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Fundamentals of
Liquid Turbine Meters
Bulletin TP02001 Issue/Rev. 0.2 (4/15)
MEASUREMENT SOLUTIONS
Guardsmen G-Series
HISTORY
With the development of jet engines and liquid propellant rockets in the 1950s, the need arose for an accurate,
quick response meter that could be used on exotic fuels
and oxidizers at extreme temperatures. The turbine meter
met this need. It was soon applied in many other industrial flow measuring applications.
Turbine meters began to be applied extensively in the petroleum industry in the mid-1960s. Since the publication of
API Standard 2534 Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons
by Turbine Meter Systems in March, 1970, the turbine
meter has gained broad acceptance for custody transfer
of petroleum liquids such as liquefied petroleum gases
(LPGs), light distillates, and light crude oils, primarily at
large petroleum storage and transfer terminals.
MVTM
Sentry Series
TYPES OF METERS
CONSTRUCTION
Pulse Pickup
Assembly
METER HOUSING
Meter Housing
Open Bladed
Rotor
Stator
1A
Pulse Pickup
Assembly
Meter Housing
Downstream
Stator
Helical Rotor
Upstream
Stator
1B
Pulse Pickup
Assembly
Meter Housing
Downstream
Stator
Upstream
Stator
Deflector
Ring
1C
Figure 1
Rimmed Rotor
The detector sub-assembly normally consists of a reluctance-type pickup coil, preamplifier, and explosion-proof
junction box. The pickup coil is threaded into the pickup
coil boss that has been welded to the housing in a
location directly in line with the rotor. Signal transmission
wires from the pickup coil are connected to the preamplifier inside the explosion-proof junction box, which is
normally threaded to the outside of the pickup coil boss.
PERFORMANCE
Volts
A
Magnetic Blade
or Button
Repeatability
K-Factor
SIGNAL GENERATION
Linearity
Turndown
10%
Flow rate
100%
Accuracy The difference from the actual measurement and the meters indicated measurement.
Typically meter accuracy is stated in the following
terms:
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
100,000
Q=VxA
Second Assumption
The rotational speed of the rotor (V_R) is directly proportional to the linear speed of the fluid (V_F):
V_R V_F
the fluid in the center of the pipe moves faster than the
fluid at the edges. In the turbulent flow range, the friction
between the fluid and pipe wall creates turbulence in the
flow stream that mixes the flow across the open area of
the pipe. Since the flow is relatively even across the area
of the pipe, the velocity profile is relatively flat.
The flow range is determined by a parameter call Reynolds Number. Reynolds Number is a ratio of the fluids
inertial forces to the fluids viscous forces. It can also be
considered as a numeric method of describing flow in a
pipe.
Re =
(V x D)
v
Re =
Laminar
Turbulent
K-Factor
1,000
5,000
10,000
Linear Meter
Repsonse
50,000
Reynold's Number Re
Figure 4 - Universal Turbine Meter Performance Curve
100,000
Reynolds Number
Viscosity (cSt)
400 (BPH)
4,000 (BPH)
147,400
1,474,400
29,480
294,800
50
2,948
29,480
100
1,474
14,740
500
295
2,948
Table 1
2. Rotor Stability
Cavitation
Cavitation (the local vaporization of product) substantially
reduces flow area through the rotor, thereby dramatically
increasing fluid velocity through the rotor, and the meter
K-Factor, as shown in Figure 5. Cavitation is eliminated by
increasing system back pressure on the meter. API recommends:
BP = 2 x P+1.25 x VP
Where: BP = Minimum back pressure at the meter
P = Pressure drop at maximum flow rate
VP = Vapor pressure of the liquid
K-Factor (Pulses/Unit)
Insufficient Back
Pressure
Adequate Back
Pressure
10%
Flow rate
100%
Symmetrical
Distorted
Partially Open
Gate Valve
100,000
Distorted Velocity
Profile
Angular Velocity
10 Pipe Diameters
5 Pipe Diameters
Meter
Downstream Pipe
Section
Rotor
Downstream Stator
Flow in Two
Directions
100,000
The viscous drag on the rotor is related to the fluid viscosity, the distance between the rotor blade tips (or rim) and
housing, and the surface finishes in this area. Erosion,
corrosion and deposits in this area can have a significant
effect on a meters performance.
Smart Preamplifiers
FLUID DENSITY
The rotor driving torque available to overcome rotor drag
forces is directly proportional to the fluid density and fluid
velocity squared. Therefore as the fluid density decreases,
as with gasoline or LPG products, the driving torque decreases, resulting in a decrease in performance at lower
flow rates. To maintain the proper driving torque the minimum flow rate must be increased by:
S1
Rate Increasing Factor =
S2
Multi-viscosity
Turbine Meter
300
100
10
PD Best
30
3
1
0.3
0.1
PD Considered
Turbine Best
<0.1
100,000
17.625
17.575
17.525
17.475
17.425
17.375
17.325
0
2,000
100,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
12,000
14,000
10 Pipe Diameters
VISCOSITY COMPENSATION
Two fluid parameters, velocity (flow rate) and viscosity,
highly affect turbine meter performance. By plotting flow
rate/viscosity versus K-Factor we can define the meters
performance over a wide range of fluids and flow ranges.
The universal performance curve can be defined mathematically and programmed into a meter-mounted microprocessor. The microprocessor then monitors flow rate
and viscosity input to determine the meters current position on the universal performance curve. The instrument
output can then be corrected based on the actual viscosity
and flow rate. Figure 12 shows meter performance with
and without compensation.
K-Factor (Pulse/BBL)
30,000
K-Factor (Pulse/BBL)
17.625
17.575
17.525
17.475
17.425
17.375
17.325
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
CONCLUSION
Turbine meters can provide highly accurate flow measurement over a wide range of fluids and operating conditions
if properly applied, installed and operated. With new
developments in turbine meters, accessories, and processors, the scope of applications has been even further
expanded.
www.fmctechnologies.com/measurementsolutions
2015 FMC Technologies. All rights reserved.
FMC Technologies
Measurement Solutions, Inc.
500 North Sam Houston Parkway West,
Suite 100
Houston, Texas 77067 USA
P:+1 281.260.2190
USA Operation
1602 Wagner Avenue
Erie, Pennsylvania 16510 USA
P:+1 814.898.5000
Germany Operation
Smith Meter GmbH
Regentstrasse 1
25474 Ellerbek, Germany
P:+49 4101 304.0
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