Sia3e SSM 06

Chapter 6
Getting Ready for Chapter 6
17. 196 is a rational number because 142 = 196 .

Thus, 196 = 14 .
Getting Ready for Chapter 6 Quick Checks

1. The symbol
is called a radical sign.
2. If a is a nonnegative real number, the

nonnegative number b such that b2 = a is the
principal square root of a and is denoted by
b = a.
3. The square roots of 16 are 4 and 4.
81 = 9 because 9 = 81 .
5.
900 = 30 because 302 = 900 .
6.
9 3
9
3
= because = .
4 2
2
4

19.
( 14 )2
20.
z2 = z
21.
( 2 x + 3) 2
22.
p 2 12 p + 36 =
= 13 because
( c)
= c if c 0 .
11.
36 + 64 = 6 + 8 = 6 + 8 = 14
12.
25 4 3 ( 2 ) = 25 + 24 = 49 = 72 = 7
13. True
14.
= p6
27.
1
1
1
= =
4
2
2
29.
0.36 =
36 + 64 = 100 = 10 = 10
2
( p 6 )2
25. 100 = 102 = 10
9. 5 9 = 5 32 = 5 3 = 15
10.
= 2x + 3
1 = 12 = 1
23.
0.16 = 0.4 because ( 0.4 ) = 0.16
( 13 )
= 14 = 14
Getting Ready for Chapter 6 Exercises
8.
a2 = a
4.
7.
18.
31.
1.6
( 0.6 )2
= 0.6
= 1.6
33.
14 is not a real number because the radicand

of the square root is negative.
35.
64 is rational because 64 is a perfect square.

64 =
400 is rational because 202 = 400 . Thus,
( 8 )2
=8
400 = 20 .
15.
16.
40 is irrational because 40 is not a perfect

square. There is no rational number whose
square is 40. Using a calculator, we find
40 6.32 .
25 is not a real number. There is no real
number whose square is 25 .
37.
1
1
is rational because
is a perfect square.
16
16
2
1
1
1
= =
16
4
4

39.

square.
44 6.63
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
475
Chapter 6: Radicals and Rational Exponents
41.
43.
SSM: Intermediate Algebra

square.
50 7.07
73.
16 is not a real number because the radicand

of the square root is negative.
75. The square roots of 36 are 6 and 6 because
82 = 8
47.
( 19 )
49.
r2 = r
51.
( x + 4 )2
53.
( 4 x 3)2
55.
4 y 2 + 12 y + 9 =
57.
25 + 144 = 169 =
59.
25 + 144 = 52 + 122 = 5 + 12 = 17
= 25 + 144 = 169 = 132 = 13
( 6 )2 = 36
and ( 6 ) = 36 .
X 120 100
=
=
15
13
n
13 4 13
= 20
=
15
3
= 19 = 19
= x+4
4.81
79. Answers may vary. When taking a square root,

we are looking for a number that we can
multiply by itself to obtain the radicand. Since
= 4x 3
( 5 )2
20
15
13
77. Z =
( 2 y + 3 )2
(13)2
a a = a 2 , it should follow that a 2 = a .

However, since the product of two negative
numbers is positive, it is impossible to determine
= 2y + 3
from a 2 whether a was positive or negative. We
a 2 = a to ensure that the principle

square root is positive even if a < 0 .
For example:
define
= 13
22 = 4
( 2 )
144 is not a real number.
63. 3 25 = 3
= 52 + 122
36 = 6 (the principal square root).
45.
61.
( 6 1)2 + (15 3)2
and
4 = 2 not 2 since
= 4 and
( 2 )2
= 3 5 = 15
4=2
= 2 = 2 .
Section 6.1
2
65. 5
16
4
4
144 = 5 12 2 = 5 12
25
5
5
= 4 12 = 8
82 4 1 7 = 64 28 = 36 = 62 = 6
67.
( 5 )2 4 2 5 =
69.
Are You Ready for This Section?
x2 y
R1.
xy 2
( 1) +
25 40 = 15 is not a real
( 1)2 4 6 ( 2 )
2 ( 1)
1 + 49 1 + 7 8
=
=
= 4
2
2
2
1
=
xy 3
1
=
x3 y 9
1 + 1 + 48
2
R2.
R3.
476
( )
= xy 3
number.
71.
1 2
= x 21 y ( )
( 7)
=7
64 = 8 since 82 = 64 .
( x + 1)2
R4.
32 =
R5. a.
x 4 =
b.
12. Because the index is even, we have
= x +1
1
2
1
9
( 2 )8
= 2 = 2 .
13. Because the index is odd, we have

5
1
x4
32 5 32 5 (2)5 5 2
2
=
=
= =
5
243
243
3
3
3
14. If a is a nonnegative real number and n 2 is an
Section 6.1 Quick Checks
integer, then a1/ n = n a .
1. In the notation n a , the integer n, n 2, is called

the index.
15. 251/2 = 25 = 52 = 5
2. 3 64 = 4 since 43 = 64
16.
3. 4 81 = 3 since 34 = 81 .
( 27 )1/3 = 3 27 = 3 ( 3)3
= 3
17. 641/2 = 64 = 82 = 8
3
4. 3 216 = 6 since ( 6 ) = 216 .
18.
5. 4 32 is not a real number.
( 64 )1/2 =
19. b1/2 = b
1 1
1
1
6. 5
= since =
.
32 2
32
2
1/5
20. 5 8b = ( 8b )
1/8
7. 3 50 3.68
21.
mn5 mn5
=
3
3
22. 4 3 y = 4 y 3
8.
80 2.99
n
in lowest terms with n 2, then a m / n = a m or
(n a )
, provided that
24. 163/2 =
( 16 )
4 4
6 6
z = z .
= 3x 2 .
a exists.
= 43 = 64
( )
3
26. 163/4 = 4 16 = 23 = 8
11. Because the index is odd, we have
( 3 x 2 )7
2
25. 27 2/3 = 3 27 = 32 = 9
5 = 5 =5.
m
is a rational number
n
23. If a is a real number and
27.
( 64 )2/3 = ( 3 64 )
= ( 4 ) = 16
477
28.
( 25)5/2 = (
25
is not a real number.

47. 3 25 = 25 ^ (1 / 3) 2.92
49. 4 12 = 12 ^ (1 / 4 ) 1.86
29. 502/3 13.57
51.
3 3
53.
5 =5
m4 = m
9
55. 9 ( x 3) = x 3
30. 403/20 1.74
57. 4 ( 3 p + 1) = 3 p + 1
59. 41/2 = 4 = 22 = 2
31.
32.
( )
8 3
a = a3
4 12
1/8
1/2
34. 81
36.
1
8
2/3
63. 81/3 = 3 8 = 23 = 2
= (t12 )1/ 4 = t12 / 4 = t 3
4
33. 12ab3 = 12ab
35.
61. 361/2 = 36 = 62 = 6
= a3/8
65. 161/4 = 4 16 = 24 = 2
3
= 12ab
811/2
= 82/3 =
(13x )3/2 =
9
3 1/4
1
=
=
81 9
(3 8)
= 22 = 4
9/4
1/2
4
67.
25
4
=
25
4
25
22
5
69.
( 125 )1/3 = 3 125 = 3 ( 5 )3
71.
( 4 )1/2 =
2
5
= 5
1/3
73. 3 3x = ( 3x )
3/2
(13x )
1/4
x x
75. 4 =
3 3
6.1 Exercises
3
37. 3 125 = 53 = 5
77. 45/2 =
3
39. 3 27 = 3 ( 3) = 3
( 4)
79. 163/2 =
41. 4 625 = 54 = 5
43.
= 43 = 64
( )
1
1
1
= 3 =
8
2
2
83.
( 64 )2/3 = ( 3 64 )
45. 5 243 = 5 ( 3) = ( 3) = 3
478
( 16 )
4
81. 84/3 = 3 8 = 24 = 16
= 25 = 32
= ( 4 ) = 16
3/5
85. ( 32 )
87. 1441/2 =
89.
91.
85/3
144
= 253/2 =
253/2
1
3
3
= 5 32 = ( 2 ) = ( 8 ) = 8
= (12 )
25
1
12
4 3
95.
( 5 3x )
( )
= ( 3x )
( 25 )5/2 = (
127. 9 2 +
3/2
1
2
27 3
131.
( )
512 = 8 = 8
5
117. 144
( 3)2
( 4)
= 23 = 8
4/3
4
4
= 3 8 = ( 2 ) = 16
137. a.
= 35 = 243
1000 = 3 (10 ) = 10
0.16
W = 35.74 + 0.6215 ( 30 ) 35.75 (10 )
+ 0.4275 ( 30 )(10 )
1
3
3 =
9 =
9 = 9 =
1/2
12
4
144
144
0.16
21.25
The windchill would be about 21.25F .
115. 4 16 is not a real number because the index is

even and the radicand is negative.
( 271/3 )
135. 10 is the only cube root of 1000.
3 3
( 9)
f ( x ) = x3/2
F ( 8 ) = ( 8 )
= 23 2
= 8 2
= 10
113. 92.5 = 95/2 =
( )
133. F ( z ) = z 4/3
3
109. 163/ 4 5 32 = 4 16 2
3
= 91/2 +
f ( 4 ) = 43/2 =
x + 4 x = x + 4 x = 5x
1/2
6
6
129. 6 ( 2 ) = 6 64 = 26 = 2
105. 100.1 = 10 ^ ( 0.1) 1.26
111.
= 27 + 32
= 27 + 9
= 18
103. 45/3 = 4 ^ ( 5 / 3) 10.08
101. 201/2 = 20 4.47
107.
25
= ( 3) +
4
4/3
99. 3 ( 9ab ) = ( 9ab )
= 2 + 53
= 2 + 125
= 127
2/5
5x
5x
=
y

y
3 3
25
3
125. 3 ( 3 p 5) = 3 p 5
97.
= 4+
123.
x = x3/4
2
121. 40.5 + 251.5 = 41/2 + 253/2
= 53 = 125
5
= 85/3 = 3 8 = 25 = 32
93.
3
119. 3 0.008 = 3 ( 0.2 ) = 0.2
b.
W = 35.74 + 0.6215 ( 30 ) 35.75 ( 20 )
+ 0.4275 ( 30 )( 20 )
0.16
0.16
17.36
479
c.
W = 35.74 + 0.6215 ( 0 ) 35.75 (10 )
0.16
0.16
+ 0.4275 ( 0 )(10 )
15.93
139. a.
vt =
b.
have w = 1000 kg/m , g 9.81 m/s ,
C = 0.6 , and 1.2 kg/m3 .
8 ( 0.0015 )(1000 )( 9.81)

3 ( 0.6 )(1.2 )
7.38 m/s
and 91/2 are different because of order
of operations. This is easier seen in a different

form:
1/2
( 9 )
= 9 (radicand is negative, so the

result is not a real number)
( )
91/2 = 91/2 = 9 = 3 (radicand is
z3
m
, in lowest terms, is positive, then a
n
( )
64 = 8 because 82 = 64 .

1. If a and b are real numbers and if r is a rational
number, then assuming the expression is defined,
(ab)r = a r b r .
is defined, a r a s = a r s .
m
n
is a
real number provided n a is a real number.

m
m
If
, in lowest terms, is negative, then a n is a
n
real number provided a 0 and n a is a real
number.
( x + 2 )2 ( x 1)4
2 1
4 1
= ( x + 2 ) ( x 1)
( x + 2 )( x 1)
3
= ( x + 2 )( x 1)
2. If a and b are real numbers and if r and s are

rational numbers, then assuming the expression
positive, so the result is a real number)
480
2a 2
3
3
= 2a 2 b = 23 a 2 b3 = 8a 6b3
R3.
b 1
R4.
141. Answers will vary.
145.
R1. z 3 =
R2. x 2 x5 = x 2 + 5 = x3
The terminal velocity is about 7.38 meters

per second.
143. If
4z 2 2 z 7 3z 2 z + 9
z 2 8 z + 12 ( z 6 )( z 2 )
=
=
z 2 3z + 2 ( z 1)( z 2 )
z6
=
z 1
( 9 )1/2
4 z 2 7 z + 3 3z 2 z + 9
Section 6.2
8r w g
m/s
3C
The radius is 1.5 mm = 0.0015 m . We also
vt =
2mg
C A
4
2 r 3w g
3
=
C r 2
=
147.
( 4 z 2 7 z + 3 ) + ( 3 z 2 z + 9 )
( 4 z 2 2 z 7 ) + ( 3z 2 z + 9)
3 1
11
+
+
3. 53/4 51/6 = 5 4 6 = 512 12 = 512
4.
326/5
3/5
32
6 3
= 32 5 5 = 323/5 =
5.
(1003/8 )
6.
( a3/2 b5/4 )
4/3
3 4
3
= 100 8
2/3
= 23 = 8
= 1001/2 = 100 = 10
32
3
= a2
( 5 32 )
5 2
3
b4
= a b5/6
7.
1/2
1/3
(x )
1/12 2
1 1
+
x2 3
x12
12.
= 2a
13.
1
x6
5 1
x6 6
14.
= x 4/6
3 2
x 2/3
2 1
12
= x 3 4 = x5/12 = x5
x1/4
43 2
( )
( ) ( y 1 )
2/3
1/2
= x1/2 ( 8 x + 12 x + 9 )
= x1/2 ( 20 x + 9 )
1/2
4x
3 2
16. 9 x1/3 + x 2/3 ( 3x + 1) = 9 x 3 3 + x 2/3 ( 3x + 1)
y 2/3
= 9 x x 2/3 + x 2/3 ( 3 x + 1)
= x 2/3 ( 9 x + ( 3x + 1) )
1/2
1 3 3 1
( )
= 25 x 2 4 y 4
= x 2/3 (12 x + 1)
12 x + 1
=
x 2/3
1/2
= 25 x5/4 y 1/4
( ) ( y1/4 )
= 251/2 x5/4
1/2
1/2
6.2 Exercises
5 1 1 1
2y 4 2
= 5x 4
1/2
17. 5
= 5 x5/8 y 1/8
=
10. 8 125a3/4 b1
2/3
5 x5/8
1/8
19.
( ) ( b 1 )
= 8 1252/3 a3/4
2/3
11.
( )
5 1/10
36 = 36
200a1/2
23.
b 2/3
5 1
= 36 10
1/2
= 36
1/4
5 1
= 84 4
1/3
3/2
85/4
8
21. 2
= 200a1/2b 2/3
10
1 3
+
= 52 2
3/2
= 36 = 6
25.
x1/4
x
5/6
= x4
( 44/3 )
3/8
=2
4
2
=5
= 52 = 25
= 84/4 = 81 = 8
2/3
3 2 1 2
= 8 25a 4 3 b 3
+ 3x1/2 ( 4 x + 3)
= x1/2 ( 8 x + 3 ( 4 x + 3) )
2/3
3 2 1 2
4x 4 3 y 3
= 4x
25 x1/2 y3/4
9.
x 3/4 y
2 1
= a 3 4 = a1/6 = 6 a
= 8 x x1/2 + 3x1/2 ( 4 x + 3)
1/2 2/3
1/4
a = a 2/3 = a 2/3
2+1
2
= 82/3 x3/4
=
8 1 12 1
4b
4
15. 8 x3/2 + 3x1/2 ( 4 x + 3) = 8 x 2
= x 2/3
2/3
1/4
= 2a 2b3
1
x6
5
x6
(8x3/4 y 1 )
)
1/4
1/4
= 161/4 ( a8 ) ( b12 )
16a8b12 = 16a8b12
3 2
+
6
x 6
8.
5
6
1 3
+
3 2
= x12
43
8
= 43
= 26
10
12
9
6
= 27/6 =
= x 7/12 =
1
2
7/6
7/12
= 41/2 = 4 = 2
481
27.
253/4 43/4
= 25 41
25 4
=
4
1/2
3/4 2
50 x3/4 y
37.
2 x1/2
25
=
4
3/2
( x3/4 y1/3 )
( ) ( y1/3 )
2/3
= x3/4
=
3 2
x4 3
2/3
1/2
13 13
1
+ x2 4 y2 2
9
1/2
1/2
1
= 25 x1/4 y
+ x 1/4 y 1
9
2/3
31.
1 2
y3 3
1 1
+
x 3 2
4
1+
y 3
2 3
+
6
6
x
3 4
y3 3
= x1/6 y 1/3
=
33.
( 4a2b3/2 )
1/2
1
2
2a 2
1/3
y1/3
1/2
= 5x
+ 9 x1/4 y
1/2 1/2
1/2
1/2
( )
+ 91/2 x1/4
1/8 1/2
+ 3x
1/2
1/2 1/2
1/8 1/2
= 8x
( )
1/2
x8 = x8
41.
12 4
43.
8
= x 2 = x4
( )
1/12
8 = 84
1/2
3 1

b 2 2
1/2
1
+
9 x1/4 y1
( )
x1/6
4
= 8 12 = 81/3 = 3 8 = 2
)
1/3
1/3
= 81/3 ( a3 ) ( b12 )
8a3b12 = 8a3b12
1/3
= 2ab 4
1/3
45.
1 2/3 1/2 1/3)1

= x( ) ( ) y (
= x1/6 y 4/3
8
1/3
1/3
1
x1/6
y 4/3
=
8

1
= x1/18 y 4/9
2
x1/18
=
2 y 4/9
( ) (
x
4
x1/2
x1/4
= x 2 4 = x 4 4 = x1/4 = 4 x
47.
1/3
482
1/8 1/2
= 2a1b3/4
2a
=
b3/4
x 2/3 y 1/3
35.
8 x1/2 y
1/2
= 251/2 x1/4
39.
( ) (b3/2 )
= 41/2 a 2
= 25 x1/4 y
( x1/3 y )( x1/2 y 4/3 ) =
= 25 x1/4 y
1/2 2/9
=x
1/2
3 1
= 25 x 4 2 y
3
25
125
5
=
=
=
4
2
8

29.
x1/2 y1/2
+
9 x3/4 y3/2
x 3 x = x1/2 x1/3 = x 2 3
=
1/3
3 2
+
6
x 6
= x5/6
= x5
49.
1/4 1/2
8
3/4 1/2
= x3/8 = x3
x = x3
= x
4 3
( )
( )
3 3 9 = 3 32
51.
63. 15 x x 2 + 4
= 31/2 32/3
=3
6
= 37
36
6
4 2
61/2
6
2/4
= 6 2 4 = 6 2 2 = 60 = 1
55. 2 x3/2 + 3 x1/2 ( x + 5 ) = 2 x1/2 x + 3x1/2 ( x + 5 )
= x1/2 ( 2 x + 3 ( x + 5) )
( 2 x + 3x + 15 )
= x ( 5 x + 15 )
= 5 x1/2 ( x + 3)
1/2
=x
65.
( 3x 2 ) + 9 ( x + 2 )5/3
2/3
2/3
3/3
= 5 ( x + 2 ) ( 3x 2 ) + 9 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )
2/3
= ( x + 2 ) (5 (3x 2) + 9 ( x + 2) )
2/3
= ( x + 2 ) (15 x 10 + 9 x + 18 )
2/3
= ( x + 2 ) ( 24 x + 8 )
2/3
= 8 ( x + 2 ) ( 3 x + 1)
59.
2/3
1/2
+ 5 x2 + 4
) ( x2 + 4 )
1/2
( )
8 4
1/2
4 = 44/8 = 41/2 = 22
69.
(1001/3 )
71.
( 4 25 )
73.
3/2
4 2
2/2
=2
13
2
= 100 3
= 1001/2 = 100 = 10
= 252/4 = 251/2 = 25 = 5
4 6
x
x 6/4
= x 2/4
x
x
3 1
= x1/2 x 2
= x1/2 x1/2
=0
75.
( 4 91/4 )
( )
= 42 91/4
1
91/2 =
16 91/2
1
1
=
=
=
16 9 16 ( 3) 48
1/2
77. x1/2 x3/2 2 = x1/2 x3/2 x1/2 2
6x + 5
x1/2
= x 4/2 2 x1/2
= x 2 2 x1/2
1/3
( 4 x 3) + 12 ( x 4 )2/3
1/3
= 2 ( x 4)
( 4 x 3) + 12 ( x 4 )1/3 ( x 4 )3/3
1/3
= 2 ( x 4)
( ( 4 x 3) + 6 ( x 4 ) )
1/3
= 2 ( x 4)
( 4 x 3 + 6 x 24 )
1/3
= 2 ( x 4)
(10 x 27 )
2 (10 x 27 )
=
( x 4 )1/3
61. 2 ( x 4 )
1/2
3/2
1/2
( 2 x + 5) + 4 x
1/2
=x
( 2 x + 5) + 4 x 1/2 x 2/2
= x 1/2 ( 2 x + 5 + 4 x )
= x 1/2 ( 6 x + 5 )
x
67. 21/2 23/2 = 24/2 = 22 = 4
1/2
57. 5 ( x + 2 )
+ 5 x2 + 4
( ) ( 3x + x2 + 4 )
1/2
= 5 ( x2 + 4 ) ( x2 + 3x + 4 )
= 5 x2 + 4
7/6
1/2
= 15 x x 2 + 4
1 2
+
= 32 3
53.
79. 2 y 1/3 (1 + 3 y ) = 2 y 1/3 1 + 2 y 1/3 3 y
1
+1
= 2 y 1/3 + 6 y 3
2
=
+ 6 y 2/3
1/3
y
483
81. 4 z 3/2 z 3/2 8 z 3/2
= 4z
=
3/2
3/2
4z
3/2
8 z 3/2
3 3
+
32 z 2 2
3 3
+
4z 2 2
93. 3a ( a 3) + ( a + 3)( a 2 )
= 4 z 6/2 32 z 0
= 3a 2 9a + a 2 2a + 3a 6
= 4 z 3 32
)
= 4 ( z 2) ( z2 + 2z + 4)
= 4 a 2 8a 6
= 4 z3 8
83.
95.
3x = 25
x
( )
3x /2 = 3 2 = 3x
1/2
1/2
= ( 25 )
=5
= x 2 + 3x 10 x 2 3 x + 4
= 6
85. 7 = 9
7x = 9 = 3
( )

R1. 12 = 1 , 22 = 4 , 32 = 9 , 42 = 16 , 52 = 25 ,
1/3 1/4
( )
1/12
= ( x)
x
62 = 36 , 7 2 = 49 , 82 = 64 , 92 = 81 ,
102 = 100 , 112 = 121 , 122 = 144 , 132 = 169 ,
and 142 = 196 .
( )
1/2 1/12
= x
R2. 13 = 1 , 23 = 8 , 33 = 27 , 43 = 64 , and
= x1/24
53 = 125 .
= 24 x
89.
91.
(6 )
=6
2 2
16 = 42 = 4
R3. a.
= 6 = 36
p2 = p
b.
1/2
f ( x ) = ( x + 3)
( x + 1)1/2 =
x+3
x +1
We need x + 3 0 and x + 1 > 0 .

x+3 0
and x + 1 > 0
x 3
x > 1
The domain is the set of values that satisfy both
inequalities. Thus, the domain is x > 1 .
Domain: { x | x > 1} or ( 1, )
We can check this graphically:

1. If n a and n b are real numbers and n 2 is an
integer, then n a n b = n ab .
2.
11 7 = 11 7 = 77
3. 4 6 4 7 = 4 6 7 = 4 42
4.
x5 x +5 =
x5
484
Section 6.3
1/4
87. 4 3 x = 3 x
) (
= x 2 + 3 x 10 x 2 + 3x 4
Thus, 3x /2 = 5.
x2 4
( x + 5 ) ( x + 4 )( x 1)
x+2
( x + 2 )( x 2 )( x + 5 )
=
( x + 4 )( x 1)
( x + 2)
= ( x 2 )( x + 5 ) ( x + 4 )( x 1)
( x 5)( x + 5) =
x 2 25,
5. 7 5 p 7 4 p3 = 7 5 p 4 p3 = 7 20 p 4
2
18a5 = 9 2 a 4 a
15.
= 9 2 a4 a
6. 0 = 0 , 1 = 1 , 4 = 2 , 9 = 3 , 16 = 4 ,
25 = 5
= 9 2
216 = 6
16. 3 128 x6 y10 = 3 64 2 x6 y 9 y
48 = 16 3 = 16 3 = 4 3
3
= 3 64 3 2 x6 3 y 9 3 y
9. 4 3 54 = 4 3 27 2 = 4 3 27 3 2 = 4 3 3 2 = 12 3 2
( ) 3 ( y3 )
17.
4
4
4
= 4 16 a 4 4 a b8 b3
( )
4 4
4
= 4 16 a 4 4 a 4 b 2 b3
= 2ab
6 + 45 6 + 9 5 6 + 9 5
=
=
3
3
3
3
2
+
5
6+3 5
=
=
3
3
= 2+ 5
75a 6 = 25 3 a 6
= 5 3a
( )
ab3
12a 2 10a 4 = 12a 2 10a 4

3
= 120a 6
3
= 8 15 a 6
3
= 3 8 a 6 3 15
= 2a 2 3 15
3
20. 4 8a 2b5 6a 2 b4 = 4 8a 2 b5 6a 2 b 4
= 25 3 a 6
a3
19.
24
6 8 = 68
= 48
= 16 3
= 16 3
=4 3
18.
2 + 32 2 + 16 2 2 + 16 2
=
=
4
4
4
2
1
+
2
2
2 + 4 2
=
=
4
4
1 + 2 2
=
2
= 25 3
3 y
16a5b11 = 16 a 4 a b8 b3
11. 4 40 cannot be simplified further.
14.
= 4 x2 y3 3 2 y
= 100 2 a 2
= 10 2 a or 10 a
13.
= 3 64 3 2 3 x 2
200a 2 = 200 a 2
= 100 2 a 2
12.
= 3a 2 2a
10.
= 3 2 a2 a
7. 1 = 13 , 8 = 23 , 27 = 33 , 64 = 43 , 125 = 53 ,
8.
( a2 )
= 4 48a 4b9
= 4 8 6 a 3 a b9
= 4 3 8 3 6 a 3 3 a b9
= 5a 3 3
= 4 2ab3 3 6a
= 8ab3 3 6a
21.
13
13
13
=
=
49
7
49
485
22.
3
27 p3 3 27 p
3p
=
=
3
8
2
8
10 3 12 = 101/2 121/3
28.
= 103/6 122/6
( ) (122 )
1/6
= (103 )(122 )
1/6
= ( 23 53 42 32 )
1/6
= ( 23 53 24 32 )
1/6
= ( 27 53 32 )
1/6
= 2 ( 2 53 32 )
= 103
4
3q 4 4 3q
q43
=
=
23. 4
4
16
2
16
12a5
24.
3a
3
25.
26.
24 x 2
3
3
3x
12a5
= 4a 4 = 2a 2
3a
250a5b 2
3
2ab
24 x 2
=3
3 x 1
=3
= 8 x3 = 2 x
125a 4
3
1/6
= 2 6 2250
6.3 Exercises
29. 3 6 3 10 = 3 6 10 = 3 60
b3
5a 3 a
=
b
27. 4 5 3 3 = 51/4 31/3
31.
3a 5b = 3a 5b = 15ab if a, b 0
33.
x7 x+7 =
35.
5x 3
5x 3
=
= 5
3
3 x
x
37.
50 = 25 2 = 25 2 = 5 2
= 53/12 34/12
( ) (34 )
1/12
= ( 53 )( 34 )
= 53
1/12
1/6
= 2 ( 2250 )
250a5b2
2ab
= 125a 4 b3
1/6
1/12
( x 7 )( x + 7 ) =
x 2 49
1/12
= (10,125)
= 12 10,125
39. 3 54 = 3 27 2 = 3 27 3 2 = 33 2
48 x 2 = 16 x 2 3 = 16 x 2 3 = 4 x 3
41.
43.
27 x3 = 3x
45.
4
4
32m 4 = 16m 4 2 = 16m4 4 2 = 2 m 4 2
47.
12 p 2 q = 4 p 2 3q = 4 p 2 3q = 2 p 3q
49.
162m 4 = 81m 4 2 = 81m 4 2 = 9m2 2
51.
y13 =
53.
486
3 8
y12 y =
3
y12 y = y 6 y
3
c = c6 c 2 = c 6 c 2 = c 2 c 2
125 p3 q 4 = 25 p 2 q 4 5 p = 25 p 2 q 4 5 p
55.
5 x 15 x = 5 x 15 x
77.
= 75 x 2
= 5 p q2 5 p
3
= 25 x 2 3
57.
16 x = 8 x 2 = 8 x 2 = 2 x
59.
16m8 n2 = m5 16m3 n2
9 3
33
= 25 x 2 3
= 5x 3
= m5 16m3 n2
79.
4b 2 6b2 = 4b 2 6b2
= m 16m3 n2
= 24b 4
3
= 8b3 3b
61. 4 ( x y ) = 4 ( x y ) ( x y )
= 4 ( x y)
4 4
= 8b3 3 3b
= 2b 3 3b
x y
= ( x y) 4 x y
63. 3 8 x3 8 y 3 = 3 8 x3 y 3
81. 2 6ab 3 15ab3 = 6 6ab 15ab3
= 6 90a 2 b4
= 6 9a 2 b4 10
= 3 8 3 x3 y 3
= 6 9a 2 b4 10
= 2 3 x3 y 3
65.
67.
= 18ab2 10
4 + 36 4 + 6 10
=
=
=5
2
2
2
83. 4 27 p3 q 2 4 12 p 2 q 2 = 4 27 p3 q 2 12 p 2 q 2
= 4 324 p5 q 4
9 + 18 9 + 9 2 9 + 9 2
=
=
3
3
3
9+3 2 3 3+ 2
=
=
3
3
= 3+ 2
= 4 81 p 4 q 4 4 p
= 4 81 p 4 q 4 4 4 p
= 3 pq 4 4 p
85.
69.
7 98 7 49 2 7 49 2
=
=
14
14
14
7 7 2 7 1 2
=
=
14
72
1 2
=
2
71.
5 5 = 5 5 = 25 = 5
73.
2 8 = 2 8 = 16 = 4
75. 3 4 3 2 = 3 4 2 = 3 8 = 2
8a3b 4 12a3b = 8a3b4 12a3b

5
= 96a 6 b5
5
= 32a5b5 3a
= 32a5b5 5 3a
= 2ab 5 3a
87.
48
( x y )2 4 6 ( x y )3
2
= 4 8( x y) 6 ( x y)
5
= 4 48 ( x y )
= 4 16 ( x y ) 3 ( x y )
4
= 4 16 ( x y ) 4 3 ( x y )
= 2 ( x y ) 4 3( x y )
487
3
3
3
=
=
16
4
16
89.
111.
3 3 4 = 31/2 41/3
= 33/6 42/6
( ) ( 42 )
1/6
= ( 33 42 )
= 33
5x
5x
x 5
91. 4
=
=
4
16
2
16
1/6
1/6
1/6
3y
=
=
2
25 x
25 x 2 5 x
93.
27 x9
95. 3
2
3
64 y12
3 x 3
4 y4
3 x3
= 22/6 31/6
( ) (3)1/6
1/6
= ( 2 2 3)
4 y4
1/6
= (12 )
= 6 12
115.
3 3 18 = 31/2 181/3
= 33/6 182/6
48a3
=
= 8a 2 = 2a 2
6a
6a
24a5b
3
512a 7 b
3 2ab3
104a5
4a
24a5b
3ab3
=3
90 x3 y 1
2 x 3 y
8a 4
b2
8a 4
b
=
=
=
=
4a 1
( ) (182 )
1/6
= ( 33 182 )
1/6
1/6
= 33 ( 2 3 3)
2 1/6
= 33
2a 2 2
b
1 512a7 b 1 256a 6 16a3

=
=
3 2ab3
3
3b
b2
104a5
1/6
= 22
48a3
488
8
= 4=2
2
3ab
109.
27 x9
113. 3 2 6 3 = 21/3 31/6
128 3
=3
= 64 = 4
3
2
2
103.
107.
= 6 432
128
101.
105.
64 y12
8
97.
99.
= ( 432 )
9 y2
9 y2
= 26a 6 = a 2 3 26
(
)
1/6
= ( 37 22 )
1/6
= 3 ( 3 22 )
= 33 22 32 32
1/6
= 3 (12 )
= 3 6 12
90 x3 y 1
2 x 3 y
45 x6
y2
45 x6
y2
3x3 5
y
1/6
117. 4 9 6 12 = 91/4 121/6
( )
= 32
1/4
129. 5 32m3 = 5 8m3 4

3
= 5 8m3 3 4
121/6
= 5 2 m 3 4
= 31/2 121/6
= 10m 3 4
= 33/6 121/6
( ) (12)1/6
1/6
= ( 33 12 )
1/6
= ( 33 3 22 )
1/6
= ( 34 22 )
2 1/6
= ( 32 2 )
1/3
2
= (3 2)
1/6
= 33
131.
81a 4 b7 = 27a3b6 3ab

3
= 27a3b6 3 3ab
= 3ab 2 3 3ab
133. 3 12 3 18 = 3 12 18
= 3 216
=6
135. a.
= 3 18
(2, 5)
5x 3 5x 3 5x
=
=
119. 3
3
8
2
8
(1, 1)
3
121. 3 5a 3 9a = 3 5a 9a = 45a 2
72a 4 = 36a 4 2 = 36a 4 2 = 6a 2 2
123.
125.
6a 2 b 3 9ab = 6a 2b 9ab
3
3 2
= 54a b
3
= 27a3 2b 2
3
= 3a 2b2
127.
32a
2a 4
=3
=3
=
The line segment has a length of 3 5 units.
32a
2a 4
16
137. a.
a3
3
16
3 3
a
2 3 2
=
a
23 2
=
a
( 5 + 1)2 + ( 2 + 1)2
= 62 + 32
= 36 + 9
= 45
=3 5
= 27a3 2b 2
( 5 ( 1) )2 + ( 2 ( 1) )2
b.
b.
8 3
= 4 1.587
2
The companys annual revenue will be
roughly $1,587,000 after 8 years.
R ( 8) = 3
27 3 27
3
=
=
2.381
3
3
2
2
2
The companys annual revenue will be
roughly $2,381,000 after 27 years.
R ( 27 ) = 3
489
( f g )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
139. a.
= 2x 8x
149.
= 2 x 8 x3
= 16 x 4
= 4 x2
b.
( f g )( 3) = 4 ( 3)2 = 36
6 62 4 (1)( 3)
2 (1)
R1. 4 y 3 2 y 2 + 8 y 1 + 2 y 3 + 7 y 2 3 y + 9
= 4 y3 2 y3 2 y 2 + 7 y 2 + 8 y 3 y 1 + 9
R2.
or x = 3 + 6
5 z 2 + 6 3z 2 8 z 3
= 5 z 2 3z 2 + 8 z + 6 + 3
2 ( 3)
= 2 z 2 + 8z + 9
R3.
4 16 + 12
6
4 28
=
6
4 2 7
=
6
2 7
=
3
( 4 x + 3)( x 5 ) = 4 x x 4 x 5 + 3 x 3 5
= 4 x 2 20 x + 3x 15
or x =
= 4 x 2 17 x 15
R4.
( 2 y 3)( 2 y + 3) = ( 2 y )2 32
= 4 y2 9
2 + 7
3
145. The indexes must be the same.

147. 4 x + 3 = 13
4 x = 10
10
x=
4
5
x=
2
1. Two radicals are like radicals if each radical has

the same index and the same radicand.
2. False;
7 + 5 4.9 but
7 + 5 = 12 3.5.
3. 9 13 y + 4 13 y = ( 9 + 4 ) 13 y = 13 13 y
4. 4 5 + 9 4 5 34 5 = (1 + 9 3) 4 5 = 7 4 5
5
The solution set is .
2
490
= 5 z 2 + 6 3z 2 + 8 z + 3
4 42 4 ( 3)( 1)
2 7
3
= 2 y3 + 5 y 2 + 5 y + 8
143. a = 3, b = 4, c = 1
x=
Section 6.4
6 36 12
=
2
6 24
=
2
6 2 6
=
2
= 3 6
x=
141. a = 1, b = 6, c = 3
x = 3 6
The solution set is x | x 130 , or in interval

3
notation we would write , 130 .
3
Using the result from part (a), we get
x=
3
x + 2 28
5
3
x 26
5
130
x
3
5. 4 18 3 8 = 4 9 2 3 4 2
= 43 2 3 2 2
= 12 2 6 2
= (12 6 ) 2
12.
= 25 + 24 3 7 3 5 7 3 4 3
= 10 + 8 3 35 3 28 9
= 10 27 3 28 3
= 10 27 3 84
= 74 27 3
=6 2
6.
5 x 3 54 x + 7 2 x 4
3
= 5 x 3 27 3 2 x + 7 x3 3 2 x
= 5 x 3 3 2 x + 7 x 3 2 x
( 2 7 3 )( 5 + 4 3 )
13. False;
a+ b
= ( 15 + 7 ) x 3 2 x
= 8 x 2 x
7. 7 10 6 3 cannot be simplified further.
16.
8 z 4 2 z 3 27 z + 3 125 z
(2 5 )
= 2 z 3 z 2 z ( 3) 3 z + 5 3 z
= 2z 3 z + 6z 3 z + 5 3 z
17.
= ( 2 z + 6 z + 5) z
3
= (2)2 2(2)
7 3 2
= ( 8 z + 5) 3 z
= 25m 3m1/2
= 25m 3 m
= 25 m 3 m
= 5 m 3 m
= ( 5 3) m
= 3 6 5 36
= 3 6 56
= 3 6 30
6 10
18.
3+ 2
)(
) ( 3) ( 2 )
3 2 =
= 9 4
= 32
=1
6.4 Exercises
19. 3 2 + 7 2 = ( 3 + 7 ) 2 = 10 2
21. 5 3 x 3 3 x = ( 5 3) 3 x = 2 3 x
11. 3 12 3 3 2 = 3 12 3 3 12 3 2
23. 8 5 x 3 5 x + 9 5 x = ( 8 3 + 9 ) 5 x
= 14 5 x
= 3 3 12 3 24
= 3 3 12 2 3 3
=2 m
6 3 5 6 = 6 3 5 6 6
( 5) + ( 5)
= 49 6 14 + 9 4
= 7 6 14 + 9 2
= 7 6 14 + 18
= 25 6 14
=3
) = ( 7 3 2 )( 7 3 2 )
2
2
= ( 7 ) 2 ( 7 )( 3 2 ) + ( 3 2 )
25m 3 m 2 = 25m 3 m 2/4
( b)
= 44 5 +5
= 94 5
10.
+2 a b +
15. False. The conjugate of 5 + 2 is 5 2 .
= 8 z 3 3 z 2 z 3 27 3 z + 3 125 3 z
9.
14. The radical expressions 4 + 5 and 4 5 are

examples of conjugates.
= a + 2 ab + b
= 15 x 3 2 x + 7 x 3 2 x
8.
) = ( a)
25. 4 3 5 3 5 + 7 3 5 8 5
= ( 4 + 7 ) 3 5 + ( 3 8 ) 5
= 113 5 11 5
491
8+6 2 = 4 2 +6 2
= 2 2 +6 2
= ( 2 + 6) 2
27.
41.
= 3 x 3 2 + 3 x 2 3 2 2 4 3 2
= 3 x 3 2 + 6 x 3 2 8 3 2
= ( 3 x + 6 x 8) 3 2
29. 3 24 4 3 3 = 3 8 3 3 4 3 3
= ( 3x 8) 3 2
= 23 3 4 3 3
= ( 2 4) 3 3
43.
= 2 3 3
31.
54 x3 + 3x 3 16 2 3 128
= 27 x3 3 2 + 3x 3 8 3 2 2 3 64 3 2
=8 2
9x 9 + 4x 4
= 9 ( x 1) + 4 ( x 1)
= 9 x 1 + 4 x 1
= 3 x 1 + 2 x 1
= (3 + 2) x 1
54 7 128 = 27 2 7 64 2
3
= 3 2 74 2
= 33 2 283 2
= ( 3 28 ) 3 2
= 5 x 1
= 25 2
33.
45.
16 x x3 = 16 x x3/6
= 16 x x1/2
=4 x x
= ( 4 1) x
5 54 x 3 24 x
= 5 9 6x 3 4 6x
= 5 3 6x 3 2 6x
= 15 6 x 6 6 x
= (15 6 ) 6 x
=3 x
9
47. 3 27 x + 2 x3 = 3 27 3 x + 2 x3/9
= 9 6x
= 33 x + 2 x1/3
35. 2 8 + 3 10 = 2 4 2 + 3 10
= 2 2 2 + 3 10
= 4 2 + 3 10
Cannot be simplified further.
37.
= 33 x + 2 3 x
= (3 + 2) 3 x
= 53 x
49.
12 x3 + 5 x 108 x
3 2 3 2 = 3 2 3 3 2
= 2 3 3 23
= 2 3 3 6
= 4 x 2 3 x + 5 x 36 3x
= 2 x 3x + 5 x 6 3x
= 2 x 3x + 30 x 3 x
= ( 2 x + 30 x ) 3x
51.
2 + 6 = 3 2 + 3 6
=
=
=
=
= 32 x 3x
39.
12 x 2 + 3x 2 2 98 x 2
= 4 x 2 3 + 3x 2 2 49 x 2 2
= 2 x 3 + 3x 2 2 7 x 2
= 2 x 3 + 3x 2 14 x 2
= 2 x 3 + ( 3 14 ) x 2
3 2 + 3 6
6 + 18
6+ 9 2
6 +3 2
53. 3 4 3 3 3 6 = 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 6
= 2 x 3 11x 2
= 3 43 3 46
= 3 12 3 24
= 3 12 3 8 3 3
= 3 12 2 3 3
492
2 x 3 10 x = 2 x 3 2 x 10 x
55.
69.
= 3 2 x 20 x 2
2 5
) = ( 2)
2
= 3 2x 4x 5
= 3 2x 2x 5
( 3 + 2 )( 4 + 3 )
71.
x 2
= 3 4 + 3 3 + 2 4 + 2 3
= 12 + 3 3 + 4 2 + 6
59.
( 6 + 3 )( 2 7 )
73.
) = ( x)
2
( 4 2 7 )( 3 + 3 7 )
)(
2 1
65.
2 +3 6
=
=
=
=
=
2 3 2 2 2 +3 6 3 3 6 2 2
6 2 4 + 3 18 6 12
6 2 2 + 33 2 6 2 3
6 4 + 9 2 12 3
6 12 3 + 9 2 4
(2
5 + 3 4 5 3 3
32 2
)(
75.
77.
) ( 2)
= (1) + 2 (1)
2x + 3y
2x
) (
)(
(1)
79.
2x 3y
3y
= 4x 9 y
= 2x 3y
( 3 x + 4 )( 3 x 3)
= 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 + 4 3 x 43
3
= x 2 33 x + 4 3 x 12
3
= x 2 + ( 3 + 4 ) 3 x 12
3
= x 2 + 3 x 12
81.
( 3) + ( 3)
= 1+ 2 3 + 9
= 1+ 2 3 + 3
= 4+2 3
( 3 2 5 )( 3 + 2 5 ) = ( 3)2 ( 2 5 )
= 40 2 15 9
= 31 2 15
(1 + 3 )
( x )( 2 ) + ( 2 )
= 9 4 25
= 9 45
= 9 20
= 11
= 2 5 4 5 2 5 3 3 + 3 4 5 3 3 3
= 8 25 6 15 + 4 15 3 9
= 8 5 + ( 6 + 4 ) 15 3 3
67.
2 +1 =
= 12 + 6 7 42
= 6 7 30
)(
= 4 1
= 2 1
=1
= 43 + 43 7 2 7 3 2 7 3 7
= 12 + 12 7 6 7 6 49
= 12 + (12 6 ) 7 6 7
63.
= x2 2 2 x + 4
= x 2 2x + 2
= 62 6 7 + 3 2 3 7
= 12 6 7 + 2 3 21
61.
( 2 )( 5 ) + ( 5 )
= 4 2 10 + 25
= 2 2 10 + 5
= 7 2 10
57.
( 3 2a 5)( 3 2a + 5) = ( 3 2a )
( 5)
= 4a 2 25
83.
3 + 10 = 5 3 + 5 10
= 15 + 50
= 15 + 25 2
= 15 + 5 2
493
28 x5 x 7 x3 + 5 175 x5
85.
99.
= 4 x 4 7 x x x 2 7 x + 5 25 x 4 7 x
= 2 x 2 7 x x 2 7 x + 25 x 2 7 x
= 2 x 2 x 2 + 25 x 2
= 26 x
87.
(2
7x
)(
) (
52
= 4 9 25
= 4 3 25
= 12 25
= 13
101.
(2 +
x +1
103.
(5
x+2
= 2 3 7 + 3 28
(2
)(
2 +5 4 2 4
= 16 + 12 2 20
= 4 + 12 2
93. 4 18 + 2 32 = 4 9 2 + 2 16 2
= 43 2 + 2 4 2
= 12 2 + 8 2
= (12 + 8 ) 2
5 3
( 5)
107. a.
(f
= 3 3x
2
4 15
b.
Use the result from part (a).
(f
+ g )( 4 ) = 3 3 ( 4 )
= 3 12
=3 4 3
= 3 2 3
=6 3
c.
( f g )( x ) =
3x 12 x
= 36 x 2
= 6x
= ( 3x + 2 ) 3 5 y
494
) (
x+2 +
+ g )( x ) = 3 x + 12 x
97. 33 5 x3 y + 3 40 y
= 3x 3 5 y + 2 3 5 y
= 3 x + 4 3x
= 3x + 2 3x
= (1 + 2 ) 3 x
= 25 2 15 + 9 4 15
= 5 2 15 + 3 2 15
= 8 4 15
= 3 x3 3 5 y + 3 8 3 5 y
= 52 2(5)
3 5 8 5
+
25
25
3 5 +8 5
=
25
( 3 + 8) 5
=
25
11 5
=
25
60
( 5 )( 3 ) + ( 3 )
) (
x +1 +
= 20 2
3
5 4 2 5
105.

5 5 5
5
= 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 + 5 4 2 54
= 8 4 8 2 + 20 2 20
= 8 2 + ( 8 + 20 ) 2 20
95.
= 22 + 2(2)
= 25 10 x + 2 + x + 2
= 27 + x 10 x + 2
= 2 7 + 74
91.
x2
x +1
= 4 + 4 x +1 + x +1
= 5 + x + 4 x +1
89. 3 7 2 + 3 4 = 3 7 2 + 3 7 3 4
3
)( 2 x + 7 y ) 2
2
2
= ( 2x ) ( 7 y ) 2 x
2x 7 y
= 4 x 2 49 y 2 2 x
= 2x 7 y 2x
= 7y
7x
3 +5 2 3 5 = 2 3
x+2
109. Check x = 2 + 5 :
Area of smaller triangle:

1
1
s = ( 7 + 5 + 4 ) = (16 ) = 8
2
2
0 ! x2 + 4x 1
(
)
2
2
0 ! ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) ( 5 ) + ( 5 ) 8 + 4
0 ! 2 + 5
+ 4 2 + 5 1
A = 8 ( 8 7 )( 8 5 )( 8 4 )
= 8 (1)( 3)( 4 ) = 96 = 16 6
5 1
=4 6
0 ! 4 4 5 + 25 8 + 4 5 1
0 ! 99
0 = 0 true
Substituting 2 + 5 for x yields a true
statement, therefore the value is a solution.
Check x = 2 5 :
Area of shaded region:

area of larger area of smaller
= 16 6 4 6 = (16 4 ) 6 = 12 6
The area of the shaded region is 12 6 square
units.
0 ! x + 4x 1
(
)
2
2
0 ! ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) ( 5 ) + ( 5 ) 8 4
0 ! 2 5
+ 4 2 5 1
115. Answers may vary.
5 1
0 ! 4 + 4 5 + 25 8 4 5 1
0 ! 99
0 = 0 true
Substituting 2 5 for x yields a true
statement, therefore the value is a solution.
111. A = l w
= 162 72
= 81 2 36 2
= 9 2 6 2
= 54 4
= 54 2
= 108
The area is 108 square units.
P = 2l + 2w
=2
) (
162 + 2
72
119.
( 3 y + 2 )( 2 y 1) = 3 y ( 2 y 1) + 2 ( 2 y 1)
= 6 y2 3 y + 4 y 2
= 6 y2 + y 2
( 5w + 2 )( 5w 2 ) = ( 5w )2 22 = 25w2 4
Section 6.5
R1. Start by finding the prime factors of 12.
12 = 3 4 = 3 2 2
To make a perfect square, we need to have each
unique prime factor occur an even number of
times. To make the smallest perfect square, we
want to use the smallest even number possible
for each factor. In this case, the factor 2 occurs
twice so no additional factors of 2 are needed.
However, the factor 3 only occurs once.
Therefore, we need to multiply by one more
factor of 3.
The smallest perfect square that is a multiple of
12 is 12 3 = 36 .
= 2 81 2 + 2 36 2
= 18 2 + 12 2
= (18 + 12 ) 2
= 30 2
The perimeter is 30 2 units.
113. Area of larger triangle:
1
1
s = (14 + 10 + 8 ) = ( 32 ) = 16
2
2
R2.
25 x 2 =
( 5 x )2
= 5x
(since x > 0 , we do not need x )
A = 16 (16 14 )(16 10 )(16 8 )

= 16 16 6 = 4 4 6
= 16 6
(3a3b )( 4a2b4 ) = 3 4a3+2b1+4 = 12a5b5
121.
= 16 ( 2 )( 6 )( 8 ) = 16 16 6
117.

1. Rewriting a quotient to remove radicals from the
denominator is called rationalizing the
denominator.
495
2. To rationalize the denominator of
, we
11
would multiply the numerator and denominator
by 11.
3.
1
3
5
4.
2 2
10 x
9
5
2 2
5.
2
2
10
2 4
7. 3
3 2
3 2
3
3
3
=
=
20 3 20
10
10
=
22
4
11.
2
6 2
43 9
27
3 2
2 5
p3
p 4 p3
3 1
)(
3 1
3 1
4 3 1
2
3 1
2 52
2 52
6 2
2
6+ 2
6+ 2
6+ 2
6 2
)(
6+ 2
( 6 + 2)
2
2
( 6) ( 2)
12 + 4
62
2 3+2
=
4
2 3 +1
=
4
3 +1
=
2
3 1
43 9
3
150
3 1
3 +1
1000
150
=
10
3
=2
8.
3 +1
3 1
( 3 ) 12
4 ( 3 1)
=
10 x
100 x 2
5 10 x
=
10 x
10 x
=
2x
4
3 +1
10 x 10 x
5 10 x
6.
3
3
10.
3 4 p3
p
12.
9. To rationalize the denominator of
4 3
5+4
5 2
2 + 7
multiply the numerator and denominator by
2 7.
5+4
=
=
=
5 2
5+ 2
5+ 2
)( 5 + 2 )
2 )( 5 + 2 )
5+4
5
25 + 10 + 4 5 + 4 2
( 5) ( 2)
2
5 + 10 + 4 5 + 4 2
52
5 + 10 + 4 5 + 4 2
=
3
496

6.5 Exercises
27. 3
13.
1
2
15.
5 3
2
6
5 3
6 3
2
2
12
3
2 3
3 3
2
=
p
21.
23.
2
p
31.
2
3
y y2
36
p
y y
2 2
2p
p
2p
p
2
3
7q 2
20 y
q2
q2
7q 2
q
33.
4
4
3x3
=
=
2 4
20 y
50 y 2
50 y 2
2 3 50 y 2
2 2y
y y
3 3
1000 y 3
50 y 2
5y
4
2 3 50 y 2
10 y
27 x
3x3 27 x
4 4 27 x
4
35.
12
5
m3 n 2
=
=
81x 4
4 4 27 x
=
3x
y2
3
2 3
3
=
6
3
2 2y
25.
2 2y
12
y y
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 20
=
=
29. 3
50 3 50 3 50 3 20
3
60
=
3
1000
3
60
=
10
2 3
2 9
3 3
=
23
3
=
2
19.
5 9
6 3
=
53
2 3
=
5
17.
7
=
q
2 4 3
= 4
2
12
5
m3 n 2
m 2 n3
m 2 n3
12 m2 n3
5
m5 n5
5
12 m2 n3
mn
497
37.
4
6 2
5
5+2
6 +2
64
6 +2
52
8
7 3
6+2
2
7 3
10 6
22
p
p+ q
)
47.
18
2 3 +3 2
7+ 3
7+ 3
=
=
( p q)
2
2
( p) ( q)
49.
5+ 3
5 3 5+ 3
5+ 3
( 5) ( 3)
2
5+ 3
53
5+ 3
=
2
7 +3
7 3
2 3 3 2
2 3 +3 2 2 3 3 2
18 2 3 3 2
2
12 18
18 2 3 3 2
6
= 3 2 3 3 2
7 +3
7 +3
7 3 7 +3
7 +3
7 +3
7+6 7 +9
79
16 + 6 7
=
2
= 8 3 7 or 3 7 8
=
or 3 3 2 2 3
(
)(
)
( 7 3)( 7 + 3)
2
2
7 ) + 2 ( 7 ) ( 3) + ( 3 )
(
=
2
( 7 ) ( 3)2
=
2 5 2 3
1
5 3
1
18
)
2
( 2 3 ) (3 2 )
18 ( 2 3 3 2 )
=
=
498
p q
p 2 pq
pq
p pq
=
pq
7+ 3
4
7+ 3
p q
p+ q
73
8 7+ 3
=
=
=2
2
45.
)
2
( 7 ) ( 3)
8( 7 + 3 )
=
8
=
=
43.
5+2 52
5 52
5 5 2
=
=
2
54
5 22
( )
= 5 ( 5 2)
41.
( 6)
4 ( 6 + 2) 4 ( 6 + 2)
=
=
62
=2
39.
6 +2
51.
34 2
2 3 +5 2
=
=
=
3 4 2 2 3 5 2
2 3 +5 2 2 3 5 2
( 3 4 2 )( 2 3 5 2 )
( 2 3 + 5 2 )( 2 3 5 2 )
2 9 5 6 8 6 + 20 4
( 2 3 ) (5 2 )
2
p +2
p 2
p +2
p 2
61.
p +2
p +2
( p + 2)( p + 2)
( p 2)( p + 2)
2
p ) + 2 ( p ) ( 2 ) + 22
(
=
2
( p ) 22
=
55.
2 3
8 2
p+4 p +4
p4
=
=
=
=
63.
2 2 2
65.
2 3
2
2 3
3+
67.
2
2
4 3 2
3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3+ 3
=
+
=
3
3
3
4 3
=
3
= 3+
= 3+
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
+ 12 + 75 =
+2 3 +5 3
3
3
1
=
+7 3
3
1
3
=
+7 3
3 3
3
=
+7 3
3
3 21 3
=
+
3
3
3 + 21 3
=
3
22 3
=
3
3
18
2 3
4
23 2
=
2
57.
10 1
10
2
2
2
10
=
2
10
=
2
6 13 6 + 40
=
12 50
46 13 6
=
38
13 6 46
=
38
53.
59.
69.
3
12
3
72
1
3
1
=
2 3 2
2
1
1
=
2
2
=0
3
2 3
3
2 2
2
2
=
=
2 2 2 22
2
=
4
4
=
3
6 2
1
1
2
4
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2 3
3
499
71.
3 3
3 +3
3 3
3 +3
( 3)
3 3
83.
3 3
( 3 ) ( 3) + 3
2
( 3 ) 32
1
2
3 1 1
3
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1
=
2 2
3 1 2
=
2 2
2
6 2
=
4
3 6 3 + 9 12 6 3
=
39
6
= 32
=
73.
2
5+2
52
5+2 52
2 52
2 52
=
=
2
54
5 22
( )
= 2 ( 5 2)
75.
77.
8
2
1
3
2 2
2
1
3
85.
2 +1
=
3
=
3
3
3
3
18
18
18
79.
=
=
=
3
3
3
3
6
216
12
12 18
87.
x h
x
(Since 12 = 22 3 , we need to multiply by 2 32

to get powers of 3 on the factors.)
81.
1
3 +5
=
=
=
3 +5
3 5
)(
3 5
3 2 3
2 1
3 2 3
1
3 2 3
52
3 5
3 25
3 5
=
22
5 3
=
22
x h
)(
x+ h
x+ h
x+ h
( x) ( h)
x 2 + xh
xh
x + xh
2 1
x+ h
x
x h
500
2 1
3 5
( 3)
)(
2 +1
3 5
3 5
3 +5
( 2 1)
2
2 ) 12
(
=
=2
3
2 +1 2 1
3
2 1
2
2+ 3
6+ 2
4
2
89.
( 6)
+ 2 6 2 +
( 2)
2+
4
4
6 + 2 12 + 2 2 +
!
16
4
8 + 22 3 2 +
!
16
4
8+ 4 3 2+
!
16
4
2+ 3 2+
=
4
4
=
=
=
( x + h) +
x+h x
x+h + x
x+h + x
x+h + x
1
y = 1x + 1
4
1
x+0 + x
1
c.
m=
d.
f ( x) = x
2 4
(4, 2)
y = x
1
93. Answers will vary. The goal is to express a

fraction containing irrational numbers in the
denominator as a fraction containing only
rational numbers in the denominator.
95. g ( x ) = 3x + 9
x
y = 3 x + 9
1 y = 3 ( 1) + 9 = 12
0
y = 3 ( 0 ) + 9 = 9
1
y = 3 (1) + 9 = 6
2
y = 3 ( 2 ) + 9 = 3
3
y = 3 ( 3) + 9 = 0
( x, y )
( 1,12 )
( 0,9 )
(1, 6 )
( 2,3)
( 3, 0 )
x+h + x
1
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
1
y 2 = ( x 4)
4
1
y 2 = x 1
4
1
y = x +1
4
f.
x x + h x x + h ( x)
h
b.
)(
x+h x
h
x+h x x+h + x
=
h
x+h + x
x+h x
x+h + x
=
h x+h + x
e.
91. a.
x+ x
1
2 x
1
1
=
22 4
f (4) = 4 = 2
The point (4, 2) is on the graph.
501
97. F ( x ) = x3
y = x3
y = ( 2 ) = 8
y = ( 1) = 1
y=0 =0
y =1 =1
y = 23 = 8
3
3
y
10
7.
( x, y )
( 2, 8 )
( 1, 1)
( 0, 0 )
(1,1)
( 2,8 )
8.
9.
5
(0, 0)
x3/4
1/8
3 1
= x4
3.
( )
5.
64 x3 = 64 x
2/3
64
( 4 )
1
8 8
8
1
16
x6
y
10.
15a 2b = 15a 2b = 30ab
11.
10m3 n 2 20mn = 10m3 n 2 20mn

= 200m 4 n3
= 10m 2 n 2n
5
= 7 z4
12. 3
1/3
3 1/2
1/6
6. c1/2 c3/2 + c5/2 = c1/2 c3/2 + c1/2 c5/2
1 3
+
c2 2
4
32 xy 4
4x
= 3 8 x3 y 3 = 3 ( 2 ) x3 y3 = 2 xy
13. 2 108 3 75 + 48
= 2 36 3 3 25 3 + 16 3
= 2 36 3 3 25 3 + 16 3
= 2 6 3 35 3 + 4 3
= 12 3 15 3 + 4 3
= (12 15 + 4 ) 3
= 2 x1/2 or 2 x
= 3
1 5
+
+ c2 2
6
= c2 + c2
= c 2 + c3
502
= 100m 4 n 2 2n
= 26/6 x3/6
8 5
= 100m 4 n 2 2n
( )
1/6
= ( 26 x 3 )
= 64 x3
= x5/8 or
8
3 1/4
4. 7 z 4/5 = 7 z
b2
= x 6 y 1
4 1/5
a2
= x4 y
( )
3 x = 3x
6 1
= x8
1. 251/2 = 25 = 5
( 64 )
)=
= a 6/3b6/3
Putting the Concepts Together (Sections 6.16.5)
( 64 )2/3 =
2 4 1 + 5
+

a3 3b 3 3
( x3/4 y 1/8 ) = ( x3/4 ) ( y 1/8 )
(2, 8)
2.
)( a
(1, 1)
4/3 5/3
= a 2 b 2
(2, 8)
( 1, 1)
(a
2/3 1/3
14. 5b 8b + 7 18b3 = 5b 4 2b + 7 9b2 2b
= 5b 4 2b + 7 9b2 2b
= 5b 2 2b + 7 3b 2b
= 10b 2b + 21b 2b
= ( 10 + 21) b 2b
21.
4
3 8
= 11b 2b
15. 3 16 y 4 y 3 2 y = 3 8 y 3 2 y y 3 2 y
8 y3 3
2y y 2y
= ( 2 1) y 3 2 y
= y 3 2y
xx
)(
19.
20.
2 32
2 4 2 ( 3) + ( 3)
=
24 2 8 2
3
2 3 2
=
=
8 2 2 82
3 2
=
16
( 3)
3 +8
82
4 3 +8
4 3 + 32
=
61
61
f ( x ) = x2 4
2
f ( 3 ) = ( 3) 4 = 9 4 = 5
= 16 2 24 2 + 9
= 32 24 2 + 9
= 41 24 2
3
3 +8
p2 = p
R4.
R2.
= 14 28 2 = 14 1 2 2
) = (4 2 )
)(
121 = 112 = 11
R3.
2 3
3 8
R1.
= 2 10 + 2 2 3 2 10 3 2 2
= 20 + 2 2 30 2 3 2
= 20 28 2 6
(4
3 +8
Section 6.6
17. 3 x + 4 x = ( 3 + 4 ) x = 7 x
2 3 2 10 + 2
= 12 x 2
= 12 x
18.
3 +8
4 3 + 32
3 64
4 3 + 32
=
61
= 2y 2y y 3 2y
( 3 x )( 4 x ) = 3 4
3 8
3 +8
16.
2 x + 3 0
2 x + 3 3 0 3
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 2
3
x
2
The solution set is x | x
interval notation.
3
, or
2
, in
2
503
R5.
f ( x ) = x2 + 1
5. g ( t ) = 5 3t 1
y = x2 + 1
y = ( 2 ) + 1 = 5
1 y = ( 1) + 1 = 2
2
y = ( 0) + 1 = 1
y = (1) + 1 = 2
y = ( 2) + 1 = 5
y
(2, 5)
( x, y )
( 2,5)
( 1, 2 )
( 0,1)
(1, 2 )
( 2,5)
6. F ( m ) = 4 6 3m
The function tells us to take the fourth root of
6 3m . We can only take the fourth root of
numbers that are greater than or equal to 0. Thus,
we need
6 3m 0
3m 6
m2
The domain of F is {m | m 2} or the interval
(2, 5)
(1, 2)
( , 2] .
7.

1.
The function tells us to take the fifth root of

3t 1 . Since we can take the fifth root of any
real number, the domain of g is all real numbers
{t | t is any real number} or the interval ( , ) .
f (x ) = x 2 + 1
(1, 2)
(0, 1)
f ( x) = x + 3
a.
f ( x ) = 3x + 7
a.
f ( 3) = 3 ( 3) + 7 = 9 + 7 = 16 = 4
b.
f ( 7 ) = 3 ( 7 ) + 7 = 21 + 7 = 28 = 2 7
The function tells us to take the square root

of x + 3 . We can only take the square root
of numbers that are greater than or equal to
0. Thus, we need
x+3 0
x 3
The domain of f is { x | x 3} or the
interval [ 3, ) .
2. g ( x ) = 3 2 x + 7
a.
g ( 4 ) = 3 2 ( 4 ) + 7 = 3 8 + 7 = 3 1 = 1
b.
g (10 ) = 3 2 (10 ) + 7 = 3 20 + 7 = 3 27 = 3
b.
f ( 2 ) = 2 + 3 = 1
f (1) = 1 + 3 = 2
f (6) = 6 + 3 = 3
( x, y )
( 3, 0 )
( 2,1)
(1, 2 )
( 6,3)
y
4
4. H ( x ) = x + 6
c.
Based on the graph, the range is { y | y 0}
or the interval [ 0, ) .
[ 6, ) .
504
f ( 3) 3 + 3 = 0
3. If the index on a radical expression is even, then

the radicand must be greater than or equal to
zero. If the index on a radical expression is odd,
then the radicand can be any real number.
The function tells us to take the square root of

x + 6 . We can only take the square root of
numbers that are greater than or equal to 0. Thus,
we need
x+6 0
x 6
The domain of H is { x | x 6} or the interval
f ( x) = x + 3

8. G ( x ) = 3 x 1
a.
c.
The function tells us to take the cube root of

x and then subtract 1. We can take the cube
root of any real number so the domain is all
real numbers, { x | x is any real number} or
the interval ( , ) .
b.
G ( x ) = 3 x 1
8 G ( 8 ) = 8 1 = 3
3
1 G ( 1) = 1 1 = 2
3
0
1
8
G ( 0 ) = 3 0 1 = 1
G (1) = 3 1 1 = 0
G ( 8) = 3 8 1 = 1
y
( x, y )
( 8, 3)
( 1, 2 )
( 0, 1)
(1, 0 )
( 8,1)
a.
G (1) = 2 5 (1) 1
=2 4
= 22
=4
G ( 5 ) = 2 5 ( 5) 1
= 2 24
=4 6
c.
13. G ( m ) = 2 5m 1
b.
1
1
g = 2 + 3
8
8
13
=
4
13
=
4
13
=
2
c.
1
1
G = 2 5 1
2
2
Based on the graph, the range is all real

numbers, { y | y is any real number} or the
interval ( , ) .
2
2 6
=
2
= 6
6.6 Exercises
9.
3
2
2 3
=2
f ( x) = x + 6
2
2
15. H ( z ) = 3 z + 4
a.
f ( 3) = 3 + 6 = 9 = 3
b.
f ( 8 ) = 8 + 6 = 14
a.
H ( 4) = 3 4 + 4 = 3 8 = 2
c.
f ( 2 ) = 2 + 6 = 4 = 2
b.
H ( 12 ) = 3 12 + 4 = 3 8 = 2
c.
H ( 20 ) = 3 20 + 4
11. g ( x ) = 2 x + 3
a.
= 3 16
g (11) = 2 (11) + 3
= 3 8 3 2
= 25
= 5
b.
= 2 3 2
g ( 1) = 2 ( 1) + 3
= 1
= 1
505
17.
f ( x) =
a.
b.
The domain of the function is x | x or

2
7
the interval , .
2
x2
x+2
72
5
5
5
=
=
=
7+2
9
3
9
f (7) =
f ( 6) =
=
=
=
c.
62
6+2
1
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
25. F ( x ) = 4 3x
4 3x 0
3 x 4
4
x
3
The domain of the function is x | x
interval , .
3
10 2
=
10 + 2
2 3
=
3 3
6
=
3
f (10 ) =
27. H ( z ) = 3 2 z + 1
2
3
Since the index is odd, the domain of the

function is all real numbers.
{ z | z is any real number} or ( , ) .
29. W ( p ) = 4 7 p 2
7p2 0
7p 2
2
p
7
2z
19. g ( z ) = 3
z4
a.
g ( 4 ) = 3
b.
g ( 8) = 3
c.
21.
2 ( 4 )
4 4
2 (8)
84
g (12 ) = 3
=3
=3
2 (12 )
12 4
8 3
= 1 =1
8
=3
24 3
= 3
8
31. g ( x ) = 5 x 3
function is all real numbers.
{ x | x is any real number} or ( , ) .
f ( x) = x 7
23. g ( x ) = 2 x + 7
2x + 7 0
2 x 7
7
x
2
506
The domain of the function is p | p or the

7
2
interval , .
7
16 3
= 4
4
x7 0
x7
The domain of the function is { x | x 7} or the
interval [ 7, ) .
4
or the
3
33.
3
x+5
The index is even so we need the radicand to be
nonnegative. The numerator is positive which
means we need the denominator to be positive as
well.
x+5 > 0
x > 5
The domain of the function is { x | x > 5} or the
f ( x) =
interval ( 5, ) .
x+3
x 3
nonnegative. That is, we need to solve
x+3
0
x3
The radicand equals 0 when x = 3 and it is
undefined when x = 3 . We can use these two
values to split up the real number line into
subintervals.
35. H ( x ) =
Interval
Num. chosen
Conclusion
a.
b.
1
7
positive negative positive
Since we need the radicand to be positive or 0,

the domain is { x | x 3 or x > 3} or the
f ( x) = x 4
a.
interval [ 4, ) .
x
4
5
8
13
20
y
f ( x) = x 4
f ( 4) = 4 4 = 0
f ( 5) = 1
f (8) = 2
f (13) = 3
f ( 20 ) = 4
( x, y )
( 4, 0 )
( 5,1)
( 8, 2 )
(13,3)
( 20, 4 )
c.
Based on the graph, the range is [ 0, ) .
41. G ( x ) = 2 x
a.
2x 0
x 2
x2
The domain is { x | x 2} or the interval
( , 2] .
b.
G ( x) = 2 x
14 G ( 14 ) = 2 + 14 = 4
7
G ( 7 ) = 3
2
G ( 2 ) = 2
1
G (1) = 1
2
G ( 2) = 0
8
4
c.
16
x4 0
x4
The domain is { x | x 4} or the
b.
( x, y )
( 2, 0 )
( 1,1)
( 2, 2 )
( 7,3)
(14, 4 )
interval ( , 3] ( 3, ) .
37.
g ( x) = x + 2
2 g ( 2 ) = 2 + 2 = 0
1
g ( 1) = 1
2
g ( 2) = 2
7
g (7) = 3
14
g (14 ) = 4
(3, )
x+20
x 2
[ 2, ) .
(, 3) (3,3)
Value of radicand
39. g ( x ) = x + 2
16
( x, y )
( 14, 4 )
( 7,3)
( 2, 2 )
(1,1)
( 2, 0 )
507
c.
43.

47. H ( x ) = 2 x
f ( x) = x + 3
a.
a.
[ 0, ) .
[ 0, ) .
b.
0
1
4
9
16
y
b.
f ( x) = x + 3
f (0) = 0 + 3 = 3
f (1) = 4
f ( 4) = 5
f (9) = 6
f (16 ) = 7
H ( x) = 2 x
0 H (0) = 2 0 = 0
1
H (1) = 2
4
H ( 4) = 4
9
H (9) = 6
16
H (16 ) = 8
( x, y )
( 0,3)
(1, 4 )
( 4,5 )
( 9, 6 )
(16, 7 )
( x, y )
( 0, 0 )
(1, 2 )
( 4, 4 )
( 9, 6 )
(16,8 )
y
8
8
4
4
8
8
c.
16
c.
Based on the graph, the range is [3, ) .

49.
g ( x) = x 4
0 g ( 0 ) = 0 4 = 4
1
g (1) = 3
4
g ( 4 ) = 2
9
g ( 9 ) = 1
16
g (16 ) = 0
y
( x, y )
( 0, 4 )
(1, 3)
( 4, 2 )
( 9, 1)
(16, 0 )
f ( x) =
a.
1
x
2
[ 0, ) .
[ 0, ) .
b.
b.
x
0
f ( x) =
2
16
( x, y )
1
0 = 0 ( 0, 0 )
2
1
1
f (1) =
1,
2
2
f ( 4) = 1
( 4,1)
3
3
f (9) =
9,
2
2
f (16 ) = 2
(16, 2 )
1
4
16
x
1
x
2
f ( 0) =
45. g ( x ) = x 4
a.
16
4
2
c.

8
508
16
c.
51. G ( x ) = x
a.
55.
f ( x) = 3 x 3
a.
( , ) .
[ 0, ) .
b.
G ( x) = x
b.
( x, y )
( 0, 0 )
(1, 1)
( 4, 2 )
( 9, 3)
(16, 4 )
0 G ( 0) = 0 = 0
1
G (1) = 1
4
G ( 4 ) = 2
9
G ( 9 ) = 3
16
G (16 ) = 4
y
The index is odd so the domain is all real

numbers, { x | x is any real number} or
f ( x) = 3 x 3
x
8
1
0
1
8
f ( 8 ) = 8 3 = 5
f ( 1) = 4
f ( 0 ) = 3
f (1) = 2
f ( 8 ) = 1
3
( x, y )
( 8, 5 )
( 1, 4 )
( 0, 3)
(1, 2 )
( 8, 1)
4
8
8
16
c.
Based on the graph, the range is ( , 0] .
53. h ( x ) = 3 x + 2
a.
c.
57. G ( x ) = 2 3 x
a.

b.
b.
h ( x) =
x
10
3
2
1
6
( x, y )
x+2
h ( 10 ) = 3 10 + 2 = 2
h ( 3 ) = 1
h ( 2 ) = 0
h ( 1) = 1
h (6) = 2
y

( , ) .
( , ) .
Based on the graph, the range is ( , ) .
8 G ( 8 ) = 2 8 = 4
1
G ( 1) = 2
0
G (0) = 0
1
G (1) = 2
8
G (8) = 4
3
( 10, 2 )
( 3, 1)
( 2, 0 )
( 1,1)
( 6, 2 )
( 8, 4 )
( 1, 2 )
( 0, 0 )
(1, 2 )
( 8, 4 )
c.
( x, y )
G ( x ) = 23 x
c.
509
59. a.
d ( 0 ) = 04 9 ( 0 ) + 25 = 25 = 5
69.
The distance is 5 units.

b.
d (1) = 14 9 (1) + 25 = 17
The distance is
c.
17 4.123 units.
2
d ( 5 ) = 54 9 ( 5 ) + 25 = 425 = 5 17
The distance is 5 17 20.616 units.
61. a.
x =1
71.
4
3
4 x +1
3 x 1
+
=
x 1 x +1 x 1 x + 1 x +1 x 1
4 ( x + 1) + 3 ( x 1)
=
( x 1)( x + 1)
4 x + 4 + 3x 3
=
( x 1)( x + 1)
7x +1
7x +1
=
or
( x 1)( x + 1)
x2 1
f ( x) = x 4
A (1) = 2 (1) 9 12 = 2 8 = 4 2
The area is 4 2 5.657 square units.
b.
x=2
A ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) 9 22 = 4 5
c.
x= 2
A
( 2 ) = 2( 2)
( 2)
73. g ( x ) = x + 2
= 2 2 7 = 2 14
63. The graph of g ( x ) = x + c can be obtained
from the graph of f ( x ) = x by shifting the
graph of f ( x ) c units to the right (if c < 0 ) or

left (if c > 0 ).
65.
67.
1 1 2 3 2+3 5
+ = + =
=
3 2 6 6
6
6
1
3
+
=
x x +1
=
=
=
510
1 ( x + 1)
3 x
x ( x + 1) x + 1 x
x +1
3x
+
x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
x + 1 + 3x
x ( x + 1)
4x + 1
x ( x + 1)
75. G ( x ) = 2 x
77.
f ( x) = x + 3
85. G ( x ) = x
79. g ( x ) = x 4
87. h ( x ) = 3 x + 2
81. H ( x ) = 2 x
89.
83.
f ( x) =
1
x
2
f ( x) = 3 x 3
91. G ( x ) = 2 3 x
511
Section 6.7
Check:
3 ( 5) + 1 ! 4
15 + 1 ! 4
16 ! 4
4 = 4T
R1. 3x 5 = 0
3x = 5
5
x=
3
The solution set is {5} .
5
3
5.
2 p2 + 4 p 6 = 0
R2.
p2 + 2 p 3 = 0
( p + 3)( p 1) = 0
p+3 = 0
or
p = 3
(3 x 5)
p 1 = 0
p =1
= x 5
1. When the variable in an equation occurs in a

radical, the equation is called a radical equation.
2. When an apparent solution is not a solution of
the original equation, we say the apparent
solution is an extraneous solution.
3. False. The first step would be to isolate the
radical by subtracting x from both sides.
3x + 1 4 = 0
3x + 1 = 4
3x + 1
= 42
3 x + 1 = 16
3 x + 1 1 = 16 1
3x = 15
3x 15
=
3
3
x=5
= 52
25 2 ! 3
52 ! 3
3 = 3T
The solution set is {5}.
4.
2 x + 35
2 x + 35 = 25
2 x + 35 35 = 25 35
2 x = 10
2 x 10
=
2
2
x = 5
Check:
2(5) + 35 2 ! 3
The solution set is {3,1} .

R3.
2 x + 35 2 = 3
2 x + 35 2 + 2 = 3 + 2
2 x + 35 = 5
6.
2x + 3 + 8 = 6
2x + 3 + 8 8 = 6 8
2 x + 3 = 2
2x + 3
= ( 2 )
2x + 3 = 4
2x + 3 3 = 4 3
2x = 1
2x 1
=
2 2
1
x=
2
Check:
1
2 + 3 + 8 ! 6
2
4 +8! 6
2+8! 6
10 6
The solution does not check. Since there are no
other possible solutions, the equation has no real
solution.
512
Check:
2x + 1 = x 1
7.
2x + 1
= ( x 1)
( 2 (15) 3)1/3 7 ! 4
( 27 )1/3 7 ! 4
2 x + 1 = x2 2 x + 1
37 ! 4
4 = 4 T
x2 4 x = 0
x ( x 4) = 0
x = 0 or x 4 = 0
x=4
10.
Check:
2 (0) + 1 ! 0 1
9 !3
3 = 3T
3 x + 1 4 + 4 = 6 + 4
3 x + 1 = 2
( 3 3x + 1 )
Check:
= (2)3
( 3)2 + 4 ( 3) + 4 ! 3 2 ( 3) + 7
3
3 x + 1 = 8
3 x + 1 1 = 8 1
3 x = 9
3x 9
=
3
3
x = 3
1 ! 31
1=1 T
(1)2 + 4 (1) + 4 ! 3 2 (1) + 7

3
1+ 4 + 4 ! 3 2 + 7
3
9 =3 9 T
The solution set is {3, 1}.
8 4 ! 6
2 4 ! 6
6 = 6 T
11.
2x + 1 x + 4 = 1
2x + 1 = 1 + x + 4
( 2 x 3)1/3 7 = 4
( 2 x 3)1/3 7 + 7 = 4 + 7
( 2 x 3)1/3 = 3
1/3 3
9 12 + 4 ! 3 6 + 7
3
Check:
3 3( 3) + 1 4 ! 6
9.
m 2 + 2m 3 = 0
( m + 3)( m 1) = 0
m+3 = 0
or m 1 = 0
m = 3
m =1
3 x + 1 4 = 6
3
m 2 + 4m + 4 2m 7 = 2m + 7 2m 7

3
3 m 2 + 4m + 4 = 3 2m + 7
2
m + 4m + 4 = 2m + 7
2 ( 4) + 1 ! 4 1
1 ! 1
1 1
8.
m 2 + 4 m + 4 = 3 2m + 7
2x +1
) = (1 +
2
x+4
2x + 1 = 1 + 2 x + 4 +
x+4
2x + 1 = 1 + 2 x + 4 + x + 4
2x +1 = 5 + x + 2 x + 4
x4= 2 x+4
( 2 x 3 )
=3
2 x 3 = 27
2 x 3 + 3 = 27 + 3
2 x = 30
2 x 30
=
2
2
x = 15
3
( x 4 )2 = ( 2 x + 4 )
x 2 8 x + 16 = 4 ( x + 4 )
x 2 8 x + 16 = 4 x + 16
x=0
x 2 12 x = 0
x ( x 12 ) = 0
or
x 12 = 0
x = 12
513

Check:
1 4 !1
1 2 ! 1
1 1
2 (12 ) + 1
L=
8T 2
19.
8 ( 2 )
( )
x
=4
x = 16
Check: 16 = 4 ?
4=4T
15.
2 (11) + 3 = 5 ?
4x + 3
= 22
x3 = 4
x=7
Check: 7 3 = 2 ?
4=2 ?
2=2T
1
4 + 3 = 2 ?
4
4 = 2 ?
2 = 2 False
The solution does not check so the problem has
no real solution.
8 42
2
= 32 feet
21.
4t = 2
( 3 4t )
= 23
4t = 8
t=2
Check: 3 4 ( 2 ) = 2 ?
3
8=2 ?
2=2T

514
= ( 2 )
4x + 3 = 4
4x = 1
1
x=
4
x 3 = 2
x3
Check:
x =4
2
2t + 3 = 25
2t = 22
t = 11
4 x + 3 = 2
Since the principal square root is never negative,
this equation has no real solution. Solving this
equation by squaring both sides will yield an
extraneous solution.
4 x + 3 = 2
6.7 Exercises
13.
= 52
T
L
=
2
32
2
L
T
=
2
32
T2
L
=
2
32
4
32T 2
L=
42
8T 2
L=
2
25 = 5 ?
5=5T
L
32
T = 2
Check:
b.
2t + 3
(12 ) + 4 ! 1
25 16 ! 1
54 !1
1=1T
12. a.
2t + 3 = 5
17.
2 (0) + 1 0 + 4 ! 1
3 5q + 4
23.
( 3 5q + 4 )
=4
1+5 = 6 ?
1+ 5 = 6 ?
6=6
= 43
5q + 4 = 64
5q = 60
q = 12
Check: 3 5(12) + 4 = 4 ?
3
64 = 4 ?
4=4T
31. 3 x + 5 = 8
3 x =3
x =1
( x)
y +3 = 8
25.
y =5
( y)
y = 25
25 + 3 = 8 ?
5+3 = 8 ?
8=8 T
33.
= 42
x + 5 = 16
x = 11
Check:
11 + 5 3 = 1 ?
16 3 = 1 ?
43 =1 ?
1=1 T
2x + 9 + 5 = 6
2x + 9 = 1
2x + 9
x =1
= (1)
2x + 9 = 1
2 x = 8
x = 4
4 x 3 = 0
4 x = 3
4x
= 32
4 x = 9
x = 5
x = 5
4 ( 5 ) 3 = 0 ?
Check:

29.
x+5 3 =1
x+5 = 4
x+5
= 12

27.
Check: 3 1 + 5 = 8 ?
3+5 = 8 ?
8=8 T
= 52
Check:
2 ( 4 ) + 9 + 5 = 6 ?
Check:
9 3 = 0 ?
33 = 0 ?
0=0T
35.
p = 2p
( p)
= (2 p)
p = 4 p2
2
0 = 4 p2 p
0 = p ( 4 p 1)
p = 0 or 4 p 1 = 0
1
p = 0 or p =
4
Check:
0 = 2 ( 0) ?
0=0T
515
41.
1
1
= 2 ?
4
4
1 1
= T
2 2
{ }
= x2
x + 6 = x2
17 2 ( 4 ) + 1 = 4 ?
17 + 8 + 1 = 4 ?
25 + 1 = 4 ?
5 + 1 = 4 ?
6 = 4 False
The second solution is extraneous, so the
solution set is {4} .
w2 11 + 5 = w + 4
43.
w2 11 = w 1
w = 6w
= ( 6 w)
w2 11 = w 1 2
(
)
w2 11 = w2 2 w + 1
0 = 2w + 12
2w = 12
w=6
w = 36 12w + w2
0 = w2 13w + 36
0 = ( w 4 )( w 9 )
w 4 = 0 or w 9 = 0
w = 4 or
w=9
Check:
4 = 64 ?
2=2
62 11 + 5 = 6 + 4 ?
36 11 + 5 = 10 ?
25 + 5 = 10 ?
5 + 5 = 10 ?
10 = 10 T
Check:
9 = 69 ?
3 3 False
The second solution does not check. It is
extraneous. The solution set is {4} .

45.
516
9 +1 = 4 ?
3 +1 = 4 ?
4=4T
2 + 6 = 2 ?
4 = 2 ?
2 = 2 False
( w)
= ( x 1)
17 2 ( 4 ) + 1 = 4 ?
Check:
3+6 = 3 ?
9 =3 ?
3=3 T
Check:
0 = x2 x 6
0 = ( x 3)( x + 2 )
x 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
39.
0 = x 2 16
0 = ( x 4 )( x + 4 )
x 4 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 4 or x = 4
x+6 = x
x+6
17 2 x
17 2 x = x 2 2 x + 1
The solution set is 0, 1 .

4
37.
17 2 x + 1 = x
17 2 x = x 1
x + 9 = 2x + 5
x+9
) =(
2
2x + 5
x + 9 = 2x + 5
x = 4
x=4

4 + 9 = 2 ( 4) + 5 ?
Check:
51.
13 = 8 + 5 ?
13 = 13 T
47.
4x 3 = 2x 9
( 3 4x 3 ) = ( 3 2x 9 )
15 = 3 15 T
Check:
3( 0) + 4 = 2 + 0 ?
4=2 ?
2=2T
2 w 2 3w 4 = w 2 + 6 w + 6
2
2 w 2 3w 4 = w 2 + 6 w + 6
2 w 2 3w 4 = w 2 + 6 w + 6
3( 4) + 4 = 2 + 4 ?
16 = 2 + 2 ?
4=4T
w2 9w 10 = 0
( w 10 )( w + 1) = 0
w 10 = 0 or w + 1 = 0
w = 10 or w = 1
The solution set is {0, 4} .

53.
Check:
x +1 x 2 = 1
x +1 = x 2 +1
2 (10 ) 3 (10 ) 4 = 102 + 6 (10 ) + 6 ?
x +1
200 30 4 = 100 + 60 + 6 ?
166 = 166 T
2
w 4w = 0
w ( w 4) = 0
w = 0 or w 4 = 0
w = 0 or w = 4
12 3 = 3 6 9 ?
2 ( 1) 3 ( 1) 4 =
( w)
w2 = 4 w

49.
Check: 3 4 ( 3) 3 = 3 2 ( 3) 9 ?
3
w2 = 2 w
4x 3 = 2x 9
2 x = 6
x = 3
) = (2 + w )
3w + 4 = 4 + 4 w + w
2w = 4 w
w=2 w
3w + 4
3w + 4 = 2 2 + 2 2 w +

3
3w + 4 = 2 + w
( 1)2 + 6 ( 1) + 6
x 2 +1
x + 1 = ( x 2) + 2 x 2 + 1
x + 1 = x 1 + 2 x 2
2 = 2 x2
1= x2
12 =
2 + 3 4 = 1 6 + 6 ?
1= 1
1=1 T
) =(
x2
1= x2
3= x
Check:
3 +1 3 2 = 1 ?
4 1 =1 ?
2 1 = 1 ?
1=1 T
517
55.
2x + 6 x 1 = 2
2x + 6 = x 1 + 2
2x + 6
) =(
2
x 1 + 2

2 ( 2) + 5 2 1 = 2 ?
9 1=2 ?
3 1 = 2 ?
2=2 T
2 x + 6 = ( x 1) + 2 2 x 1 + 22
2x + 6 = x 1 + 4 x 1 + 4
x + 3 = 4 x 1
( x + 3)
= 4 x 1

59.
x + 6 x + 9 = 16 ( x 1)
x 2 10 x + 25 = 0
( x 5 )2 = 0
Check: ( 2 ( 3) + 3)
1/2
x5 = 0
x=5
(9)
2 ( 5) + 6 5 1 = 2 ?
2x + 5 x 1 = 2
2x + 5 = x 1 + 2
) =(
2
x 1 + 2
61.
x 1
x + 4 x + 4 = 16 ( x 1)
2
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 16 x 16
x 2 12 x + 20 = 0
( x 10 )( x 2 ) = 0
x 10 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 10 or x = 2
(( 6x 1) ) = (( 2x + 15) )
Check: ( 6 ( 4 ) 1)
1/4
= ( 2 ( 4 ) + 15 )
1/4
( 23)1/4 = ( 23)1/4
63.
( x + 3)1/2 ( x 5 )1/2 = 2
( x + 3)1/2 = ( x 5)1/2 + 2
( ( x + 3) ) = ( ( x 5 )
1/2 2
1/2
+2
2
1/2
x + 3 = ( x 5) + 2 2 ( x 5 )
1/2
x + 3 = x 5 + 4 ( x 5)
1/2
4 = 4 ( x 5)
Check:
1/2
1 = ( x 5)
2 (10 ) + 5 10 1 = 2 ?
25 9 = 2 ?
53 = 2 ?
2=2 T
518
1/4 4
6 x 1 = 2 x + 15
4 x = 16
x=4
2x + 5 = x 1 + 4 x 1 + 4
x + 2 = 4 x 1
( x + 2 )2 = ( 4
( 6 x 1)1/4 = ( 2 x + 15 )1/4
1/4 4
2 x + 5 = ( x 1) + 2 2 x 1 + 2
=3 ?
3=3 T
2x + 5
=3 ?
1/2
16 4 = 2 ?
42 = 2 ?
2=2 T
= 32
2x + 3 = 9
2x = 6
x=3
x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 16 x 16
57.
( ( 2 x + 3) )
1/2 2
Check:
( 2 x + 3)1/2 = 3
12 =
( ( x 5) )
1= x5
6= x
1/2 2
+4
+ 22
Check:
( 6 + 3)1/2 ( 6 5 )1/2 = 2
Check: (2(3) 4 81)1/ 4 + 3(3) = 4(3)?
811/ 4 9 = 12 ?
3 9 = 12 ?
6 = 12 F
91/2 11/2 = 2 ?
3 1 = 2 ?
2=2 T
Check: (2(3)4 81)1/ 4 + 3(3) = 4(3)?
811/ 4 + 9 = 12 ?
3 + 9 = 12 ?
12 = 12 T
( x 1)2 / 3 = 4
65.
(( x 1)2 / 3 )3 = (4)3
( x 1)2 = 64
2
x 2 x + 1 = 64
71.
x 2 x 63 = 0
( x 9)( x + 7) = 0
x 9 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
x = 9 or
x = 7
Check: (9 1)
2/3
(8)
2 /3
( x 4)2 = 729
x 2 8 x + 16 = 729
= 4?
x 2 8 x 713 = 0
( x 31)( x + 23) = 0
x 31 = 0 or x + 23 = 0
x = 31 or
x = 23
( x 2)3/ 2 = 64
[( x 2)
3/ 2 2 / 3
] = (64)
x 2 = 16
x = 18
3 = 6?
(31 4)2 / 3
9 3 = 6?
6=6T
1
3 = 6?
Check:
(23 4)2 / 3
9 3 = 6?
6=6T
2 /3
163 / 2 = 64 ?
64 = 64 T
(2 x 4 81)1/ 4 + 3 x = 4 x
73.
(2 x 4 81)1/ 4 = x
((2 x 4 81)1/ 4 )4 = ( x)4
x 4 18 = 0
( x 2 + 9)( x 2 9) = 0
( x 2 + 9)( x + 3)( x 3) = 0
2
or
x = 9 or
x+3= 0
A = P 1+ r
A
= 1+ r
P
2
2
A
= 1+ r
P
A2
= 1+ r
P2
A2
A2
A2 P 2
1 = r or r =
1 =
P2
P2
P2
2 x 4 81 = x 4
x2 + 9 = 0
Check:
Check: (18 2)3 / 2 = 64 ?
69.
=9
(( x 4)2 / 3 )3 = 93
= 4?
4=4T
67.
3 = 6
( x 4) 2 / 3 = 9
82 / 3 = 4 ?
4=4T
Check: (7 1)
( x 4)2 / 3
1
( x 4) 2 /3
= 4?
2 /3
or
x3 = 0
x = 3 or
x=3
There are no real numbers x such that x 2 = 9.
519
r=3
75.
3V
4
3V
r 3 = 3
4
3V
r3 =
4
4r 3 = 3V
4 F 0
r2 =
qq
1 2
4
F
0
r2 =
q1q2
2 p + 12 = 4
83.
q1q2 r = 4 F 0
2 p + 12
5p 3 + 7 = 3
5p 3
= ( 4 )
= 42
16 = 4 ?
4=4T
85.
5 p 3 = 16
5 p = 19
19
p=
5
x+7 = 2
x+7
= 24
x + 7 = 16
x=9
Check: 4 9 + 7 = 2 ?
19
Check: 5 3 + 7 = 3 ?
5
19 3 + 7 = 3 ?
16 + 7 = 3 ?
4+7 = 3 ?
11 = 3 False
The solution does not check, so the equation has
no real solutions.
or { }
520
2 ( 2 ) + 12 = 4 ?
Check:
5 p 3 = 4
At this point we see that there is no real solution.
Since the principal square root is never negative,
5 p 3 = 4 has no real solution. Solving the
usual way yields the same result.
2 p + 12 = 16
2p = 4
p=2
q1q2 r 2
q q r2
= F or F = 1 2
40
40
= x2
Check:
4 + 12 = 4 ?
3 + 12 = 3 ?
16 = 4 ?
9 = 3 ?
4=4T
3 = 3 False
The second solution does not check. The
79.
0 = x 2 x 12
0 = ( x 4 )( x + 3)
x 4 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x=4
x = 3
4 F 0
q1q2
r=
x + 12
x + 12 = x 2
4r 3
4
= V or V = r 3
3
3
77.
x + 12 = x
81.
4 16
=2 ?
2 = 2T
87.
( 3x + 1)1/3 + 2 = 0
( 3x + 1)1/3 = 2
((3x + 1) )
1/3 3
3x + 1 = 8
3x = 9
x = 3
= ( 2 )
Check:
( 3 ( 3) + 1)1/3 + 2 = 0 ?
93.
( 8)1/3 + 2 = 0
?
2 + 2 = 0 ?
0=0T
89.
x 1 + x + 4 = 5
x 1 = 5 x + 4
x 1
= ( x + 10 )
32 =
95.
25 + 15 = 10 ?
5 + 15 = 10 ?
20 10 False
) =(
3x 4
2 x + 5 = 3x 4
x + 5 = 4
x = 9
x=9
Check:
x2 = x + 4
x2 = x + 4 2
(
)
x 2 = x 2 + 8 x + 16
0 = 8 x + 16
8 x = 16
x = 2
Check:
( 2 )2
= 2 + 4 ?
4=2 ?
2=2
x2 = x + 4
x = x+4
2 (9) + 5 = 3(9) 4 ?
23 = 23 T
x+4
10 ( 15 ) ( 15) = 10 ?
2x + 5
5 1 + 5 + 4 = 5 ?
4+ 9 =5 ?
2+3 = 5 ?
5 = 5T
16 + 6 = 10 ?
4 + 6 = 10 ?
10 = 10
Check:
10 ( 6 ) ( 6 ) = 10 ?
9= x+4
5= x
0 = x 2 + 21x + 90
0 = ( x + 6 )( x + 15 )
x + 6 = 0 or x + 15 = 0
x = 6 or
x = 15
Check:
2 x + 5 = 3x 4
x+4
x 1 = 25 10 x + 4 + x + 4
30 = 10 x + 4
3= x+4
10 x = x 2 + 20 x + 100
91.
x 1 = 52 2 5 x + 4 + ( x + 4 )
10 x x = 10
10 x = x + 10
10 x
) = (5
x = ( x + 4 ) or x = x + 4
x = x 4 or 0 = 4
False
2 x = 4
x = 2
Preference will vary.
521
97.
f ( x) = x 2
f ( x) = 0
a.
2
2
2
4 + ( y 2) = 5
2
4 2 + ( y 2 ) = 52
x2 = 0
x2
42 + ( y 2 ) = 5
99. a.
= 02
16 + ( y 2 ) = 25
x2=0
x=2
The point ( 2, 0 ) is on the graph of f.
( y 2 )2 = 9
( y 2 )2 = 9
y2 =3
y 2 = 3 or y 2 = 3
y = 5 or y = 1
f ( x) = 1
b.
x 2 =1
x2
= 12
x 2 =1
x=3
The point ( 3,1) is on the graph of f.
b.
(1, 5)
5
6
f ( x) = 2
c.
x2 = 2
x2
the graph.
y
The figure is an isosceles triangle whose

common side has a length of 5 units. The
base has a length of 6 units. If the triangle
were bisected from the vertex to the base,
two 3-4-5 right triangles would be formed.
101. a.
t
=1
2
t=2
Annual revenue will be $1 million after

2 years.
The equation f ( x ) = 1 has no solution

because the graph of the function does not
go below the x-axis. Therefore, the value of
the function will never be negative.
522
t
=1
2
t
3
3
2 = 1
e.
= 22
The points ( 2, 0 ) , ( 3,1) , and ( 6, 2 ) are on
(3, 2)
(1, 1)
x2= 4
x=6
The point ( 6, 2 ) is on the graph of f.
d.
The points are ( 3, 2 ) , ( 1, 1) , and ( 1,5 ) .
b.
t
=2
2
3
t
3
3 = 2
2
t
=8
2
t = 16
Annual revenue will be $2 million after
16 years.

103. R ( t ) = 26 10 t
26 10 t = 39
39
10
t=
26
10
10
39
10
t
=
26
t 57.67
The plural birth rate is predicted to be 39 in
the year 2053.
a.
3
3
3 +1 = 2 + 3 ?
4
4
1
3
3 = + 3 ?
2
2
3
=
2
( )
26 10 t = 36
18
10
t=
13
10
10
18
10
t
=
13
t 25.9
The plural birth rate is predicted to be 36 in
the year 2021.
b.
( )
105.
3 x +1 = 2x + 3
3 x +1
(3
2x + 3
= ( 2 x + 3)
107. Answers will vary. It is necessary to check

solutions to radical equations because
manipulations of the equation may have
introduced extraneous solutions.
109. Answers will vary. Radical equations with an
even index may have extraneous solutions
because often the domain is not all real numbers.
When we clear the radical, we lose this
restriction. Radical equations with an odd index
do not have this problem, because they do not
have domain restrictions.
113.
9 ( x + 1) = ( 2 x ) + 2 3 2 x + 32
9 x + 9 = 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
x = 0 or 4 x + 3 = 0
x = 0 or 4 x = 3
3
x = 0 or x =
4
111. 0 , 4 , and 12 are the integers.
0 = 4 x 2 + 3x
0 = x ( 4 x + 3)
The solution set is 3 , 0 .
3 x +1 = 2x + 3
x +1
3
T
2
23 , , and
4 are irrational numbers.

A rational number is a real number that can be
expressed as the ratio of two integers. An
irrational number is a real number that cannot be
written as the ratio of two integers. In decimal
form, a rational number will terminate or repeat
(e.g. 3.7 or 1.3 ) while an irrational number will
be non-terminating and non-repeating (e.g.
2 = 1.414213562... ).
117.
Check:
3 0 + 1 = 2 ( 0) + 3 ?
3 1= 3 ?
3= 3 T
523

119.

3. If N is a positive real number, we define the
principal square root of N, denoted by N ,
N = N i.
as
4. True
5.
36 = 36 ( 1) = 36 1 = 6i
6.
5 = 5 ( 1) = 5 1 = 5 i
7.
12 = 12 ( 1) = 12 1 = 2 3 i
Section 6.8
8. 4 + 100 = 4 + 100 ( 1)

R1. a.
= 4 + 100 1
= 4 + 10i
8 is the only natural number in the set.
b.
8 and 0 are the whole numbers in the set.
c.
23 ,
9. 2 8 = 2 8 ( 1)
12
, 0, and 8 are the integers in the
3
= 2 8 1
= 2 2 2 i
set.
d.
e.
f.
12
1
, , 0, 1.26 , and 8 are the
3
3
rational numbers in the set.
23 ,
2 is the only irrational number in the set.

12
1
, , 0, 1.26 ,
3
3
real numbers in the set.
23 ,
6 72 6 72 ( 1)
=
3
3
6 72 1
=
3
66 2i
=
3
3 22 2i
=
3
= 22 2i
2 , and 8 are the
R2. 3x ( 4 x 3) = 3x 4 x 3x 3 = 12 x 2 9 x
R3.
10.
11.
( z + 4 )( 3z 2 ) = z 3z + 4 3z 2 z 4 2
( 4 + 6i ) + ( 3 + 5i ) = 4 + 6i 3 + 5i
= ( 4 3) + ( 6 + 5 ) i
= 1 + 11i
= 3z 2 + 12 z 2 z 8
= 3z 2 + 10 z 8
R4.
12.
( 2 y + 5 )( 2 y 5 ) = ( 2 y )2 52 = 4 y 2 25
( 4 2i ) ( 2 + 7i ) = 4 2i + 2 7i
= ( 4 + 2 ) + ( 2 7 ) i
= 6 9i
13.
(4
) (
4 + 7 + 9 = ( 4 2i ) + ( 7 + 3i )
1. The imaginary unit, denoted by i, is the number

whose square is 1.
2. Any number of the form bi is called a pure
imaginary number.
524
= 4 2i 7 + 3i
= ( 4 7 ) + ( 2 + 3) i
= 3 + i

14. 3i ( 5 4i ) = 3i 5 3i 4i
22.
= 15i 12i
= 15i 12 ( 1)
= 12 + 15i
15.
( 2 + 5i )( 4 2i ) = 2 4 2 ( 2i ) + 5i 4 5i 2i
= 8 + 4i + 20i 10i
= 8 + 24i 10 ( 1)
= 2 + 24i
16.
17.
)(
36 4 25
1 9i 2
4 + 15i 9
=
1+ 9
5 + 15i
=
10
5 15
= + i
10 10
1 3
= + i
2 2
= ( 2 + 6i )( 4 5i )
= 2 4 2 5i + 6i 4 6i 5i
= 8 10i + 24i 30i
= 8 + 14i 30 ( 1)
= 38 + 14i
23. i 43 = i 40 i3
( )
10
= i 4 i3
10
= (1) ( i )
= i
18. The complex conjugate of 3 + 5i is 3 5i.

19.
24. i98 = i96 i 2
( 3 8i )( 3 + 8i ) = 32 (8i )2
( )
24 2
= i4
i
= 9 64i 2
= 9 64 ( 1)
= 73
20.
= (1)
= 1
( 2 + 5i )( 2 5i ) = ( 2 )2 ( 5i )2
= 4 25i
= 4 25 ( 1)
= 29
4 + i 4 + i 3i 12i + 3i 2
=
=
3i
3i 3i
9i 2
12i 3 3 12
=
=
+
i
9
9 9
1 4
= + i
3 3
24
( 1)
6.8 Exercises
21.
4 + 12i + 3i + 9i 2
9 36 = 3i 6i = 18i 2 = 18
(2 +
4 + 3i 4 + 3i 1 + 3i
=
1 3i 1 3i 1 + 3i
( 4 + 3i )(1 + 3i )
=
(1 3i )(1 + 3i )
25.
4 = 1 4 = i 2 = 2i
27. 81 = 1 81 = i 9 = 9i
29.
45 = 1 9 5 = i 3 5 = 3 5 i
31.
300 = 1 3 100 = i 3 10 = 10 3 i
33.
7 = 1 7 = i 7 = 7 i
35. 5 + 49 = 5 + 1 49
= 5 + i7
= 5 + 7i
37. 2 28 = 2 1 4 7
= 2 i 2 7
= 2 2 7 i
525
39.
55.
4 + 4 4 + 1 4
=
2
2
4+i2
=
2
= 2+i
57.
59.
( 4 + 5i ) + ( 2 7i ) = 4 + 5i + 2 7i
= ( 4 + 2) + (5 7) i
61.
( 4 + i ) (8 5i ) = 4 + i 8 + 5i
= ( 4 8 ) + (1 + 5 ) i
49.
(4
) (
( 2 + 18 ) + ( 5 50 )
= ( 2 + 3 2 i ) + ( 5 5 2 i )
= 2 + 3 2 i + 5 5 2 i
= ( 2 + 5) + 3 2 5 2 i
= 32 2 i
51. 6i ( 2 4i ) = 6i 2 6i 4i
)(
2 i 2 + 2 i
2 i 2 i ( 2 )
2i
= 6 + 3 2 i + 2 2 i 2i 2
= 6 + 5 2 i 2 ( 1)
= 4 + 5 2 i
1 1 2 3
63. i + i
2 4 3 4
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3
= + i i i i
2 3 2 4 4 3 4 4
1 3 1
3
= + i i i2
3 8 6 16
1 5
3
= + i ( 1)
3 24 16
25 5
=
+ i
48 24
65.
= 12i 24i 2
= 12i 24 ( 1)
= 24 + 12i
( 3 + 2i )2 = 32 + 2 ( 3)( 2i ) + ( 2i )2
= 9 + 12i + 4i 2
= 9 + 12i + 4 ( 1)
= 5 + 12i
1
1
1
53. i ( 4 10i ) = i 4 + i 10i
2
2
2
= 2i + 5i 2
= 2i + 5 ( 1)
= 5 2i
67.
( 4 5i )2 = ( 4 )2 2 ( 4 )( 5i ) + ( 5i )2
= 16 + 40i + 25i 2
= 16 + 40i + 25 ( 1)
= 9 + 40i
69.
526
(3
= 3 ( 2 ) + 3
4 2 + 9 = ( 4 2i ) ( 2 + 3i )
= 4 2i 2 3i
= ( 4 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) i
= 2 5i
( 2 3i )( 4 + 6i ) = 2 4 + 2 6i 3i 4 3i 6i
= 8 + 12i 12i 18i 2
= 8 18 ( 1)
= 8 + 18
= 26
= 4 + 6i
47.
( 3 5i )( 2 + 4i ) = 3 2 3 4i 5i 2 5i 4i
= 6 12i 10i 20i 2
= 6 22i 20 ( 1)
= 6 22i + 20
= 14 22i
= 6 2i
45.
( 2 + i )( 4 + 3i ) = 2 4 + 2 3i + i 4 + i 3i
= 8 + 6i + 4i + 3i 2
= 8 + 10i 3
= 5 + 10i
4 + 8 4 + 1 4 2
41.
=
12
12
4+i2 2
=
12
2+i 2
=
6
1
2
= +
i
3 6
43.
9 4 = 3i 2i = 6i 2 = 6
8 10 = 2 2 i 10 i
71.
81.
= 2 20 i
= 2 2 5 ( 1)
= 4 5
73.
(2 +
)(
81 3 100
= 6 20i 27i 90i 2

= 6 47i 90 ( 1)
= 84 47i
b.
The conjugate of 3 + 5i is 3 5i .
83.
( 3 + 5i )( 3 5i ) = 32 ( 5i )2
b.
79. a.
b.
( 7 + 2i )( 7 2i ) = ( 7 )2 ( 2i )2
= 49 4i 2
= 49 4 ( 1)
= 49 + 4
= 53
5i + 2i 2
5i 2
5i + 2 ( 1)
5 ( 1)
5i 2
=
5
2 5
=
+ i
5 5
2
= +i
5
( 2 7i )( 2 + 7i ) = 22 ( 7i )2
The conjugate of 7 + 2i is 7 2i .
5 + 2i ( 5 + 2i ) i
=
i
5i
5i
The conjugate of 2 7i is 2 + 7i .
= 4 49i 2
= 4 49 ( 1)
= 4 + 49
= 53
3i 2
i + ( 1)
= 9 25i 2
= 9 25 ( 1)
= 9 + 25
= 34
77. a.
i + i2
3 ( 1)
i 1
=
3
1 1
=
+ i
3 3
1 1
= i
3 3
= ( 2 + 9i )( 3 10i )
= 2 ( 3) 2 (10i ) 9i ( 3) 9i (10i )
75. a.
1 + i (1 + i ) i
=
3i
3i i
85.
3
3 2i
=
2+i 2+i 2i
6 3i
=
22 i 2
6 3i
=
4 ( 1)
6 3i
=
5
6 3
= i
5 5
527
87.
89.
2
2 3 + 7i
=
3 7i 3 7i 3 + 7i
6 14i
=
( 3 ) 2 ( 7i ) 2
6 14i
=
9 49i 2
6 14i
=
9 49 ( 1)
6 14i
=
58
6 14
=
i
58 58
3
7
=
i
29 29
528
4 2i 4 2i 1 3i
=
1 + 3i 1 + 3i 1 3i
4 1 4 3i 2i 1 + 2i 3i
=
2
12 ( 3i )
4 12i 2i + 6i 2
1 9i 2
4 14i 6
=
1+ 9
2 14i
=
10
2 14i
=
+
10
10
1 7
= i
5 5
( )
13
95. i53 = i52 i = i 4 i = 1 i = i
( )
10
97. i 43 = i 40 i 3 = i 4 i3 = 1 ( i ) = i
6 + 4i + 9i + 6i 2
9 4i 2
6 + 13i 6
=
9+4
13i
=
13
=i
91.
93.
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 3 + 2i
=
3 2i 3 2i 3 + 2i
2 3 + 2 2i + 3i 3 + 3i 2i
=
2
32 ( 2i )
=
4 + 2i 4 + 2i 1 + i
=
1 i
1 i 1+ i
4 1 + 4 i + 2i 1 + 2i i
=
12 i 2
4 + 4i + 2i + 2i 2
=
1+1
4 + 6i 2
=
2
2 + 6i
=
2
= 1 + 3i
( )
38
i = 1 i = i
99. i153 = i152 i = i 4
( )
12 3
i = 1 i 3 = i 3 = i
101. i 45 = i 48 i3 = i 4
103.
( 4 i )( 4 + i ) = 4 4 4 i i 4 i i
= 16 4i 4i i 2
= 16 8i ( 1)
= 15 8i
105.
( 3 + 2i )2 = 32 + 2 ( 3)( 2i ) + ( 2i )2
= 9 + 12i + 4i 2
= 9 + 12i 4
= 5 + 12i
107.
3 + 2i 3 + 2i i
=
3i
3i
i
3i + 2i 2
=
3i 2
3i 2
=
3
2
= +i
3
109.
4 + i
4 + i 5 + 3i
=
5 3i 5 3i 5 + 3i
4 ( 5 ) 4 3i i 5 + i 3i
=
( 5 )2 ( 3i )2
=
20 12i 5i + 3i 2
25 9i 2
20 17i 3
=
25 + 9
17 17i
=
34
17 17
=
i
34 34
1 1
= i
2 2
111.
119.
121.
(10 3i ) + ( 2 + 3i ) = 10 3i + 2 + 3i
= (10 + 2 ) + ( 3 + 3) i
= 12 + 0i
= 12
113. 5i37 ( 4 + 3i ) = 5 i 36 i ( 4 + 3i )
( )
= 5 i4
i ( 4 + 3i )
= 5 1 i ( 4 + 3i )
= 5i ( 4 + 3i )
= 5i ( 4 ) + 5i 3i
123.
= 20i + 15i 2
= 20i 15
= 15 20i
115.
1
1
4 5i
=
4 + 5i 4 + 5i 4 5i
4 5i
=
( 4 )2 ( 5i )2
4 5i
=
16 25i 2
4 5i
=
16 + 25
4 5i
=
41
4 5
= i
41 41
f ( x ) = x2
a.
f ( i ) = i 2 = 1
b.
f (1 + i ) = (1 + i )
= 12 + 2i + i 2
= 1 + 2i 1
= 2i
10 15 = 1 10 1 15
= i 10 i 15
= i 2 150
= 1 25 6
= 5 6
117.
1
1 2+i
=
2i 2i 2+i
2+i
=
2
2 i2
2+i
=
4 ( 1)
2+i
=
5
2 1
= + i
5 5
125.
f ( x ) = x2 + 2 x + 2
a.
1 1 i
i
i
1
= =
=
= i
2
5i 5i i 5i
5
5
f ( 3i ) = ( 3i ) + 2 ( 3i ) + 2
= 9i 2 + 6i + 2
= 9 + 6i + 2
= 7 + 6i
b.
f (1 i ) = (1 i ) + 2 (1 i ) + 2
= 12 2i + i 2 + 2 2i + 2
= 1 2i 1 + 2 2i + 2
= 4 4i
529

127. a.
b.
c.
129.
To find the total impedance, we add the

individual impedances.
( 7 + 3i ) + ( 3 4i ) = 7 + 3i + 3 4i
= ( 7 + 3) + ( 3 4 ) i
= 10 i
The total impedance is 10 i ohms.
b.
The total resistance is the real part of the

impedance. Thus, the total resistance is
10 ohms.
The total reactance is the imaginary part of
the impedance. Thus, the total reactance is
1 ohm. (Since the reactance is negative,
this would be called capacitive reactance.)
1
= +
2
1
= +
2
3 1
3
i +
i +1
2 2 2
3 1
3
3
i +
i + i 2 + 1
2 4 2
4
1
= +
2
1
= +
2
3 1
3 3
i +
i + 1
2 4 2
4
3 1
3
i +
i +1
2 2 2
2
3 1 2
=
i + 1
2 2
3
1
= i2 + 1
4
4
3 3
= +
4 4
=0
f ( x ) = x2 + 4 x + 5
a.
1
3 1
3
f +
i =
+
i +1
2 2 2 2
f ( 2 + i ) = ( 2 + i ) + 4 ( 2 + i ) + 5
2
= ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) i + i 2 8 + 4i + 5
= 4 4i 1 8 + 4i + 5
=0
b.
f ( 2 i ) = ( 2 i ) + 4 ( 2 i ) + 5
2
= ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) i + i 2 8 4i + 5
= 4 + 4i 1 8 4i + 5
=0
131.
f ( x ) = x3 + 1
a.
f ( 1) = ( 1) + 1 = 1 + 1 = 0
c.
1
3 1
3
f
i =
i +1
2 2 2 2
1
=
2
1
=
2
3 1
3
i
i +1

2 2 2
3 1
3
3
i
i + i 2 + 1
2 4 2
4
1
=
2
1
=
2
3 1
3 3
i
i + 1
2 4 2
4
3 1
3
i
i +1

2 2 2
2
3 1
=
i + 1
2 2
3
1
= i2 + 1
4
4
3 3
= +
4 4
=0
133. For a polynomial with real coefficients, the zeros

will be real numbers or will occur in conjugate
pairs. If the complex number a + bi is a complex
zero of the polynomial, then its conjugate a bi
is also a complex conjugate.
530

The counting numbers are a subset of the whole
numbers; the whole numbers are a subset of the
integers; the integers are a subset of the rational
numbers; rational numbers are a subset of the
real numbers; and the real numbers are a subset
of the complex numbers.
Complex numbers, in standard form, resemble
binomials in that there are two terms separated
by a + or a .
139.
( x + 2)
= x + 3x 2 + 3x 2 + 2
= x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
141.
( 3 + i )3 = 33 + 3 32 i + 3 3 i 2 + i3
2
= 27 + 27i + 9i + i
= 27 + 27i 9 i
= 18 + 26i
145.
Chapter 6 Review
3
1. 3 343 = 73 = 7
3
2. 3 125 = 3 ( 5 ) = 5
3
8 32
2
3. 3
= =
27
3
3

4
4. 4 81 = 34 = 3
5
5. 5 243 = 5 ( 3) = ( 3) = 3
6.
7.
5 5
103 = 10
z =z
4
8. 4 ( 5 p 3) = 5 p 3
9. 811/2 = 81 = 92 = 9
10.
( 256 )1/4 = 4 256
11. 41/2 = 4 = 22 = 2
147.
12. 7291/3 = 3 729 = 93 = 9
( )
7
4
13. 167/4 = 4 16 = 24
149.
14. ( 27 )
2/3
( 3 27 )
= 3 ( 3 )
2
= ( 3 )
= 9
151.
15. 1213/2 =
121
= 112
3
= (11)
= 1331
= 27 = 128
531
16.
17.
16 x1/3
30.
x 1/3
= 361/2 = 36 = 62 = 6
361/2
( 65)1/3 4.02
19.
100 4.64
1/2
1/3
21. 3 5a = ( 5a )
3/4
= (10 z )
5
5/6
24. 6 ( 2ab ) = ( 2ab )
25. 42/3 47/3 =

26.
27.
k1/2
k
3/4
= k2
( p4/3 q4 )
2 7
+
43 3
3
4
3/2
= k4
9
43
3
4
= p 4/3
4 3
= p3
2
= p q
28.
(32a3/2 b1/4 )
1/5
31.
= 43 = 64
= k 1/4 =
3/2
1/3
8 6
or
)
1/2
1/2
= 1211/2 ( x 4 ) ( y10 )
121x 4 y10 = 121x 4 y10
1/4
= 11x 2 y 5
a3/10
m 2 m3 = m2/3 m3/2
( pq )
3 2
a 3/2
= 2 a 3/10 b1/20
2b1/20
1/2
= 11x 4/2 y10/2
33.
1/3
1
k
( x 1 )
x = x6/8 = x3/4 = x3
32.
3
2
1/5
5m 2/3 2m + m1/3
3/2
2 3
+
m3 2
4
= m6
) (b1/4 )
1/5
1/5
9
6
= m13/6
6
= m13
1/20
= m2 6 m
b
or 2
a6
= 5m 2/3 2m + 5m 2/3 m 1/3
34.
6 4
c1/3
c 4/6
= 10m2/3 m3/3 + 5m 3/3

= 10m1/3 + 5m 1
5
= 10m1/3 +
m
532
1/3
1/2
) ( q4 )
= ( 32 )
=
29.
1/3
3 1

+ 641 x 2 2
1/2 1
1
=
x 2/3
+
16
64
1 1/3 1 1/3
= x
+ x
4
4
1 1/3
= x
2
1
=
2 x1/3
22. 5 p 7 = p 7/5
( 4 10 z )
1/2
+ x 1
64
1/2
1/3
1
= x 2/3 + x 1
16
64
= 16 x 2/3
20. 4 10 1.78
23.
1/3
x 3/2
+
64 x 1/2
1 1

= 16 x 3 3
18. 43/5 2.30

3
1/2
c1/3
1
1
= c 3 3 = c 1/3 =
=
2/3
1/3
3
c
c
c
1/4
5/4
35. 2 ( 3m 1)
+ ( m 7 )( 3m 1)
1/4
= 2 ( 3m 1)
1/4
= ( 3m 1)
1/4
+ ( m 7 )( 3m 1)
( 2 + ( m 7 )( 3m 1))
( 3m 1)
( 2 + 3m2 21m m + 7 )
1/4
= ( 3m 1) ( 3m 2 22m + 9 )
( )
2/3
2/3
= 3 ( x2 5)
( x2 5) 4 x ( x2 5)
2/3
= ( x2 5)
( 3 ( x 2 5) 4 x )
2/3
= ( x2 5)
(3x2 15 4 x )
2/3
= ( x2 5)
(3x2 4 x 15)
36. 3 x 2 5
4 x x2 5
3x 2 4 x 15
( x 2 5)
2/3
( x2 5)
w3 z 2 = w2 z 2 w = w2 z 2 w = wz w
46.
45 x 4 yz 3 = 9 x 4 z 2 5 yz
= 9 x 4 z 2 5 yz
= 3x 2 z 5 yz
47.
16a12 b5 = 8a12 b3 2b 2
3
= 2a 4b 2b2
48.
= 4 ( x + 1)
49.
= 27m6 n3 3 6n
15 18 = 15 18
= 270
= 9 30
= 9 30
= 3 30
50. 3 20 3 30 = 3 20 30
= 3m n 6n
4
= 2 ( x + 1)
162m6 n 4 = 27m6 n3 6n
4 50 p8 q 4
4 x2 + 8 x + 4 = 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1
2ab2 6a 2 b = 2ab 2 6a 2 b = 12a3b3
= 8a12 b3 2b 2
2/3
40. 3 500 = 3 125 4 = 3 125 3 4 = 5 3 4
42.
45.
( 3x + 5 )( x 3)
80 = 16 5 = 16 5 = 4 5
39.
41.
as long as 2 x + 1 0 . Otherwise the result is not

a real number.
15 7 = 15 7 = 105
37.
38.
( 2 x + 1)2 ( 2 x + 1)
( 2 x + 1)2 2 x + 1
= ( 2 x + 1) 2 x + 1
= ( 3m 1)
2/3
=
=
1/4
1/3
( 2 x + 1)3
44.
= 3 600
= 3 8 75
8 4
p q 50
= 3 8 3 75
= 2 3 75
= 4 p8 q 4 4 50
= p 2 q 4 50
51. 3 3 x 4 y 7 3 24 x3 y 2 = 3 3x 4 y 7 24 x3 y 2
43. 2 16 x 6 y = 2 16 x 6 y
= 3 72 x 7 y 9
= 2 16 x 6 y
= 3 8 x 6 y 9 9 x
= 2 4 x3
= 3 8 x 6 y 9 3 9 x
= 8 x3
= 2 x 2 y 3 3 9 x
as long as y 0 . Otherwise the result is not a

real number.
533
52. 3 4 xy 2 5 3x 2 y = 15 4 xy 2 3x 2 y
60.
= 15 12 x3 y 3
48m 2 n7
4
3m6 n
= 15 4 x 2 y 2 3xy
= 15 2 xy 3xy
= 30 xy 3xy
5a 4
54.
64b 2
5a 4
16n6
m4
4
2n n 2
m
2n n
=
m
a2 5
8b
64b 2
m4
121
121 11
=
=
25
5
25
53.
3m6 n
16n6
=4
= 15 4 x 2 y 2 3xy
48m 2 n7
=4
61.
5 3 2 = 51/2 21/3
= 53/6 22/6
( ) ( 22 )
1/6
= ( 53 22 )
1/6
1/6
3
3
54k 2
6
6
6
55. 3
=3
=
=
5
3
3
3
k
9k
k
k
= 53
160 w11 3 160w15

56. 3
=
343
343w4
= (125 4 )
=
=
=
343
62. 4 8 6 4 = 81/4 41/6
8w15 20
( ) ( 22 )
= 23
3 3
5 3
2 w
50a3b3
5 3
8a b
3
8 x 7 y
27 xy
8a 5 b 3
=3
=3
=
=
8 x 7 y
27 xy
8 x 6
27 y3
8 x 6
27 y3
2 x 2
3y
1/6
3+1
3
50a3b3
1/4
= 23/4 21/3 = 2 4
20
12
= 213/12 = 212 212

= 2 12 2
12h3
=
= 4h 2 = 2h
3h
3h
58.
534
= 6 500
160w15
3
= 5001/6
12h3
57.
59.
1/6
25b6
4a 2
63. 2 4 x + 6 4 x = ( 2 + 6 ) 4 x = 8 4 x
25b6
4a
5b3
2a
64. 7 3 4 y + 2 3 4 y 3 3 4 y = ( 7 + 2 3) 3 4 y
= 6 3 4y
65. 5 2 2 12 = 5 2 2 4 3
= 5 2 22 3
=5 24 3
Cannot be simplified further.
66.
18 + 2 50 = 9 2 + 2 25 2
= 3 2 + 25 2
= 3 2 + 10 2
= ( 3 + 10 ) 2
= 13 2
67. 3 16 z + 3 54 z = 3 8 3 2 z + 3 27 3 2 z
3
= 2 2 z + 3 2 z
= ( 2 + 3) 2 z
( y 4) 2
= y y4 2 y4 + y4
= ( y 2 + 1) y 4
= 7 2 x 2 ( 3 ) x 2
3
= ( y 1) y 4
= 14 x 2 + 3 x 2
3
= (14 + 3) x 2
73.
3 2
= 17 x
6
5 15 = 3 5 3 15
=
=
=
=
=
16a + 729a3 = 16 a + 6 729 a3

= 16 a + 6 729 a3/6
= 4 a + 3 a1/2
= 4 a +3 a
= ( 4 + 3) a
75.
2
27 x x 48 + 2 75 x
= 9 x 2 3 x 16 3 + 2 25 x 2 3
= 3 x 3 4 x 3 + 10 x 3
= ( 3 + 10 4 ) x 3
= 9x 3
( 3 + 5 )( 4 5 ) = 3 4 3
5 + 4 5 5 5
= 12 3 5 + 4 5 25
= 12 + 5 5
= 7+ 5
76.
( 7 + 3 )( 6 + 2 )
= 76 + 7 2 + 3 6 + 3 2
= 42 + 7 2 + 6 3 + 6
71. 5 3 4m5 y 2 6 16m10 y 4

3
6
= 5 m3 3 4m 2 y 2 m6 6 16m4 y 4
3 5 3 15
3 5 45
3 5 9 5
3 5 3 5
15 3 5
74. 3 5 3 + 3 4 = 3 5 3 + 3 5 3 4 = 3 3 5 + 3 20
=7 a
2 2 2
= 5m 3 4 m 2 y 2 m 6 4 m y
77.
(1 3 5 )(1 + 3 5 ) = (1)2 ( 3 5 )
2 2 2/6
= 5m 4 m y m 4 m y
= 5m 3 4 m 2 y 2 m 3 4 m 2 y 2
= 1 9 25
= 1 95
= 1 45
= 44
(
)
1/3
= 5m 3 4 m 2 y 2 m ( 4 m 2 y 2 )
2 2
2/4
1/2
= y y 4 2 y 4 + ( y 4)
68. 7 8 x 2 27 x 2 = 7 3 8 x 2 3 27 x 2
70.
y 4 + 4 ( y 4)
= y y 4 2 y 4 + ( y 4)
= 3 2z
69.
y2
y 3 4 y 2 2 y 4 + 4 y 2 8 y + 16
72.
78.
= ( 5 1) m 3 4m 2 y 2
( 3 x + 1)(9 3 x 4)
= 3 x 9 3 x + 3 x ( 4 ) + 1 9 3 x + 1 ( 4 )
= 4m 3 4m 2 y 2
= 9 x2 4 3 x + 9 3 x 4
3
= 9 x2 + 5 3 x 4
79.
x 5
) = ( x)
2
( x )( 5 ) + ( 5 )
= x 2 2 5 x + 25
= x 2 5x + 5
535
80.
(11 2 + 5 )
2
2
= (11 2 ) + 2 (11 2 )( 5 ) + ( 5 )
2
87.
6 y3
= 121 4 + 22 10 + 25
= 121 2 + 22 10 + 5
= 242 + 22 10 + 5
= 247 + 22 10
81.
2a b
)(
) (
2a + b =
2a
(b )
= 2a b
82.
( 3 6s + 2)( 3 6s 7 )
= 3 6 s 3 6s + 3 6 s ( 7 ) + 2 3 6 s + 2 ( 7 )
y 6y
88.
3
3
3
3
2 6 y
y 36 y
2
y 6y
6y
6y
2 6 y
y 6y
2 6 y
= 4a 2 b 2
6 y2
6y
3y2
3
25
5 3 25
3 3 25
3
125
3 3 25
5
3
300
4 3 4 3 4 3 75 3 300
89. 3
=
=
=
=
3
3
3
3
45
15
45
45 75
3375
= 36s 2 7 3 6 s + 2 3 6 s 14
3
= 36s 2 5 3 6 s 14
83.
84.
85.
2
6
6
3
6
6
48
p
=
=
=
86.
536
5
2a
6
3
p p
36
6 3
4 3
2 6
4 3p
p p2
4 3
p p
90.
6 3
=2 3
3
91.
4 3p
p p
2a
6
7 6
=
=
2a
2a
5 2a
4a
5 2a
2a
27
5
4 p2q
8 p3q 4 5 4 p 2 q
27 5 4 p 2 q
5
32 p5 q5
27 5 4 p 2 q
2 pq
6
7+ 6
7 6 7+ 6
6 7+ 6
)
2
72 ( 6 )
42 + 6 6
49 6
42 + 6 6
=
43
=
p2
8 p3 q 4
4 3p
2 6
6
=
6
3
27
92.
3 9
3 9
3 +9
3+9
3 +9
( 3)
96.
3
3+ 2
=
=
94.
( 2)
92
3 3 2
7
k
k m
10 2
97.
( y)
2
32 ( y )
32 2 3 y +
4
2 3 +5 2
2 3 5 2
2 3 +5 2 2 3 5 2
)
2
( 2 3 ) (5 2 )
4 2 3 5 2
2
8 3 20 2
4 3 25 2
8 3 20 2
=
12 50
8 3 20 2
=
38
2 4 3 + 10 2
=
2 (19 )
=
or
3 3 6
7
k+ m
k m k+ m
k k+ m
(
)
=
2
2
( k ) ( m)
=
=
3 2
y6 y +9
96 y + y
or
9 y
9 y
10 + 2
3 y 3 y
3+ y 3 y
3 3 2
95.
3+ 2 3 2
3 3 2
32
3+ y
92
= 3 3 + 27
3 81
3 3 + 27
=
78
= 3 3 + 27
78
= 3 +9
26
93.
3 y
98.
5 6
10 + 3
k + km
k m
10 + 2
10 2
10 + 2
10 2 4 3
19
5 6
10 + 3
10 3
10 3
( 5 6 )( 10 3 )
( 10 + 3 )( 10 3 )
50 15 60 + 18
( 10 ) ( 3 )
2
5 2 15 2 15 + 3 2
10 3
8 2 3 15
=
7
=
10 + 2
10 ) + 2 10 2 + 22
(
=
2
( 10 ) 22
2
10 + 4 10 + 4 14 + 4 10
=
10 4
6
2 7 + 2 10
7 + 2 10
=
=
2 ( 3)
3
=
537
99.
100.
103. H ( t ) = 3 t + 3
7
6
7 7
6 3
+
=
3
3
7
7
7 3
7
18
=
+
3 7 3 7
25
=
3 7
25
7
=
3 7 7
25 7
=
37
25 7
=
21
(4 7 )
=
=
=
H ( 2 ) = 3 2 + 3 = 3 1 = 1
b.
H ( 4 ) = 3 4 + 3 = 3 1 = 1
c.
H ( 5) = 3 5 + 3 = 3 8 = 2
z 1
z+2
a.
G (1) =
b.
G ( 3) =
c.
G ( 2) =
1
4 7
4+ 7
4 7 4+ 7
4+ 7
42
( 7)
4+ 7
16 7
4+ 7
=
9
105.
a.
f ( 3) = 3 + 4 = 1 = 1
b.
f ( 0) = 0 + 4 = 4 = 2
1 1
0
=
= 0 =0
1+ 2
3
3 1
=
3 + 2
4
= 4 =2
1
2 1
1 1
=
=
2+2
4 2
f ( x ) = 3x 5
3x 5 0
3x 5
5
x
3
f ( x) = x + 4
c.
a.
104. G ( z ) =
101.
5
interval , .
3
5
or the
3
106. g ( x ) = 3 2 x 7
f ( 5) = 5 + 4 = 9 = 3

function is all real numbers,
{ x | x is any real number} or the interval
102. g ( x ) = 3x 2
a.
2
2
g = 3 2 = 2 2 = 0 = 0
3

3
b.
g ( 2) = 3( 2) 2 = 6 2 = 4 = 2
c.
g ( 6 ) = 3 ( 6 ) 2 = 18 2 = 16 = 4
( , ) .
107. h ( x ) = 4 6 x + 1
6x + 1 0
6 x 1
1
x
6
1
The domain of the function is x | x or

6
1
the interval , .
6
538
108. F ( x ) = 5 2 x 9
b.

{ x | x is any real number} , or the interval
4
109. G ( x ) =
x2
nonnegative. The numerator is positive, so we
need the denominator to be positive as well.
x2 > 0
x>2
The domain of the function is { x | x > 2} or the
0
1
interval ( 2, ) .
110. H ( x ) =
x>3
c.
x
1
112. g ( x ) = x + 1 2
a.
x + 1 0 or x 1
The domain of the function is { x | x 1}
b.
g ( x) = x +1 2
( , 0 ) [3, ) .
1 g ( 1) = 1 + 1 2 = 2
g ( 0 ) = 1
0
g ( 3) = 0
3
g (8) = 1
8
g (15 ) = 2
15
f ( x) = 1 1 x
2
x 3 < 0 and x < 0

x < 3 and x < 0 x < 0
The domain of the function is
{ x | x < 0 or x 3} or the interval
111.
16
a.
( x, y )
1
1 ( 15 ) = 2 ( 15, 2 )
2
3
3
f ( 8 ) =
8,
2
2
f ( 3 ) = 1
( 3,1)
1
1
f ( 0) =
0,
2
2
f (1) = 0
(1, 0 )
x 3
x
nonnegative. The radicand will equal zero when
the numerator equals zero. The radicand will be
positive when the numerator and denominator
have the same sign.
x 3 = 0
x=3
1
1 x
2
15 f ( 15 ) =
( , ) .
x 3 > 0 and x > 0

x > 3 and x > 0
f ( x) =
1 x 0
x 1
The domain of the function is { x | x 1} or
12 16
( x, y )
( 1, 2 )
( 0, 1)
( 3, 0 )
( 8,1)
(15, 2 )
the interval ( ,1] .
c.
539
113. h ( x ) = x + 3
a.
c.
x+3 0
x 3
The domain of the function is { x | x 3}
m = 13
115.
( m)
h ( x) = x + 3
3 h ( 3) = 3 + 3 = 0
h ( 2 ) = 1
2
h (1) = 2
1
h ( 6 ) = 3
6
h (13) = 4
13
y
( x, y )
( 3, 0 )
( 2, 1)
(1, 2 )
( 6, 3)
(13, 4 )
169 = 13 ?
13 = 13 T
Check:
116.
2
4
8 12
= 132
m = 169
b.
3t + 1 = 2
3t + 1
= ( 2 )
3t + 1 = 8
3t = 9
t = 3
Check: 3 3 ( 3) + 1 = 2 ?
3
9 + 1 = 2 ?
3
c.
Based on the graph, the range is ( , 0] .

117.
114. F ( x ) = 3 x + 1
a.

{ x | x is any real number} , or the interval
( , ) .
b.
8 = 2 ?
2 = 2 T
F ( x) = 3 x +1
9 F ( 9 ) = 3 9 + 1 = 2
2
F ( 2 ) = 1
1
F ( 1) = 0
0
F ( 0) = 1
7
F (7) = 2
y
( x, y )
( 9, 2 )
( 2, 1)
( 1, 0 )
( 0,1)
( 7, 2 )
4 3x 8
( 4 3x 8 )
= 34
89
Check: 4 3 8 = 3 ?
3
4
89 8 = 3 ?
4
81 = 3 ?
3=3 T
89
3
540
=3
3 x 8 = 81
3x = 89
89
x=
3
118.
121. 2 3 m + 5 = 11
2x + 5 + 4 = 2
2 x + 5 = 2
2x + 5
= ( 2 )
2 3 m = 16
3
(3 m )
2x + 5 = 4
2 x = 1
1
x=
2
1
2 + 5 + 4 = 2 ?
2
1 + 5 + 4 = 2 ?
4+4= 2 ?
2+4 = 2 ?
6 = 2 False
The solution does not check so the problem has
no real solution.
Check: 2 3 512 + 5 = 11 ?
2 ( 8) + 5 = 11 ?
16 + 5 = 11 ?
11 = 11 T
= q2
= 52
t = 25
Check: 3 25 4 = 11 ?
3 5 4 = 11 ?
15 4 = 11 ?
11 = 11 T
2+2 = 2 ?
4=2 ?
2=2 T
Check:
4 ( 5 ) 3 = 0 ?
120. 3 t 4 = 11
3 t = 15
t =5
( )
q 2 = 0 or q + 1 = 0
q = 2 or q = 1
= 32
1 + 2 = 1 ?
1 = 1 ?
1 = 1 False
q2 q 2 = 0
( q 2 )( q + 1) = 0
9 3 = 0 ?
33 = 0 ?
0=0 T
q+2
q + 2 = q2
4k = 9
5 = k
Check:
q+2 = q
122.
4k 3 = 0
4k = 3
4k
= ( 8 )
m = 512
Check:
119.
m = 8
123.
w + 11 + 3 = w + 2
w + 11 = w 1
w + 11
= ( w 1)
w + 11 = w2 2w + 1
w2 3w 10 = 0
( w 5)( w + 2 ) = 0
w 5 = 0 or w + 2 = 0
w = 5 or w = 2
Check:
5 + 11 + 3 = 5 + 2 ?
16 + 3 = 7 ?
4+3= 7 ?
7=7 T
541
2 + 11 + 3 = 2 + 2 ?
9 +3 = 0 ?
3+3 = 0 ?
6 = 0 False
127.
a + 10
) =(
2
2a 1
a + 10 = 2a 1
11 = a
Check:
11 + 10 = 2 (11) 1 ?
5x + 9
) =(
2
7x 3
5x + 9 = 7 x 3
12 = 2 x
6= x
Check:
) =(
x+2 =(
x+2
x+9 +7
x+9
?
?
?
T
+ 2 ( 7 ) x + 9 + 72
x + 2 = x + 9 + 14 x + 9 + 49
x + 2 = x + 14 x + 9 + 58
56 = 14 x + 9
4 = x + 9
( 4 )2 = (
x+9
16 = x + 9
7=x
7+2 7+9 = 7 ?
9 16 = 7 ?
34 = 7 ?
1 = 7 False
The solution does not check so the equation has
no real solution.
5 ( 6) + 9 = 7 ( 6) 3 ?
30 + 9 = 42 3 ?
39 = 39 T
542
c=9
Check:
( c)
= 32
x+2 x+9 = 7
x+2 = x+9 +7
21 = 21 T
5x + 9 = 7 x 3
98 + 9 = 4
1+ 9 = 4
1+ 3 = 4
4=4
128.
21 = 22 1 ?
126.
Check:
22 2 ( 2 ) + 9 = 2 + 1 ?
a + 10 = 2a 1
( c)
44+9 = 3 ?
9 =3 ?
3=3 T
125.
) = (4 c )
c 8 = 16 8 c + c
8 c = 24
c =3
p2 2 p + 9 = p + 1 2
(
)
p2 2 p + 9 = p2 + 2 p + 1
4 p + 8 = 0
4 p = 8
p=2
Check:
c 8
c 8 = 42 2 ( 4 ) c +
p2 2 p + 9 = p + 1
124.
c 8 + c = 4
c 8 = 4 c
129.
( 4 x 3)1/3 3 = 0
( 4 x 3)1/3 = 3
( ( 4 x 3) )
1/3 3
131.
3V
( r ) =
h
3V
r2 =
h
3V
2
hr =
3V
h=
r 2
=3
1/3
15
Check: 4 3 3 = 0 ?
2
( 30 3)1/3 3 = 0 ?
132.
271/3 3 = 0 ?
33 = 0 ?
0=0 T
15

2
( x2 9) = 2
1/4 4
2
4
( x 9) = 2
x 2 9 = 16
x 2 = 25
x = 5
=2 ?
( 25 9 )1/4 = 2
1/4
29 = 1 29 = i 29 = 29 i
134.
54 = 1 9 6 = i 3 6 = 3 6 i
=2 ?
( 25 9 )1/4 = 2
133.
136.
=2 ?
2=2 T
(( 5) 9)
30
v
30
v
30
f s3 =
v
3
v f s = 30
30
v=
fs3
1/4
16
135. 14 162 = 14 1 81 2
= 14 i 9 2
= 14 9 2 i
Check:
1/4
fs = 3
( f s )3 = 3
1/4
( 52 9 )
3V
h
4 x 3 = 27
4 x = 30
30 15
x=
=
4
2
130.
r=
6 + 45 6 + 1 9 5
=
3
3
6 + i 3 5
=
3
6+3 5 i
=
3
3 2+ 5 i
=
3
= 2+ 5 i
1/4
=2 ?
2=2 T
16
137.
( 3 7i ) + ( 2 + 5i ) = 3 2 7i + 5i
= 1 2i
138.
( 4 + 2i ) ( 9 8i ) = 4 + 2i 9 + 8i
= 4 9 + 2i + 8i
= 5 + 10i
543
139.
(8 45 ) ( 3 + 80 )
= (8 3 5 i ) (3 + 4 5 i )
144.
141.
(1 +
) (
= 1 + 3i 6 + 4i
= 1 6 + 3i + 4i
= 5 + 7 i
1 2
142. + i ( 4 9i )
2 3
1
1
2
2
= 4 + ( 9i ) + i 4 + i ( 9i )
2
2
3
3
9 8
2
= 2 i + i 6i
2 3
11
= 2 i 6 ( 1)
6
11
= 2 i+6
6
11
= 8 i
6
3 27 = 3 i 3 3 i
( 3)
i2
= 3 3 ( 1)
= 9
Note: It is necessary to write each radical in
terms of i prior to performing the operation.
Otherwise the sign of the answer will be wrong.
( 3)( 27 ) =
544
145.
(1 + 12i )(1 12i ) = 12 (12i )2

= 1 144i 2
= 1 144 ( 1)
= 1 + 144
= 145
( 4 5i )( 3 + 7i ) = 4 3 + 4 7i 5i 3 5i 7i
=3
= 5 12i 30i 72i 2

= 5 42i 72 ( 1)
= 5 42i + 72
= 67 42i
9 + 6 + 16 = (1 + 3i ) + ( 6 + 4i )
= 12 + 28i 15i 35i 2

= 12 + 13i 35 ( 1)
= 12 + 13i + 35
= 47 + 13i
143.
)(
36 5 144
= (1 + 6i )( 5 12i )
= 1 ( 5 ) + 1 ( 12i ) + 6i ( 5 ) + 6i ( 12i )
= 83 5 i 3 4 5 i
= 833 5 i 4 5 i
= 57 5 i
140.
(1 +
81 = 9 9 = 3 27
146.
( 7 + 2i )( 5 + 4i ) = 7 5 + 7 4i + 2i 5 + 2i 4i
= 35 + 28i + 10i + 8i 2
= 35 + 38i + 8 ( 1)
= 35 + 38i 8
= 27 + 38i
147.
4
4 3 5i
=
3 + 5i 3 + 5i 3 5i
4 ( 3 5i )
=
2
32 ( 5i )
4 ( 3 5i )
=
9 25i 2
4 ( 3 5i )
=
9 + 25
4 ( 3 5i )
=
34
2 2 ( 3 5i )
=
2 17
2 ( 3 5i )
=
17
6 10i
=
17
6 10
= i
17 17
148.
149.
( )
3
3 7 + 2i
=
7 2i 7 2i 7 + 2i
3 ( 7 + 2i )
=
2
7 2 ( 2i )
21 6i
=
49 4i 2
21 6i
=
49 4 ( 1)
21 6i
=
49 + 4
21 6i
=
53
21 6
= i
53 53
43
i = 1 i = i
152. i173 = i172 i = i 4
Chapter 6 Test
1. 491/2 =
2.
49
1
7
8 x1/2 y 3 9 xy1/2
1/3
1/2
= 2 x1/6 y 3x1/2 y1/4

1
1+
= 6x 6 2 y
1
4
= 6 x 2/3 y5/4
= 6 x8/12 y15/12
= 6 y 12 x8 y 3
10 4i 15i + 6i 2
3. 5 2a 4b3
25 4i 2
10 19i + 6 ( 1)
4 + 4i + 3i + 3i
) (9 xy1/2 )
1/3
1/3
1/2
= 81/3 ( x1/2 ) ( y 3 ) 91/2 x1/2 ( y1/2 )
) = ( 2a 4b3 )
7
7/5
= 27/5 a 28/5b 21/5
= 2a5b 4 22/5 a3/5b1/5

= 2 a 5b 4
4 a 3b
4.
3m 13n = 3m 13n = 39mn
5.
32 x7 y 4 = 16 x 6 y 4 2 x
= 16 x 6 y 4 2 x
= 4 x3 y 2 2 x
4 + 3i 4 + 3i 1 + i
=
1 i
1 i 1+ i
( 4 + 3i )(1 + i )
=
(1 i )(1 + i )
=
49
25 4 ( 1)
10 19i 6
=
25 + 4
4 19i
=
29
4 19
=
i
29 29
150.
1/2
= 8 x1/2 y 3
2 3i 2 3i 5 2i
=
5 + 2i 5 + 2i 5 2i
( 2 3i )( 5 2i )
=
( 5 + 2i )( 5 2i )
6.
9a3b 3
4ab
1 i2
4 + 7i + 3 ( 1)
1 ( 1)
4 + 7i 3
=
1+1
1 + 7i
=
2
1 7
= + i
2 2
9 a 3 b 3
4ab
9a 2
4b 4
9a 2
4b 4
3a
2b2
( )
14
151. i59 = i56 i 3 = i 4 i 3 = 1 i3 = i 2 i = 1 i = i
545

13. g ( x ) = 3x + 5
5 x3 + 2 45 x = x 2 5 x + 2 9 5 x
7.
3 x + 5 0
3x 5
5
x
3
= x2 5 x + 2 9 5 x
= x 5x + 2 3 5x
= x 5x + 6 5x
= ( x + 6 ) 5x
4
interval , .
3
9a 2 b 16a 4 b2 = 9a 2 b 16a 4 b 2
8.
= 3a b 2a b 2/4
= 3a b 2a b1/2
= 3a b 2a b
= (3 2) a b
14.
9.
(11 + 2 x )( 3 x )
= 11 3 + 11( x ) + 2
= 33 11 x + 6 x 2
f ( x) = x 3
a.
=a b
x 3 + 2 x x
( x)
b.
3 72
5+2
=
=
( 5)
c.
5 2
15.
22
52 5
5 4
= 52 5
=
12.
546
( x, y )
( 0, 3)
(1, 2 )
( 4, 1)
( 9, 0 )
5+2 5 2
5 52
f ( 0 ) = 0 3 = 3
f (1) = 2
f ( 4 ) = 1
f (9) = 0
3 6 2 18 2
2
1
1
=
=
9 2 9 2 2
2
=
92
2
=
18
11.
f ( x) = x 3
x
0
1
4
9
= 33 5 x 2 x
2
x0
The domain of the function is { x | x 0} or
the interval [ 0, ) .
= 33 + ( 11 + 6 ) x 2 x
10.
5
or the
3
x+3 = 4
x+3
= 42
x + 3 = 16
x = 13
13 + 3 = 4 ?
16 = 4 ?
4=4 T
Check:
f ( x ) = 2 x + 3
a.
f (1) = 2 (1) + 3 = 2 + 3 = 1 = 1
b.
f ( 3) = 2 ( 3) + 3 = 6 + 3 = 9 = 3
16.
18.
x + 13 4 = x 3
x + 13 = x + 1
x + 13
= ( x + 1)
(13 + 2i ) + ( 4 15i ) = 13 + 2i + 4 15i
= 13 + 4 + 2i 15i
= 17 13i
19.
x + 13 = x 2 + 2 x + 1
( 4 7i )( 2 + 3i ) = 4 2 + 4 3i 7i 2 7i 3i
= 8 + 12i 14i 21i 2
= 8 2i 21( 1)
= 8 2i + 21
= 29 2i
x 2 + x 12 = 0
( x + 4 )( x 3) = 0
x + 4 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 4 or x = 3
4 + 13 4 = 4 3 ?
9 4 = 7 ?
3 4 = 7 ?
1 = 7 False
Check:
20.
3 + 13 4 = 3 3 ?
16 4 = 0 ?
44 = 0 ?
0=0 T
The first solution is extraneous, so the solution
set is {3} .
17.
x 1 + x + 2 = 3
x 1 = 3 x + 2
x 1
) = (3
2
x+2
7i
7 i 12 11i
=
12 + 11i 12 + 11i 12 11i

( 7 i )(12 11i )
=
(12 + 11i )(12 11i )
=
=
84 77i 12i + 11i 2

144 121i 2
84 89i + 11( 1)
144 121( 1)
84 89i 11
=
144 + 121
73 89i
=
265
73 89
i
=
265 265
x 1 = 32 2 ( 3) x + 2 +
x+2
x 1 = 9 6 x + 2 + x + 2
12 = 6 x + 2
2 = x+2
22 =
x+2
4= x+2
2=x
2 1 + 2 + 2 = 3
1+ 4 = 3
1+ 2 = 3
3=3
Check:
?
?
?
T
547

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Chapter 6

Getting Ready for Chapter 6

17. 196 is a rational number because 142 = 196 .

Getting Ready for Chapter 6 Quick Checks

is called a radical sign.

2. If a is a nonnegative real number, the

900 = 30 because 302 = 900 .

25. 100 = 102 = 10

0.16 = 0.4 because ( 0.4 ) = 0.16

Getting Ready for Chapter 6 Exercises

14 is not a real number because the radicand

64 is rational because 64 is a perfect square.

400 is rational because 202 = 400 . Thus,

40 is irrational because 40 is not a perfect

44 is irrational because 44 is not a perfect

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 6: Radicals and Rational Exponents

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

50 is irrational because 50 is not a perfect

16 is not a real number because the radicand

75. The square roots of 36 are 6 and 6 because

= 25 + 144 = 169 = 132 = 13

79. Answers may vary. When taking a square root,

a a = a 2 , it should follow that a 2 = a .

from a 2 whether a was positive or negative. We

a 2 = a to ensure that the principle

144 is not a real number.

36 = 6 (the principal square root).

( 6 1)2 + (15 3)2

Are You Ready for This Section?

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 6: Radicals and Rational Exponents

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

12. Because the index is even, we have

13. Because the index is odd, we have

14. If a is a nonnegative real number and n 2 is an

Section 6.1 Quick Checks

integer, then a1/ n = n a .

1. In the notation n a , the integer n, n 2, is called

5. 4 32 is not a real number.

64 is not a real number.

10. Because the index is even, we have

11. Because the index is odd, we have

23. If a is a real number and

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 6: Radicals and Rational Exponents

is not a real number.

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

29. 502/3 13.57

30. 403/20 1.74

= (t12 )1/ 4 = t12 / 4 = t 3

( 125 )1/3 = 3 125 = 3 ( 5 )3

4 is not a real number.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 6: Radicals and Rational Exponents

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

W = 35.74 + 0.6215 ( 30 ) 35.75 (10 )

115. 4 16 is not a real number because the index is

135. 10 is the only cube root of 1000.

113. 92.5 = 95/2 =

is not a real number.

105. 100.1 = 10 ^ ( 0.1) 1.26

103. 45/3 = 4 ^ ( 5 / 3) 10.08