Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ق ا
ت ار ا
ت اادار
# درا$%ﺏ
ام ا
ت اا\ ا
ا
ي,+
# #ا.د
س ا)اوي+
+ ,+ .د
اا |آ اﺏ-.
ر ااق2|ﺝ$%ﺝ
ا
Email: ali_azawy2000@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Radar data HgT is one of the important sources used in many of geographical information
system GIS. Such data are more accurate and efficient than spatial data. In addition, various
geomorphologic, geologic and geographic data that could be dealt with in various geographical
information could be derived due to the availability of attached spatial and digital information illustrated
by tables showing geographical scene under study. Radar data are also characterized by the possibility of
exporting data with various modes including DEM, DXF, XYZ, Arc Ascii, Geo Tiff etc. DEM that could
be derived from radar data is the base for most of geomorphologic and geographical studies and
features, such as geomorphologic analysis of area, geomorphologic imitation like calculating slope,
terrains concavity and convexity, deriving information pertaining to hydrologic surface like atomic
development, water division line and form coefficient. DEM could also be used in vision determination,
roads planning and floods prediction.
This study aims at using digital elevation model(DEM) derived from radar data as part of Mosul
to derive information related to Mosul geomorphology. This include the calculation of inclination
coefficient, slope, direction and range of concavity and convexity.
Radar statements of the American shuttle N36Hgt are used as source for data to derive DEM
using Global Mapping and Arc GIS softwares with their 3D analysis in addition to WMS software
exported to Arc GIS to calculate inclination, slope and shadow analysis after transforming DEM from
vector to raster.
Final practical outputs are in GIS software and they explain the quantity of data and
information derived from DEM in the form of maps showing the geomorphologic features like contour,
inclination, slope and shadows analysis.
1
ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺹ
ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ)(hgtﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ)(GISﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ،ﻭﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ ﺃﻨﻅﻤـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ،ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻝﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺒﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ،
ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒـﺼﻴﻎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤﻨـﻪ)Dem.Arc ASCII Grid.Dxf
(idrisi.surferGrid.xyzGrid .GeoTiff.ﺍﻝﻰ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻌـﺩ
ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ) (DEMﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤـﺩ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻜﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠـﺎﻩ
ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻜﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭل ﻭﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ
ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﺩﻯ
ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻴﻀﺎﻨﺎﺕ.
ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ DEMﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ
HGTﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل ﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﺤﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝـﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ N36HGTﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺹ
ﺒﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻔـﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜـﻲ NASA
ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ DEMﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ Global Mapper.8ﻭﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ARC GIS.9ﺒﺎﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻨﻲ Spatial
analysisﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ . 3D Analysis
ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻨﻅـﻡ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺫ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺼﻴﻎ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻴـﺔ
ﻜﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻀﺎﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﺭﻴﺱ
ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل .
2
ﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ:
-1ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل
-2ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴل
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ .
-3ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻔـﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﻓـﻲ
ـﺔ
ـﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـ
ـﺎﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝـ
ـﺔ ﻜـ
ـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـ
ـﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـ
ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺼـ
ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ.
ا:
ا
ذج ا
س DEMوا
" ! ﻡ اﻥت اادار أ%ى ا
'ﻥت
ا, --,ﻥ
+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا(،وا4/ة ا
-2 3
4ج ا1اص ا
/
ﺏ:9ا( ا
/9وا/ -اء ا
ﻡت 4ﺕر ،36ﺕ? ه=<
ﻡت ( ا ﻡ
ا
*2ت ا
وا ، /9ﻡ 3ا
=ﺝ ا*
ر(* وارا-ت ا Bوا
Aآة
ا3روﺝ وه -ا9ق وا2ﺕ2Dت وإدارة ا
ارد ا.9
(? ﻡ*ل ا*
ر(*
' ا -ج و6%ب ا
Aت وا
Iواﺕ*< ا
/ Iط ا
ذج
ﺏ1 -ام /Mا I
Aا
1ي Q
4ﻡ9ت ا
ذج إﺽ( ا Qﺕ I
AاP+ل وﻡى اؤ
وﺕ Aﻡ !Mادم وا3م/ ،م ه=ا ا VAﻥ ﺉ
4 Tت اﺵ /ق ا
ﻡت ﻡ ﻥ
ذج
ا س ا
ﺏ
42د Q
4ﻥ+م ا IAﻡ ا+م ا 91ا Qا+م ا
1ي او
ا
DA
(Vector to Raster)%6ل Q
4أ( Iﺕ
IXﻡ
'
+اه ا رW* 6ء
ﻡ ﻡ /9ا
ﺹ ، Iﺏ1 -ام أ%ث ﺏﻡ*ت اﻥ
+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( وه ﺏﻥﻡ*.
).(Global Mapper v.8.0 & Arc Gis v. 9.0
أه ا
:67
ﺕ * 6أه
ا ( VAا
4د أ
-ب ﺕ /ﻡ 9ر ( ارا-ت ا*
ر(*
ﺏ1 -ام ﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﻡ Q
4أ
-ب ﻥ
=ﺝ ا س ا
ﺏ1 -ام اﻥت
اادار ﻡ ا
'ك ا?ﺉ ا2ﻡ' ، NASAو
IXه=ا ا
ذج 4ة ﻡ
ﻡﺕ 2ﺵ /ق
اﻥت ﻡ 4اD1ﺉ] ا*
ر(* ﺕ 4اا^ ا /9
//AوإﺥاﺝQ
4 3
ﺵ' Iﺥاﺉ` ر
ﺏ1 -ام ﺏاﻡ Tاﻥ
+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( .
89ا
67وأها::
ﺕ ﻡ"'
ا ( VAأ
-ب ا
4د ﺕ/ت اﻥ
+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( ( ﺏء 4ة
ﻡ
ﻡﺕ د 4
/اD1ﺉ] ا*
ر(* V% ،ان ا9ق ا
/ا
1 6ﻡ (
4ت ا I
Aا*
ر(* ﺕ"ﺏ 3ا' Xﻡ ا,ﺥ9ء و4م ا ( ا ﺉ4 P( T
ا* 3وا bوا'
? ،ان ا1 -ام ﺕ /اﻥ
+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﺕ
' ﻡ ﻡ* ه=<
ا
"'
واDAل Q
4ﻡ
ﻡت د1
/ﺝت ا
" /ﻡ ﻥ
ذج ا س ا
ﻡ
' Q
4 cد ﺕ? 6اD1ﺉ] ا*
ر(* إﺽ( ا 4- QاDAل Q
4ا ﺉ.T
و3ف ا VAا Qﻡﺕ:
-1ﺕﺽ?
gه[ وا h-,ا
1 6ﻡ ( اﺵ /ق اﻥت ﻡ ﻥ
ذج ا س ا
4ا
=ﺝ ا*
ر(*.
-2إﺏاز أه
ﻡ T3ا ( I
Aﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( وﺽورﺕ
9
3ت اVA
ا*
ر(*.
3
>2م ذج ا;س اDEMS,.
klﻥ
ذج ا س ا
DEMﻡ
6
-ﻡ ا/ط ا
ﺝدة g9- Q
4
ا,رض وا
و( ا2رﺕ?ع V%ﺕﺕ`
4د ﻡ^ ﻡ 6ى g9-ا Aاو ﻡ^ أي ﻡ
ﻡ
ا 2 -أﺥى Datum ،وﺕﺕ` أ( /ﺏ"' ا
و( ( أ--ت ا1اﺉ` ،و [ ﺕ"'I
ه=< ا/ط ﻡ ﺥPل
4ت ا
g6ا
/Aﺏ1 -ام GPSاو ﻡ ﺥPل ﺕ/ت ا Dا*ي
وﺕ
IXه=< ا/ط ﻡ*
ا"' Iا g96 -3ا,رض.
و Aﻡ?3م ا
ذج ﻥرد ﺏ oا ر.k
-1ﺕ kﺏرخ)4 ( Burroughم 1989وا=ي اآ Q
4ان ﻥ
ذج ا س ا
DEMه ﺕ
IXر
)ات ا ر cا
6ة 4ا
*ل). (1
-2ﺕ kﻡ*)4 ( Maguir D.J0م 1991ا
ذج ﺕ
IXر
*Wء ﻡ g9-
ا,رض ﺏ"' IﺙPﺙ ا,ﺏد.(2) XYZ [/ 3D
-3ﺕ4 ESRI kم 2001ا
ذج 4رة
4 4ﺕ
IXا ا+ VXهة ﻡ
6ة
ﺏ1 -ام /Mﻡ ).(3
-4ﺕ kا ه )4 (Ian Heywoodم 1999وﺹ kوﺕ Aاﻥت ا
ا
ﺕ ( I
6ﻥ
ذج ا g96ا9ﺏ:ا().(4
ﻡ
'
!-ا/ل ان D4ا2رﺕ?ع ﺏ+ 6هات ا Q
4 g96اﺥ Pف أﻥا 34ﺕ
IX
أه[ ﺥDﺉl ، 3Dﺙ wهات ا,رض ﺏ Dا2رﺕ?ع وﺕﺕ` ﺏ xﺏPت ﻡﺝ و. (5)-
و ا
ذج ا
س ا4/ة ا --,ا ﺕﺕ' 3
4 Wﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا(
وﺕ/9ﺕ ( 3ﻡ*2ت
4ﻡ ،?
1و [ ا 4ا ا VXﺏ (xyz) [/ﻡ ﺥPل ﺏاﻡT
ﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﺏ1 -ام ﻥ
ذج ا س ا
، DEMوا=ي Q
4 46إﺕ%
(ﺹ اؤ ا g96 //Aا,رض آ
ه Q
4ا، 9ﺙ[ اﺵ /ق ا ﻡ ا
ﻡت
واﻥت وا/Aﺉ! ا
( ﻡ*ل ا I
Aا*
ر(* آء ﺥ9ط ا2رﺕ?4ت ا
6و
وﺕ kDا
Aرات وس اﺕ*هﺕ 3ور [-ا
^M/ا ر 6وﺕ Aاؤ وﺽPل ا Pل
وا96ح ﺙPﺙ ا,ﺏد ،ﺏDرة { :ﻡ - 6ﺏ h-,ا
/وا ﺕ( 2
%
( وا Dد د ﻡ ا /9ت ا ﺕ و 3اﻥ
+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( (? ا
*ل
ا*
ر(* ﺕ6ه[ ( I%آ Xﻡ ا
"'Pت ا Bو
' ا? -2دة ﻡ ه=< ا
ﻡت (
ﻡ*ل ه -ا9ق وا"'ت وا2ﺕ2Dت وﻡ"آ Iﺕ ا ﺏ وﺕ [
Dا1ﻡت ا (3
وﺕ I
Aا
6رات وا
6ه
( ادارة ا
ارد ا.B
@
در ا
ت وا
ا? ا:-
@ -1در ا
ت
ﺕ
hﻥ 4اﻥت وا
ﻡت ا
'ﻥ وﺥDﺉ 3Dدورا ﻡ (
3ا1 -ام وﻥ*ح أي ﻥ+م
ﻡ
ﻡت ﺝ)ا( ) (6وﺏ (ن ﻥ*ح وﺝدة ﺕ
IXاا^ ﺏ
ذج ﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا(
Q
4ﺝدة اﻥت ا
'ﻥ ا
1 6ﻡ ( ﺏء ه=ا ا
ذج ،وﺏ [:ﻡ ا ع ا'
( ﻥ 4وﺥDﺉ] اﻥت ا
'ﻥ ( 3ﺕ [6/ا.
6 Q
ا -ﺏ
ت أ
Primary Data:وه ﻡ ﻥع اﻥت ا
' اDAل 3
4ﻡﺵة
ﻡ ﻡDدره آﻥت ا?ﺉ .
ب -ﺏ
ت Secondary Data :
Cوه اﻥت ا ﺕ
Q
4اﻥت ا.--P
( ا VAا Aﺕ[ ا
42د Q
4ﻥ 4اﻥت ا --,وه ﺏﻥت ا
'ك ا?ﺉ
ا2ﻡ' NASAﺏ Hgt )Dوﺏ B3ر
وا ﺕ ﻡDرا ﻡ}
3ﻥ ج ا
ذج ا
ا
*
6وا ﺕﺥ Iا-Aب ﻡﺵة وﺽ
ﻡ^ N36EO43HGTا1ﺹ ﺏ
/9
ا
ﺹ Iوا"'
) (2,1ﺽAن ﻡ^ ﻡ /9ارا.-
4
ﺥر (1)Mﻡ /9ارا-
5
ا
ا? ا:-
-1ﺏ
? :Global Mapper v 8.0
(7)Global Mapper v 8.0ﻡ ااﻡ Tا /9ا
( DD1اﻥ
+ا
ﻡت
ا*)ا( ،وﻡ 4 ( ]D1ض ا
ذج ﺙPﺙ ا,ﺏد إﺽ( ا Qا ﻡ Iﻡ^ اﻥت ا
%6
Rasterواﻥت ا، Factor91و
Wﺏﻥﻡ W
، ( Global mapper ) Tﺏ/رة ا
Q
4ﺏء ا
ذج ا,رﺽ ا
* DEM,
6إﺥاج ا,ﺵ'ل ﺙPﺙ ا,ﺏد ر [-ا
^M/
ا2رﺕ? ( Profiles ) 4ا1 -اج ا91ط ا' ر ﻡ اـ ) ( DEMsو( إﻥ ج 4ة ﺏﻥت
ﻡ'ﻥ واﻥﻡ W
Tﺏ ا(! ( ا2ﻡ ادات ) ( Extensionsﻡ^ ااﻡ Tا ﺕ1 6م (
ﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( وإﻡ'ﻥ ﺕ Dاﻥت ا
1وا 91وﺏ Dﻡ ?
1ا Qﻡ[+
ﺏاﻡ Tاﻥ
+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( .
-2ﺏ
? : ARC GIS9.0
) (8
ﻡ اﺵ 3ﺏاﻡ Tﺵآ أزري ESRIا,ﻡ' ا
( DD1ﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا(
ﻡ Iﻡ^ ﻥ
ذﺝ اﻥت ا 91وا
1ﺕ/9ت ه=ا اﻥﻡ Tه
Arc Catalog
Arc Map
Arc Toolbox
ا /9ت اPXث ﻡ I
Dﻡ ,داء ﺝ
^ وwﺉ kﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﺏ"' Iﻡ 'ﻡI
^9 6 V%اﻥﻡ Tا1 -ام ودﻡ Tا
ﺉت ا?ﺉ آ
Dر
ﻥت ا
1 6ﻡ و( إﻥ ج
ا1اﺉ` وﺕ
4 I36ت ?%اﻥت ﻡ^ ا1اﺉ` وإﺝاء
4ت ا Q
4 VAاﻥت داﺥI
ا*وال وا1اﺉ` وﺹ^ ا1اﺉ` ﺙPﺙ ا,ﺏد و ا}ﺝﺏ Q
4ا ,
B-,و[ اﻥﻡ4 Tد
آ ﻡ ا2ﻡ ادات ﻡ(3D Analysis Spatial Analysis Network Analysis IX
و:ه..
ان اه
ه=ا اﻥﻡ ( Tا VAاl Aﺕ ﻡ آﻥ xﻡ ااﻡ Tا? وا/درة Q
4
ا/ -اء ا
ﻡت ﻡ ﻥ
ذج ا س ا
وإﻥ"ء 4ة ﺏﻥت ﻡ'ﻥ -2ج ا1اص
ا
/ﺏ:9ا( ا
/9وا
ة 4اD1ﺉ] ا*
ر(* ا'
ﺕ6ه[ ( د[4
ا/ارات ووﺽ^ ا c-,ا1 -2
6اﻡت ا,رض وﺕ !/Aا
/اD 2د ﻡ م
ا
"ر^ ا [ ﺕ?=ه ﺏا 9-ﻥ [+ا
ﻡت ا*)ا(.
أ ب ا $و 9.
Gا:?F
G
ﺥ9ات أ
-ب ا
( Iا VAﺕ[ ﺏﺥ ر ﻥ
ذج ان ا?ﺉ
/9ا
ﺹI
ﺏ HGT )Dوا
W1وﻥ ﺏ
^ ا?
' kM 4 N36EO43HGTﺵ' ا2ﻥ ﻥ bﻡ
ا
^ ا '2وﻥ "آ National Aeronautioties and Space (9) NASA
Administrationﻡ 6-ا?ء وا9ان ا
. www.nasa.gov
ﺕ[ ﺕ IAﻡ
kا
/9ا )Dﻥ
ذج ا س ا
DEMﺏ1 -ام ﺏﻥﻡGlobal T
، Mapper v 8.0وﺕ <Dا Qﺏﻥﻡ ARC GIS 9.0 Tو( ه=ا اﻥﻡ Tﺕ[ ﺕDEM IA
ا Qﺹ) !M 4 Raster Elevationﺏﻥﻡ Arc toolbox Tﺏ1 -ام از.
Conversion toos----to Raster---DEM to Rasterو( ﺏﻥﻡ ARC MAP Tﺕ[
اﺵ /ق ا
ﻡت ﻡ ﻥ
ذج ا س ا
وا
/ﺏD1ﺉ] ا*
ر(*
/9
ارا -ﻡ 3D Analysis !Mﺏ Dﺥاﺉ` ﻡ*
6ﺕ
IXا
=ﺝ ا*
ر(*
/9
– 1اﺵ /ق ﺥرRaster Elevation M
-2اﺵ /ق ﺥر Mﺥ9ط ا2رﺕ?4ت ا
6و Contours map
-3اﺵ /ق ﺥرTIN M
-4اﺵ /ق ﺥر Mا g96ﺙPﺙ ا,ﺏد 3D Surface
6
6%-5ب ا
AراتSlope
6% -6ب اﺕ*< ا2ﻥAار Aspect
6%-7ب اHill shadeI+
6%-8ب ﻡى اؤ View shade
6%-9ب ﻡ ^M/ادم وا3م Cut and full
وﺕ? ه=< ا
ﻡت ( 4د آ ﻡ ا
*2ت ا
وا /9آ I
Aا*
ر(*
وارا-ت ا Bوﻥ
ذج ا .
(? ا
*ل ا*
ر(*
-1ﺥ
رRaster Elevation H
ﺕ
IXه=< ا1ر Mﺥ9ط ا2رﺕ?4ت ا
6و ا
" /ﻡ DEMﺏ /9ا
1
V% Rasterﺕ ( 3ﻡAت ا 6اﻥ P9ﻡ ﺥ Pا"' ا
34ﺏ ر*ت ﻥ
آ
( ا"' (3)Iو [ اﺵ /ق ﺝ
^ ا1اﺉ` وا6Aﺏت ﻡ ،3وﻡ 3ﺥر Mﺥ9ط
ا2رﺕ?4ت ا
6و ا"'. (4)I
7
ﺵ'(4)Iﺥ9ط ا2رﺕ?4ت ا
6و
-2ﺥ
ر Hذج
8ا
KKت JاTIN G
IXا"' (5)Iﺵ' ا
X
Xت :ا
TIN
+و
' ﻡ ﺥPل ا
ذج اDAل Q
4
ﻡ M ^M/و4ﺽ و(! ﻡ6ر ﻡAدآ
' 6%ب ا*Aم ﻡ ﺥ xPوه=ا ا
ذج ?
( ﻡ*ل ا -3ا
ﻥ آرا -ا9ق وﺕ [
DاW1اﻥت ا,رﺽ وا
9رات.
8
-3ﺥ Lذج ا ,CMC NL-اOﺏ
د 3DSurface
IXﻥ
ذج ا g96اPXﺙ ا,ﺏد ا
IXا
ﻥت V%ﺽ gا"' IﻡWة
ا2ﻥAارات وا2رﺕ?4ت ﺏ
42د Q
4ﺹ) ا رج ا
ﻥ ا"'.(6) I
9
ا2ﻥAار ﺏرﺝت = Ө
tan Ө = rise \ run = Ө Iwا
/ﺏ / Iا
*ور
ا Iﺏ 6ا ) = Bا /ﺏ / ( rise Iا *ور 100 X ( ( run
(ذا آﻥ
bا
Iﺏرﺝت ﺕ6وي) ( ( 30ن
ا
Iﺏ 6ا
Bﺕ'ن . 58
وإذا آﻥ
bا
Iﺏرﺝت ﺕ6وي) ( ( 45ن
ا
Iﺏ 6ا
Bﺕ'ن . 100
V%ﺏ1 -ام ﺏﻥﻡ '
Arc map 9.0 Tإﺥاج [ ا
Iإﻡ ﺏرﺝت أو ﺏ 6ا
B
وا"'(8)Iﺽ gﺥر Mا
.I
slope
43°0'0"E 43°10'0"E 43°20'0"E 43°30'0"E 43°40'0"E 43°50'0"E 44°0'0"E
36°40 '0"N
4 36°40'0"N
36°30 '0"N
36°30'0"N
36°20 '0"N
36°20'0"N
36°10 '0"N
36°10'0"N
36°0'0"N
36°0'0"N
0 - 0.977933660
0.977933660 - 2.235276937
2.235276938 - 3.772029832
0 2.5 5 10 15 20
3.772029833 - 5.588192344
Kilometers 5.588192345 - 7.823469281
7.823469282 - 10.89697507
10.89697508 - 15.22782414
15.22782415 - 20.81601648
20.81601649 - 35.764431
ﺵ'6%(8)Iب )ا (Iا2ﻥAار
10
-#-5ب اﺕ
RاAspect $
اﺕ*< ا
Iه ا
، 3+و ﻡ ه اﺕ*< ا"' IﺏP 6ﺕ*هت ا2رﺏ V% .أن
ا
" Aspect 3+إ Qا
!Mا,آ XاﻥAارا 2ﺕ*< ا
( Iﻡﺽ^ او ﻡ'ن ﻡ ،و
إن اﺕ*< ا
Iوﺝ xا
/9ا
ﺕ? أو وﺝ xا*6% '
. ( Hill face ) Iب ا
3+
I' Aspectﻡ b
Xﻡﺝد ( اـ ) TINﺵ' ا
X
Xت ا
(
+أو
' 6%ﺏ I' xﺥ
ﻡﺝدة ( ا B3ا
1ي [ . Rasterس ا
3+ﺏﺕ*< /4ب ا( clockwise) 46
ﺏرﺝت أ ﻡ ا"
ل ﺏرﺝ ) ﺹ? ( ﺙ[ 3ﻡة أﺥى ﺏ"
ل '
Iدورة آﻡ
)
360درﺝ ( I' ،ﺥ
ﻡﺝدة ( ا B3ا
Raster
1ذج ا س ا
)(Dem
ﻡ Iﻡ x4 Tا
، 3+آ
( ا"' . (11)( 9 ) Iوا"' (10) Iﺽ gآ? ﺕ
IX
ا
( Aspect ) 3+ﺏ1 -ام ا,ان وﺏ"' Iا دون ﺕﺥ Iا
1 6م .
11
-6ﺥ
رMU Hل اMلHill shade
ﺕ 9ه=< ا
Wة إﻥرة ا( اﺽ
( Surface ) g96ﺏ [ Aأو آ
ا}ﺽءة 'I
ﺥ
ﻡ ﺥ Pا B3ا ، Raster
1ﺕ [
4ﺕ I
AاP+ل ﻡ ﺥPل ﺕ `
6ﺽء أو أي
ﻡDر إﻥرة Q
4آ Iﺥ
ﻡﺝدة ( ا B3ا
1و6%ب ﺕlﺙ ﺕ
ا}ﻥرة Q
4اP1
ا
*ورة .ﺕ'ن ﺕرﺝن ا
ن اﻡدي ا( اﺽ ( ﺏﻥﻡ ، ArcGIS 9.0 Tإن ا
D/د
ﺏ}ﻥرة ه ﺽء ا"
cوﺕ'ن زوا ا}ﻥرة ء ا"
cﺕأ ﻡ ) ﺹ? – 180درﺝ (
Q %ﺕ 9أ( Iﻥ ﺉ' ، Tن ا/س ﺏﺕ*< /4ب ا (12)( clockwise ) 46وا) ﻡ
ا1 -ام ه=ا ا"' (11)Iه:
HillShade
43°10'0"E 43°20'0"E 43°30'0"E 43°40'0"E 43°50'0"E 44°0'0"E
36°40'0"N
4 36°40'0" N
36°30'0"N
36°30'0" N
36°20'0"N
36°20'0" N
36°10'0"N
36°10'0" N
36°0'0"N
36°0'0"N
12
-7ﺥ
ر Hى اؤ View shed
ﺕ ا"' 4 (12)Iﻡى اؤ ﻡ ﻥ 9/ﻡ و
(6ﻡ وه ﺕ k
1ﻡ ﻡ/9
,ﺥى h6%درﺝ ﺕ /ا ر cا
ﺙة Q
4ﻡى اؤ ﺏw h6هة h*%اؤ
وا1ر Mﺕ 3+ا
!Mا
ﺉ وا
ﻥ ا
' ﻡ"هﺕ 3ﻡ ﻥ 9/ﻡ و
' ا? -2دة
ﻡ ه=< ا1ر ( Mﺕ Aﻡ !Mا
Aت ا 9وﺥﻡت ا3ﺕ kا/ل وإﻥ"ء ا9ق
وﻡ !MاAاﺉ! ( ا)ﺏت و:ه.
13
ﺵ'(13)Iا3م وادم
ا
G Pﺝ
ت ا
%ت:
ﺥ
] ا VAا Qﺝ
ﻡ ا -2ﺝت وا ﺹت وه:
-1ﺽورة ا
4د ارا-ت ا*
ر(* Q
4اﻥت ا --,وﺕlﺕ ﺕ"
Iاﻥت
ا?ﺉ
ﺕ
ز ﺏ xﻡ ﺏﻥت ﻡ'ﻥ ووﺹ? و ذات د ( 4ا
ﺥPت
وا
1ﺝت ﺏ? Iا2ﻡ'ﻥت ا ﺕ 3Aﺏﻡ*ت ( GISا ﻡ Iﻡ^ ه=< ا,ﻥاع
ﻡ اﻥت.
-2ﺕ gﺏﻡ*ت GISإﻡ'ﻥ ا}3wر ا د )اﻡ'(
ذج Q
4 46اآ "ف
ا
/9ا
=ﺝ ﺕ? 4 P( ،
Dإﻡ'ﻥ ا}ﺥاج ا 6ﺕ' ا=ي Q
4 46
إDل ا ﺉ Tا Qا
D 1ﺏ"' Iا
/ي Q
4ﺵ' Iﺥاﺉ`.
-3إﻡ'ﻥ ﺕ kwوﺕ !9ا ﺉ Tا
" /ﻡ ﻥ
ذج ا س ا
وا=ي [4ﺏ"'I
ﻡﺵ
4ت ﺹ^ ا/ار ( ﻡ k
1ا
*2ت ا
آ -3ا
ﻥ وإدارة
ا
ارد ا Bوا2
-ت ا,رض .
14
:درD
ا
1-Burrough.P.A.(1989) Principles of Geographical Information Systems
for Land Resources Assessment Oxford Sciences Publication Oxford
2-Magaire,D,J. andothers,IN: Geographical Information Systems,Vol.1
Longman Sientific and technical, new york,1991.
3-ESRI.(2001).Getting to know Arc GIS. Redland,California:ESRI Inc.
4-Ian, Heywood,and other(1999), An Introduction to Geographical
Information Systems New York.
( ( رؤ ﺝ)ا3ﺕ/9[ ا
ﻡت ا*)ا( وﺕ+ت ﻥ-- أ، دة4
دA
ﻡ% اg
- -5
0 2005 ،ردن,
ن ا4 ،1 ط، " وا49
ة6
دار ا،
6-Hewood, I. and Others. An Introduction to Geographical Information
Systems . new york ,1999.
7-Global Mapper .v 8.0 2002 .www. global mapper.com.
8-ESRI (2004) Arc GIS 9.0 Redland California ESRI.Inc.
9-www.nasa.gov.
10-Arc GIS .Help of the Program.
11-Environmental System Research Institution (ESRI) .Arc map 9.0
Helpof Program.
12-Op.cit.
15