04 - CH 4 (F)

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.
2007
CHAPTER
Electronics
4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

Deflection
system
Electron
gun
-
V.H.T
electron beam
vacuum
+
image on screen
a.c. 6 V
fluorescent screen
filament
cathode
focussing
anode
grid
control
Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5
58
Y- plate
X- plate
graphite
layer
accelerating
anode
Main
components
Subcomponents
Electron
gun
Filament
To heat up the cathode.
Cathode
To release electrons when heated.
Grid control
To control the number of electrons

passing through it.
Focussing
anode
To focus the electron beam onto the

screen.
Accelerating
anode
To accelerate the electron beam.
Y plates
To move the electron beam vertically

(up and down).
X plates
To move the electron beam horizontally.
Fluorescent
screen
To convert kinetic energy of the electron

beam into light.
Graphite
coating
To conduct the electrons from the screen

into the earth.
Deflection
system
Fluorescent
screen
Function
Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007
CHAPTER
Electronics

Function of CRO Parts

focussing
anode
negatively
charged
focussing the
electron beam
e
e
e
e
strong electrons
pass through
screen
heat
cathode
light
filament
6V
electron beam
with kinetic
energy
CRO
e
e
e
e
x
x
x
x
heat
e
59
faster
electrons
accelerating anode
(more
positive) X1
X2
e
X2
X-plates
graphite
coating
electrons are
earthed
y1
e
Y-plates
y2
(more positive)
electron beam
is deflected
downwards
CHAPTER
Electronics

Properties of Cathode Ray

1 It travels in a straight line.
2 (a) It carries negative charges.
(b) It produces an electric current in opposite direction.
e ee
moving electrons
electric current
3 It carries high kinetic energy.

4 It illuminates the fluorescent screen.
turns green when
struck by electrons
dark shadow
electron beam
with high
kinetic energy
blocks the electrons to form a

dark shadow on the screen
5 It is deflected by the electric field.

+
eLongman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5
60
e-
6 It is deflected by the magnetic field.

S
S
to the right
image is
shifted to
the right
e
N
magnet
magnet
CHAPTER
Electronics

CRO as a Measuring Instrument
Focus
Brightness
screen
Shift - X
Shift - Y
Volt/cm s/cm
On/Off
Input
voltage
scale
time-base
(a)
Measuring voltage
D.C. source
battery
A.C. source
transformer
Time-base " OFF "
Time-base " OFF "
1.5 cm
3 cm
61
1V cm-1
Time-base " ON "
Time-base " ON "

Voltage
scale
1.5 cm
3 cm
Battery voltage = 1.5 V
Peak voltage = 1.5 V
CHAPTER
Electronics

(b) Measuring time and frequency

1V cm-1
10 ms cm-1
Voltage
scale
time-base
2 cm
8 cm P
Q
T
8 cm
Time taken between P and Q = 8 10 ms = 80 ms

Period of wave, T = 4 10 ms = 40 ms
1
1
Frequency of wave, f = =
= 25 Hz
T
40 103
(c)
Measuring time and distance

d
on-coming
aeroplane
CRO
microwave
4 cm
62
radar station
Time-base of CRO = 1 ms cm1

To and fro time registered, t = 4 1 ms = 4 ms
Velocity of microwave, v = 3 108 m s1
Distance between the aeroplane and the radar station,
vt
(3 108)(4 103)
d = 2 =
2
= 6 105 m
= 600 km
CHAPTER
Electronics

Displaying Waveforms (with time-base)

2
- +
R
- +
R = resistor
- +
A.C. source
D.C. battery
D.C. dynamo
63
- +
- +
Diode
A.C. source
CHAPTER
Electronics

Some Uses of the CRO

In TV/computer
Computer
Waveforms in
electrical/electronic parts
Waveform of
heartbeat
TV
Heart
patient
Radio
Measuring distance
As a voltmeter
CRO
CRO
Battery
fish
S
64
e
N
D.C. Dynamo
Waveforms for
A.C./D.C. sources
Deflection by
magnetic field
Y-plate
+
+
Magnet
X-plate
Deflection by electric field
CHAPTER
Electronics
4.2 Understanding Semiconductor

Diodes
Semiconductor
Conductor
Semiconductor
Low resistance
Non-conductor
Between conductor
and non-conductor
Plenty of free
electrons
High resistance
No free electrons
Very little free

electrons
Conduction can be
improved by doping
Valency-4
Pure semiconductor
Si Silicon
Ge Germanium
Doped with atoms

with valency-3
65
Doped with atoms

with valency-5
p type
n type
: creates more
positive holes
: creates more
electrons
charge carriers
: electrons and holes
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
extra electron
free electron
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
lack of one electron
a positive hole
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
CHAPTER
Electronics

Diodes
p-n Junction
Basic characteristics
p
positive hole
electron
more electrons
than holes
more holes
than electrons
fused barrier
hinders electrons
and holes from passing
through it
no conduction of
charges
Uses of p-n junction

(i) As a diode
66
p n
(ii) As a transistor
structure
p
n
p
symbol
Rectifier
uses
Amplifier and
automatic switch
n
p
n
CHAPTER
Electronics

Diodes
Conduction in p-n Junction

1 Forward bias
hole
e
A
light bulb ammeter
67
electron
conduction band
Potential at X is
positive
Potential at Y is
negative
Conduction band becomes
narrower
Holes and electrons at the conduction band are
closer
Resistance for conduction is
smaller
Electric current flows from
X toY
CHAPTER
Electronics

Diodes
Conduction in p-n Junction

2 Reverse bias
p
L
light bulb
electron
68
hole
ammeter
conduction band
Potential at X is
negative
Potential at Y is
positive
Conduction band becomes
broader
Holes and electrons at the conduction band are
further apart
Resistance for conduction is
higher
Electric current
does not flow
CHAPTER
Electronics

Diodes
p-n Junction/Diode as a Rectifier (A.C. : D.C.)

1 Half-wave rectification
P
1
CRO
A.C.
Q
A.C.
diode
capacitor C
CRO
D.C.
switch
S
69
R
3
CRO
D.C.
the wave is smoothened
CHAPTER
Electronics

Diodes
p-n Junction/Diode as a Rectifier (A.C. : D.C.)

2 Full-wave rectification
A
1
A.C.
CRO
A.C.
-
+
D1
D4
D2
B
2
D3
C
CRO
D.C.
switch
S
70
C
3
CRO
D.C.
the wave is smoothened
CHAPTER
Electronics
4.3 Understanding Transistors
Transistor
c
n-p-n type
Ic
n
Ib
collector
c
n
b
Ie
base
e
emitter
p-n-p type
Some examples of
transistors
collector
c
b
base
b
e
Ic
n
p
emitter
71
Ib
Ie
n-p-n type
p-n-p-type
Potential at c
positive
negative
Potential at b
positive
negative
Potential at e
negative
positive
Current flows from
b : e, c : e
e : b, e : c
Relationship of currents
Ie = Ib + Ic
Ie = Ib + Ic
CHAPTER
Electronics
Transistor
Graph of Ic against V
Ic /mA
Ge
Si
V/V
V/ V
Vo, threshold voltage
Si
72
Ge
Ic /A
Potential difference across be, Vbe Vo
Current Ic = 0
Potential difference across be, Vbe Vo
Ic 0
Is Ohms law obeyed? Why?
No. I is not directly

proportional to V
CHAPTER
Electronics
Uses of Transistor
1 Amplifier
Graph of Ic vs Ib
Amplifier circuit
Ic /mA
sound
L
transistor, T
c
b
e
Ic
M
Ib
Io Threshold
current
Ib /A
amplifier
Function of components
73
Current, Ib
To activate Ic to flow through L
Microphone, M
To convert sound into electrical impulses
Loudspeaker, L
To convert electrical impulses into sound
Amplifier (transistor T )
To amplify the output in L
Capasitor, C
To block direct current
Amplification
Ic
= gradient of graph Ic against Ib
Ib
CHAPTER
Electronics
2 Automatic switch
Basic circuit
Current Ib controls Ic.

Current Ic activates the load L to
function.
The load L will be activated if
resistance R1 is decreased or
resistance R2 is increased.
Ic
L
R1
R
Ib
Basic principle
b
e
R2
Uses of automatic switch
Fire alarm system, security alarm system,

switching ON/OFF a certain circuit, etc.
Examples of load, L
Flashing light, siren, switching ON/OFF a

circuit, etc.
Examples on usage
(a)
74
(i) R1 :
light sensitive resistor (LSR)
: With light on, the resistance of LSR is decreased. Hence,

the load L will function.
(ii) R1 :
termistor (heat sensitive resistor)
: When there is heat/high temperature, the resistance of R1 is

decreased. Hence, the sprinkler system will be activated.
(b)
(i) If R2 is a LSR: switch works in darkness

(ii) If R2 is a termistor : switch works in cold temperatures
CHAPTER
Electronics
4.4 Analysing Logic Gates
Logic Gate
Electronic
components
Many inputs
Only ONE output
Symbols, Booles equations and truth table

Name of
logic gate
NOT
AND
Logic symbols
A
A
B
A
OR
A=X
A B=X
A+B=X
A B=X
A+B=X
A + B=X
A + B=X
A
NAND
75
NOR
A
B
X-OR
A
B
X-NOR
A
B
TRUTH TABLE
Booles'
equations
INPUT
A
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
X
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
CHAPTER
Electronics
(a) AND gate
Circuit
Truth table
B
input
output X
digital
access
76
key
hole
Output
Input
The safe will

open when the
right key AND
the right digital
combinations
are used.
user name
PHYSICS
PIN
******
WELCOME
Log-in
CHAPTER
Electronics
(b) OR gate
Circuit
Truth table
Output
Input
Lamp X can be
operated by either
switch A or switch B
77
switch B
lamp X
switch A
CHAPTER
4
(c)
Electronics

NOT gate
Circuit
Truth table
A
X
Input
Output
Switch A has zero resistance.

When A is opened logic 0, the lamp X is lit.
When A is closed logic 1, the lamp X is not lit.
78
CHAPTER
Electronics
Binary Addition & Subtraction Operator

Addition operator
Subtraction operator
Detailed
circuit
(Summation
S =A B+A B)
A
Input
Input
Output
Output
L
79
(On loan = A B)
(Carried forward
=A B)
Input
(Subtraction
=A B+A B)
Output
Input
Output
For addition of binary

numbers
Truth
table
Function
A
B
0
+0
0
+1
1
+0
1
+1
S
C
1 0
Operation
For subtraction of binary

numbers
A
B
0
0
1 0
1
1
0
1
1
S
L
CHAPTER
Electronics
Flip-Flop
Circuit
G1
Input
Output
R
G2
Characteristics
The two outputs are of opposite logic.
It possesses a memory the logic of
the output persists even if the inputs
are altered.
Truth table
80
Input
Row
Output
Operation
mode
(a)
Stand-by
(b)
Set (Flip)
(c)
Hold
(d)
Reset (Flop)
(e)
Hold

04 - CH 4 (F)

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

04 - CH 4 (F)

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.

4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

To heat up the cathode.

To release electrons when heated.

To control the number of electrons

To focus the electron beam onto the

To accelerate the electron beam.

To move the electron beam vertically

To move the electron beam horizontally.

To convert kinetic energy of the electron

To conduct the electrons from the screen

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

Function of CRO Parts

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

Properties of Cathode Ray

3 It carries high kinetic energy.

blocks the electrons to form a

5 It is deflected by the electric field.

eLongman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

6 It is deflected by the magnetic field.

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

CRO as a Measuring Instrument

Time-base " OFF "

Time-base " OFF "

Time-base " ON "

Time-base " ON "

Battery voltage = 1.5 V

Peak voltage = 1.5 V

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

(b) Measuring time and frequency

Time taken between P and Q = 8 10 ms = 80 ms

Measuring time and distance

Time-base of CRO = 1 ms cm1

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

Displaying Waveforms (with time-base)

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.1 Understanding the Uses of the

Some Uses of the CRO

Deflection by electric field

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.2 Understanding Semiconductor

Very little free

Doped with atoms

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Doped with atoms

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.2 Understanding Semiconductor

Uses of p-n junction

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

4.2 Understanding Semiconductor

Conduction in p-n Junction

light bulb ammeter

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Conduction band becomes

Holes and electrons at the conduction band are