.
b.
No.
c.
No.
d.
Yes.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
14.
b.
13.
a.
a.
12.
e.
11.
Yes.
238
b.
c.
d.
bhaita]).
e.
Yes.
It is being finished.
Lesson 11, part 4.
Let's go home.
Sentence Drill.
Drill 1
- -What are those people doing over there?
- -I don't know.
Let's go see.
- -No, there is a lot of elbowing going on in that crowd.
- -All right, then, get up on that wall and look.
--I can see now (i.e., I am seeing now).
- -What is going on?
- -A snake and a mongoose are fighting.
--Who is winning?
239
- -Good.
- -All right.
agun
gahitto
sinema
golmal
magician
trick
foot
fire
literature
cinema
trouble, hubbub
Vocabulary.
jet-
citkar kor-
win, conquer
bite
shout
bikkhmto
famous
joralo
strong
aste
jore
slowly, softly
more, even more
empty, bare
loud, loudly
cup kore
quietly, softly
kamva
aro
khali
Idioms:
kmmon colche
Iaka pea
khide pa-
1.
Conversation.
Bengali
ja-
continuative suffix
with vowel stems
2nd person present
ending
"(you) are going"
A. Where are you going?
41T-
-cch.
-o Z T
jaccho
IITT1ET
A. tumi
It
kothae jacchd
2.
B. I am going to Rahim's
house.
em
rahim
B. ami
'
rohimer barite
all4 aw411
3.
A. 6ekhane
1$1.01.11
'
jacchi
te
ki hocche "
noun, "birth"
noun, "day"
compound noun, "birthday"
noun, "celebration"
jonmodin
ut6ob
"birthday celebration"
jonmodine ut6ob
jonmo
din
Itff
Nzr
celebration is going
cc e
on.
MMQ airt9rff
5.
"who"
ke
ke ke
r4
A. 6ekhane
ke ke aiJohe
there?
lirff T4 tl UT71112 ?
6.
B. ar4
9T?
tumi ki
AM41M "
off
7.
'
Uitqg qT1j1
8.
noun, "present"
upohar
B. tumi ki
niocho "
e0MTU
'
tar .tonne
'
kono upohar
'
B. Isnatcnne
ohar
ache "
him.
3f f
"now"
emphatic suffix
"even now, up until
now"
iNC-9T al1414
0419
mkhon
-o
-r T
mkhono
ni
1i
dOtil
effraf
2142
A. As of now I have
bought
A ami
tar onne
uPohar kini ni "
mkhono
'
kono
agrffT 71 Offt131
A.
t, be
' vi
10. B. 1tilateouar
aye
u ohar
'
an% MST
kifa
B. ki upohar niccho
Rf
1 /1 lei
11
ta. ring
t4
11.
noun, "story"
A. I am taking a story-
golpo
trit.
591
nicchi
book.
/je
B.
tar nam ki
A. boitar nam
Zi6111 9- s1
14.
'
porecho
B. tumi ki
de6e-bide6e
1LICI
1T7OT
ni
A. na
POTi ni "
9-r
present completive
completive tense,
"I have heard"; see
Grammar, 1.
A. But I have heard that
the book is very good.
A. tlbe
URI
16.
m;r9-N
Iftunechi
tgunechi ie
'
:1791114 tZ
c,t
l'AST
'
471,1 arq
boleche
1.
B. ke boleche "
"C- <Lim ?
boleche "
orTWU
A. He has read the book.
A. 6e
'
ZI4GI fickpm
18.
/ja
"true"
B. ja 6e boleche
ZIT
4D1
glotti
PT
A. tumi
.4-Ccal.
'
ta 6otti "
37"
1 ol
20.
noun, "bird"
B. I am going to take a
pakhi
91T I1
'
bird.
21.
noun, "color"
?It
rod)
A. g rkhita
tumi niccho
'
tar roil
22.
A40
tiobuj
noun, "parrot"
tiapakhi
" ota
B. Pakhita
mkta tiapakhi"
kotha bol-
1211"
A. tiapakhita
fr rr
he talks a little.
1iii
41
T WM' 11
B. hii
,
uqs4T-4.
kotha
24. B. Yes
Ug%4TU
comotkar
"wonderful"
'14 wr zirq ?
kebol bole
t44R WCR
Lesson 12, part 2.
1.
*IT4TU 970
Grammar.
The formation and use of the present completive (or "present perfect")
tense.
245
1.1.
PA
"buy"
ami
kinekine-
ch-i
kinekine-
ch-i6
ch-e
tini
kinekine-
"play"
ami
khele-
ch-i
etc.
"know"
ami
jene-
ch-i
etc.
"do"
ami
kore-
ch-i
etc.
"understand"
ami
bujhe-
ch-i
etc.
"give"
ami
die-
ch-i
etc.
"eat"
ami
Achee-
ch-i
etc.
"be"
ami
hoe-
ch-i
etc.
tumi
tui
apni
6e
khmlJan-
kor-
bojhde-
khaho-
Suffixes
ch-o
ch-en
ch-en
1.3.
tumi
gechi, giechi
gmcho, giecho
tui
gechi6, giechi6
apni
se
gmchen, giechen
gmche, gieche
gmchen, giechen
tini
The stem is
2.
the
The past tenses in the negative are formed by the use of
simple present tense with the negative particle /ni/, thus:
2.1.
ami illunechi"
I have heard.
The particle
An exception* to this rule is the simple past tense.
/na/ may optionally be used with a simple past verbal form:
2.2.
ami porlum na
ami pori ni
3.
Relative clauses.
following forms:
In Bengali, correlative constructions have the
3.1.
3.1.1.
je
6e ...
je ache ' 6e ke "
3.1.2.
tara
jara
jara'ei barite thake'
tara chattro"
they
(those) who
Those who live in this house are
students.
3.2.
Impersonal references:
ja
to
Adjectival formations:
3.3.1.
247
je chelegulo ergecheqegulo
bostir chele"
joto
3.3.2.
toto
as much as .. so much
I want as much money as you have.
3.4.
3.4.1.
6ekhane
jekhane
jekhane tumi jabeqekhane
ami jabo"
there
where
I shall go where you go.
3.4.2.
tokhon
jokhon
tumi jokhon jabe'tokhon ami
then
when
When you go, I shall go.
jabo"
3.4.3.
3.4.4.
jokhoni (jokkhuni)
tnkhoni (tokkhuni)
jokhoni tumi bolbe'tokhoni
boita ene dobo"
Amon
tmmon
temni
so
just as .. just so .
Just as you will tell me, just so
I will do.
sentence 12.
Note that the correlative can be inflected, as in
3.5.
Other examples:
je cheleraqekhane bo6che'
Drills on tape.
4.
holde, holud
yellow
/raze/ "color".
Bengali
English
lal
red
kalo
6ada
black
nil
6obuj
holde
begne
golapi
badami
khoeri
4.2.1.
yellow
violet
rosy
brown
toast brown
Examples:
6avitaslal raver"
6avita lal"
6avitar rare' lal"
4.3.
white
blue
green
mourkonthi rare
214.9
ghie ron
tate ron
holud /ion
of turmeric color
a6mani ron
15onali ron
rupoli ron
golden color
silvery color
sidur ron
vermillion
5.
6.
6.1.
Possessive noun
or pronoun
Post-positional
phrase
amar
tar
tomar
apnar
tar
tar
rawer
boner
rohimer
amader
cheleder
jonne
upohar
boi
pakhi
$aka
Negative verb
"there is not"
nei
Correlative Clause
Pronoun/
adjective
je
ja
Subject
Verb
boila
pakhila
cheleIi
kukurVa
bevalVa
lokIa
niccho
6e
Relative Clause
Pronoun
Subject
tar
nam
kincho
roil
ache
bo6che
khacche
6e
boleche
poveche
to
6otti
bhalo
dekheche
60kto
ache
60hoj
ki
1
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Patterns.
I am going to class.
I am reading a play.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
Interrogative
ki
251
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 6.
d.
e.
some boys.
b.
c.
Everyone.
'4/
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
7.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
5.
What
What
What
What
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
you
you
you
you
you
have
have
have
have
have
252
9.
Pattern: sentence 9.
d.
No,
No,
No,
No,
e.
a.
b.
c.
I
I
I
I
do
do
do
do
not
not
not
not
have
have
have
have
the books.
the papers.
a present.
the book.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Before
Before
Before
Before
going
going
going
going
I
I
I
I
am
am
am
am
going
going
going
going
to
to
to
to
get
get
get
get
(i.e.,
(i.e.,
(i.e.,
(i.e.,
I
I
I
I
am getting) a present.
10.
b.
c.
d.
e.
11.
12.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13.
What
What
What
What
What
What are the names of the books which you are getting?
What are the names of the books which you are studying?
What is the name of the history book which you are buying?
What is, the name of the poetry book which you are buying?
What is the name of the novel which you are reading?
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
14.
Have
Have
Have
Have
Have
you
you
you
you
you
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
d.
e.
c.
15.
d.
Who
Who
Who
Who
e.
a.
b.
c.
16.
has
has
has
has
said
said
said
said
that
that
that
that
b.
c.
d.
a.
e.
17.
b.
d.
e.
c.
b.
c.
d.
e.
18.
The
The
The
The
The
b.
c.
d.
e.
Sentence Drill.
Drill 1
--Where are you going?
--I am going to Somdev's house.
--Have you gone to the market?
--Yes, I have bought all the things that you have asked for.
--And have you finished your work and bathed?
255
--Those who leave Bengal often come back quickly. Are you coming with me?
--Yes, I'm coming. But I have not bought a present for him.
- -That's all right.
We will buy one on the way.
Drill 2
--Have you read the paper today?
- -No, I have not seen it yet (i.e., 'even now').
What does it say?
--It says ;that there was a hartal Lhortal] in Bombay.
- -What is aappening there?
- -Yesterday there was a riot, and three people were
- -Is there:any good news?
--Yes, the paper says that the summer will be
very hot this year, and that
the monsoon will be late (i.e., 'will come after').
--Has Buddadev written about my book?
Is
Vocabulary.
khobor
kagoj
news
paper
aghat pa-
aghat
injury, blow
rain
ca-, cai-
bor6a, brisi
kal
bissram
na.pke
be6i
time, season
rest, nap
drama, play
much,
very much
Idioms:
Ihik ache
gorom kal
bor6a kal
bozo be6i
post-position, "about,
in regard to", with
genitive
Lesson 132._part 1.
Conversation.
Bengali
je-
infinitive ending
-te
-T75
"to go"
jete
1.21(A9
For use of the infinitive, see Grammar, 1.
A. AmamIILLIELAPEa
A. ramke
'
bajare jete
'
bolecho ki "
to the market?
14 TI51TO
2.
gm
t51-
T5IM
gmche
971.irdrl-
TI-M
3.
TN
11/41-LT
17 aWir Zvi
A. ge ki bajar theke
'
"just now"
eimattro
B. hre " ge
atwa
eimattro phireche "
back.
Qt I
TA*
257
5
kine an-
A. 6e
'
t*Tff UTff-
bajar theke
the market?
Two
<11\511c4
6.
noun, "fish"
noun, "meat"
noun, "vegetables"
B. He has brought fish, meat,
and vegetables.
mach
siTM
marAo
torkari
B. 6e mach
eneche "
TY!
7.
mango
'
'
ar torkari
kine
1 kg1 utisiM
kin-
infinitive ending
-te
"to buy"
kinte
ni
A. Didn't he go to bux
fruit?
11.t-
tqq0
119*
A. 6e ki
"1149.0
8.
d f<FL-9-
noun, "banana"
noun, "mango"
noun, a mall, violetcolored fruit
kola
am
OffT
OrN
a14
jam
Att.
oxlm
VT WIT
khe-
infinitive ending
"to eat"
-te
khete
-t5
TWO
ar jam
kine
258
A. Have you given Binu the
bananas to eat?
"outside"
high stem of verb
/khml-/, "play"
baire
infinitive ending
-te
"to play"
khelte
T1V3
B. na " 6e baire
.11(.11
khabar
'
khelte
noun, "afternoon"
creche
WqT3 "DiG
phire a6be
khabar khete
A. 6e ki
na "
W171-C4 9T ?
t411-041-MT
bikelbmla
6e khabar
B. hie " amar mone hoe je
bavi
phirbe "
bikelbmla
khete
'
Atr
uTp-Rs
mr
`fit "Dr
!Trzrm
T944-
dekh-te
"to oee"
dekhte
ca-
"
*riqT.*
12.
liTu
V2R-
khel-
ffT
11.
khete
'
-151;TT 1.1"0
4110,VP
10.
kolagulo
A. tumi binuke
diecho ki "
A. pol5
WI I
TWO
5T
ami oke
259
noun, "field"
compound verb, "cause
to come by calling"
14.
Vit
math
.eke an-
to hole
taatarri
'
binuke
(,"1 %,
T-01"
1292onlarliar
1.
101.
ami'jete cai"
ami'dekhte pari na"
I want to go.
I cannot see; I am not able to see.
okeia6te bollum"
khml-
buy
play
kor-
do
6on
hear
kinte
khelte
korte
6unte
But: jan-
know
jante
ken-
to
to
to
to
buy
play
do
hear
to know
1.30
hode-
be, become
give
kha-
eat
hote
dite
khete
to be, to become
to give
to eat
260
gaite
ga-/gai-
sing
bna-
to sing
to wander about
b.
se amake'eta kine
dieche"
In
Note that in b., /awake/ is the indirect object of the verb /de-/.
Bengali, verbs such as /ken-/ cannot take indirect ob;iects and require
/jonne/.
261
3.
D. 0.
(Int.
V 1.
(ki)
jete
bol-
na
dokane
mach
marAo
aste
ca-
ni
bhaike
ekhane
torkari
kobike
bavite
am
6e
ghore
khabar
khete
tini
60hore
bolte
amra
tomra
eimattro
ante
tavatavi
tarpore
phire
VM
Subj.
Ind. O.
ami
ramke
bajare
tumi
take
tui
apni
tora
apnar&
tara
tara
ram
binu
Subj.
VM
nie
kine
D.O.
(Int.)
V1
(ki)
.eke
an-
nie
bole
d-
gie
binuke
tumi
tavatavi
akhon
de
kapovta
tui
eimattro
phire
awake
apni
dokane
take
se
maThe
bola
ami
cheleke
tins
amra
tora
apnara
tara
tara
ram
binu
bajar
heke
theke
klat5er
theke
dekhe
ja-
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
Have
Have
Have
Have
c.
d.
e.
2.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
di
e.
5.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
4.
you
you
you
you
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
3*
Patterns.
Pattern: sentence 5.
Pattern: sentence 6.
263
He has brought meat and vegetables from the store.
I told him to bring fruit and flowers from the store.
She has brought several Bengali books from the store.
I have told them to bring many kinds of things.
They have brought nothing at all from class.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
7.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Have
Have
Have
Have
Have
you
you
you
you
you
b.
c.
d.
e.
11
buy fish?
him to bring vegetables?
her to bring English books?
them to bring only clothes?
them to bring me some Bengali newspapers?
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
10.
he go to
you tell
you tell
you tell
you tell
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
9.
Didn't
Didn't
Didn't
Didn't
Didn't
b.
c.
d.
Won't
Won't
Won't
Won't
264
e.
12.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I
I
I
I
I
think
think
think
think
think
b.
c.
d.
e.
Then I
Then I
Then I
I will
I will
Sentence Drills.
Drill 1
- -Have you told Tipu to buy milk at the market?
Note: pay special attention to the order of relative clauses; see ante,
Lesson 12, Grammar.
- -Rain, do you want to go to the market with Tipu?
He buys me sweets.
The sweets which you buy at the market are not
265
--Why not?
gholer 6orbot
bmpar
rokom
dudh
ciIhi
buttermilk
preparation
matter
kind
milk
letter
Vocabulary.
toiri
jothesto
made, prepared
make, preparation
another
enough
kothao
anywhere
age
already (previously)
already (in the meantime)
onno
er moddhe
pochondo korkine
khar-
par-
like
dekhte pa-
khaje papor-
get lost
bhuleja-
Idioms:
tate hobe na
khete bhalo
khaoa bhalo
Conversation.
Bengali
A. tumi a7 rattre
ki korbe "
W-Cq
oo,)\4
2.
pova6ona
povagona kor-
q31--
B. ami aj rattre
'
artsi a-1-o
41 La ep1oc1T9T
sinema
1.>1
infinitive of verb
/ja-/, "go"
jete
OLIC-0
par-
erriit-
'
tsar
4 T
A. ILIEQL,Liatini!____Illalmlimjanjo_l
wc-fe4
arszrm icK
V.R.04Trinza 9T I
4.
9T,
t(nt:tivrc
'
tomader 60 :e
e par
eite?1
267
5.
"studying"
pnvaliona
post-position, "after"
pnr, pore
A. Good.
What are you going
ILL12E1122ELISLY1-110
A. be
6.
egTMIT9T
910
B. ami
pnragionar pnr
A.
409Ki
(371sT
'
ghurnote jabo"
ki0(041(.0 ZrIVIT
ELtwni''huml'obEjIRLLg'gtILialttlil"
.ErilITKI31
i 451 =3 UM'
9T ?
8.
"do"
kor-
-le
-Tq'
korle
'
eat.
Atr zWiwrlit
=0 WWI I
infinitive of verb
/pov-/, "study"
q.
A.
Will it am a.soo_lo,
Egyiy
you?
poste
WV1
4WIlirqr
'9W3
A. ram.o ki
tomar ginnge
'
po'te
Labe "
401010 110 1OTI1(W
10.
Q7JOTT-
7.
tumi ki korbe"
pe-le
pele
-'0*
268
'T
11. A. But I heard that he wants
to go to the city tonight.
751111 WM VT apivi
A. kintu
rattre
ami Egunlum je
ww
se aj
'
grtq qui1c,0i1
12.
VT ara allwr
x
I
'M-
-17
-le
VAci
gele
B. to hole
rge rgohore gele
ante parbe na "
porte
'
btAlikt112MELAIAIAU.
VI TAW Inter 9P-t3 aviLko
(.41
o Fr I
13. A. Do you know what he is
Aping to do tomorrow?
A. tuni_j_oLitjii.Lanamikal,
ki korbe "
arrffr
Toft
VT Yr)1141
wrg
171 q.111.4
14.
Egokale, Egolcalbmla
noun, "picture"
verb stem, "paint"
chobi
WTO
tit
ak-
' se
qtr
wrrT
74,Trsirtict stiLcum ,w
i
a/totrir<
noun, "noontime"
verb stem, "come"
conditional conjunctive
ending
"if (he) comes"
)Nritivrir
dupur, dupurbmla
a6
-le
ale
6mi-VFT
9 174r
17X7R1.4rT
2.69
B. ee dupurbmlar age
amar barite
phire able
khete abbe "
'
'
'
15.
noun, "afternoon"
c$174-C4f1131
t400
bikel, bikelbwla
"
13-41-01WIT
16.
phu$bol
"want"
oai-
conditional conjunctive
ending
"if (he) wants"; see
Grammar, 2.3.
noun, "field"
je<11441LOIT
z1,745414
VT/H
-le
'PT
caile
.DTtO
gra
math
B. ami
inuol ?
'
amra
O4 1731'0(640
nrmr
17.
noun, "evening"
A. After that
to wander around in the
6ondhe, eondhebela
tomra ki
A. tarpnr
glhore bwrate ,jabs
'Mot?!
ho-
conditional conjunctive
ending
"if (it) finishes"
-le
eee hole
AT4Owqr
gondhebgla
IMITO 411TM ?
18.
Mir
cvi
270
B. I
" tarataId khmla fiefi hole
'whore ;tab "
!2111
ZiVrOtitp' V`ff"1" T9 3
'
amra
Trsra
9671311ZiMT
A ami.o ki
tomader 6onge
ante
TZNI 4 111 Mt TM -0
mit ?
pari, "
UTINM
B. h
" tumi
e-ro
Lesson 14, part 2.
1.
eztt
argo 4Trufr
Grammar,
1.1.
The verbal noun and the infinitive of this type of stem are usually
formed by the addition of the infinitive or verbal noun suffix to the low
stem of the verb:
Stem
bikakamvajiro-
Infinitivs
"bend"
bEekate
"bite"
kamvate
jirote
"rest"
Verbal Noun
bEkano, bckabakamvanol kamvabajirono, jiroba-
1.20
Verb stems which have /u/ or /ou/ as the stem-vowel, however, have
the alternative stem CVCo- before the suffixes / -te /, /-no /, and /-ba..../
Stem
Infinitive
ghumo
"sleep"
ghumote
poach -
"arrive at"
poechote
Verbal Noun
ghumono, ghumobapoechono$ poechoba-
the vowel is /a /, and verbs of CVO- shape (1.1. and 1.2. above).
ken-
"buy"
ami kin-le
tumi kin-le
tui kin-le
apni kin-le
"if I buy"
271
6e kin-le
"if he buys"
tini kin-le
khml-
"play"
ami khel-le
"if I play"
etc.
kor-
"do"
ami kor-le
"if I do"
etc.
son-
"hear"
ami 6un-le
Ilif
I hear"
etc.
But:jan-
"know"
ami jan-le
111f
I know"
etc.
de-
"give"
ami di-le
"if I give"
etc.
hokha-
"be"
"if I were"
etc.
"eat"
ami ho-le
ami khe-le
"if I eat"
etc.
bakakamya-
"bend"
ami brecka-le
"if I bend"
etc.
"bite"
"if I bite"
etc.
jiro-
"rest"
kamva-le
jiro-le
"if I rest"
etc.
ghumo-
"sleep"
ghumo-le
"if I sleep"
etc.
poacho-
"reach"
poncho -le
"if I reach"
etc.
Also:
OVV-stems with /a/ also preserve the low vowel in the conditional
conjunctive:
2.3.
ca-
"want"
caile
"if I want"
etc.
ga-
"sing"
gaile
"if I sing"
etc.
tumi ekhane
Bobo"
$aka
money.
272
they do differ, however, both subjects must be expressed.
3.
the verb:
4.
4.1.
Verbal
Modifier
Subject
Direct
Object
(Int)
agami kal
kal 60kale
aj rattre
kichukkhon
tumi
6e
amra dujone
ram
V2
Neg.
..
ami
(ki)
korte
povar5ona
6e6
ja-
kaj
9.6
poste
gkte
chobi
khabar
khoborer
kagoj
fiondhebeela
na
ni
par-
Icor-
khete
.._,...................
__
4.2.
Subject
Noun/Object
povationa
6e6
khmla
Conditional
Conjunctive
hole
korle
Subject
Modifier
ami
6ekhane
15e
tara
apnara
661
6omoe
pele
amra
tini
ram
apnara
tomra
boiVa
kinle
becle
coppol
daporpa
chobi
gkle
ba'ite
Finite
Verb
273
Lesson 14, part 3.
1.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
b.
C.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Then
Then
Then
Then
Then
you
you
you
you
you
won't
won't
won't
won't
won't
be
be
be
be
be
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
4.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
3.
Patterns.
No, but I'll be able to come home with you for a little while.
Yes, I'll be able to go with you for a little while.
No, but I'll be able to come to your house for a little while.
Yes, I'll be able to talk with you for a little while.
Yes, I'll be able to go and stay for a little while.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
What are you going to do when you have finished your reading?*
What are you going to do after you have finished sleeping?
What are you going to do after coming back from the store?
2714.
d.
e.
6.
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
7.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Will
Will
Will
Will
you
you
you
you
want
want
want
come
to
to
to
to
Pattern: sentence 9
a.
b.
c
d.
e.
10.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
9.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
8.
b.
c.
275
d.
e.
11.
b.
0.
d.
e.
12.
I
I
I
I
I
heard
heard
heard
heard
heard
that
that
that
that
that
a.
b.
c.
If he wants
e.
come
b.
0.
d.
e.
14.
But
But
But
But
But
d.
13.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
you
you
you
you
you
know
know
know
know
know
what
what
what
what
what
b.
0.
d.
e.
Yes, she has told me that she is going to the office to work.
Yes, he has told me that he is going to start writing another
novel.
Yes, he has told me that he is going to see a movie.
Yes, she has told me that she is going to meet Probhas.
Yes, she has told me that she is going to meet Lila.
d.
If
If
If
If
e.
a.
b.
c.
276
15.
b.
c.
d.
e.
16.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
you
you
you
you
yoq
know
know
know
know
know
what
what
what
what
what
d.
If
If
If
If
e.
a.
b.
c.
b.
c.
d.
e.
And
And
And
And
if
if
if
if
Sentence Drills.
Drill 1
277
--He said that he is going to look at pictures in the museum in the morning.
But he'll come to my house to eat tomorrow night.
- -Good.
to work.
- -Then after you take your degree, I'll be able to go to the movies with
you
- -After the movie we'll go dancing.
- -No, I am going to study tonight. After I have finished studying, I am
going to sleep.
polli-giti
gaeok
pother pacali
Vocabulary.
i.e.,
ge porte lage
se kaj korte
lage
278
be6i
kom
very much
boo
big
small
fat, plump
lean
tall
short
choIo
moIa
roga
lombe
bete
coora
6oru
klanto
tokhon
then
ae
revenue, income
less
wide
narrow, thin
tired
Iaka poe6a
ae koruparjon
make money
earning, gain
earn
earn
Bengali
Conversation.
10)1 #17VNT
durga pujo
141
ami jodi jai
jodi
3T'ris7 kirl
*1 ill
ami jodi
durga pujor 60moe
tumi
to hole
gramer barite jai
jete parbe "
amar 6onge
ki
'
'
'
2.
alternative stem of
verb /ja-/, "go" see
Grammar, 1.
conditional conjunctive
ending
ge-
T51-
-le
-Tq.
B. oc,1%.1 t5
Z.92.
tumi gele
jabo "
3.
'
ami
a'tto
attic)
attiora
UT4tU
51017MT
tomar 6onge
280
0-
UV:411RM Kfrn
N.--
6ubidhe, 6ubidha
06ubidhe, 06ubidha
WET
3f'
13151131
Trc7-141
OT
(A
'
ta hole'
B. VOTSTM
"C-479.
>i
tomar 06ubidhe
kono 06ubidhe
(.41
amar attiora
jodi alien
tomar 06ubidhe hobe ki "
4.
3Pic,, Off
01>10(141.41
141%1
0Y171-4W
(7117411T
noun, "end"
loan word, "mile"
15e6
'
na hole
babe na "
'
amar
'
GN4
Wil-FT
"walk"
hete
co
A.
alwi
crA
YTTRIT
.1
OT
VI
ect (AO
(6
T-4
trETO *1131171 ?
ate jai
6.
gari
'
'
"arrangements"
11011U
motor gari
41-qT
bmbostha
"make arrangements"
babostha kor-
11111'
IIITt
281
But if you make arB. No.
rangements for a car, I
can go with you.
drw 04164
B. 91-
ffriet4.
1
.0441vi
tomader
ami
bmbostha korle
Elluge ;fete pari "
7.
A. 3111V
M\4111
eff,-CsTin WI-eV
?
zazrzr <1,11(.0
"bullock"
"bullock cart"
8.
Bs
If
ou
Int2trran:ements
'll
W4cen
go with you.
tomrairt
b&bostha korle
bonge jabo "
9.
51Ter
negative prefix,
"non-, in-, un-"
"flesh, fish, meat"
"vegetarian (food)"
"if we eat vegetarian food"
'
ami' tomader
niramigi
kill N4
nirami6
amra jodi niramigi khai
z1.1.19. tVatqn
A.
A. If we eat vegetarian food
during the Durga-puja, then
will_you also eat vegetarian
food?
11.aNz,
*ITT4
'
10.
"certainly"
niecoi1
282
If you eat
B. Certainly.
vegetarian food, so shall
rorwr
riligT%411
B.
*ITT-4T
Is
I.
ami.o
6ara
jag-
71-41"
W-N
'
'
'
B.
P.TI,
(.01
it
umwr 1
altm wur
12.6!=
13.
noun, "fast"
verb, "fast, make a fast"
'(TMTg
upo6, upoba6
upoba6 korupo6
"if we fast"
Q'611.11A
67mi w
A.
TM UT91-;fr
OVITYT "1-44
074-1116
LT-T
Orerpi 1 G ?
ar amra jodi
upotii kori
'
"Wednesday"
neirg
budhbar
WWI-ZET-4
'
ami.o
upo6
'
'
283
A. Good.
In that case, we
shall go on lednesday.
A.
1I 13T
t: (.c1 on
"before"
age
adjective, "prepared"
"if you are ready"
toiri
'
'
ail X%
*Ott
tumi jodi toiri h,o
u;;Tq kIN toe.
z174M-1-4' ii i zITIM'
B.
OT
hoo
17. A. All ri ght.
If I am
A.
'
TNT- I wris:TMT%
Lot
GONFILO UMWIT I
'
toiri hole
I.
Grammar.
2.
The first is that which we have already covered in Lesson 14: the
use of the non-finite conjunctive in the conditional clause, with an
indicative verb of appropriate tense in the main clause. Remember that
2.1.
2814.
In a conditional clause, whether formed with /jodi/ or by the conditional conjunctive, the negative particle always stands before the verb.
tumi'6ekhane na gele'ami jabo na"
4.1.
/o /: 60mbhob
jana
6ustho
"possible"
"known"
"healthy"
060mbhob
ojana
o ustho
"impossible"
"unknown"
"ill"
"conduct"
onacar
"bad conduct"
abo660k
"necessary"
"unnecessary"
aet3.6
"labor"
onabo660k
onaea6
"disease"
nirog
"without labor,
easily"
"free of disease"
This prefix takes the form /nir-/ before vowels and voiced consonants
except /r/.
Examples:
jon
"people, man"
nirjon
"without people,
alone"
akar
"form"
nirakar
"formless"
ghumale
dile
khele
baire
khabar
nirami6
amra
tomra
tini
6e
ale
bole
korle
jagle
6ara rat
barite
age
pore
gele
Verb
tumi
apni
(na)
(Neg.)
jag-
ghumakhabaraghor-
ekhane
Modifiers/Object
Clause I
nodir dhare
ei pothe
ekhane
50hore
ha I-
tumi
ami
b0.5
thak-
khane-
Cl. e"---
tomar 60/3ge
amar 60/3ge
Modifiers
Verb
Verb
bwra-
a6-
ja-
khab06bol-
he ja-
(na)
(Neg.)
gramer barite
tokhon
sei 60moe
5ekhane
sara rat
tomader 60/3ge
amader
Clause II
amra
tini
ge
tumi
ami
Modifiers
Clause II
Subject
khabar
niramis
to hole
Conj.
Subject
he ja-
Verb
ami
Subject
smra
tini
ere
jodi
tumi
apni
of dine
Verbal Modifiers
ami
Cond.
Clause I
Subject
5.1.
5.
286
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Patterns.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
c.
287
5.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
they cannot take their car, will you be able to pick them up?
he cannot be ready before eight, will he be able to come?
you get there before Durga-puja, will you be able to go to
village?
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
No, but
No, but
No, but
be able
No, but
if
if
if
to
if
later.
e.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e,
7.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b.
c.
us?
8.
d.
e.
If they eat only vegetarian food, will you also eat only
vegetarian food?
b.
c.
288
d.
e.
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
10.
If we talk the whole night long, will you be able to stay awake?
If we sing the whole night long, will you be able to stay awake?
If
If
If
to
b.
c.
d.
e.
If you talk the whole night long, I also shall talk the whole
night long.
If you sing the whole night long, I also shall sing the whole
night long.
If you dance the whole night long, I also shall dance the whole
night long.
If you sing the whole night long, I shall stay awake easily. *
If they dance and sing the whole day and night, I shall stay
awake easily.
Lesson 15, part 4.
Sentence Drills:
- -If she is expecting me, then of course I shall come. How shall we go?
- -If I can make arrangements for a car, then we shall go by car.
--If you cannot make arrangements for a car, then what?
289
--I shall go by plane. If I go by train, I shall not be able to sleep
the whole night.
Then we shall go at the end of next month.
--Al]. right.
If you are ready to go before that, will you call me?
When I get ready, I shall call you.
- -All right.
--Good.
Drill 2
- -If you come to India, will you come to Calcutta?
- -Yes, if I come to India, I shall come first to Calcutta.
- -When you come to Calcutta, will you visit us?
train
rel gavi
6ukh
train
opekkha
ma/Ao
ki6e
ki kore
happiness
waiting
meat
Vocabulary.
notun
6ukhi
Sara
new
happy
whole, complete
purono
old
bharotio
Indian (adj.)
Idioms:
adjective, "past"
"last month"
PAP of verb ija-/ "go",
base of past completive
tense
Conversation.
Bengali
goto
53
goto ma6
515 W17
gie-
-T
giechile
"r`A VA NCI
A. al
robi
tumi goto ma6e
viechile "
2.
noun, "vacation"
kothae
chuIi
291
B. As I began my vacation
last month, I went to
B.
5Titf
50 SITTY1
c,
Delhi.
goto ma6e
chub Guru holei
ami dillite giechilum "
PAP of verb /son -/, "hear"
base of past completive
tense
97m-
sun e-
-chil-um
-7,;(sT
6unechilum
A.
4.17,1-9TW74A
UTTW 117(Ter.pff;ST
qc147hr,q(A9
ami 6unechilum je
turni
kolkatate
tomar bavi giechile "
'
'
4.
'
beanie-
TclIkpL1.1-
ta
01"
A. OT
(.<
GUI
ff
to
tumi dillite
beviechile "
6.
"(it) fell"
povlo
gorom poT
*17cqr
51W
kothae kothae'
4,..71770rP.
292
"suddenly"
ho that
ar
kii
al<
na
...
VT 9T
khub vrom
dillite
tai amar
baarano holo na "
hothat
psslo
7.
A.
ar best
"C"TM-
c/11
aTorr -orem-o. ?
'
3 ,71-q -1911115
Dloc
tobu
jaega
8.
'
dekhe-
9T
tumi dillite
dekhechile "
'
S/T
Iorjga
OC
kore
ghureB.
kon kon
kiotL
UTtq .iii
9451 klL.01
W?" tffffT
`'1c
tonga kore
ami kebol akdin
ghurechilum
"
dilli lohor '
'
9.
A.
birla mondir
dillite
dikhechile ki "
'
10.
"enough"
bek Writ
B. 9T
Qi
719Th
'
'
.M."0 Ni 5T
1\zi Fr
time.
na " hate
'
293
post-position, "within"
"within two hours"
U'Or
ghonIa
qT411moddhe
du ghonIar moddhe
"mosque"
motijid
"hour"
B.
hours.
tai
dilli
du ghon ar moddhe
'
horar'unnamos'id'.
dekhechilum "
11.
onn'o
"other"
519T
A all
T-0 114Nti
12.
baki
"remaining"
B.
Zit
barite bo6e
bald 60b din
porechilum "
Okla boi
A.
'
'
tumi agrate
ki korechile "
ZIT01"
Ult4
ami
'
B.
NrisT Tr17
'
f1
days.
mattro du din
ami
chilum "
'
Agra?
A.
B.
'
ki dekhechile "
NitminIno 01%4Qc1
T9V4TWIT4sq
agrate
tneNtff
00N 31-mrco
tumi agrate
'
Olau PITt
'
291.
17. A. How did you like the
Agra Fort?
A.
LDivi< 61T511
Wit
"CM.5isek-Wr ?
tomar
agra phorii ' kmon
legechilo "
'
18.
"extreme, extremely"
be6
"good, well"
bhalo
Zvi
5Tff
emphatic suffix
bes bhaloi
B.
T441
umt
61TsM'kT121) Z
(.61(.5fr
amar
agra phort
legechilo "
'
19.
raNT-o-mt
A.
'
be6 bhaloi
UTU OTalqff ?
B.
55A4 1W I
comotkar "
2.
Grammar.
6e bavite giechilo"
6e kaj 6e6 korechilo"
6e bavite giechilo"
295
The past active participle forms the base of the past completive
To this base are added the past suffix /chi-/, the past tense
tense.
1.3.
ami kine-chi-l-um
tumi kine-chi-l-e
apni kine-chi-l-en
6e kine-chi-l-o
tini kine-chi-l-en
2.
and 4.
The conditional conjunctive plus the emphatic suffix /-i/ can mean,
as it does in sentence 2, "as", "just as", "just when", or "since". The
conditional conjunctive plus this /-i/ suffix can also mean "if only",
2.1.
as:
The infinitive plus the emphatic suffix /-i/ is in some circumstances used in this same way, to mean "as" or "just as". The infinitive
plus /-i/1 i.e., /hotei/ could also have been used in sentence 2.
2.1.1.
2.2.
as:
6e ekhane a6leo'ami
take'kichu debo na"
to hole
jodi 6e aseo
take'kichu debo na"
'
2.2.2.
296
the meaning is "even though he comes (i.e., in spite of the fact that
he comes ...)fl:
Verb stems of shape OVOa- form their verbal nouns by the addition of
the suffix /-no/ The most common of these include:
3.
ba'a -no
hara-no
lapha-no
douro-, doura-no
poncho -, poacha-no
ghumo-, ghuma-no
b:ika-no
kamra-no
4.
wander about
defeat; be lost
leap
run
reach, arrive at
sleep
bend
bite
6e nouko kore'e6echilo"
He came by boat.
The locative ending with this usage is optional; you will find
both /nouko kore/ and /noukote kore/ or /noukoe kore/.
4.2.
4.3.
For example:
297
He killed him by means of a knife.
6e take'churi die,
merechilo
firmly
He holds it firmly.
forcibly
jor kore
it away forcibly.
6e oIa'jor kore'kere nilo" He snatched
adverbial function of a word is
circumstances
the
In
certain
4.4.1.
words in the sentence:
defined only by its position in the order of
tumi'kharap gan'gao"
1.
Pattern: sentence
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Robi,
Robi,
Robi,
Robi,
Robi,
b.
c.
d.
e.
Patterns,.
1.
Pattern: sentence
a.
3.
2.
Calcutta.
began work last week, I went to
month, I went on my vacation.
finished my work last
went to Delhi.
finished seeing Agra, I
Ca66in] , I saw the Durga-puja.
came to the village in Asvin
not able to buy anything.
As I arrived there late, I was
As
As
As
As
I
I
I
I
298
3.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
b.
0.
d.
e.
4.
that
that
that
that
that
you
you
you
you
you
a.
Yes.
b.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
heard
heard
heard
heard
heard
Pattern: sentence 4.
c.
5.
I
I
I
I
I
What
What
What
What
What
Pattern: sentence 6.
7.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
299
8.
Pattern: sentence 8.
d.
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
e.
a.
b.
c.
9.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
you
you
you
you
you
d.
e.
No.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13.
Did
Did
Did
Did
Did
c.
12.
11.
went
went
went
went
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
10.
I
I
I
I
c.
d.
a.
b.
300
e.
f.
14.
d.
e.
15.
I
I
I
I
I
was
was
was
was
was
in
in
in
in
in
b.
c.
d.
e.
16.
How
How
How
How
How
did
did
did
did
did
you
you
you
you
you
like
like
like
like
like
the trip?
Bengal?
India?
coming home?
the shops?
b.
c.
a.
d.
e.
Sentence Drills.
Drill 1
--I did not see you last month. Were you not in the city?
--No, I went to Calcutta.
brother and
--I thought perhaps you had gone there. Did you see your
sister there?
to see
--No, even though they live there, I did not have time enough
them.
301
time.
buro, briddho
foreigner
sweetness
old man
ador
love,
bide6i
madhurjo, mi6Vota
affection
it kal
porbot
jongol
ebar, eibar
winter
mountain
Vocabulary.
6orjgraho kor-
collect
bi6e6
prankhola
special, especially
pran
khola
opurbo
unprecedented,
very wonderful
bondho
hindered, stopped,
closed
jungle
this time
open-hearted
heart
open, frank, candid
302
60mmondhe
Idioms:
1.
Conversation.
Bengali
thak-
WM-
-t-
-e
live"
thakte
A.
-T
21T-*T3
9.1-1-4-1K5
live?
tumi age
2.
-t-
-um
live"
-7;i7
thaktum
B.
211IND.M
37-15:1 Oil
igirnwurca4. 2n <room
LIQM
0'774 2111-4
ii9st.
ami age
rokhon
3.
'
'
/p1-/, "study"
pot-
-t-
-s-
-e
-T
porte
"7P-
9170
.Inwp,frep--.
304
bi66obiddaloe
"university"
a1ii 111U
c,
A.
Iltii<I1TMTU
074-PR /61161Q1
9171
0
kolkata bi66obiddaloe
tumi
porte ki "
4.
bi.e poT-
B.
tq.d.
471TVIT-5T
'eT
t4.0.
<111-1(34
."
bi66obiddaloe
kolkata
bi.e porechilum "
ha
5.
'
V51101 IV fb
iunibhar6iTi
" ami
A.
4W,0?
iunibharktir
tumi
porte "
6.
kon koleje
'
name of a college of
Calcutta University,
tAT3
"City (Jollege"
siti kolej
name of a college of
Calcutta University,
"Presidency College"
presidensi kolej
B.
721zyg
fib'
Cd.M(.061
ftrio
1 Ivice /(1
'q'MU
\nu 1t
tar
siti koleje
ami prothome
sPortum "
presidensi koleje
Pore
'
'
'
7.
A.
0c41\-1 1
<P61/101i4 *17
071313ff
two 0Q(.0
khub pL1.02.91
tumi ki kolkatae
dekhte
jete
"
khmla
305
8.
"often"
-t
emphatic suffix
"very often"
arg
prae
praei gMt
B.
71.41'
often.
'
'
9.
kophi haus
golpogujob
A.
F .k"1"aq
54404
ar tumi ki praei
golpogujob
korte
kophi hause
fete "
'
'
'
10.
"between"
majhe VITTW
majhe majhe
901-0 9UTW
ZMITff Lkioom
Pora6ona na thakle
ami majhe
majhe
eekhane jetum "
'
'
11.
chuIi
A.
W-441t
chutir dingulote
12.
moedan
911g9T'
tumi
ki korte "
306
B. When my sister used to
come to see me, I used
to take her for a walk
on the maidan.
B.
WM" OlLci
cIL/
amar bon
dmkha korte ele
take
amar 6onge nie ' moedane bmrate
jetum "
'
13.
gri6 6 o
A.
'
51-lag
Ucti
5117-1M q"ArT
"body"
6orir
hill station in
North India
6imla
.cps3
tumi ki
ftTT1-
MIT3 11:1-07T
amar ma-babar
6orir bhalo thakle'
tiimlate bmrate jetum "
15.
tai na
A.
OTt 9.1"
Wit ovv.e.
tumi koleje
na "
16.
ter413,01t 9i ?
kobita likhte
potrika
ifft2Wr
bar b.1).-
zr131
B.
'et
ewaT
Emit 41-- 'nor
" amar kobita
Draei bar oto "
'
tai
4.11741Lo
kole*
otrikate
'
307
17. A. You used to do other
things in college,
didn't you?
A. 00A
tumi koleje
naki "
0'1
,M
ar kichu korte
often.
"job"
cakri
"games"
khmladhulo
11:
teni6
kriket
574941*
TM-1-417,1-ffT
ti
ur-
kintu mkhon
amar cakri ache " tai
kheladhulo chere diechi "
'
Grammar.
1.1.
The most common use of the past habitual is that which we have seen
in this lesson -- reference to action which was customary in the past;
the tense can be used wherever English can use the phrase "used to".
1.2.
The formation of the past habitual is by the high stem of all verbs
except verb stems of (0)V0- shape where the vowel is /a/, and stems of
OV0a- shape.
These two types of stems preserve their low vowels. The
sign of the past habitual is /-t-/, which is affixed to the verb stem.
To the tense sign /-t-/ are then added the past tense personal endings.
ken-
"buy"
ami kin - t
tumi kin - t
tui kin - t
um
e
apni kin - t - en
tgle kin - t
o
tini kin - t
en
508
But:
khal-
"play"
korson-
"do"
"hear"
jan-
"know"
baara-
"wander about"
de-
"give"
hokha-
"be"
"eat"
The verb stem /ja-/ is regular, having the stem /je-/ in the past
habitual.
1.3.
This tense and the simple past are the only tenses which permit
kheltum
kheltum na
1.
Pattern: sentence 1.
d.
Where
Where
Where
Where
e.
a.
b.
c.
2.
Patterns.
did
did
did
did
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
0.
d.
e.
5.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
After
After
After
After
After
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
Yes, when she lived in that house, she used to see the lake
very clearly ( /epoliVo/).
c.
d.
e.
No, when they went there, they didn't used to come back often.
Yes, when we were studying, we used to read very well.
Yes, when my friend went with me, I used to go to her house
often.
310
7.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
b.
c.
d.
e.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
10.
9.
b.
Jhen she used to walk there, she used to walk along the lake
shore.
e.
Sentence Drills.
Drill 1
311
--Yes.
When I had no studying, I used to walk through the maidan
( /moedaner bhetor die/) and along the bank of the river.
Drill 2
--We used to be able to buy a seer of rice for four annas. Do you
remember?
--Yes, I remember.
Prices are not what they used to be (i.e., what
price was, now that is not).
--And we used to be able to buy a silk sari for fifteen rupees.
--Yes'
When we used to live in the village, things were much cheaper.
--We used to sit on the veranda, in our village house, and people used
to come and talk.
--Yes, the nld men used to gossip incessantly.
--They used to say that the old days were good, and that modern times
are bad.
--They used to tell stories from the Ramayana (/ramaeon/) and
Mahabharata (/mohabharot/).
--Yes, I used to like those stories. But in the village we did not used
to be able to go to the movies.
Lesson 1
part 5.
Vocabular
vs,
bibhag
6ujog
cal
jini6pottro, jini6pottor
jini6
pottro, pottor
kagojpottro, kagojpottor
ciIhipottro, cipipottor
golpo
department, division
chance, opportunity
rice (husked rice)
things (in general)
thing
suffix, "and such"
papers and other such things
letters and other such things
story
312
bortoman (somoe)
nouko
present (time)
boat
lek, dighi
lake
bhromon
6er
trip
purono din
olden times
6p061o, po610
clear, clearly
cheap
costa
koek
ponero
60b 6omoe
praei
pong.iter kache
baevate (gie)
mk 6er cal
a few, several
fifteen
Conversation.
Bengali
pot-
-chil-
povchile
A.
tumi
'
noun, "novel"
high stem of verb
uponna6
/clich-/, "see"
dekh-
-chil-
B. I was looking at a
Bengali novel.
9I1 C41
Uff
ion
2.
-V
-e
-UM
ki boi porchile
V91-
-71
T94.NrioM
ami mkta
barla uponna6
dekhchilum "
'
interrogative pronoun
stem, "who"
"whose, of whom"
verb stem, "write"
11
Gff-q1-17
dekhchilum
B.
'
ka-
lekh-
314
verbal noun/adjective
"writing, written"
"written by whom"
A. Who wrote the novel you
were looking at?
4.
t9I'1
lekha
kar lekha
TWN-M
A. qM ZW4IT
dekhchile "
IMT
ail pr
bonkim
anon domop.
B.
VOTRIT797.1 qlifs:Rrmo-7-4.
-m*rr u-r---4kst
5.
6.
naki
A.
a stem of irregular
verb "go" ( /ja -/)
an adjectival suffix
"gone, past"
high stem of verb,
"learn"
'
9,;(1\1
zrrcqr
9-11
tumi
go-to
51--T5
goto
510
trRf-
Sikh-
Tr-1=w
"OTUT
5T5 -ff;
2'-1 am
zmu
cW;
oto du bochor
sikhchilum "
Bala bhasa
" ami
dekhi
question marker
ki
negative
"whether or not"
9T
na
kina
1"9"N
ek u
33.5
B. So I thought, "Let me see B. Orli ti1 .ig10 4Tlq TIN qp-417474. TMT
LLD 117-4. Tqi9T ?
whether or not I can read
the writing of Bankim-babu."
bonkim
dekhi
bhablum je
po'te
pari
kina
"
babur lekha
tai
untranslatable particle
which transmits a feeling
of condition or doubt on
the part of the speaker
"strike, or seem or be
difficult (for)"
'
'
to
&RI .M*IT
I
tar
mone hocche,le
amar to
ek$u sokto lagbe "
tomar
lekha
'
'
'
'
B.
LI1
11M 1 TOT ?
kaeno bib
9
WUff
"because"
karon
"Sanskrit"
60/36krito
noun, "word"
noun, "use"
compound verb, "use"
60bdo
to "
eft'1713
1174
bmbohar
bmbohar kor-
ZTf-
A. 'Mg
>NW
l*FNIc11
ETU
TI*J.
kg.tt1Wq
71k
bo kim likhchilen1
*e 60moe
karon
prae
sob
lekhok
e somoe
bmbohar
600krito 60bdo
korchilen "
'
boita
tai
lagchilo "
'
amar
to 60kto
'
316
11.
adjective, "current"
colit
colit bha6a
'Mc(
6adhu
6adhu bha6a
9T
na, ba
"or"
51E10
A.
UPIT
,
5'1'$T
tumi jokhon
ba la bha6a 6ikhchilei
tumi ki
colit bhasa
tokhon
6ikhchile
na 6adhu bha6a
sikhchile "
'
'
12.
"two, both"
dui
emphatic suffix
ILPELMELJETIRE
B. aTisT bicio
Tirkl;
.N*1Thc-1 0(14
c4
Lfl-107(
duii
'
'
114*1
)ic414(.<
ekIu 60n6krito
tumi Jodi
boro
to hole tomar
'
'
14
noun, "India"
bharot, bharotbort5o
ja-
1101T-
-cchil-um
-071
kilNeom
Sacchilum
orRI do
ar ak
ljective, "cultivated"
"person"
bhoddro
"gentleman"
bhoddrolok
Jolt
TIMTO
aaxTro
01.20
5T441654*
317
"that"
OT
ta.i
Ort
ta
"that (emphatic)"
1411)42;10m
goto bochor
ami jokhon
bharotbor6e Jacchilum
tokhon
ar mkjon banali bhoddrolok ' ta.i
bolchilen "
'
A. WI w:(Tql 50 ziW
ITaliErq
ta tumi
goto bochor
bharotbortie 'acchile kan
16.
"speech, address"
B. To give speeches in
your country.
boktrita
B.
(.11
11
.41r3T
to
bi6oe
A.
itang
6M-sift-Mt-NM
amerikar bif5oe
18.
p03;
pova-
-cchil-um 74.
povacchilum
N4-Nolom
Elommondho
Nilq
sommondhe
441i
318
I was teaching
B. Yes.
(about) American
literature.
B.
rr
,P77rT
" ami
6mmondhe
"government"
'
amerikan 6ahitto
poracchilum "
icche
tClE
YMTM
6orkar
"wish, desire"
19.
B.
o Ta(giar
K511 >113cPTTW
4-1r-zrfi9-
"whereabouts, in which
different places"
20.
'
kothae kothae
WMITU I-4T=
r*T2ITT:f WM= 91-3T"
A.
speeches,?
21.
bhag
"part, portion"
"the majority, the
greatest part"
B. DatLintgItaltnarl_aLat
ami of
kothae kothae
"fir
OT%
be6ir bhag
7191315751
ziTZT
B.
kolkatatei!
LowilizoujAKeienzal?
A.
07-07s1W:Wicfll" TIM
banla deb
to tomar
rai6HIT71)
23.
"extremely"
"special, particular"
bhari
bi6e6
kore
*cm'
4z:4'
q1'
kmmon
``f7 ?
319
bi6e6 kore
"especially"
T.WVIZ It<
bhari
ba la de6
amar mone hoe 'e
kolkata
bises kore
sundor jaega
60hor "
'
'
24.
mukh
"mouth"
A.
Tr,74
Tz11411J qc74-4 WO d WT
(TX-9' UTi11s1
e kotha rune
tomar mukh theke
amar bhari bhalo lagche "
'
Grammar.
Thus:
6unchilum
dekhchile
khelchilo
'.she tense is formed by the addition of the past tense suffix and
past personal endings to the high, stem of the verb, except where the
stem-vowel is /a/ or the shape of the stem is OV0a- Where the stem-
1.2.
vowel is /a/ and where the shape of the stem is OV0a-, the low stem is
retained.
Thus:
son--
"hear"
320
ph,-
"drop"
b06-
"sit"
jan-chil-um, etc.
jana-
"cause to
know"
6ona
"cause to
hear"
6ona-chil-um, etc.
jan-
as do OV0a-stems:
1.3.
CV -stems follow this same pattern: all stems are high except where
the stem-vowel is /a/.
CV- stems, however, also double the /-c-/ of the
/-chil-/ suffix:
2.
ne-
"take"
ho-
"become"
ja-
"go"
etc.
2.1.
321
second type of formation is much less frequent (except in certain
stylized idioms) than the one above. Note the 6adhu-bha6a vocabulary
in the following examples:
e boilamar hosto likhito"
o bona'mondobhabe likhito"
2.2.1.
3.1.
6e baVite phire'boko"
He comes by boat.
poohondo koren
se glokto kore'dhore"
He holds it firmly.
Patterns.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What
What
What
What
What
322
2.
Pattern: sentence 2.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
3.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
a.
b.
c.
e.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
Pattern: sentence 4.
d.
5.
You
You
You
You
You
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
b.
c.
di
songs.
e.
Yes, for the past several months I have been learning to read
tgadhu-bha6a.
Pattern: sentence 6
323
a.
b.
c.
7.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
I think that his writing will be very difficult for you to read.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
9.
I think that
I think that
I think that
I think that
understand.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Because the poets who wrote those songs were not often educated
people.
e.
10.
b.
324
c.
e.
11.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12.
d.
e.
c.
was
was
was
was
studying
studying
studying
studying
I
I
I
I
b.
b.
c.
d.
e.
14.
13.
b.
c.
325
d.
When I was going to India, many people said the same thing to
me.
e.
When I was studying Bengali, other people said the same thing
to me.
15.
b.
c.
d.
e.
16.
b.
c.
d.
e.
17.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
18.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
19.
b.
c.
d.
326
e.
20.
b.
c.
d.
e.
21.
b.
c.
d.
e.
22.
How
How
How
How
How
did
did
did
did
did
you
you
you
you
you
like
like
like
like
like
Calcutta?
playing the vina?
living in Calcutta?
teaching in India?
learning Indian languages?
b.
c.
d.
1.1222orLIEitutrt
4.
Sentence Drills.
Drill 1
--What were you doing when you went to India last year?
--I was studying Indian languages, especially Bengali.
--Before going, were you studying Bengali in the United Mates?
--Yes, I was studying Bengali for about two years before going.
--Where were you living for most of the time when you were in India?
--I was living most of the time in Calcutta, though I was able to go
from time to time to other parts of the country.
--Which parts of the country did you like particularly?
--I particularly liked ,Jengal.
I was able to speak with people in
327
Bengali and to read the literature.
Bengal,
- -You were doing work on the 6aktas (/6akto/) when you were in
weren't you?
--Yes, but I was also reading the biographies of Caitanya (/coitonno/)
and the Vaisnava padaboli (/boisnob podaboli/).
--I have heard people say that Vaisnavism (/boisnob dhormo/) ruined
What do you think of that?
Bengal.
--I have also heard people say that Vaisnavas are too peace-loving.
People say that those who do not eat meat, etc., do not fight well.
--Do you think that this is true?
People say that the terrorist movement against the
- -1 don't know.
British was the work of the gaktas.
--But I do not think that anyone has ever proved that, is that not so?
But until
--I do not know whether or not anyone has tried to prove it.
someone does we will not know for certain.
Lesson 18, part
ra6liro
United States
of America
majhe ruajhe,
markin jukto
same 6n moo
Vocabulary..
sthapotto
4ccango
songit
Elikkha
6ikkhito
bibhinno
uirATent,
onnd
various
other, different
dhirmo
jiboni
6antipprio
andolon
sculpture
classical music
education
educated
religion
biography
peace-loving
movement
328
Lontra6badi
terrorism
terrorist
podaboli
Vainava religious
6ontra6bad
Idioms:
onek kichu
a great deal
jokhono
porjonto,
jotokkhon
ni6cito bhabe
until
for certain,
certainly
lyrics
dhsg6o Icor-
(to) ruin
prove
bhabbiruddhe
think
post-position, "against"
try
Bengali
Conversation.
"worthless, rotten,
baje
ItTTO
insignificant"
Note: when refering to "your city", "your country", etc., the
plural of "your" is always used.
A. Amiyababu, your
is
very
t-ta,
city.
A.
UTert ff1
611kNWRI;
WITO 'TAV
-t-
"such"
moron
EtrL1if
aoulile
B.
to Oitleutta fifteen yeare
aKoi, you would not have,
-0-
-en
-V 9.
jodi atiten
dRin
bol-t-
-en
-V n
bolten
461(.01
Ylvern
141T-W1llrg
1 #11"9-4` zire?1
WzMom 611709* T ng
imoi 91
6mith6aheb
bnehor a e
moron
ho e
'
a ni 'odi
o
a
one o
a ae as en
en na
330
3.
mo6ae
ami asleo
9q9TU
aT'itT UT7TMO
01101. <4'EWIT5TU3
A. No sir, even if I had come A. 9T ig91iq
1.9*K-5;s4
almmc d
to Calcutta fifteen years
ago, I would have seen
that same crowd of people.
vonero bochor age
na mo6ae
kolkatate asleo
of loker bhi
I
'
'
delchtum "
poca
#TUT
thakto "
ar ei poca gorom
4.
parVi6an
eifttffff
par.pkan ho
"be partitioned"
Note the position of the negative terticle in the conditional
clause.
If the country
B. No sir.
had not been partitioned,
you yould not see such
crowds of people,.
B. 9T 3A 1111
naaaKLIALL11L_LsIEILiNg_aa
ta hole
hoto
dekhten na "
'
5.
rephiuji
'
-0T74.41-
r,
A. 3T tzGcl
714
,F1/40711-471 ?
.71
of refuG220
of bhiN ki
rephiujider "
ta, hole
6.
"thousand"
'
6ob
hajar 4101T
hajar hajar WaTil TTUT.0
UTMET
assroe
333.
eft
4L vi VTUTU .TTWR
Jvst" Iv1I11/4.91 Ck9 Ofidi 01-5g AZT
B.
'7irftwiff
hajar
partisan hole
kolkatate ege
hajar rephiuji
assroe nieche "
'
'
Ur Ac.1
Ta hole
emphatic suffix
-o
"even then"
"that kind, in that way"
ta holeo
oi rokom
-t3
WA
6'11 tom'"
noijra
"filthy"
"so filthy"
OT 4(.113
oi rokom nonra
r
terodal3ir 4reen 91 114
1-9TtMC144 l'Ir4z
1 %tglIGMT4(
or tz.1.10
But
21-10TOT
citY
d <144 tnrwr
nah.or
s;11,ELIJaailelssT1411ijaaLlsALlia
a
a
ki kore
"how"
ta
Calcutta
gaml_gmgalatLJ
would not be so filthy.
honorific imperative,
"look, please look"
"habit"
"perhaps"
"more, in addition"
OW' 4v1v4-f
OT
B.
4144
ki koro
bolehen "
4FTOTOT
03 -01174,T 071 9T AZ elf
t9T la-ZT 9T
kolkata
wkto lokor phi na hole
mto nonra hoto na "
sohor
'
rimn
dekhun
obbhe6 obbhm6
hoot
a (.0 $
3EUTTY1'
TUC OT
ar
ar ekiva
00bc4
eirtru
speaker wantu
that
/apnuder/
indicates
the
use
of
gote: here
the hearer's concern; students
to be considered remote from
should be wary of using such a form.
"clean"
pori6kar
332
5174'MT"
A. Look, if your Bengalis did A. t9 , 61719-1. 4TPUiltr9V
not have so many bad habit's, Twin aorm 41111 'ffl` 2.11VOT51-.7tg
0.tko1
wo-T. vtizaT dm;
perhaps the city would be
a little cleaner.
ba alider
'odi na
obbhms
kf)tok ulo
sohor+a
ta hole hoeto
thakto
hoto
ar ek
dekhun
'
'
10.
"only"
23. AlmsnlYEmaalla?
'10;
6udhu
B. ToN;
zfitret-41" 'MT ?
---I&wabAJ?ILISgjlnLJEEE2
EZ71
prode6
chav-
6nhorta
hole
thakto
'
11.
"street"
rasta
"bull"
64
cola
WNW
15LIT
bnndho
zrz&
bondho icor-
bhoddro
03
333
affr-i-mr
siarrm
cara
t`TI-161 5ffT zit <NLoci
.V-101 Lk9
alW"GT
1I
,W67( 5"a
rastate
apnara jodi
tobe mo6ae
ta
bondho korten
saner cola
ektu bhoddro
A-ohorta
hole
hoto "
'
'
'
'
'
'
12.
noun, "side"
"side by side"
pas
negative prefix
"uncivilized"
0-
q1-41
ITITFITM
pa6apa6i
U.-
aoh
obhoddro
B.
19 7
TreirM
UTWUT it17714
TIV 9T
saner 6onge
amra
dekhun
obhoddro
rastae pa8apa6i cola
mone kori na "
1
'
'
'
13.
bolte paren
tc.u.9 4717U9
-e
A.
loke
"MTO
save
81-r
-1961-4t zfT
c-fC\D ,9111-49
X15 T1s6A
C-4-151-01-
ki at Lc!
(1 Tiff-0
zrfft-CDT ?
niuiork
sane jodi
bolte paren
ghure bmrato
ba pmriser rastate
loke ki bolto "
ta hole
'
'
'
'
B.
L'11(..41
noun, "gentleman"
noun, "European lady"
compound noun, "ladies
and gentlemen"
6aeb, saheb
TqW
mem
6aeb-mem
AI W
AIW4-1.5154
>I1 (.*1
334
TVISq-MT-
chot-
pala-
B.
1 Tql
q.
amar move he je
tube
laeb-memera ' niuiork eohore
chute palato "
dekhle
'
'
sar
'
dava-
moja
ATTqUT
moja dakhB.
WUT 1-9v1-
TN- 1/111
WUT T9'4175T
ar pmrise hoeto
'
lokera da ie
1.
Grammar.
Stem
Gloss
Past conditional
ken-
"buy"
um
kin - t
kin - t - e
iS
kin - t
kin - t - en
kin - t - o
kin - t - en
khml-
"play"
son
"hear"
335
kor-
"do"
de-
"give"
pa-
"get"
di - t - um, etc.
t - um, etc.
pe
jan-
jana-
"know"
"cause to know"
dmkha-
"show"
khmla-
"cause to play"
But:
When the conditional clause of the sentence includes the conditional particle /jodi/. When /jodi/ is used, the past conditional is
used in both clauses of the sentence; the second clause of the sentence
1.3.1.
2.2.
2.1.
2.
apnara
6e
tgra
i
kortjantjete part-
6unthot-
thakleo
holeo
korleo
thakle
hole
korle
jete part-
jant-
hot-
boltdekht-
tar 6013ge
e6ob
06u6tho
klanto
aunt-
deklit-
take
Va
gan
kobita
bolt- (na)
Tmon kotha
Verb
a6leo
geleo
to hole
Object
Clause II
axle
gele
6e6
kajIa
hoto
korten
hoto
korten
thakt-
jet-
(na) aft-
6e6
jodi
Conditional
pova6ona
sekhane
ekhane
60hore
ami
tumi
apni
Modifier
Subject
Clause I
337
Lesson 19, part 3.
1.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Patterns.
If you had not come in the summer time, you w4;uld not have
said such things.
If you had heard me in class today, you would not have said
such things.
If you had lived in Calcutta, you would not have said such
things.
If my wife had cleaned it today, you would not have said such
things.
If you had come before the partition, you would not have said
such things.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
Even if I haa come in the winter time, I would have liked the
city.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
Even if
Bengali
Even if
Even if
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
If you had
No, sir.
very cold.
If you had
No, sir.
bad Bengali.
If you had
No, sir.
habits of Bengalis.
If she had
No, sir.
338
5.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
But even if
been cold.
But even if
be good.
But even if
liked then.
But even if
cigarettes.
Jut even if
the streets
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
9.
Yes,
When
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
8.
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
7.
when
Then
Then
Then
Then
How can you say that? If it were not so cold in the winter,
more people would like the city.
How can you say that? If I had not learned to speak Bengali,
I would not know the language well.
How can you say that? If you have not gone to Bengal, how
can you know Bengalis?
That is true.
If I did not smoke so many cigarettes, perhaps
my room would be neater.
How can you say that? If there were not so many people the
city would be clean.
Pattern: sentence 9.
Look, if people did not like the place, they would not come
here.
339
b.
c.
d.
e.
10.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12.
Yes.
11.
I don't consider
I don't consider
1 don't consider
I don't consider
I don't consider
is enough.
b
c.
d.
Sentence 'Drills
34.0
place
kllaeilpi
artist
giouitogg8
musician
illness
dirt, filth
nEiukh
dos
fault
Vocabulary.
be surrounded
jonmabovo hl-
be born
grow up
be built up
consider
smoke cigarettes
gore o/hbhab-
tagaret kha-
31
6undor
osustho
beautiful
ill
odbhut
ajob
strange
mohot
great
bhaaoban
fortunate, lucky
6otti
really, truly
always
gob 6omoe
nimontrito
amontrito
Note:
He becomes ill.
invited
Lesson 20
art 1.
Conversation.
Bengali
t9"
di-0
see Gramma:71 1.
-,01
IMO
dio
A. Mhenyougoto Calcutta,
A.
b-rvi-61-7fro
Ito
31.57131 UM-4
tumi
kolkatate gie
ei takagulo
dio "
2.
amar bhaike
B.
=SET
urco
4ffRIT
ki "
(a)
A.
9T
na
variant stem of verb
/ne-/, "bake"
2nd person singular
imperative ending
present imperative "take"
kebol take
na-o
nao
-G
9 TO
'
343
verb stem, "place,
guard, keep"
2nd person present
imperative, "guard"
"carefully"
UP4-
rakhrakho
sabdhane
YT174<TI'ff
(b)
A.
9TG 3117
tumi Vakaplo
kono bak6ote
ar sabdhane rakho "
nao
conjunctive, "that,
lest"; see Lesson 21,
jmno
V41
Grammar, 2.
hara-
VT-417-
(c)
1-T4 4 J1
T I
-21V1-11
Amkho jmno
harae na "
lost).
and
khe-o
-117
kheo
kmmon
-C4q"q
"instead"
5.
IY
Aa
lia_gattftalt_iaa_taI
with us tomorrow.
boron
ZRA
e-4.14s1 ?RR
YlITTVIG
na
tumi boron
agapi kal
amader bonge
kheo "
'
344
A. I am going now, OK?
A. 09' B14
1-0949'
khon cola
6.
noun, "rain"
brigIi
je-
jeo
B. 9T
Ij1.exInsteadste.e-Loslay.
B.
.4
I1111;
na
B.
kmmon "
Trig 91-
ei bri6tite
thaw- =-
theme
A.
Tn1
aj thako "
znit-4 q?Iterm
baire
t eme e = eche
"umbrella"
chata
"easily (without
di2ficulty)"
nnaesee
ala1111AaAala12att
home easily,.
"PiCtr6n-Yr--
dmkho
A. kalY.ALLITIM.alant11111
ekhane boron
bri6
LIG)K.
'rae
'
59Tang
'
am
ek a chata dao
.naease
baK
talamaebo "
drrsirz t3T
Vcr-rmr
1_2.101 'CO I
i*J1
TeMt
to holei
"raincoat"
WrZT
ainake kebol
3. I have no umbrella.
345
B. Take my raincoat instead.
B.
tumi boron
122 "
9.
A. Good.
In that case,
give me your raincoat.
A. WI I
'
OT
A.
<4.11
Ari-
kino
-1-4r9T
kin-
B.
nie
tomar bor6atita
'
..-447M
kal 60kale
10.
amar bor6atiIa
16W WO I
on
Wff U-1714T4
01 U-IsTrd
VI 4,11
A.
daekho
'
'
-en
eno
dE9T
t9TU NW 1
A.
tumi blro
'TO 9T
i'fff
amar to kal
nije, nijei
3tT9ITTU TOT
I7*1
B.
TITW
OT
'
1 0(.11
'
314.6
Grammar.
1.1.
Gloss
kend6chkorson-
buy
kin-o
see
do
dekh-o
kor-o
hear
sun -o
jen-o
de-
know
give
ja-
go
je-o
dkha-
show
dekhi-o
jan-
Future Imperative
di-o
1.2.
buy
kinben
1.3.
1.4.
2.1.
The
347
carefully, care
carefully, (in care)
6abdhan
easy, ease
easily, in ease
60hoj
6abdhane
60hoje
2.2.
silence, silent
silently, (in a condition of silence)
Therefore:
mouno
mounobhabe
It sometimes
The particle /to/ has a great variety of uses,
But perhaps the most common
implies doubt on the part of the speaker.
3.1.
So you'll go anyway.
So you'll go whether anyone else
else goes or not.
apni to jaben"
So you're well?
You're well, aren't you?
348
An example of this is in sentence 8.
But/since I have no umbrella,
take my raincoat instead
3.4.
case with its noun or pronoun, as we shall see), and can be used with all
nouns or pronouns:
I myself shall go.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Patterns.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
c.
When I send them to your brother, shall I send him a letter also?
d.
When I meet your brother, shall I give him anything from you?
When I meet your brother, shall I ask him to send you anything?
e.
3.
b.
c.
d.
a.
e.
11111.111111"Prs.-wpmwww.T-7
31.9
Pattern: sentence 3(b).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
5.
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
All right.
me.
b.
All right.
the book.
c.
All right.
But before I go to Calcutta, go and tell Ram that
I want to see him.
d.
All right.
But before I reach Delhi, call your brother and
tell him that I am coming.
e.
All right.
But before I leave here, come and give me your
brother's address.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
6.
d.
e.
Now I have
Pattern: sentence 6.
a.
d.
c.
d.
e.
7.
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
don't
don't
don't
don't
don't
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
c.
350
8.
9.
d.
e.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
I have no idoney.
b.
I have no key.
c.
I have no hat.
d,
I have no cloth.
e.
I have no pencil.
Walk instead.
b.
c.
d.
e.
I will return it
b.
c.
d.
e.
11.
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
10.
All right.
All right.
All right.
All right.
All right.
b.
c.
d.
e.
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
--No, I don't want the book. Just bring the sitar. We'll listen to
some music.
You bring the food tomorrow night, and I'll bring my
--All right.
instrument.
--When you get home, ask hathur whether or not he will come.
He has gone to a movie.
--I won't see him tonight.
--Then ask him when you see him in class tomorrow.
Come and eat with me tomorrow night, before the party.
--All right.
--No, I can't. Idy friends are coming. You come and eat with us instead.
--Perhaps.
--All right.
Drill 2
--Tipu, when you finish cooking, shine my shoes.
--Yes, saheb, when I finish cooking, I shall shine your shoes.
--When you finish shining my shoes, go to the market. And when you go,
don't put any money in your own pocket.
--Yes, saheb, I shall go to the market. I shall not steal any money.
--When you get back from the market, clean the room.
--Yes, 8aheb, when I get back, I shall clean the room
- -Jhen you finish cleaning the room, make some luci.
--Yes, saheb, I shall make some luci for you.
- -After that, I want you to clean the brassware.
--Yes, saheb, I shall clean the brassware.
have you anything to say?
--All right.
--Yes, saheb, starting tomorrow, find another bearer
Lesson 20, part 5.
ranna
pali6
ka6ar-ba6on
thikana
roddur
upi
train (gavi)
Vocabulary.
cooking
shine, polish
brassware
address
heat (of day
hat
tram
mkkhana kapov
key
piece of cloth
kolom
pen
cabi
sunshine
352
daini
valuable
pori6kar korjhar
pherot de
clean
kal theke
from tomorrow
Conversation.
Bengali
2.
'
aj amader ekhane
apotti
"objection"
A. q<
bob
B.
27-01"
1.9 *1
04 1 OlA
kono
amar to
drkho pharuk
apotti nei " tobe ki jano
bmpar
'
414TTITU
boloi na act 91
A.
1J
41791131
ki bmpar
4.
ZIVIT 9T
bolo na
emphatic
thako
'
wer
'
3.
barbar
<Ceer
9T ?
boloi na "
al *11 ci
6411
jmno abar
ga
"village"
The negative particle /na/ with future imperative = negative
imperative, "Do not
354
"Do not stay
ll
theko na
B.
*NkTV
1111(A9
191-0T 9T
011 <1%411.0_41TM
mistar (1.an
rate
na "
A. Why is that?
A.
ftwmn
I'
'
'
'
b044o
noun, "inconvenience"
"apart from that
06ubidhe
ta chaVa
7.
-'rerff
<irjr
'Cal"
7-1;.!;-r.
61
tj
0(
tfrrar 2f
21 ur Wr-qi
-r Tro
tini bolchilen
gae thaka
khaoar ' bopo 0Subidhe " ta
chara
'
A. OT
UT?" '1
ta chaza
8.
6131;t4111
"snake"
sap
64-khop,
'
al.
i H 1I ?
grei
bejae
upodrob
sap -Iap
WUTIZ
Oet34
)TTMTff
YITI4Tef
355
B. He was saying that in the
village there is lots of
trouble with snakes and
Toil
WUTP (V074
such.
tini bolchilen je
gae
sap-khoper
bejae upodrob "
'
9,
"perhaps"
WOT
hoeto
OT IQIl
A.
dmkho
ta tini hoeto
bolechen "
But do
thiki
zr-rx
tube amra to
bag korchi "
10. B. That's true.
you know
'
sap-khoper majhei
'
um
B.
wr-c-qr
nije
14cia
"MI MI
A.
'NW!.
*174,,a3i71-4R,t1
MI 9T ?
VI
`:
'
'
12.
J. 1121naLEIAELLIALIIIIa
about inconvenience.
B.
9T
9T
9T
na na
ami
bhabchi na "
13.
'
ogiubidher kltha
356
A. In that case, why don't
you spend the night here
with me?
A.
113 34
6ffs1131 02C1T9'
31" !zci
We 9-r
ta hole ' raga ' amar
ka$ie jao na "
ekhane
14.
"true, honest"
at5ol
B.
orPiof
711 71-4(W
OT WI 3T7T w-mr
ZITTITC
agiol
(Af,P1
16.
pe$
"belly, stomach"
"today, these days"
aj
B.
B. My stomach is very
bad these days.
UTU
oiN131 VISIT 3T
i WUTP *IT.4T1
B.
olki 0110/1315-TV1-0
ar
3P-4 grcqr4 FT
ki boleche
4aktar awake
"
A.
aaktar
18.
ki bolcche
derogatory feeling
MaTallat=t4211.1=1.....114=1,
e
eaul eab
hL
thitor
W-3T
iftm tna
WI Ull-e7 ve IT l'
..rid
dekho
ciaktar bole dieche
ja-ta kheo na' "
gde gie jmno
'
'
357
19.
"only" (Persian)
sreph
"liquid curry"
jhol
jhol-bhat
A.
"OrTq'
WM-5TO
rice.
20.
TZU
'
tomader abar
kintu amar jonne
08ubidhe
hobe to "
'
21.
are
A.
a-1(A 9T
are
A.
al(A1
'
B.
1,447
B.
OT 4V1
9T
'
colo "
"M'sTrd <11
tomar bavite
191 "
23.
n- raw 9T
9T 16 TRT
amar
kan de-
oto 5
'
4T9 "M-
38
A. Look, Bob, don't pay so
much attention to Mr.
Dunn's stories.
A.
Kff*i
Tqg 9T
dmkho bob
dan 6aheber kothae
oto kan dio na "
'
A. Listen to me a minute.
A.
amar mk a kotha
24. B. What is it?
25.
B.
ono "
'
T1
purbo, pub
e kotha jeno
A.
LVIUT- COL T1
e kotha ileno je
banlar gae
dorkar "
26. B. Why,?
17X
B.
Wq
'
tomar
purbo
kichukal katano
'
'
'
T TZT ?
"exactly, perfectly"
"exactly, perfectly"
Ihik
thikbhabe
A.
"ft45TW
M775 b1-6
karon
tumi to purbo banlake
thikbhabe jante cao "
'
28. B. Right.
B.
tumi ja bolcho
'
'
tobe
bor6a kale
aechi na "
'
9T I
ar ekhane
'
359
29. A. OK, next time come in
the cool season.
A. WI
drCTI
be6
kale
5T tlr1
'
'
ta hole
eao "
A. U17 349.
B. 714T
12Z
Then let's go to
31. A. Good.
my house now.
it
'
'
tomar strikes
Urt 61-1-9=
eno "
'
'
mkhon
'
amar
tren
tiket
1t43
te-onT tvc-ffr
A.
kal boron
B. bar kIri
parer bar
'
7511TR5711-13 L5C9T
T''M
'
A. T49.
904011 a i Si 41175
ar tokhon
'
trener tiketta
'
kino "
Grammar.
Negative imperatives.
36o
take'kichu dio na"
The use of the negative particle /na/ with the present imperative
indicates a positive request, which mught be translated by the English
"Why don't you ...11; for example:
1.3.
1.4.
request.
2.
It can mean "about, relating to", and in such cases can be replaced by /bi60e/ or /60mmondhe/.
Sentence 12 could read, without
1111111111110411.-..-
361
change of meaning:
6otti, 6ottikotha
3.3.
boi-Voi
dmkha-Vmkha
attio-Vattio
There are more polite and formal ways to express "and such";
polite forms of the above would be:
dmkha-6akha
attio-60jon
362
Lesson 21, part 3.
1.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
b.
c.
d.
e.
don't
don't
don't
don't
don't
you
you
you
you
you
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
Why
Why
Why
Why
Why
3.
Patterns.
Why is that?
Why is that?
Bengal?
Why is that?
their house?
Pattern: sentence 9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
right.
right.
right.
right.
363
5.
b.
c.
d.
e.
6.
b.
c.
d.
e.
7.
b.
c.
d.
e.
In
In
In
In
In
that
that
that
that
that
case,
case,
case,
case,
case,
why
why
why
why
why
don't
don't
don't
don't
don't
you
you
you
you
you
b.
c.
d.
e.
9.
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
8.
b.
will you eat this and that? You will eat good food.
Why does he say that? In Bengal the weather will not be hot.
364.
c.
d.
e.
10.
d.
But
But
But
But
e.
a.
b.
c.
11.
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12.
Don't pay
Don't pay
Don't pay
minute.
Don't pay
Don't pay
b.
c.
d.
e.
b.
365
c.
d.
e.
Sentence Drills.
Drill I
Calcutta?
--Where shall I live in
reach there.
--Decide that after you
Drill 2
the university?
--What are you studying at
literature.
--I'm studying Bengali
do read them. They are
If
not,
read the poems of Candidas?
- -Have you
very beautiful.
writers.
well-known Bengali
other
of
some
--Tell me the names
read his work in English
But
dorilt
of course.
--Read Rabindranath,
in Bengali.
Read
it
translation.
that period should I read?
writers
of
--What other
Sarat-candra only afterwards.
Read
--Read Bankim-candra.
I read?
the older period should
writers
of
But don't expect
--What
(bidda-sundor).
Bidya-sundar
--Read Bharat-candra's
it to be a religious poem.
366
--Should I read the Vaisnava writers also?
--Yes, their poetry is very sweet.
But don't read Dina Candidas now.
--Why not?
--His poetry is very difficult.
poets.
need, necessity
cakor
servant
cakri
job
ci4hi
letter
dorja
dhormer kobita
door
nirde6
hostel
jhamela
jh3njhat
muskil
Vocabulary.
religious poem
instruction
hostel, dormitory
6osta
cheap
06ustho
ill
namkora
modhur
06eddo
khu6i
well-known
sweet
uncooked
happy
trouble
attio-6, jon
(polite)
attio-tattio
4akat-takat
boron
tar bodole
instead
Idioms:
agekar 60moe
older times
rege ache/en
is angry
in the middle of constant uproar
hottogoler rnajhkhane
,r,:p.Atotr
Conversation.
Bengali
-ba-
"feeding"
khaoaba-
*MUT-
khaoa-
A.
6r111/41
---qT-
44TGRIT4T-
ZOTMT
1 oeiciN4
VL11 Z f
f *ITGITT-4T4r4T4T1 IViloal
minur
tomra
khaoabar
onek lokion
biete
koracho "
brebostha
ami 6unlumle
'
'
2.
dit
uni
an- 41q-
1.3.
ts1977 1<w(.0
khaoano-
anie
114TOTITOT-
N1 11 (4
aniechen
UTIPTCP17,9"
368
B. Yes, he has had many kindsIl.
of food and sweets brought
from Calcutta to feed the
people.
Iriol
Vft
r2ro
01(.14 wifq
1C44(.1
3.
'
benarofgi
Benares
verb stem, "wear"
par
pora-
el"C--
qaer-
porabe
141-T4
ttugs Wira
MITO
minuke
bier rattre
benaro6ita porabe "
'
4.
6e din
magi
paVha-
IT \lei
Ott 11
efIZT-
TM-
&cutdmkha
714T-
dekhie
dekhiechi
-e
wit
Comae
B.
T7 -11/41-q
'
map
de h ecl
7114.ret
-r
alternative objective
case ending
5.
kon
papieche
r49-14Atr
por6u
401\11i4
e dal benarogi a
ec e
se a
4149;
minur
omae
369
superlative degree, "best,
most of all", see Grammar,
60b cee
or pochondo
314 (.D(4
A.
fiV-It
"P'917,
4IT-di-6-1 d7 >i<ITI)W
4411.e1
por6u
minu nijei
amake
dekhieche " minu bolle
of
or sob cee pochondo "
it I
'
'
6.
man a-
B.
aria
SOIT9T-
W MT$11,
-0191174. 71,
'
90111(4
aria
'
poraporale
conditional conjunctive,
"if you dress"
#7-KITfl.
dmkh-
Tffq-
-M174
dmkhabe
golapi
bhel
A.
VAlcffet
Onvf
dU
al-MT TU
ota porale
oke khub 6undor
dmkhabe " er 601Ige
mkta golapi
bhel hole
aro bhalo hoe "
'
'
8.
go
-05TT
nohobot
an-
ana
1440
370
You are having the
B. Yes.
instruments brought,
aren't you?
9
A.
B.
lic5TT
h"thgo
" nohobot
"husband's eldest
brother"
boIpakur
anano
noun, "consent"
causative verb stem,
"cause to do"
"persuade"
raji
anaccho_
na "
qln-WX
UT9TOT
Witt
WT-
kora-
raji kora-
MI-st WT-
1.11*,
t"RvcmgerT PloeaT-Ki
7X
husband's eldest brother) A. a'
Urel"
3
G1
YqMc(LQ
ry Q<KD UTMT9TU
and husband's younger
QPUTT9T 72Tait'ffT
brother) both want to
have the instruments
brought, but he (i.e.,
dujoneri
botthakur ar thakurpo
speaker's husband) cannot
kintu oke
nohobot
ananor
icche
be persuaded at all.
jacche na
raji korano
kichutei
I
'
'
'
10.
B.
11.
"seventy"
6ottor
"eighty"
a6i
"bridegroom"
bor
"trip, pilgrimage"
jattra
"traveller"
jattri
borjattri
UTWT
Wine'
to put them ?
brae 6ottor
accha " 6unchi
24jon borjattri asche " to oder
bosaccho kothae "
I see.
diminutive
6mcit
417e"
bo6- aR
bola- qYIT-
1-479171
'
suffix
-Iuku
"such a little"
eetoIuku
"both
ba
jamai
and
noun, "son-in-law"
d337X
ba
51W1
M"...
371
compound noun, "daughter
and son-in-law"
meejamai
6o-
6oa-
CWLWO-Wi"
T9T-
"MUT-
'
'
12.
'
ta chara
5T M771
koci
ghum
Z-07
par'9117-
(somethingjdown"
para-
causative, "cause to go
to sleep, put to sleep";
see Grammar, 2.3.1.
"quiet, private"
ghum para-
.17WE1,(qfrir-
niribili
31- MT
ot(A451;TT
aL110
Gct 5-M WI
t Ur
1711,711- ?I
<1 tt 1
LWO-1-
, DI
Erc7:1Hc
1HlSJl4I't c141
ta chara
tomader barite to
onekgulo koci bacca
tader ghum
Pavabar jonneo
mkta
hole
bhalo hoe "
'
'
'
'
13.
gocha-
ki kora jae
-011W-
niribilihor
372
A. You're right.
If you
could come one day, we
both could arrange and
prepare the rooms and
see what could be done
where.
A.
ft : f
1tI
I 0 7%
14
OT
f 4 4 T
WI:MT
UM
'
'
'
'
'
14.
'
"with my help, by
means of me"
amake die
ha6
OiNitl.
iw
41)-1
ha6a
ja hok
B.
Z1T T-Tfl,
otiNTTo t9ITI
5iett1 i.4 13
VIWrff qT TrzT4
amake die
ghor guchobe " tumi
ha6ale
ja hok "
'
'
15.
post-position, "from"
(a person); see
Grammar, 5.
kach theke
"insignificant"
noun, "help"
6amanno
711179T
6ahajjo
7,11 =
A.
G<P1 ?
TWO
t TWO
CO114111
41 1 i 311
1k1 1
ot
T-4 311157
vnra
kEeno
expression of reproach
"neat, fastidious"
"untidy, sloppy"
gochal
"appropriate"
verb stem, "increase"
upojukto
bava-
chi chi
0 go chal
'N
tfiTqTfl"
Utigl
eflqraF
TrW .111ipt.0
373
B. Come, now.
ur 9g
qw
:wru
go UT5ITVO
&TT:46175m (3(h.1
u-rwr
91-9,1 <1
4Cci
chi chi
to noe " amar moto
ogochal lokke
ghar sajanor
upojukto bhebe
tumi amar
'
'
'
noun, "joke"
Vhatta
kad4T1I-
kada-
A.
0NiI UO
ZTi-T.9q
-/r-ff6r-r"Awr
44)1W &c)1T 9T I
18.
rattir
khaoakhaie
6unte 6unte
urIgz
kha*ITOUT-
111M
khaie de-
*11-Wil 17-
97q75 NOW
01W MT<
B. gra
1Trg
II
13?1 <MI<
noiv9
41-C-
5rj
09-791-3
jhamela
neoa-
IITMT
Z311-
neoate hobe
1-9aurra 4.1
1-
374
TWIT '971-;
iit
tOttt
TOTql-T
TWO T9i3PTTO
)1(AD !m.1
4V5.0
TrIt'M
je tomake
'hamela 6udhu ei
kauke die
awake neoate h,be
ar poache dite hobe "
'
'
011-M
1,17r
11970q
(.41
zulQ ur<jM 1
'
'
Grammar.
Causative verbs.
It will have been noted that the causative stem is formed by the
addition of /-a-/ to consonant-final stems, and /-oa-/ to vowel-finals.
1.1.
Thus:
Consonant stem:
Vowel stem:
p,r-
"wear"
pov-
"read"
kha-
"eat"
ja-
"g0"
Causative:
Causative:
pora-
"cause to wear,
dress"
pop.-
"cause to read,
teach"
"cause to go"
1.2.
"show"
dmkhano
"showing"
ana-
"bring"
anano
"bringing"
paoa-
"cause to get"
paoano
"causing to get"
1.2.1.
375
pora-
"dress"
khaoa-
"feed"
porabar
khaoabar
"of dressing"
"of feeding"
1.2.2.
bo6alum
koracchi
jaoacchilum
khaoale
1.3.
"cause to buy"
kinie
klra-
"cause to do"
korie
1.3.2.
"cause to laugh"
hake
"cause to get"
paie
1.3.3.
The stems /de-/ and /ne-/ form a separate class, taking high
stems /di-/ and /ni-/:
deoa
"cause to give"
diie
1.3.4.
The verb formations based on the PJLP add the regular tense and
personal ending complex to this causative PAP:
koriechi
khaiechi
376
The future imperative causitive adds the imperative ending 1-0/
to the high stem + /i/ complex:
1.3.5.
2.
bo6io
"seat (him)"
diio
"give (it)"
2.2.
Noun
Gloss
Verb tem
Gloss
ghum
douy
sleep
(to) sleep
run
(to) run
2.2.1.
stem:
6amlie or 6amle
"having restrained"
pouchie or poache
"having reached"
2.2.2.1.
take poachiechi
2.2.2.3.
"cause to reach"
"I caused him to reach"
pouchie + de-
"cause to reach"
377
The formation in 2.2.2.1. occurs in one type of idiolect and
those in 2.2.2.2. and 2.2.2.3. occur free-variantly in other types of
2.2.2.4.
idiolects.
2.2.2.5.
"restrain"
hatra-
"grope"
E5atra-
"swim"
kamra-
"bite"
2.3.1.
koradeoadour koriechi
dour diiechi
run"
run"
him to run"
him to run"
"cause to sleep"
"I caused him to sleep"
2.3.3.
"cause to
"cause to
"I caused
"I caused
He is taller than I.
He is even taller than I.
"than all".
378
ceellomba
amader chattro-chattrira'
60b cee bhalo"
4.
bate bmvate
colte colte
bhabte bhabte
The infinitive plus a third person form of the verb /ho-/ has the
force of "have/has to"; note the case inflection of the pronoun which
in the English sentence is the subject.
7.
Pattern: sentence 1.
a.
b.
c.
379
d.
e.
I heard that you have made arrangements to have the food brought
from home.
I heard that you have made arrangements to show your pictures
to me.
2.
Pattern: sentence 2.
a.
b.
Yes, I have had many kinds of food brought to feed you tonight.
Yes, I have had many rooms arranged to put the children to
c.
sleep.
d.
Yes, I have had arrangements made to have the food brought from
there.
e.
3.
Pattern: sentence 3.
a.
In which colors will you decorate the room on the night of the
celebration?
b.
In
In
In
In
c.
d.
e.
which
which
which
which
Pattern: sentence 4.
a.
Have I shown you the red cloth which my sister sent me the other
day?
b.
c.
Have I shown you the new Benares sari which I had (i.e.,
caused to be) bought the other day?
Have I shown you the south rooms, which I had decorated the other
day?
Have I shown you the rooms which I had arranged the other day?
e Have 1 shown you this picture, which I had brought from Calcutta
the other day?
5.
Pattern: sentence 5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
380
6.
Pattern: sentence 7.
a.
b.
Yes, if I dress her in that, I will make her appear very beautiful.
c.
7.
d.
e.
Yes.
If I showed you my new pictures, you would like them even
better.
Pattern: sentence 8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.
You
You
You
You
You
are
are
are
are
are
having
having
having
having
having
Pattern: sentence 9
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
9.
b.
I hear that hundr)ds and hundreds of people are coming from the
city; where are you going to put them all?
I hear that many children are coming; will you put them all to
sleep in there?
I hear that thirty or forty people are coming; will you feed
them all in herei
I hear that many people are coming to see the pictures; will you
show all the pictures to them?
c.
d.
381
10.
b.
c.
I'm wondering both where to seat them all and how to feed them.
I'm wondering both where to seat them all and where to have
have them rest.
I'm wondering both where to put them to sleep and how to feed
them.
d.
e.
11.
I'm wondering both where to feed them and where to seat them.
I'm wondering both how and where to show the pictures to them.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13.
If I could come one day, you could arrange the room through me.
If I could come one day, you could get a little help from me.
If I could come one day, we both could arrange the
Let it go.
rooms for showing the pictures.
b.
c.
d.
e.
382
Lesson 22,
art 3.
Sentence Drills.
Drill 1
- -Have you fed the baby?
She is old
enough.
--I made her feed the baby today. She didn't like it.
- -What does she like to do?
- -She likes to make the baby laugh and dance.
She dressed him in my new
sari today.
--I've been standing all day long.
Drill 2
--Why
--I'm
--Let
--All
are you lifting that chair? It's too heavy for you.
not lifting it. I'm only trying to move it over there.
me move it for you. You rest for a while.
right.
I bent the leg of it a little when I was trying to move it.
- -Show me the place.
I'll make it right.
--There is where I bent it. Can you fix it?
--Yes, I'll fix it right away.
Has the dog been sleeping all day?
--No, he bit the postman this morning.
--Is he all right now?
--No.
When the dog bit him the postman jumped and fell down the stairs.
- -I'm not talking about the postman.
Is the dog all right?
383
Lesson 22, part 5.
khoka
koci chele
bacca chele
baby
siri
stairs
pion
kukur
postuan
dog
jothe6Io
enough
kokhono kokhono
once in a
while
baby
Vocabulary.
ghum-, ghuma-, sleep
oIhalift
tola-
nova60rabc1ka-
kamvalapha-
bite
lagano-
(to) fix
(to) repair
(to) try
jump
A Premchand Reader
by Norman H. Zide, Colin P. Masica, K. C. Bahl,
and A. C. Chandola
312 pages
paper $5.00
408 pages
paper $5.00
Honolulu, Hawaii