Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
com
Raise a crop where nothing would grow otherwise (e.g., desert areas)
Grow a more profitable crop (e.g., alfalfa vs. wheat)
Increase the yield and/or quality of a given crop (e.g., fruit)
Increase the aesthetic value of a landscape (e.g., turf, ornamentals)
www.vidyarthiplus.com
Chemical application
Wind erosion control
Waste disposal
Types of Systems
Sprinkler
pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers (water is
discharged into the air and hopefully infiltrates near where it
lands)
used on agricultural and horticultural crops, turf, landscape
plants
Surface
Irrigation water flows across the field to the point of infiltration
primarily used on agricultural crops and orchards
Micro (drip, trickle)
frequent, slow application of irrigation water using pressurized
systems
used in landscape and nursery applications, and on high-value
agricultural and horticultural crops
Water Measurement
Volume
Quantity of water; Water at rest
Gallon, cubic foot, etc.
V = A d (units: acre-inch, acre-foot, hectare-meter etc.)
Depth
Rainfall measured as depth; Useful for irrigation applications as
well
Inch, foot, millimeter, centimeter, etc.
D = V / A (units: usually inches or millimeters)
Flow
Volume of water per unit time; Water in motion
Gallons per minute, cubic feet per second, acre-inches per day,
liters per second, cubic meters per second etc.
Q = V / t (units must be consistent)
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
Water in Soils
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
Mw
Ms
(24
www.vidyarthiplus.com
Canals: Conveyance of water, open and closed conduits. Canals and tunnels
functions and classification of canals, canal alignment, balancing depth.
design of lined canals, design of unlined canals, critical velocity, regime
canals, Kennedys and Laceys theories, advantages of lines canals, method
of lining. Design of lines canals.
.
Lining of Irrigation Canals
Most of the irrigation channels in Iraq are earthen channels. The
major advantage of an earth channel is its low initial cost, these suffer
from certain disadvantages, like the following:1- Maximum velocity limited to prevent erosion.
2- Seepage of water into the ground.
3- Possibility of vegetation growth in banks, leading to increased friction.
4-Possibility of bank failure, due to erosion.
5-More maintenance requirement.
Types of Canal Lining
Types of lining are generally classified according to the materials
used for their construction. Concrete, rock masonry, brick masonry,
bentonite-earth mixtures, natural clays of low permeability, and different
mixtures of rubble, plastic, and asphaltic materials are the commonly
used materials for canal lining. The suitability of the lining material is
decided by:
A- Economy.
B- Structural stability.
C- Resistance to erosion.
E- Durability.
F- Hydraulic efficiency.
[A] Concrete Lining
[B] Precast concrete lining
[C] Shotcrete Lining
[D] Bricks, Tiles and Stone lining
[E] Asphaltic Lining
[F] Earth Linings
1- Stabilized Earth Linings
Sub-grade is stabilized using either clay for granular subgrade or by
adding chemicals that compact the soil.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
Requires
Conception
Planning
Design
Construction
Operation
of various facilities to utilise and control water, and
to maintain water quality.
Utilize/Need water
Domestic & Industrial uses
Irrigation
Power generation
Navigation
Other purposes
Water Resources Engineering
Utilisation of water
Control of water
Water quality management
Water is controlled and regulated
Flood control
Land drainage
Sewerage
Bridges
Not cause damage to property, inconvenience to the
public, or loss of life
Water-quality management
Required quality of water for different uses
Preserve Ecological balance
Contamination of Groundwater/Surface water
Water Resources development projects are planned
to serve various purposes
Main Purposes
Domestic & Industrial uses, Irrigation
Power generation, Navigation, Flood control
Secondary Purposes
Recreational, Fish and wild life, Drainage control,
Watershed management, Sediment control,
Salinity control, Pollution abatement
Miscellaneous Purposes
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
Elevation-Capacity
Curve: is determined
from elevation-area
curve using diff
formulae.
Storage Capacity calculation formulae
1. Trapezoidal formula
2. Cone formula
3. Prismoidal formula
4. Storage Volume from cross-sectional areas
Basic Terms and Definitions
1. Full reservoir level (FRL): is the highest water level to which
the water surface will rise during normal operating
conditions. Also called the full tank level (FTL) or the
normal pool level (NPL).
2. Maximum water level (MWL): is the maximum level to which
the water surface will rise when the design flood passes over
the spillway. Also called the maximum pool level (MPL) or
maximum flood level (MFL).
3. Minimum pool level: is the lowest level up to which the water
is withdrawn from the reservoir under ordinary conditions.
It corresponds to the elevation of the lowest outlet (or
sluiceway) of the dam. However, in the case of a reservoir for
hydroelectric power; the minimum pool level is fixed after
considering the minimum working head required for the
efficient working of turbines.
Basic Terms and Definitions
4. Useful storage: volume of water stored between the full
reservoir level and the minimum pool level. Also known as
the live storage.
5. Surcharge storage: is the volume of water stored above the
full reservoir level upto the maximum water level. The
surcharge storage is an uncontrolled storage which exists
only when the river is in flood and the flood water is passing
over the spillway. This storage is available only for the
absorption of flood and it cannot be used for other purposes.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com