NT BOOT Files :

NTLDR
: Scratch file
Boot.ini
: To locating the part ion in which OS is installed
Bootsec.dos : In case of dual boot i.e. 9X+NT
Bootdd.sys
: In case of SCSI Device Driver
Ntdetect.com : To identify Hardware
Ntoskrnl.exe : GUI loader,
Ntoskrnl.exe path is c:\windows\system32, where has reaming files are in c root.

Causes of blue screen:

Ram Problem
Registry files corrupt
Boot files corrupt
HDD Bad sector
Incompatibility of Device driver Dll files

Difference between SDRAM and DDRAM :

DDR RAM: Double Data Ram transfer data on both the rising and falling edge of the clock
signal.
SD RAM: Data transfer on one or the other, this means data thought put on ddr memory is twice
as fast, hence the name Double Data Rate.
Also they are physically difference: DDR module has one notch on the contact strip, SD module
has two.
SD Ram comes in 100 MHz, and 133 MHz
DDR Ram Comes in 266 MHz, hence double speed compared to SDRAM.
Difference Between IDE and SATA
IDE: i.Integrated Drive Electronics
Ii.Data transfer speed 75 mbps
iii. Only 4 hdd can connect (PATA Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)
iv. Front side bus speed: 66 /100/133/166 MHz.
v. 16 bit parallel interface.
SATA: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.
I.Data transfer speed is 150 mbps.
ii. Depends on the SATA Port.
iii. No Jumper, easy to install.
iv. 1- bit serial evolution of the the PATA physical storage interface.
Patch: To fix the single Bug.
Program to fix particular bug on security threat.
Service Pack: To fix the multiple bugs. Cluster of patches.

System Slow: Out off disk space

Virus
RAM
Capacitors bulge (SMPS/Mother Board)
Replication: In the process by which the changes that are made on one domain controller
Are synchronized with all other domain controllers in the domain or forest that
store /copies of the same information.
File System: Method of storing and retrieving data its nothing but a index of a book.
Format: Creation of logical tracks and sectors.
MBR: Master Boot Record
That it contains the operating system version and the information of that which
File wants to load next. This is a scratch point.
POST: Power On Self Test: to check the functionality and availability of the additional
Function.
BSL: Boot Strap Loader: It is a small program used to locating the MBR.
BIOS: Basic Input Output Service:
Booting: Loading the Os into the Main memory (RAM) from the secondary storage
Device (Hdd, Cd, Fdd).
Some Important Ports :
FTP
:20 Data, 21 - Control.
SSH
: 22
Telnet
: 23
SMTP
: 25
DNS
: 53
DHCP
: 67 Client , 68 Server
HTTP
: 80
Ker bores
: 88
LDAP
: 389
MSTSC
: 3389
WINS
: 1512
Dame ware : 6129
IMAP
: 143
NETBIOS : 137
RPC
: Above 1024.
Some Important Lotus Notes Files:
ID File
Bookmark.nsf
Names.nsf
Notes.ini

Mail6.ntf
Bookmark.ntf
Phonebook.ntf
Mailbox.ntf
Pernames.ntf
Username.nsf.

Difference between Basic and Dynamic Disk.

SL
NO

Basics
1
2
3
4

Dynamic

Partions are in terms of partions only

Not able to Resize or modify
No Fault Tolerance
By default in all

Partions are in terms of Volumes

Volumes are flexiable one, so we can resize or modify.
Fault tolerance can implement though RAID.
It supports Pre-windows.

Difference between NT and 2000 OS

SL
NO

NT
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2000

File system : Fat 16/NTFS 4.0

Products : NT Workstation/NT Server
Non - Plug and play OS
No USB Support
No DFS
NO Terminal Service
IE 3.0 / IIS We have to install
Service Pack : SP6a
Static DNS
Non - Transitive trust (one way / Explicit)

File System : fat16/fat32/ntfs4.0/ntfs5.0

Products: 2k Professional/ Server / Advanced Server /
Datacenter Server.
Plug and play OS
It supports USB
It supports DFS
Built in Terminal Service
IE 5.0 IIS 5.0
Service Pack : SP4
Dynamic DNS
Transitive Trust (Two - May / Implicit)

Difference between NT and 2000 Domain

SL
NO

NT Domain

2000 Domain

1
2
3
4

In terms of PDC and BDC

PDC and BDC are defined while installing
os
Objects are stored in Local SAM file
SAM file capacity is 40 MB
Note : If more then 40 MB of SAM file we
have to install another Domain

In terms of DC, ADC, CDC

DC, ADC, CDC are defined through dcpromo.exe
Objects are stored in ADS database
No Limit

Difference between 2000 and XP

SL
NO

2000 OS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

XP OS

XP has all the futures of 2000 and apart from this the below futures.
Not available
Windows Firewall
Not available
ASR (Automatic System Recovery)
Not available
Remote Desktop
Not available
System Restore and restore point
Not available
Roll back drivers
Service Pack 4
Service Pack 2
IE 5.0 / IIS 5.1
IE 6.0 / IIS 5.1

Difference between 2000 and 2003

SL
NO

2000
1

2003

Not Possible
Three types of Partions : Schema
/Configuration / Domain Partions

DC Name renaming is possible but its having BUG

Four types of part ions :Schema /Configuration /
Domain Partions / Application Partions

3
4
5
6
7

Zones : Standard Primary Zone /

Standard Secondary Zone/Active
Directory Integrator Zone
Not available
IE 5.0 / IIS 5.0
Not available
Not available

Zones : Standard Primary Zone / Standard Secondary

Zone/Active Directory Integrator Zone / Stub Zone
Shadow copy
IE 6.0 / IIS 6.0
Built is TS
Built in Remote Desktop

BOOT Process
As with other Windows Operating Systems, when you turn on your PC, it goes through an elaborate boot
up process. It begins when the computer performs the POST (power-on self test), followed by the POST
for each adapter card that has a BIOS, for example, your video card. The BIOS then reads the MBR

(Master Boot Record) which is in the first sector of the first hard disk and transfers control to the code in
the MBR which is created by the XP Setup. This is where Windows takes over the startup process.
What comes next? Here's what happens:
1

The MBR reads the boot sector which is the first sector of the active partition.This sector contains
the code that starts Ntldr which is the boot strap loader for Windows XP. The first role of Ntldr is to
allow full memory addressing, start the file system, read boot.ini and put up the boot menu.
IMPORTANT: Ntldr must be located in root folder of the active partition along with Ntdetect.com,
boot.ini, bootsect.dos (for dual booting) and Ntbootdd.sys (needed with some SCSI adapters).

Selecting XP from the boot menu causes Ntldr to run Ntdetect.com to get information about
installed hardware. Ntldr then uses the ARC path specified in the boot.ini to find the boot partition.
The one where Windows XP is installed. It might look like this:
o

default=multi (0)disk (0)partiton (2) WINDOWS

[operating systems]

multi(0)disk(0)partiton(2)WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Home" /fastdetect

Ntldr, then, loads the two files that make up the core of XP: Ntoskrnl.exe and Hal.dll. These files
must be located in the %SystemRoot%System32 folder.
3

Ntldr reads the registry files, selects a hardware profile, control set and loads device drivers, in
that order.

Then, Ntoskrnl.exe takes over and starts Winlogon.exe which starts Lsass.exe (Local Security
Administration), this is the program that displays the Welcome screen (If Professional Edition-the
Windows Log On dialog box), and allows the user to log on with his/her user name and password.

Public IP

Pvt IP

Class A : 1-126

10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.255

Class B : 128 -191

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

Class C : 192-223

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255

127===Loop back Address

Class D : 224-239

DNS: DOMAIN NAMING SERVICE (SYSTEM)

Purpose of DNS: for resolving fully qualified domain name to IP address and
Vice versa.
Zones: 1. Standard Primary Zone
2. Standard Secondary Zone
3. Active Directory Integrater.
4. Stub Zone.

1. Standard Primary Zone: It is used in internet DNS, the data base is stored locally.
It is normal text file, we can edit the same.
2. Standard Secondary Zone : It is nothing but backup of primary , i.e. exact replica
Of primary. It is read-only mode.
3. Active Directory Integrater: Combination of both, this data base stored in ADS.
ADS.
4. Stub Zone : Stub zone can help reduce the amount of DNS traffic on your
Network by stramling name resolution and zone replication.
It contains SOA/ NS / Host (A) records.
Enter stub zones to tge rescue (Recovery or preservation from the
Loss or danger.
A Stub zone is like a secondary Zone.
RECORDS:
1. HOST (A): It contains the mappings of Host name to IP address.
2. NS Record: It contains the mappings of DNS server name to IP Address.
3. MX Record: It contains the mappings of Mail ex-change server to IP address.
4. CN Record: It mains the mapping of Alias records i.e. existing host/domain records.
5. PTR Record: It contains the mappings of IP Address to FQDN/Host Name.
It works only in reveres lookup.
6. Start of Authority (SOA): This record is responsible for zone transfers
This contains the serial number for each and every change it is
Increment able.
7. Service locater Resource (SVR): It contains the mappings of important services that
Are running like: LDAP, Kerberos, and GC.
It is a Proprietary record of Microsoft.
Important Services:
1. RPC: Remote Procedure Call
It is responsible for locating the domain controllers.
It is responsible for ADS replication
It is responsible for site replication including group policy templates.
2. Net log ON: It is responsible for dynamic updates in DNS.
It is responsible for communicating with DNS.
3. KDC: Key Distribution Center: It is Kerberos Version 5, it is the Authentication
Protocol.
4. LDAP: Light Weight Directory Access Protocol.
It is used to access the ADS data base (i.e. reading/writing) arranged in
Hirarical structure.
5. Time Services: This is responsible for time synchronization for the entire forest.
Look ups in DNS:
1.Forwared Lookup: It contains the mappings of FQDN to IP Address.
2. Reverse Lookup: It contains the mappings of IP address to FQDN.

DNS Installation: Start / Settings / Control Panel / Add and remove programs / Add and
remove windows components / Network services / Details / Select
DNS.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
To assign the IP address automatically to the TCP/IP based clients.
Note: If DHCP is not available to the client PC APIPA (Automatic Private IPA)
I.e. Automatic Assigned IP Address.
DHCP Installation: Start / Settings / Control Pannel / Add and remove programs / Add
And remove windows components / Network services / Details /
select DHCP.
DHCP Scope Creation: Start / Programs / Administration Tools / DHCP / Server Name /
New Scope / Friendly Name (it can be any friendly name) /
Range of Ip Address / Exclusive Lease Duration (By default 8
Days) / Scope option (i.e. extra settings like Gateway/dns/wins)
/ Activate the scope.
IP Reservation in DHCP: Reserving IP for the client through MAC only.
To find out the MAC Command is :Start / Run / cmd
C:\ nbtstat a ?Hostname/IP Address.
In reservation scope option will be applied for the particular PC alone.
Start / Programs / Administration Tools / DHCP / Server Name/reservation / new reservation:
Reservation Name: xxxxxxxx
IP Address
: xxxxxxxx
MAC Address
: xxxxxxxx (We have to enter manually there is no separation
between MAC address.
Then selct option both.
Note: In client PC: Ip config / release
IP config / renew.
Trust: To allow users in one domain to access in other active directory uses trust.
1. One way trust (Non Transitive)
2. Two way Trust (Transitive)
3. Crosslink Trust
4. Shortcut Trust.
I. One Way Trust: One domain allow to access other domain, other domain not allow to
Access the first domain.
Eg: Non Transitive N.T 4.0
II. Two Way Trust (Transitive): When two domains allow to access users to the other
Domain also.
Eg: A, B, C are three domains.
C trusts B, B trusts A, obviously C also trusts A Domain.

III. Cross link Trust: An explicit trust between domains in different or in the same tree
when a child/parent relationship does not exist between the two
domain.