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Divergence Test
Tests for Infinite Series of Nonnegative Terms:
1
2
4
Integral Test
Limit Comparison Test
Outline
a n and
Example
1
1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1
n=k n
Example
1
1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1 (divergent)
n=k n
Example
1
1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1 (divergent)
n=k n
5
X
n=k
n 7/5
Example
1
1
X
, where k is any integer greater than 1 (divergent)
n=k n
5
X
n=k
n 7/5
(convergent)
Outline
If
b n converges, then
a n converges.
1
2
If
P
b n converges, then a n converges.
P
P
If an diverges, then bn diverges.
P
Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent,
Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.
Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.
If your guess divergent,
Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.
If your guess divergent, try to find a "lesser" divergent special series.
Tip
Convergent:
Divergent:
Tip
Convergent:
X
Divergent:
an
<
Tip
Convergent:
X
Divergent:
an
bn <
Tip
Convergent:
X
an
an
bn <
Divergent:
>
Tip
Convergent:
X
an
bn <
an
bn >
Divergent:
Tip
The comparison test could be useful if f (n) involves sin, cos, ln or Arctan
because:
1 sin n 1; 1 cos n 1
p
0 ln n n n if n 1
2 < Arctan n <
y =x
y=
y = ln x
Remark
1
1 1
>
a b
Remark
1 1
>
a b
Example
5
n
n=1 n3
Example
5
n
n=1 n3
5
X
5
n
n
n=1 n3
n=1 3
Example
5
n
n=1 n3
5
X
5
<
n
n
n=1 n3
n=1 3
Example
5
n
n=1 n3
5
X
5
<
n
n
n=1 n3
n=1 3
Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1
Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1
| cos n|
1
X
X
2
2
n=1 n + 1
n=1 n
Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1
| cos n|
1
X
X
<
2
2
n=1 n + 1
n=1 n
Example
| cos n|
X
2
n=1 n + 1
| cos n|
1
X
X
<
2
2
n=1 n + 1
n=1 n
Example
X
1
n=2 ln n
Example
X
1
n=2 ln n
1
X
X
1
>
n=2 ln n
n=2 n
Example
X
1
n=2 ln n
1
X
X
1
>
>
n=2 ln n
n=2 n
Example
X
1
n=2 ln n
1
X
X
1
>
>
n=2 ln n
n=2 n
Example
2 n
1+
n
n=1
Example
2 n
1+
n
n=1
2 n X
1+
>
1
n
n=1
n=1
Example
2 n
1+
n
n=1
2 n X
1+
>
1>
n
n=1
n=1
Example
2 n
1+
n
n=1
2 n X
1+
>
1>
n
n=1
n=1
Outline
Definition
An alternating series is a series whose terms form an alternating
sequence.
Definition
An alternating series is a series whose terms form an alternating
sequence. (That is, the signs alternate from positive to negative.)
a n be an alternating series.
lim |a n | = 0
lim |a n | = 0
n
2
lim |a n | = 0
n
2
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
|a n |
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n
|a n | =
n
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim
n n
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n
f 0 (n)
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n
f 0 (n) =
1
n2
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n
f 0 (n) =
1
<0
n2
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n
f 0 (n) =
1
<0
n2
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n
f 0 (n) =
1
<0
n2
Example
(1)n
X
(Alternating Harmonic Series)
n
n=1
(1)n 1
=
|a n | =
n n
1
1
lim = 0
n n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
n
f 0 (n) =
1
<0
n2
Remark
The alternating harmonic series is convergent.
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
|a n |
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
|a n | =
ln n
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
lim
n ln n
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n
f 0 (n)
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n
f 0 (n) =
1
n(ln n)2
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n
f 0 (n) =
1
<0
n(ln n)2
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n
f 0 (n) =
1
<0
n(ln n)2
Example
(1)n1
X
n=1 ln n
(1)n1
= 1
|a n | =
ln n ln n
1
1
=0
lim
n ln n
2 Is {|a |} decreasing?
n
1
Let f (n) =
ln n
f 0 (n) =
1
<0
n(ln n)2
Remark
1
Remark
1
Remark
1
If the first condition is not satisfied, use the divergence test to prove
that the sequence is divergent.
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
|a n |
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
|a n | =
n +1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
lim
n n + 1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
lim
n n + 1
=1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
lim
n n + 1
=1
lim
n
n +1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
lim
n n + 1
=1
lim
n
= 1
n +1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
lim
n n + 1
(1)n n
n n + 1
=1
lim
n
= 1
n +1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
lim
n n + 1
=1
lim
n
= 1
n +1
(1)n n
does not exist (see remark after Thm 1.1.3).
n n + 1
Example
(1)n n
X
n=1 n + 1
(1)n n
= n
|a n | =
n +1 n +1
lim
n n + 1
=1
lim
n
= 1
n +1
(1)n n
does not exist (see remark after Thm 1.1.3).
n n + 1