First piece of planning legislation in New World

Law of the
Indies
1573

Established by King Philip of
Spain.
Described rules for layout of
colonial settlement cities.
Planning History
GEOG 553 Urban and Regional Planning

January 2007

Law of the
Indies
1573

Established by King Philip of
Spain.
Described rules for layout of
colonial settlement cities.
Planning History
First piece of planning legislation in New World

by Philip II of Spain in 1573

Spain was first nation to systematically establish settlements in N. America

began with Santa Fe in 1609

A codification of existing practices

Choose a good site

drinking water, timber, etc.

Grid layouts specified de facto

specified 2 major cross streets

square corners

Buildings were to be uniform for the sake of beauty of the town

Plaza important to concept

public buildings located around plaza

Church as a focal point

Housing located in grid pattern in outer area

Was fortified as last line of defense

Green belt surrounded walls of town

for recreation and grazing

not to be farmed or built upon (growth control)

any undesireable (smelly) activity would be located beyond green

If too large a population, start a new town

Don't let natives see construction

for security reasons

4 principal streets leading from plaza to gates


January 2007

Philadelphia, Penns Plan 1682

Planning History

January 2007

Williamsburg, Virginia 1733

.
Planning History

January 2007

Williamsburg, Virginia 1733

.
Planning History

January 2007

Savannah, Georgia 1733
Planning History

January 2007

Land Ordinance

of 1785

Established Township and
Range system of land
subdivision.
Planning History

January 2007

Land Ordinance

of 1785

Law passed by Congress
that allowed for sales of
land in the Northwest
Territory and set up
standards for land sale
that became precedents.
Among them was the idea
of selling mile-square
sections of land.
Planning History

January 2007

1790
LEnfants plan
for Washington,
D.C.

.
Planning History

January 2007

1892 view of mall

.
Planning History

January 2007

1856

Central Park
designed by Frederick
Law Olmsted

Won a competition for
design in 1858 with partner
Calvert Vaux.
Planning History

January 2007

1856

Central Park
Law Olmsted

Used Olmsteds common
design features:
winding paths, scenic views
and large open areas for
people to relax in.
Vaux provided
architectural vision.
Planning History

January 2007

1856

Central Park
Law Olmsted

Provided essential open
space for deinsity of NYC
grid streets.
1/2 mile wide by
2-1/2 miles long
Planning History

January 2007

Riverside, Illinois
1868

Planned by Frederick Law
Olmsted.
Built along railroad line
into downtown Chicago.
Planned with layout to fit
with nature. Recreation
and scenic space available
to every resident.
Became a prototype of the
suburban ideal.
Planning History

January 2007

Riverside, Illinois
1868

Planned by Frederick Law
Olmsted.
Built along railroad line
into downtown Chicago.
Planned with layout to fit
with nature. Recreation
and scenic space available
to every resident.
Became a prototype of the
suburban ideal.
Planning History

January 2007

1893 Columbian
Exposition, Chicago

The White City

Beginning of the City
Beautiful movement.
Designed by Daniel Burnham
and Frederick Law Olmsted.
Planning History

January 2007

1893 Columbian
Exposition, Chicago

The White City

Beginning of the City
Beautiful movement.
Designed by Daniel Burnham
and Frederick Law Olmsted.
Planning History

January 2007

City Beautiful
Movement
Planning History

January 2007

Chicago 1892

Planning History

January 2007

Baroque Planning

Place de la
Concorde,

Paris

Planning History

January 2007

1909 Burnham Plan

for Chicago

Burnham hired by Chicago
businessmen to create a plan
to beautify city and attract
more business and tourism.
Planning History

January 2007

1909 Burnham Plan

for Chicago

First regional plan in the U.S.
Represents the beginning of
modern urban and regional
planning.
Planning History

January 2007

1909 Burnham Plan

for Chicago

First regional plan in the U.S.
Planning History

January 2007

1901
McMillan plan for
Washington, D.C.

.
Planning History

January 2007

McMillan plan for

Washington, D.C.

.
Planning History

January 2007

McMillan plan for

Washington, D.C.

.
Planning History

January 2007

St. Louis
Worlds Fair

1904

Planning History

January 2007

Chicago 1892

Planning History

January 2007

St. Louis Fair

Planning History

January 2007

Michigan Central
Railroad Station,

Detroit

Planning History

January 2007

1890
Jacob Riis,
How the Other
Half Lives

His photos made the
nation aware of social
problems of slums in New
York City resulting from
immigration and
speculation.
The motive was
redemption of the
tenement classes.
Planning History

January 2007

1867

First Tenement
House Law in NYC

The countrys first building
code.
Mandated:
-- Ventilation for bedrooms
-- Toilets instead of privies
-- No living in basements
Planning History

January 2007

1880s

Sanitary survey
planning movement

Inventory of disease conditions
in New York City.
First use of comprehensive
planning.
Recommendations:
Ventilation of houses
Public water supply
Close privies and cesspools
Elevate floors with air space
Pave the streets
Planning History

January 2007

1901

Tenement House
New Law

Improved on previous
ordinances.
Instituted:
-- Building inspections
-- Air and light shafts for
ventilation
-- Limited lot coverage to
70 percent
-- Created a planning dept.
Planning History

January 2007

The growth of cities

Push/pull concept

Immigration from Europe

Planning History

January 2007


Push/pull concept


Cities pushing outward

Transportation systems

Get away from noxious uses

Planning History

January 2007


Push/pull concept


Cities pushing outward

Transportation systems

Get away from noxious uses

Cities pushing upward

Iron and steel construction

Elevator
Planning History

January 2007

City Efficient Movement

Standard City Planning
Enabling Act (1928)
concept of a comprehensive
zoning code

You wouldn't have a stove in
the parlor, or a piano in the
kitchen.

Planning History

January 2007

History of zoning
Planning History

January 2007

History of zoning
Planning History

January 2007

History of zoning
Planning History

January 2007

History of zoning
Planning History

January 2007

1909
National Conference
on City Planning
(NCCP)

Established the first planning
association.
Planning History

January 2007

Ideal City Concepts
Planning History

January 2007

1898
Ebenezer Howard
To-Morrow: A Peaceful
Path of Real Reform

Planning History

January 2007

1898
Ebenezer Howard
Three magnets

Planning History

January 2007

1898
Ebenezer Howard
Garden City

Planning History

January 2007

1898
Ebenezer Howard
Letchworth and
Welwyn

Planning History

January 2007

Frank Lloyd
Wrights
Broadacre City
concept
1930s

Based on Jeffersonian
ideal of every family
owning at least one acre.
When every man, woman
and child may be born to put
his feet on his own acres and
every unborn child finds his
acre waiting for him when he
is bornthen democracy will
have been realized.
Wright

Planning History

January 2007

1935
Frank Lloyd
Wrights
Broadacre
City concept

Jeffersonian ideal of
land ownership.
Every family has
one acre of land as
a self-sufficient
homestead.
Planning History

January 2007

1935
Frank Lloyd
Wrights
Broadacre City
concept

Jeffersonian ideal of land
ownership. Every family
has one acre of land as
a self-sufficient homestead.
Planning History

January 2007

Le Corbusiers
Radiant City
concept
1920-30s

On the day when
contemporary society,
at present so sick, has
become properly aware
that only architecture
and city planning can
provide the exact
prescription for its ills,
then the time will have
come for the great
machine to be put in
motion and begin its
functions.

Planning History

January 2007

Le Corbusiers
Radiant City
concept
1930s

Planning History

January 2007

Le Corbusiers
ideas applied to the
Smith Housing project
in New York City

1948

Planning History

January 2007

Depression
1930s

National Planning Board established by FDR,
1933
encouraged long-range, coordinated federal
planning

Civil Works Administration (CWA), 1933
provided jobs for the unemployed

Public Works Administration, 1933
comprehensive federal public works projects

Workers Progress Administration, 1935
provided more jobs during depression
Planning History

January 2007

Transportation
Planning History

January 2007

Country Club
Plaza
Kansas City
1922

First automobile related
suburban shopping center.
Planning History

January 2007

Federal Aid
Highway Act of
1956

Created Interstate
Highway system linking
all state capitals and cities
over 50,000.
Planning History

January 2007

Highway Act of
1956

Creates and funds the
Interstate Highway
program.
Planning History

January 2007

ISTEA
Intermodal Surface
Transportation
Efficiency Act
1991

Allocated Transportation
Fund money for other
than new construction,
including:
- More for maintenance,
especially bridges
- Safety
- Enhancements,
including:
historic preservation,
Rails To Trails,
highway beautification
Planning History

January 2007

Housing
Planning History

January 2007

Housing Act of
1934

Created Federal Housing
Administration (FHA) to
stimulate construction
with lower financing costs.
Planning History

January 2007

Levittown, NY
1947

Very successful first postwar New Town.
Planning History

January 2007

Levittown, NY
1947

Very successful first postwar New Town.
Planning History

January 2007

Housing Act of
1949

Feds created Redevelopment
agencies to encourage private
sector housing.
Established Urban Renewal
Program to create sites ready
for development.
Planning History

January 2007

Pruitt-Igoe
housing project
St. Louis
1956

Planning History

January 2007

Pruitt-Igoe
housing project
St. Louis
1972

Planning History

January 2007

Why did suburbs grow so

fast?

1.
Federal highway
construction
programs

2.
National prosperity
after the war

3.
Federal mortgage
insurance programs
encouraged new home
ownership
Planning History

January 2007

Housing and
Community
Development Act
(HCD Act)
1974

Response to abuses of
Urban Renewal programs.
Gave decision-making for
federal money to local level
governments through
revenue sharing.
Planning History

January 2007

Housing and
Community
Development Act
(HCD Act)
1974

Response to abuses of
Urban Renewal programs.
Gave decision-making for
federal money to local level
governments through
revenue sharing.
Planning History
Section 8
Housing Program
(Part of HCD Act)

Rent subsidy program
residents find their own
housing and feds contribute
towards its cost.
Based on qualifying for
housing voucher.
Support also given to
developers who build
affordable housing.

January 2007

Historic Preservation
Planning History

January 2007

1921
Vieux Carre,
New Orleans

Exists on the site of the
original French settlement
in New Orleans
Planning History

January 2007

1921
Vieux Carre,
New Orleans

First historic preservation
commission in U.S.
Planning History

January 2007

1931
Charleston, S.C.

First historic district
ordinance in U.S.
Planning History

January 2007

National Trust
for Historic
Preservation
1949

A private organization
funded by Congress to
encourage historic
preservation.
The most prominent
national preservation
organization.
Planning History

January 2007

ISTEA
TEA-21
Intermodal Surface
Transportation
Efficiency Act
1991

Transportation
Equity Act
1998

Allocated Transportation
Fund money for other
than new construction,
including:
Continued funding for

programs, with some
reallocation to certain
states.
- More for maintenance,

especially bridges
- Safety
- Enhancements,
including:
historic preservation,
Rails To Trails,
highway beautification
Planning History

January 2007

Advocacy (Equity)
Planning Movement
Planning History

January 2007

Saul Alinsky

Radical community organizer
who manipulated the
democratic system for social
justice.
Provided the prototype for
many later 1960s activists.
Wrote Rules for Radicals, a
manifesto for community
organizers.
Planning History

January 2007

Jane Jacobs
The Death and
Life of Great
American Cities
1961

Arguably the most
influential book ever
written of city planning.
Recognized importance
and vitality of older urban
neighborhoods that were
systematically being
destroyed under Urban
Renewal programs.
Eyes on the street
Planning History

January 2007

Neighborhood Design
Center

Baltimore
Planning History

January 2007

Neighborhood Design
Center

Baltimore
Planning History

January 2007

Neighborhood Design
Center

Baltimore
Assisting communities
create safe, beautiful, and
useful parks,
playgrounds, and
community open spaces.
In 2000 2003, NDC and
our community partners
raised $900,000 to rebuild
9 unsafe playgrounds in
Baltimore City.
Planning History

January 2007

Environmental
Planning
Planning History

January 2007

Design With
Nature
Ian McCarg
1967

Defined importance of
environmental planning.
Laid out principles of GIS
analysis techniques before
computers, using mapping
overlays.
an investigation into a
design with nature: the
place of nature in mans
world
Planning History

January 2007

Planning History

January 2007

Urbanism
Planning History

January 2007

Edge Cities
Planning History

January 2007

Edge Cities

Tysons Corner,
Virginia
Planning History

January 2007

Edge Cities

Comparison of size of Tysons
Corner to
Washington, D.C.
Planning History

January 2007

New Urbanists

Andres Duany and
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
Planning History

January 2007

Seaside, Florida

First significant New
Urbanist plan.
Planning History

January 2007

Planning History

January 2007

First piece of planning legislation in New World

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Law of the

GEOG 553 Urban and Regional Planning