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DOI 10.1617/s11527-011-9742-9
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Received: 19 May 2010 / Accepted: 26 April 2011 / Published online: 10 May 2011
RILEM 2011
A. Q. Bhatti (&)
Department of Earthquake Engineering, School of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, National University
of Sciences & Technology, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
e-mail: bhatti-nit@nust.edu.pk; draqbhatti@gmail.com
N. Kishi
Civil Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology,
Muroran 050-8585, Japan
K. H. Tan
Department of Civil Engineering, National University
of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2,
Singapore 117576, Singapore
1 Introduction
Increasing attention has focused on applying
advanced composite materials, especially Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) laminates and strips, in the field
of structural engineering. Extensive applications of
FRP composites as construction materials have been
accomplished recently [13]. FRP composites are
lightweight, high-strength, non-corrosive and nonmagnetic materials. There is a wide range of recent,
current and potential applications of these materials
that cover both new and existing structures. Recently,
to upgrade the load-carrying capacity of existing
Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures, many strengthening and retrofitting works have been conducted in
Japan [46]. In these strengthening works, not only
the steel plate jacketing method and/or the concrete
covering method but also the Fibre Reinforced Plastic
(FRP) sheets bonding method have been applied. The
FRP sheet bonding method is an excellent method for
strengthening existing RC structures because FRP
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2 Experimental Overview
2.1 Specimen
Table 1 shows the list of RC slabs used in this study as
well as the strengthening method, loading type and
Table 1 List of RC slabs
Specimen
Strengthening method
N-II
Non-strengthening
Loading
type
Impact velocity
V (m/s)
Iterative
1, 2, 3, 4
Single
Iterative
5
1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5
C1-2-II
Iterative
1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5
A2-1-II
N-IS4
N-IS5
A1-2-II
A2-1-IS5
Iterative
1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5
Single
A2-1-IS6
A2-2-II
6
Two cross-directional AFRP sheet bonded
Iterative
1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5
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Thickness
t (mm)
Tensile strength
(GPa)
Youngs Modulus
E (GPa)
Tensile stiffness
per unit width
E t (kN/mm)
415
0.286
2.48
126.5
36.2
300
0.167
4.07
230.5
38.5
435/435
0.3/0.3
2.48
126.5
38.0/38.0
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3 Experimental results
3.1 Characteristics of the responses
Figure 2 compares the time histories of impact and
reaction force P, R and displacement d for each RC
slabs. Figure 2a and b are for results of the iterative
and single loading test, respectively. Here, the reaction force is evaluated by summing up the output from
both supporting points. From Fig. 2a, it is seen that
impact forces P for all slabs suddenly increase at the
beginning because of the weight of the impact. The
maximum amplitude for each slab increases as the
impact velocity increases until V = 3 m/s. After that,
for V = 4 m/s, the maximum amplitude at the beginning is smaller than that at V = 3 m/s, and the second
predominant sinusoidal half wave is excited, which
has a low amplitude and a duration of about 20 ms.
Furthermore, when the impact velocity exceeds
4.5 m/s, the incident wave at the beginning disappears, and a sinusoidal half wave with a low amplitude
and duration of 30 ms is generated [3032].
The wave configuration of the action force R is
similar among all specimens. The maximum amplitude of the reaction force for each slabs increases as
the impact velocity increases until V = 3 m/s. For
V = 4 m/s, the amplitude is lower than that of
V = 3 m/s. In cases over V = 4.5 m/s, the wave is
composed of two sinusoidal waves: one wave with a
duration of 30 ms and the other wave with a period of
about 15 ms.
Observing time histories of displacement d, it is
evident that the amplitude for each RC slab increases
as the impact velocity increases, and the residual
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1860
loading test, the impact forces Pud for each slab are
larger than those for the iterative loading test.
From Fig. 4b, it is seen that for the iterative
loading test, the reaction force Rud of N-II is the
smallest among those for all slabs at each impact
velocity. The reaction forces Rud for slabs A1/C1-2-II
reach their maximum values at V = 3 m/s, but at
V = 4 m/s, the reaction forces decrease to the same
level as that for slab N-II in the iterative loading test.
However, the reaction forces Rud for slabs A2-1/2-II
at V = 4 m/s are greater than those for slabs A1/C12-II. From these results, it is seen that the strengthening effects of cross-directional AFRP sheet on
dynamic load carrying capacity are greater than those
of the uni- directional FRP sheet, which implies that
bonding a cross-directional AFRP sheet can disperse
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Fig. 4 Distributions of maximum impact and reaction forces Pud and Rud, respectively, and cumulative residual displacement dcr
1862
behaviour. This phenomenon may explain the advantageous behaviour of the bi-directional FRP system.
An AFRP sheet can disperse tensile stress occurring in
the back surface of the RC slab more effectively than a
uni-directional FRP sheet.
Observing the crack patterns in RC slabs for the
single loading test, it is seen that as the impact
velocity increases, the damage becomes more severe.
The damage for slabs N-IS-4 and A2-1-IS-5 for the
Specimen
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Static
capacity
(kN) (1)
Static
capacity
ratio
Dynamic
capacity
(kN) (2)
Dynamic
capacity
ratio
Dynamic
amplification
capacity (2)/(1)
N-II
142
1.00
321
1.00
2.27
A1-2-II
186
1.32
421
1.31
2.26
C1-2-II
183
1.30
382
1.19
2.08
A2-1-II
188
1.33
399
1.24
2.12
A2-2-II
206
1.46
427
1.33
2.07
Table 4 Experimental results of the dynamic load carrying capacity for the single loading test
Specimen
Static capacity
(kN) (1)
Static capacity
ratio
Dynamic capacity
(kN) (2)
Dynamic capacity
ratio
Dynamic amplification
capacity (2)/(1)
N-IS-4
142
1.00
283
1.00
2.00
A2-1-IS-5
188
1.33
367
1.30
1.95
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
4 Conclusions
In this study, to investigate the impact resistance
behaviour of RC slabs when a FRP sheet is bonded to
the back surface, falling-weight impact tests were
conducted considering loading type, strengthening
method, material properties and volume of FRP sheet
as variables. The results obtained from this study are
summarised as follows:
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