4.

INVENTORY ANALYSIS
The key elements of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology include the
studies of boundaries, resource inventory (raw materials and energy), emissions
inventory (atmospheric, waterborne and solid waste) and disposal practices.

Energy
Requirements

Raw
Material A

Manufacturing

Raw
Material B

Process

Raw
Material C

Air
Emissions

Solid
Waste

Product
Useful Byproduct A
Useful Byproduct B

Waterborne
Emissions

'Black-box' Concepts for developing LCI data

4.1

Material Requirements and quantification

After Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) study boundaries and individual process
identifies, the next steps is analysis material balance is performed for each
individual process. This analysis identifies and quantifies the input raw
material required per standard unit of output, such as 1, 00 pounds, for every
each stages in process included in LCI. The reason why material balance is to
determine the appropriate weight factors used in calculating the total energy
required and environments emissions associated in every stage.
Once the details material balance has been analysis and establish standard unit
of output for each process included in the LCI, the comprehensive material
balance for entire life cycle for each product will construct. Outcome from the
analysis determine the quantity of material required from each process to
produce and dispose of required quantity of each system component and is
typically illustrated as a flow chart.

4.2

Energy Requirements
The most important energy required for each every process, which identify in
the LCI are the first quantified in terms of fuel or electricity units, such as
cubic feet of natural gas, gallons of diesels fuel or kilowatt-hours(kWh) of
electricity. Once the fuel consumption for each industrial process and
transportation step is quantified, the original unit of fuel converted to
equivalents Btu value based on standard conversion factors.
The above conversion factors have been developed to account for energy
required to extract, transport and process the fuels and to account for the
energy content of the fuels. This energy as classify as precombustion energy.
For example, precombustion energy for electricity energy calculated average
efficiency of conversion of fuel to electricity and for transmission loses in
power lines based on national average.
LCI methodology assigns a fuel-energy which is equivalent to raw material
that is derived from fossil fuels. So, the total energy requirement for coal,
natural gas and petroleum based materials included the fuel-energy of the raw
material (also non as energy of material resources or inherent energy).
The Btu values for electricity and fuels consumed in each industrial process
are summed and categorised according to energy profile sources:
Natural gas,
Petroleum,
Coal,
Nuclear,
Hydropower and
Others.( solar, biomass and geothermal energy)

4.3

Water Use Results

Water recycled resin production details shown in PET in Table 3-1 and for
HDPE in Table 3-2. The usage of water shown is for conly postcumers plastic
processing only and water usage for virgin resin production are not included.
The MRFs which provided data for this analysis did not reported any use of
water in material sorting and separation operation. The water usage show in
Table 3-1 and 3-2 is only or washing operation at PRF and reclaimer facilities.

4.4

Environmental Emissions
Environmental emissions are classified as atmospheric emissions, waterborne
emissions and solid wastes and discharge effluents pass through existing
emission control devices. Similar to energy, environmental emission associated
with processing fuels into usable form which also included in LCI.
Atmospheric Emission, these kinds of emissions include substance
classified by regulatory agencies as a pollutants, as well as selected
non-regulated emission such as carbon dioxide. For each process stage,
atmospheric emission associated with the combustion of fuel for
process and transportation energy, as well as any emission released
from the process itself, was included in this LCI. Most common
atmospheric emission which is reported is: carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates
and sulphur oxide.
Waterborne Emissions: waterborne emissions include all substances
classified as pollutants. The value of parameter reported are average
quantity of pollutants are still present in wastewater stream after
wastewater treatment process and parameters represent discharge in
receiving waters. These analyses include both process-related and fuelrelated waterborne emissions. Some of commonly reported waterborne
emissions are:
Acid
Ammonia,
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen demand (COD),
Chromium,
Dissolved solids
Iron and

 Total suspended solid (TSS)

Solid Waste: As classified as solid waste generated from all sources that are
land filled or disposal castle area by local authorities or incineration
methods with or without energy recovery. These waste also included
industrial process and fuel-related wastes, and packaging waste while
containers of product is emptied. For examples:

Industrial process waste: residuals from chemicals process and

manufacturing scrap that is not recycled or sold.

Fuels-related solid wastes are ash generated buy burning coal to produce
electricity or particulars combustion which collected in air pollution
control devices.

4.5

Energy results
Energy requirement for recycled resin production show as per-below: