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3 TWO WAY BEAM SUPPORTED SLABS


3.1 Introduction

Two way slabs are floor system whose individual panels are rectangular and are
supported in such a way that two way action results. When loaded, such slab lend into a
dished surface rather than cylindrical one. As the BMs are proportional to curvature, to
resist these BMs, the slab must be reinforced in both directions. Therefore, the slab must
be designed to take a proportionate share of the load in each direction.
Lets consider a simply supported two way slab shown below, with Lx and Ly, shorter and
longer span, respectively.
1m

Let it be subjected to uniform load


Pd KN/m2
Evidently, part of the load is carried by
1m

1m

Ly

one set of strips and transmitted to one


pair of edge supports and the remainder by
the other.

1m

Lx
Let Pdx & Pdy be the share of Pd in x and y direction so that,
Pdx + Pdy = Pd ------------ (2.1)
Let kx & ky be constants for load share such that,
KxPd = Pdx and kyPd = Pdy
Since, the deflection at the centre of the strip must be the same, one obtains,

4
4
5Pdx L4x 5Pdy Ly
Pdx Ly

(2.2)
384 EI 384 EI
Pdy L4x

Let

Lx
P
dx 4 Pdx 4 Pdy
Ly
Pdy

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But Pdx + Pdy = Pd (4 + 1)Pdy = Pd
Knowing kyPd = Pdy kyPd(4 + 1) = Pd

ky

1
4
1

kx

4
4 1

One may see that the large share of the load is carried in the short direction.
For instance, consider when
Ly/Lx = 1, 1.5, 2
kx = 0.5, 0.835, 0.941
ky = 0.5, 0.165, 0.059
If the span moments are required for such simple spans
Mxmax = kxPdLx / 8
Mymax = kyPdLy/ 8

3.2 Analysis by Means of Coefficients

Slabs with side ratio less than 2 are treated as two way slabs and analysis can be made by
means of coefficients on the basis of the following assumptions and procedures.

- The slab is composed of rectangular panels, supported at all four edges by walls or
beams, stiff enough to be treated as an unyielding.
- Slabs are subjected to uniform load or concentrated load which can be converted to
equivalent uniform load not exceeding 20% of the total load.

Individual Moment Determination

Moments for each panels with edge either simply supported or fully fixed are calculated
from,

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mi = I Pd Lx2
Where mi = design BM per unit width at point of reference.
I = Coefficient given in table A - 1, as a function of Ly/Lx
Pd = Design uniform load (KN/m2)
Lx , Ly = shorter and longer spans of the panel, respectively

The Notation of Critical Moments

The subscripts for moments are :


s = support
f = field (span)
x & y = are directions of shorter & longer span, respectively.

Division of panel into strips :


Slabs are divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips as shown below.

Ly

Ly

Middle strip

Edge strip

Edge strip

Edge strip

Lx

Middle strip

Edge strip

Ly/8

3Ly/4

Lx/8

3Lx/4
Lx/8

Ly/8

The maximum BM computed apply only to the middle strips & reinforcement can be
detailed in such a way that at least about 50% of the positive bars are extended into the
supports. The negative bars may be terminated at a distance of L/4 to L/3 from the
respective centreline of the support.

Reinforcement in an edge strip parallel to edge need not be less than As min , where
As min = 0.5bd/fyk , fyk in MPa.

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Moment at Continuous Supports of Slabs

After obtaining support and span moments for individual panels of the slab, you may
have support over which the slab is continuous but with two different support moments.
The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the support to
equalise their moments as in moment distribution.

After distributing the unbalanced moment (only one balancing) appropriate adjustment
for the span are made as:
if the support moment is moment is decreased, the span moment mxf , myf are
increased to allow for the change in support moment M in which the increase being
equal to the change of support moment multiplied by the factor given in Table A-2.
if the support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span
moment. However, the average moment at support with no further adjustment may
be made if the differences between initial moments are less than 20% of the larger
moment and LL does not exceed 2.5 times the permanent load.

Loads to Supporting Beams

The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right
angles can be computed using,
Vx = vx Pd Lx
Vy = vy Pd Ly
Table A-3 gives values of load transfer coefficient vx and vy and the assumed
distribution of this loading is shown below.
Vi
Li/8 + 0.75Li
Li

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Li/8

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Moments in Continuous Slabs

General

The first stage of design is to determine support and span moments for all panels
individually by treating their edges as either simply supported or fully fixed. External
edges are generally considered as simply supported and continuous edges are considered
as fully fixed in this stage.

If the slab is connected with an external wall or if any of its edges is partly fixed and
partly simply supported, the following procedure may be adopted:
(a) The ratio of the actual support moment to the bending moment of fully fixed slab, or
the ratio of the width of fixed part to the width of the simply supported part of the
edge is evaluated.
(b) The bending moments of the slab are then computed by interpolating between
different support conditions.

For each support over which the slab is continuous, generally, there will be two different
support moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of
the support to equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames.
Two methods of differing accuracy are given here for treating the effects of this
redistribution on moments away from the support.

Method I
Method I may be used:
(a) When differences between initial support moments are less than 20 percent of the
larger moment, and
(b) Only for internal structures where the live load does not exceed 2.5 times the
permanent load (qk 2.5gk) or 0.8 times the dead load for external structures (qk
0.8gk).

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In other cases either Method II or other more accurate methods shall be used.
When Method I is used, dimensioning is normally, carried out either using:
(a) Initial moments directly, or
(b) Based on the average initial moment at the support.

Method II
In this method consideration of the effects of changes of support moments is limited to
the adjacent spans. Since no effects on neighbouring support sections need be
considered, only a simple balancing operation is required at each edge and no iterative
process is involved.

The procedure for applying Method II, is as follows:


(a) Support and span moments are first calculated for individual panels by assuming
each panel to be fully loaded. This is done by using the coefficients given in Table
A-1
(b) The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method. The
relative stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of
inertia divided by the smaller span.
(c) If the support moment is decreased, the span moments mxf and myf are then
increased to allow for the changes of support moments. This increase is calculated
as being equal to the change of the support moment multiplied by the factors given
in Table A-2. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the
span moments.

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