X.4.

Pile foundation
Due to the fact that the good foundation soil is exceeded by the presence of the
underground car park, the foundation system must be changed from a general mat to pile
foundation.
A pile foundation consists of two components: Pile cap and single or group of piles. Piles
transfers the loads from structures to the hard strata, rocks or soil with high bearing capacity.
These are long and slender members whose length can be more than 15m.
Piles can be made from concrete, wood or steel depending on the requirements. These
piles are then driven, drilled or jacked into the ground and connected to pile caps. Pile foundation
are classified based on material of pile construction, type of soil, and load transmitting
characteristic of piles.
The use of pile foundations as load carrying and load transferring systems has been for
many years. Timber piles were used in early days, driven in to the ground by hand or holes were
dug and filled with sand and stones. The use of steel pile started since 19th century and concrete
piles since 20th century.
With the change in technology and industrial revolution, many advance systems have
been devloped for pile driving from the invention of steam and diesel pile driving machines.
The use of pile foundations is increasing day by day due to non-availability of land for
construction. Heavy multi-storyed building are being constructed, and load from these structures
can not be directly transferred to ground due to low bearing capacity issue and stability issues of
building during lateral load application. So, demand for use of pile foundations are increasing
day by day. Due to this demand for piles, there have been many improvements in piles and pile
driving technology and systems. Today there are many advanced techniques of pile installation.
There are three types of pile foundations according to their construction methods:
1. Driven piles;
2. Cast-in-situ piles;

3. Driven and cast-in-situ piles.

Pile foundation design

Input data:
Internal
forces
1
2
3
4

NK [kN]
A

5064
4125
4973
5470

5734
4537

5860
3544

5120
3465
2842
2350

l0 = embedded length of the pile in the good soil

= min(2d;1m) => l0 = 1 m
Df= 1 m
a) Determine the type of piles: precast piles
Precast concrete piles are used in the construction of foundations for a wide range of
different structures in the civil engineering and building sectors. As precast piles are suitable for
all applications and ground conditions, they provide a very cost-effective piling solution. They
are quick to install without producing spoil or arising material in the process, providing a further
saving on waste disposal costs.
Factory production techniques, using high performance precast concrete and rigid
reinforcement cages, means that precast concrete piles can tolerate high loadings. Generally,
design safety factors for piling are taken to be loadings in the range of 2.0 to 3.0. It is normal to
use safety factors at the lower end of the range for precast concrete piles because of the:

Enhanced quality control procedures operable in the factory manufacturing environment.

Availability of a full product inspection to ensure that no defects are present prior to
installation of the pile.
Precast piles are generally top driven into the ground using hydraulic drop hammers.

Sound levels from modern drop hammers are comparable to other piling systems such as

continuous flight auger (CFA). Noise during piling can be further reduced by shrouding the drop
hammer. The variety of segment lengths available, along with specialist piling equipment, makes
precast piles particularly suited to restricted access and low headroom sites.
Lnec= hV+ hA + hB+ 1 m Df + 0.25 m
= 0.5 + 1.6 + 6 + 1 1 + 0.25 = 8.1 m
Well choose PA-35-15.00
4 20+ 416 PC52
Mcap = 68.5kN*m
Qcap = 101.50kN

b) Resistance of thepile
b.1) Working alone

Rc,k= Rb,k+ Rs,k

and Ab = d2 = 0.352 = 0.1225 m2

, where Rb,k= Ab * qbk

qbk = characteristic resistance beneath the tip of the

pile
qbk

= 11640 kPa

Rb,k= 1425.9 kN
Rs,k= U * (li*qski)
, where U= 4*d = 1.4 m
For layer 1:
l1 = hA 0.3 = 0.8 m
D1 = hv+ hA l1/2 = 1.2 m and qsk1= 36.575 kPa
Rs,k,1= 1.4 * 0.8 * 36.575 = 40.964 kN
For layer 2:
Rs,k,2= U*l2*qsk2
l2 = 6 m
D2 = hV+ hA+ hB/2 = 4.6 m
qsk2 = 54.1 kPa
Rs,k,2 = 1.4*6*54.1 = 454.44 kN
For layer 3:
Rs,k,3= U*l3*qsk3
l3 = 8.2 m
D3 = hV+ hA+ hB+ l3/2 = 3.2 m
qsk3 = 63.15kPa
Rs,k,2 = 1.4*8.2*63.15 = 724.962kN
Rs,k= Rs,k,1 + Rs,k,2 + Rs,k,3 = 1220.366 kN
Rc,k = 2646.26 kN
U(liqski)
1.4(0.836.575+654.1+ 8.263.15)
Rt,k=
=
m
2.4

Rc,d=

Design approach D2
Rbk
Rsk
1425.9
+
=
b 1
s 1
1.1

Rc,d=

Rck
t

2646.26
1.1

Rt,d=

Rtk
st

508.49
=442.17 kN
1.15

b.2) Working in a group

= 2405.7 kN

1220.366
1.1

= 2405.7 kN

= 508.49 kN

Rc,d,g= mu * Rc,d
Rt,d,g= mu * Rt,d
, where mu = f(r/r0)
r = 3d = 1.05 m
r0 = li*tgi
' d
i =
and d=
4

1= 5.25
2 = 7

3 = 0

r01 = 0.074

r02 = 0.737

r03 = 0

r0 = 0.811

mu =0.837

Rc,d,g= mu * Rc,d= 2013.57kN

Rt,d,g= mu * Rt,d = 370.09 kN

c) Number of piles; arrangement

Vd
n= Rcd , g +1(2) piles
=1.3
VD = Nk * G+ Gk * G= 53084*1.35+291.6 = 71955 kN
719551.3
n= 2013.57
= 46.45 = 48 piles
d0 = min 1.5d = 0.525 m
min 0.25 m
max 5d = 1.75 m
d0 = 1.0 m
r = min 3d = 1.05 m
max 10d = 3.5 m
r=2m