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PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

We use present simple:

1. For permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines.
He works in a bank. (permanent state)
He takes the train to work every morning. (daily routine/repeated actions)
2. For general truths and laws of nature.
The sun sets in the west.
3. For timetables (planes, trains, etc) and programmes.
The train leaves at 9 oclock tomorrow.
The Prime Minister arrives next Saturday.
4. For sports commentaries, reviews and narration.
a) Peterson overtakes Williams and wins the race. (sports commentary)
b) Mike Dalton plays the part of Macbeth. (review)
c) Then the prince gets on his horse and quickly rides away. (narration)

The present simple is used with the following time expressions: usually, often, always, etc.,
every day/week/month/year, in the morning/afternoon/ evening, at night, at the weekend, on
Mondays, etc.
It is formed from the short infinitive of the verb (no to) for the 1st person singular and plural, 2nd
person singular and plural and 3rd person plural (they); it adds the ending -s or es to the short
infinitive of the verb at the 3rd person singular (he, she, it):
He sleeps till 9 oclock every morning. She likes tea very much. It eats raw fish.(about an
animal).
The following categories of verbs add the ending ES at the 3rd person singular:
1) Verbs ending in o: go- he/ she goes; do- he/she does;
2) Verbs ending in -sh: wash-he/she washes; brush-he/she brushes;
3) Verbs ending in ch or tch: teach-he/she teaches; watch-he/she watches;

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4) Verbs ending in ss: miss-he/she misses; dress-he/she dresses;

5) Verbs ending in x: fix-he/she fixes;
6) Verbs ending in y and the y is preceded by a consonant, first transform the y into i
and then adds es : cry- he/she cries (el/ea plange) ; try- he/she tries (el/ea incearca)
If the y is preceded by a vowel, then the y stays the same and the verb only adds the
ending s for the 3rd person singular.
Eg. He plays the violin every Music class.
She prays to God.
John buys fresh bread every morning from the French bakery.
INTERROGATIVE FORM: Do/does + subject +verb (infinitive form) ?
Do you ask good questions?
Does he speak English? (pay attention to the fact that the ending s or es disappears in
the 3rd person singular, interrogative form, it is taken over by the auxiliary does).
NEGATIVE FORM: I/ you/ we/ they do not/dont ask questions.
He/ she does not/ doesnt ask questions.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

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We use the present continuous:

1. For actions taking place now, at the moment of speaking.
He is giving the baby a bath at the moment.
2. For temporary actions; that is actions that are going on around now, but not at the
actual moment of speaking.
He usually teaches English, but this year she is teaching Japanese.
3. With adverbs such as: always, constantly, continually, etc. for actions which happen
very often, usually to express annoyance, irritation or anger.
a) Im always meeting Sara when I go shopping. (action which happens very often)
b) Youre constantly interrupting me when Im talking. (expressing
annoyance/irritation)
4. For personal plans, things that will happen in the near future:
I am leaving tomorrow to the seaside.
The present continuous is used with the following time expressions: now, at the moment, at
present, these days, still, nowadays, today, tonight, etc.
It is formed by: TO BE (present simple) + verb+ -ing
Spelling: 1) verbs ending in e lose the final e and then add ing
Eg. Come-coming; Exception: be-being; see-seeing
2) verbs ending in consonant- vowel- consonant double the final consonant and then
add ing: put- putting; travel- traveling; swim- swimming
Eg. The verb to go
Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I am going

Am I going?

I am not/ Im not going

You are going

Are you going?

You are/ youre not going

He/she/ it is going

Is he/she/it going?

He/ she/it is not going

We are going

Are we going?

We are not going

You are going

Are you going?

You are not going

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They are going

Are they going?

They are/ theyre not going

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE

We use the present perfect:

1. For an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially
with state verbs such as: be, have, like, know, etc. In this case, we often use for and
since.
Rachel has had the dog for three years. (She got the dog three years ago and she still has
it.)
2. For an action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present.
She has just washed her hair. (She has now wrapped her hair in a towel, so the action
has finished.)
3. For an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not
mentioned because it is either unknown or unimportant. The emphasis is placed on
the action.
The Taylors have bought a sailing boat. (The exact time is unknown or unimportant.
What is important is the fact that they now own a sailing boat.)
4. For an action taken place once, never or several times before the moment of
speaking.
I have never been to an exotic island.
He has eaten octopus once.
We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news and the past simple or past
continuous to give more details about it.
The present perfect is used with the following time expressions: for, since, already, yet (in
negative sentences), always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/month, etc., how long,
lately, recently, still (in negations), etc.

It is formed by : The present simple of TO HAVE + verb+ -ed (regular verbs)

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The present simple of TO HAVE + verb (3rd form or past participle in the
case of irregular verb)
Eg. I have worked/you have worked/ he has worked/ they have worked
I have eaten (eat-ate-eaten)
Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I have spoken

Have I spoken?

I have not spoken.

He has spoken

Has he spoken?

He has not spoken.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use the present perfect continuous:

1. To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and
continues up to the present, especially with time expressions such as for, since, all
morning/day/year, etc.
Sam has been talking on the phone for half an hour. (He began talking on the phone half
an hour ago and he is still talking.)
2. For an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The action may
have finished or may still be going on. The result of the action is visible in the
present.
Her feet hurt. She has been walking all morning. (The result of the action is visible in
the present her feet hurt.)
3. To express anger, irritation or annoyance.
They have been letting the dishes in the basin for days, without washing them!

With the verbs live, work, teach and feel (= have a particular emotion) we can use the
present perfect or present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning.

The present perfect continuous is used with the following time expressions: for, since, how
long, lately (in ultima vreme), recently.

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It is formed by: the present simple of TO HAVE+ BEEN+ V+ -ing

COMPARATIVE PRESENTATION OF

Past simple

Present perfect

The past simple is used for actions which

happened in the past and are not related to
the present.

The present perfect is used for actions with

happen in the past and are related to the
present.

1. For an action which happened at a

definite time in the past. The time is
stated, already known or implied.

1. For an action which happened at an

unstated time in the past. The exact
time is either unknown or
unimportant, and therefore it is not
mentioned or implied.

Simon Cook painted his first picture

in 1980. (When? In 1980. The time is
stated.)
2. For an action which began and
finished in the past.
3. For an action with happened in the
past and cannot be repeated.
a) Mike won more than twenty
medals when he was an athlete.
(He is no longer an athlete. He
cannot win another medal.)
b) I once spoke to Frank Sinatra. (He
is no longer alive. I wont speak to
him again.)
4. For an action which happened
within a specific time period which
is over at the moment of speaking.
I wrote three letters this morning.
(The time period is over. It is evening
or night now.)

Simon Cook has painted a lot of

pictures. (When? We do not know. The
exact time is not mentioned or implied.)
2. For an action which started in the
past and continues up to the present.
3. For an action which happened in the
past and may be repeated.
a) Ben is an athlete. He has won more
than ten medals. (He is still an
athlete. He may win some more
medals.)
b) Ive spoken to Celine Dion. (She is
still alive. I may speak to her
again.)
4. For an action which happened within
a specific time period which is not
over at the moment of speaking.

We use the past simple to talk about actions which were performed by people who are no
longer alive, even if the time is not started. Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist.

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Past Simple

Past Continuous

We use the past simple:

We use past continuous:

1. For an action witch happened

at a definite time in the past.
The time is stated, already
known or implied.
The went camping by the lake
last month. (When did they go
camping? Last month. The time is
stated.)
2. For actions witch happened
immediately one after the other
in the past.
First she paid the driver, then she
got out of the taxi.
The past simple is used with the
following time expressions: yesterday,
then, when, How long ago ?, last
night/week/month/year/Tuesday, etc.,
three days/ weeks, etc. ago, in 1997,
etc.

1. For an action which was in progress at a

stated time in the past. We do not mention
when the action started or finished.
At seven oclock yesterday evening they were
having dinner. (We do not know when they
started or finished their dinner.)
2. For an action which was in progress when
another action interrupted it. We use the
past continuous for the action in progress
(longer action) and the action simple for
the action which interrupted it (shorter
action).
He was walking down the street when he ran
into an old friend.
3. For two or more simultaneous past actions.
She was talking on her mobile phone while
she was driving to work.
4. To describe the atmosphere, setting, etc. in
the introduction we describe the main
events.
One beautiful autumn afternoon, Ben was
strolling down a quiet country lane. The birds
were singing and the leaves were rustling in
the breeze.
The past continuous is used with the following
time expressions: while, when, as, all
morning/evening/day etc.

Past Perfect
We use the past perfect:
1. For an action which happened
before another past action or

Past Perfect Continuous

1. To put emphasis on the duration of an
action which started an finished in the past
before another past action or a stated time

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before a state time in the past.

She had finished work when she met
her friends for coffee. (She finished
work first and then she met her
friends.)
2. For an action which finished in
the past and whose result was
visible in the past.
He was happy. He had signed an
important contact. (The action
finished in the past and its result was
visible in the past, too.)
The past perfect is the past equivalent
of the present perfect.
The past perfect is used with the
following time expressions: before,
after, already, just, for, since, till/until,
when, by, by the time, never, etc.

in the past, usually with since or for.

They had been looking for a house for months
before they found one they liked.
2. For an action which lasted for some time in
the past and whose result was visible in the
past.
Last Friday Ron had to fly to New York. His flight
was delayed. He was annoyed. He had been
waiting at the airport for three hours. (He waited
at the airport for three hours and the result of the
action was visible in the past, too.)
The past perfect continuous is the past equivalent
of the present perfect continuous.

The past perfect continuous is used with the

following time expressions: for, since, how long,
before, until, etc.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE

Future Simple

Future Continuous

We use the future simple:

We use the future continuous:

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1. In predictions about the future

usually with the verbs think, believe,
expect, etc., the expressions be sure,
be afraid, etc., and the adverbs
probably, perhaps, certainly, etc.
2. For on-the-sport decisions.
3. For promises (usually with the verbs
promise, swear, guarantee, etc.),
threats, warnings, requests, hopes
(usually with the verb hope) and
offers.

1. For an action which will be in

progress at a stated future time.
2. For an action which will definitely in
the future as the result of a routine
or arrangement.
3. When we ask politely about
someones plans for the near future
(what we want to know is if our
wishes fit in with their plans.)

4. For actions/events/situations which

will definitely happen in the future
and which we cannot control.
The temperature will reach 400C tomorrow.

The future simple and be going to are used with the following time expressions: tomorrow,
the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/year, in a week/month/year, in
two/three days/weeks, etc.

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

We use the future perfect:

We use the future perfect continuous:

For an action which will be finished before a

stated future time.

To emphasis the duration of an action up to

a certain time in the future.

She will have delivered all the newspapers by

8 oclock.

By the end of next month, she will have been

teaching for twenty years.

The future perfect is used with the following

time expressions: before, by, by then, by the
time, until/till.

The future perfect continuous is used with:

by for.

Until/till are only used in negative sentences.

After the time expressions by the time, until,

before, we use the present simple because
they introduce time clauses. The future
perfect and the future perfect continuous
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may come either before or after the time

clauses.

We can use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect to make a prediction
about the present or past, that is to say what we believe may be happening or have
happened.

Present Continuous
We use the present simple or present
perfect, and not future forms, after words
and expressions such as while, before, after,
until/till, as, unless, when, whenever, if,
suppose/supposing, once, as soon as, as long
as, by the time, in case, on condition that,
etc.

We use future forms:

a) With when, if it is used as a
question word.
When it is used as a time word we
use the present simple.
b) With if (= whether) when it is used
after expressions which show
ignorance, uncertainty, etc. such as I
dont know, I wonder, I doubt, etc.

COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Nouns can be countable or uncountable.

-

Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms.

The plural is formed as follows:

Regular Plurals

Irregular Plurals

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jacket

jackets

child

children

mouse mice

watch

watches

man

men

sheep

sheep
oxen

tomato tomatoes

But

radio radios

woman women

ox

baby

babies

But

toy toys

foot

feet

deer

deer

leaf

leaves

But

cliff cliffs

tooth

teeth

fish

fish

goose

geese

louse

lice

Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They do not have different
plural forms.

Uncountable nouns include:

many types of food:

spaghetti, yoghurt, cheese, flour, butter, meat, etc.

liquids:

water, coffee, soda, lemonade, oil, petrol, tea, etc.

materials:

silver, wood, crystal, plastic, porcelain, etc.

abstract nouns:

freedom, love, justice, beauty, help, education, knowledge, etc.

others:

news, advice, information, weather, furniture, luggage, baggage, hair,

accommodation, behaviour, equipment, fun, research, rubbish, litter, etc

Countable nouns:

Uncountable nouns:

can take singular or plural verbs.

always take singular verbs.

always go with a/an/the/my, etc. in the

singular

do not go with a/an/one, two, etc.

can be used alone or with

some/any/much/little/the/my, etc.

can be used alone or with

some/any/many/few in the plural.

NOTE: We can use a/an, one/two, etc. with

uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea,
lemonade, etc. when we are referring to a
cup, glass, bottle, etc. of a certain liquid.

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SINGULAR / PLURAL VERB FORMS

We use singular forms with:
-

nouns which end in -ics such as athletics, economics, electronics, gymnastics,

mathematics (Maths), physics, politics, etc.

nouns which describe illnesses (flu, pneumonia, etc.), including those which end in s
(measles, mumps, etc.).

plural nouns when we talk about an amount of money, a time period, distance, weight,
etc.

group nouns such as family, team, group, crowd, class, company and government, when
we mean the group as a unit. But we use plural verbs when we mean the individuals that
make up the group.

We use plural forms with:

-

the nouns people, police, clothes and stairs.

nouns which refer to objects that consist of two parts, such as

trousers, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights, glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc.
We do not use a/an or a number with these words.
We use the phrase pair of... instead.

ADJECTIVES
-

Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form in the singular and plural.

Adjectives go:
a) before nouns;
b) after the verbs: be, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, seem, appear, become, get, stay,
etc.

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There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Opinion adjectives such as smart, bad,
etc. show what a person thinks of somebody or something. Fact adjectives such as short,
big, old, etc. give us factual information about age, size, colour, origin, material, etc.

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
-

Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives.

When there are two or more fact adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following
order:

Size

Age

Shape

Color

Origin

Material

Noun

a big

one

round

white

French

china

plate

We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun. A noun is usually
described by one, two or three adjectives at the most.

ADVERBS
-

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

An adverb can be one word (slowly) or a phrase (in the street).

Adverbs can describe manner (how), place (where), time (when), frequency (how often),
degree (to what extent), etc.

Adverbs usually go after verbs. They can also go before verbs (adverbs of frequency).
Adverbs go before adjectives, other adverbs and past participles.
Formation of Adverbs

We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to the adjective.

Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y.

Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take -ily.

Adjectives ending in -I take -ly.

Adjectives ending in -ic usually take -ally.

Some adverbs have either a totally different form or the same form as the adjective.

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Adjective

Adverb

good

well

Fast

fast

hard

hard

early

early

late

late

Order of Adverbs
-

Adverbs of frequency go after auxiliary verbs and the verb to be, but before main verbs.

Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after the auxiliary or at the end of the
sentence.

Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end of the sentence.

Adverbs of time such as soon, now and then, go before the main verb, but after the
auxiliary verb or the verb to be.

We can put an adverb at the beginning of a sentence if we want to emphasise it.

When there are two or more adverbs in the same sentence, they usually come in the
following order: manner - pilot - time.

If there is a verb of movement, such as go, come, leave in the sentence, then the adverbs
come in the following order: place - manner time.

Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. These include: hard, fast, high, low,
deep, early, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong.

There is a difference in meaning between the following pairs of adverbs:

She tried hard but she failed. (hard = with effort)

He can hardly see without his glasses. (hardly = scarcely)

Jessica lives quite near. (near = close)

They nearly missed the bus. (nearly = almost)

Tim arrived late. (late = not early)

She's been going out a lot lately. (lately = recently)

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The kite rose high in the sky. (high = at a high level)

He's highly respectable. (highly = very)

You can visit the museum free. (free = without charge)

EU citizens can travel freely within Europe. (freely = without restraint)

COMPARISONS
-

For comparison, adjectives have got two forms: the comparative and the superlative.

We use the comparative form + than to compare two people or things.

We use the + superlative form + of/in to compare one person or thing with more than one
person or thing in the same group. We use in when we talk about places.
Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives

The comparative of one-syllable and two-syllable adjectives is formed by adding -er, and
the superlative by adding -est.

The comparative of adjectives of three or more syllables is formed with more and the
superlative with most.

The comparative and the superlative of some two-syllable adjectives, such as clever,
stupid, narrow, gentle, friendly, etc. are formed either with er/-est or with more/most.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADVERBS

The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are formed in the same way as those of
adjectives.
-

Adverbs which have the same form as the adjective usually take er in the comparative
and est in the superlative.

Adverbs formed by adding ly to the adjective take more in the comparative and most in
the superlative form.

adjective
good/well
bad/badly

comparative
better
worse

superlative
best
worst
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much/many/a lot of more

most
little
less
least
far
further/farther furthest/farthest

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES / PRONOUNS

Both possessive adjectives (my, your, etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine,
yours, etc.) can be used to talk about ownership or the relationship between people. Possessive
adjectives are followed by nouns, whereas possessive pronouns are not.
Possessive
my
your
his
her
its

Adjectives
our
your
their

Possessive
mine
yours
his
hers
--

Pronoun
s
ours
yours
theirs

POSSESSIVE CASE
The possessive case can be used to talk about ownership or the relationship between people. It is
formed in two ways:
1. with 's/' for people or animals

singular nouns + 's e.g. Jim's pen

plural nouns ending in -s + '

plural nouns not ending in -s + 's

compound nouns + 's

We use's after the last of two or more names to show common possession.

We use s after each name to show individual possession.

2. with of for inanimate things

of + inanimate thing or abstract noun

a/the/this/that + noun + of + possessive

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PART TWO VOCABULARY

ENGLISH -ROMANIAN LEGAL GLOSSARY

accept/ a brief for/on behalf of somebody, to: a accepta s

apere, s reprezinte pe cineva n justitie;
account for something a explica o cauz, a da socoteal de
acknowledge the corn a recunoaste veridicitatea unei afirmatii, a admite un fapt, (prin extensie)
a-si recunoaste vina;

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act for somebody a actiona n numele cuiva;

administer justice a aplica legea, a face dreptate;
appear for somebody a reprezenta pe cineva (n instanT);
back up a sustine, a sprijini
bail out a elibera pe cautiune
be after a fi pe urmele (unui rufctor)
be art and part in a fi prtas/ complice la
be at the bottom of something a fi instigatorul, tartorul unei actiuni, a fi responsabil de un lucru
bear witness (to) a fi martor(ul), a sta marturie
be at the horn a fi (declarat) n afara legii
be before a fi supus dezbaterii, a fi judecat (de un tribunal)
be behind bars a fi n nchisoare, a fi dup gratii;
be chiselled out of something a i se lua un drept/ avantaj
be in force a fi n vigoare
be on the register a fi pe lista suspectilor, a fi pus n urmrire, a fi tinut sub observatie
be on trial a fi judecat, a fi actionat n justitie
be out of jail a fi iesit din nchisoare
be raised to the bench a fi fcut judector
be within ones rights (to do something) a avea toate drepturile (sa faca ceva)
bail down a case a prezenta un caz n linii mari
bow the crumpet to a-si recunoaste vina/ invinuirea adus (ntr-un proces)
bring a charge against somebody a aduce cuiva o acuzatie, a acuza (oficial) pe cineva
bring a charge/crime home to somebody a dovedi vinovTia cuiva
bring into open a da n vileag, a dezvlui, a face public
bring more sacks to the mill a aduce argumente suplimentare
bring to light a dezvlui

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bring to trial a da n judecat, a actiona n justitie

call to record/witness a lua drept martor/mrturie, a invoca/face apel la mrturia (cuiva)
catch somebody red-handed a prinde pe cineva n flagrant delict/ asupra faptului
charge somebody with something a acuza pe cineva de ceva
circumstances alter cases depinde de mprejurri, trebuie procedat de la caz la caz
clap by the heels nv. a bga la nchisoare, a aresta
clap somebody in/ into jail/ prison/ solitary confinement a arunca pe cineva n nchisoare,
adeseori fr judecat
come into effect a intra n vigoare
come into force a intra n vigoare
cover up ones tracks a acoperi/ sterge urmele cuiva; fig. a lucra acoperit
cover up somebodys tracks a acoperi/ sterge urmele cuiva; fig. a acoperi pe cineva
cut across ones own inerests a contraveni propriilor sale interese
deal out justice a mprti dreptatea, a face dreptate
denaunce to the horn scot. a scoate/ pune n afara legii
earn the wages of sin a fi spnzurat/ condamnat la moarte
explain something away a gsi o explicatie plauzibil/valabil pentru ceva (nlturand astfel
orice dubiu)
ex post facto (d. o lege) cu efect retroactiv
fasten on/ upon somebody a-i aduce cuiva o acuzatie
find for the plaintiff/ defendant a pronunta sentinta n favoarea reclamantului/prtului
fling something at somebody a-i arunca cuiva n obraz o acuzatie
flag the eat a se justifica neconvingtor
get a fair hearing a fi ascultat cu impartialitate/obiectivitate
get on the scent/trial a da de urma, a gsi/dibui urma
get round the law a ocoli legea
get the chair a fi condamnat la (moarte pe) scaunul electric

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give a false/wrong scent a pune pe o pist fals

give harbour to somebody a tinui pe cineva (un criminal, un evadat)
give somebody a fair hearing a asculta pe cineva cu impartialitate/obiectivitate
give (somebody) chapter and verse for something a veni cu dovezi/argumente n sprijinul unui
lucru
give somebody evidence of something a depune mrturie cuiva/ n fata cuiva despre ceva
give somebody the benefit of the doubt a socoti pe cineva nevinovat
give somebody the lie (direct) a dovedi contrariul (spuselor cuiva)
give something a good/thorough going-over a examina/cerceta ceva cu mare atentie
give teeth to something a da putere de aplicare unui lucru (o lege)
give the lie (direct) to something a dezminti ceva
go behind a decision a reveni asupra unei hotrri
go beyond the law a nclca legea
go by default (d. un proces) a se judeca n contumacie
go in somebodys favour a da cstig de cauz cuiva
go to the bar a intra n barou, a deveni avocat
go to the trial a fi judecat, a ajunge n instant
go unpunished (d. o persoan) a rmne nepedepsit; (de o fapt) a scpa nepedepsit
hand down heavy sentences a da condamnri grele
hand somebody over to justice/police a da pe cineva pe mna justitiei/politiei
hang the jury a scinda voturile juratilor, a opri pe jurati s ajung la o hotrre unic,
mpiedicnd astfel pronuntarea sentintei
have a good grouse a avea temei de plngere/reclamatii
have not a leg to stand on a nu aduce nici o dovad concludent, a nu se sprijini pe realitti
have nothing to say for oneself a nu avea ce spune n aprarea sa
have plenty of brief a avea procese multe
have the law on somebody a da pe cineva n judecat

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hold a brief for somebody (d. un avocat) a reprezenta pe cineva; fig. a se ridica n aprarea
cuiva
in abeyance (d. legi) neaplicat; n desuetudine
in accordance with n conformitate cu
in actual fact n realitate
in compliance with: n conformitate/conform cu
justify bail a-si declara sub jurmnt solvabilitatea (nainte de a depune cautiune)
keep on the right/ windy side of the law a proceda n mod
legal, a actiona pe ci legale, a nu intra n conflict cu legea
lay a charge against somebody/(s door) a aduce o acuzatie cuiva, a nvinui pe cineva de ceva,
a face o plngere mpotriva cuiva
lay down the law a da verdicte
lead a witness a pune ntrebri tendentioase unui martor
let out on bail a pune n libertate pe cautiune
make/put in a claim (for something) a face o petitie (pt. ceva), a-si revendica drepturile (asupra
unui lucru)
make a motion that a depune o motiune, a propune (ntr-un grup legislativ) s se ia o anumita
msur, s se procedeze ntrun anumit fel
make default a nu comprea n fata curtii/ instantei
make good a charge a dovedi o nvinuire
make good an injustice a repara o nedreptate
make (out) ones case a-si dovedi nevinovtia
more by token ca prob/dovad; si dovada este c
nail a lie ( to the counter) a dovedi falsitatea unei afirmatii
not guilty nevinovat
not to have a leg to stand on (for something): a nu aduce nicio dovad concludent, (d. ceva) a
nu avea nici un fundament
offend against the law a nclca legea, a comite un delict

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off the record (n mod) neoficial

of no effect neavenit
on equal terms pe picior de egalitate
on ones own responsibility pe propria rspundere
on parole: pus n libertate/eliberat pe cuvnt de onoare/conditionat
on the jury printre jurati; din/ n juriu/ componenta juriului
on the legit cinstit, legitim, n cadru legal
on the panel pe lista juratilor, n juriu
out on bail eliberat pe cautiune
own up a mistake/ fault a se declara vinovat, a face mea culpa
pack the jury a-si asigura un juriu favorabil
pass judgement/sentence upon somebody a judeca pe cineva, a da cuiva o sentint
pass the seals a ratifica, a sanctiona
pitch somebody over the bar a respinge pledoaria/ argumentatia unui avocat
plead guilty a se declara vinovat
prompt a witness a influenta depozitia unui martor, sugerndu-i anumite rspunsuri
prove a will a omologa un testament, a certifica validitatea lui
push ones claims a revendica (un drept); a urmri (prin justitie) satisfacerea unei revendicri
put in a claim for a nainta o revendicare, a solicita un drept
put in/into force a pune n vigoare (o lege)
put out a court a exclude ca nentemeiat (un argument)
put put the law on somebody a intenta cuiva un proces
put the execution a de cuiva pedeapsa capital
raise a claim a revendica un drept, a ridica o pretentie
rest the case a conchide, a pune concluzii la pledoarie
return somebody guilty a declara/ gsi pe cineva vinovat

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send up for trial a trimite n judecat/naintea unui tribunal; a gsi pe cineva vinovat
serve a notice on somebody a aduce cuiva la cunostint o hotrre judectoreasc/ oficial
serve notice a da/trimite o nstiintare oficial
set at large/liberty/free a pune n libertate, a elibera
settle a law suit (amiably) a rezolva un litigiu printr-o tranzactie, a ajunge la un acord ntr-un
proces;
settle out of court a stinge actiunea prin mpcarea prtilor, a se mpca nainte de a aduce cazul
n fata instantei
stake out a claim a nainta/exprima o cerere/revendicare
stand mute of malice a refuza s vorbeasc n instant
state a/onces case a supune un fapt/ faptele judectii tribunalului (de ctre un reclamant)
stay judgement a ntrzia judecata/procedura
strain the law a forta legea, a interpreta legea n mod prtinitor; a nclca legea
surrender to ones bail a se prezenta n fata autorittilor (judectoresti) dup ce a fost eliberat
pe cautiune
sustain a claim/an objection a admite/solutiona favorabil o cerere/revendicare/obiectiune
swear a charge/an accusation against somebody a acuza pe cineva sub jurmnt
swear an affidavitt a face o declaratie sub jurmnt
swear a witness a lua jurmntul unui martor, a cere unui martor s jure
take a brief for/on behalf of somebody (d. avocati) a se ocupa de procesul cuiva, a prelua un
caz juridic, a se constitui apratorul cuiva
take action against somebody a intenta un proces cuiva
take bail a accepta/lua/primi o cautiune
take legal advice a consulta un avocat/jurisconsult
take the stand a se afla n boxa martorilor
take to court a da n judecat, a chema n fata instantei
tamper with a witness a influenta depozitia unui martor, a mitui un martor

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thrust somebody from his rights a scoate pe cineva din drepturile lui (legitime), a rpi cuiva un
drept
trench upon somebodys rights a ncalca/ uzurpa/ atinge/ legea, drepturile cuiva
trip up a witness a prinde un martor cu declaratii false
trump up a charge against somebody, to: a depune acuzatie fals mpotriva cuiva
try somebody for/ on a charge of, to: a judeca pe cineva acuzat de
under ban prohibit interzis
under duress constrns, fortat
under pain of death sub pedeapsa capital
vest somebody with power, to: a mputernici pe cineva
vow and declare a declara sub jurmnt
wear the ermine/the gown a fi magistrat
within the law n cadrul legii, legal

EXERCISES
The article
A. Fill in the blanks with the, a, an or no article:
Do you see _____ man standing near ______ door? He works as _____ assistant in ____ same
shop as I do. Well, I saw him the other day and he was driving ______ red Porsche. And do you
see ______ expensive clothes hes wearing? Where does he get ____ money to pay for it all?
______ month ago he hadnt got _____ penny. I told you about ______ burglary that we had at
________ shop, didnt I? Do you think I should go to _____ police?
B. Fill in the gaps with a or one:
.day last year it wasvery hot afternoon in June I was hurrying to get home. I
was about.. hour late - well, to be precise, exactly. hour and ten minutes: I
had taken the train that arrived at the station at 6.15. Anyway, there was. woman
standing under the trees, and there were several children with her. I saw child clearly
she was .lovely dark-haired girl but I only heard the others. Suddenly strange
thing happened. The girl took some stones and leaves out of her pocket, and threw. stone
after another into the air.
C. Insert a or an if necessary:
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Universitatea Ecologica Bucuresti

Facultatea de Drept si Administratie publica

My neighbour is.photographer; lets ask him foradvice about colour films.

We hadfish andchips for..lunch.
That doesnt sound.very interesting lunch.
I had a very bad night. I didnt sleep ....wink.
Wed better go bytaxi if we can get ..taxi at such ..hour as 2 a.m

The noun
A. Use these collective nouns to complete the sentences that follow: audience, crew, enemy,
family, gang, government, media, public, staff, team
1. Take cover. The .. are attacking.
2. Do you think Liverpool are the best . in Europe?
3. Dad is out but the rest of the ... are at home.
4. The has decided to increase taxes.
5. The ship sank but the .... are safe.
6. The office is closed. The are on strike.
7. The house was surrounded and the . were arrested.
8. The .. is much bigger than at last nights performance.
9. The railways should provide a better service for the traveling .
10. Some sports stars are very badly treated by the newspapers and other .

The verb
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets at the present simple
tense:
He (live) in Belgravia in Londons West End. Hes very rich, and he (own). the
company Office Blocks International. Every morning the young Lord (have).. breakfast
in bed and (read). the newspapers. He (get). up at ten oclock and usually (go)
for a walk in Hyde Park. He (have) lunch at his club. He sometimes (meet)
. the directors of OBI, and they (talk).. about the companys plans. In the afternoon,
Lord Stonebury and his friends (play) golf.
Then they (have). a few drinks. Or sometimes, he and his girl friend (go).for a drive
in his sports car. After dinner Lord Stonebury (go).. to a night club or a casino with one of
his friends. They (get).. home at about two oclock.
B. Find and correct the verbs in the present tense that are mistaken in the text below:
Dear John,
Thank you for your very interesting letter. I am very pleased to be your pen friend. Are you
really have a swimming pool in the garden? It sound wonderful. As you know from my
advertisement, I have 17 years old and came from Cartagena in Chile. Ive got two sisters and

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Universitatea Ecologica Bucuresti

Facultatea de Drept si Administratie publica

they is both older than me. My father own a small factory paper but my mother dont work. We
living in a house outside the city. I enjoying playing football and I am like science-fiction films.
Look at this learners text. Match the teachers ticks and corrections 1-10 to rules a) f) below

C. Fill in each gap with a verb from the box in the past tense simple. (The text below
describes an unsuccessful driving test.)
be feel move pay push say run say stop try
On my first test, I 1. out of petrol. Shortly after the restart from the emergency stop, the
car 2.. again, although I 3 five times to restart.
No, I 4.. to the examiner. It wont start. The examiner 5. into the
driving seat, and I 6.. the car to the nearest service station, where I 7
for the petrol. This is not your fault and will not affect whether you pass the test, he
8.., but I 9.. terrified and 10 not surprised to fail for lack of
observation.
D. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
1. Ann sees Paul putting on his coat and says: Where you (go ) , Paul?
2. I (go ) to buy some cigarettes. You (want) an evening paper?
3. Mary ( see ) Peter standing at the bus stop.
4. What bus you (wait ) for?
E. Insert the necessary capital letters in the following passage:
professor arnold smith, who has spent a lifetime studying prehistoric remains, claims that the
bones he unearthed in the californian desert area last may are those of a man-like creature
existing millions of years ago, probably at a time when the pacific ocean covered much more of
the surface of this part of the american continent . professor smith is to give a talk on the subject
on bbc television on Monday, 4th april, in the series where did we come from? this is to be
followed by a discussion with members of the lost atlantic society whose president, colonel
arthur stone, contends that california is in fact a part of the legendary city, the remainder of
which lies hidden under the sea.
Note that personal names, names of countries, months of the year, geographical names of
rivers, oceans, mountains etc. are written in capital letters in English.
F. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Ai incercat vreodata sa il ajuti ?
2. Nu am auzit nimic despre acest process in ultima vreme.
3. Intotdeauna mi-am dorit sa vizitez tarile asiatice.
4. Ai fost vreodata pus intr-o situatie jenanta la facultate?
5. Tocmai am patit facturile de telefonie mobila.
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Universitatea Ecologica Bucuresti

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6. Cu cine ai mai vorbit in ultima vreme?

7. Vorbeste la telefon de dimineata si inca nu a stabilit nicio intalnire.
8. Se uita la televizor de cand s-a trezit.
9. Astept de doua ore, unde ai fost?
10. Nici unul dintre prietenii nostri nu a auzit vreodata de un lucru atat de ciudat!

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