Taraxacum

Dandelion redirects here. It may refer to any of

the genus Taraxacum or specically to Taraxacum
ocinale. For similar plants, see False dandelion. For
other uses, see Dandelion (disambiguation)

The ower head is surrounded by bracts (sometimes mistakenly called sepals) in two series. The inner bracts are
erect until the seeds mature, then ex downward to allow the seeds to disperse. The outer bracts are often reexed downward, but remain appressed in plants of the
sections Palustria and Spectabilia. Some species drop the
parachute from the achenes; the hair-like parachutes are
called pappus, and they are modied sepals. Between
the pappus and the achene, there is a stalk called a beak,
which elongates as the fruit matures. The beak breaks o
from the achene quite easily, separating the seed from the
parachute.

Taraxacum /trkskm/ is a large genus of owering

plants in the family Asteraceae and consists of species
commonly known as dandelion. They are native to
Eurasia and North America, and two species, T. ocinale and T. erythrospermum, are found as commonplace
wild owers worldwide.[2] Both species are edible in their
entirety.[3] The common name dandelion (/dndla.n/
DAN-di-ly-n, from French dent-de-lion, meaning lions
tooth) is given to members of the genus. Like other
1.1
members of the Asteraceae family, they have very small
owers collected together into a composite ower head.
Each single ower in a head is called a oret. Many
Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis,
where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in ospring that are genetically identical to the parent
plant.[4]

Seed dispersal

Segment of pappus ber showing barbs.

A number of species of Taraxacum are seed dispersed

ruderals that rapidly colonize disturbed soil, especially
the common dandelion (T. ocinale), which has been introduced over much of the temperate world. After owering is nished, the dandelion ower head dries out for
a day or two. The dried petals and stamens drop o, the
bracts reex (curve backwards), and the parachute ball
opens into a full sphere.

Description

The species of Taraxacum are tap-rooted perennial

herbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. The genus contains many species which
usually (or in the case of triploids, obligately) reproduce by apomixis resulting in many local populations and
endemism. In the British Isles alone, 234 microspecies
are recognised in 9 loosely-dened sections, of which 40 1.2 False dandelions
are probably endemic.[5]
In general, the leaves are 525 cm long or longer, sim- Many similar plants in the Asteraceae family with yellow
ple, lobed, and form a basal rosette above the central tap- owers are sometimes known as false dandelions. Danroot. The ower heads are yellow to orange coloured, and delions are very similar to catsears (Hypochaeris). Both
are open in the daytime but closed at night. The heads plants carry similar owers, which form into windborne
are borne singly on a hollow stem (scape) that is usually seeds. However, dandelion owers are borne singly on
leaess and rises 110 cm or more[2] above the leaves. unbranched, hairless and leaess, hollow stems, while
Stems and leaves exude a white, milky latex when bro- catsear owering stems are branched, solid and carry
ken. A rosette may produce several owering stems at bracts. Both plants have a basal rosette of leaves and
a time. The ower heads are 25 cm in diameter and a central taproot. However, the leaves of dandelions
consist entirely of ray orets. The ower heads mature are smooth or glabrous, whereas those of catsears are
into spherical seed heads called blowballs[6] or clocks (in coarsely hairy.
both British and American English)[7][8][9][10] containing
many single-seeded fruits called achenes. Each achene
is attached to a pappus of ne hairs, which enable windaided dispersal over long distances.

Early-owering dandelions may be distinguished from

coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) by their basal rosette of
leaves, their lack of disc orets and the absence of scales
on the owering stem.[11]
1

4 NAMES
Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Russian dandelion, which
produces rubber[14]
Taraxacum laevigatum, Red-seeded dandelion; achenes reddish brown and leaves deeply cut throughout
length. Inner bracts tips are hooded.
Taraxacum erythrospermum, often considered
a variety of Taraxacum laevigatum.[15]
Taraxacum ocinale (syn. T. ocinale subsp. vulgare), common dandelion. Found in many forms.
Taraxacum ceratophorum, Northern dandelion[16]

2.2 Cultivars
Hawksbeard ower heads and ripe seeds are sometimes confused
with dandelions.

'Amlior Coeur Plein' - Yields an abundant crop

without taking up much ground, and tends to blanch
itself naturally, due to its clumping growth habit.

Other plants with supercially similar owers include hawkweeds (Hieracium) and hawksbeards (Crepis).
These are readily distinguished by branched owering
stems, which are usually hairy and bear leaves.

'Broad Leaved' - The leaves are thick and tender

and easily blanched. In rich soils they can be up to
60 cm wide. Plants do not go to seed as quickly as
French types.

Classication

'Vert de Montmagny' - large leaved, vigorous

grower, matures early.[17]

The genus is taxonomically complex, with some botanists 3 History

dividing the group into about 34 macrospecies, and about
2000 microspecies;[12] approximately 235 apomictic and
Dandelions are thought to have evolved about thirty milpolyploid microspecies have been recorded in Great
lion years ago in Eurasia.[18] They have been used by
[13]
Britain and Ireland. Some botanists take a much narhumans for food and as an herb for much of recorded
rower view and only accept a total of about 60 species.[12]
history.[19]

2.1

Selected species

Taraxacum albidum, a white-owering Japanese

dandelion.

4 Names

Taraxacum aphrogenes, Paphos dandelion

Taraxacum brevicorniculatum, frequently misidentied as Taraxacum kok-saghyz, and a poor rubber
producer
Taraxacum californicum, the endangered California
dandelion
Taraxacum centrasiaticum, the Xinjiang dandelion
Taraxacum farinosum, Turkish dandelion
Taraxacum holmboei, Trodos dandelion
Taraxacum platycarpum, the Korean dandelion

Leaf resemblance to lion tooth

Taraxacum japonicum, Japanese dandelion. No ring

of smallish, downward-turned leaves under the ow- The Latin name Taraxacum originates in medieval Persian writings on pharmacy. The Persian scientist Al-Razi
erhead.

5.2

Medicinal uses

around 900 (A.D.) wrote the tarashaquq is like chicory. 5.2 Medicinal uses
The Persian scientist and philosopher Ibn Sn around
1000 (A.D.) wrote a book chapter on Taraxacum. Gerard Main article: Medicinal properties of dandelion
of Cremona, in translating Arabic to Latin around 1170,
spelled it tarasacon.[20]
Historically, dandelion was prized for a variety of medicThe English name, dandelion, is a corruption of the inal properties, and it contains a wide number of pharmaFrench dent de lion[21] meaning lions tooth, refer- cologically active compounds.[33] Dandelion is used as a
ring to the coarsely toothed leaves. The plant is also herbal remedy in Europe, North America and China.[33]
known as blowball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, witchs It has been used in herbal medicine to treat infections,
gowan, milk witch, lions-tooth, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, bile and liver problems,[33] and as a diuretic.[33]
monks-head, priests-crown and pu-ball;[22] other common names include faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed,[23]
swines snout,[24] white endive, and wild endive.[25]
5.3 Food for wildlife
The English folk name "piss-a-bed" (and indeed the
equivalent French "pissenlit") refers to the strong diuretic
eect of the plants roots.[26] In various north-eastern Italian dialects, the plant is known as pisacan ("dog pisses"),
because they are found at the side of pavements.[27]

Taraxacum seeds are an important food source for certain

birds.[34]

Dandelions are also important plants for northern hemisphere bees, providing an important source of nectar and
pollen
early in the season.[35] Dandelions are used as
In Swedish, it is called maskros ('worm rose') after the
small insects (thrips) usually present in the owers.[28] In food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera
Finnish and Estonian the names (voikukka, vilill) trans- (butteries and moths). See List of Lepidoptera that feed
on dandelions. They are also used as a source of nectar
late as 'butter ower', due to the color of the ower.
by the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), one
of the earliest emerging butteries in the spring.

5
5.1

Properties

5.4 Benets to gardeners

Edibility

The dandelion plant is a benecial weed, with a wide

range of uses, and is even a good companion plant for garDandelions are found on all continents and have been dening. Its taproot will bring up nutrients for shallowergathered for food since prehistory, but the varieties cul- rooting plants, and add minerals and nitrogen to soil. It
tivated for consumption are mainly native to Eurasia. A is also known to attract pollinating insects and release
perennial plant, its leaves will grow back if the taproot is ethylene gas which helps fruit to ripen.[36]
left intact. To make leaves more palatable, they are often
blanched to remove bitterness.[19] or sauteed in the same
way as spinach.[29] Dandelion leaves and buds have been 5.5 Cultural importance
a part of traditional Slovenian, Sephardic, Chinese, and
Korean cuisine. In Crete, Greece, the leaves of a vari- Four dandelion owers are the emblem of White Sulphur
ety called Mari (), Mariaki () or Kopro- Springs, West Virginia.[37] The citizens celebrate spring
radiko () are eaten by locals, either raw or with an annual Dandelion Festival.
boiled, in salads. Taraxacum megalorhizon, a species endemic to Crete, is eaten in the same way; it is found only The dandelion is the ocial ower of the University of
at high altitudes (1000 to 1600 m) and in fallow sites, Rochester and Dandelion Yellow is one of the schools
and is called pentaramia () or agrioradiko ocial colors. The Dandelion Yellow is an ocial University of Rochester song.[38]
().[30]
The ower petals, along with other ingredients, usually including citrus, are used to make dandelion wine.
The ground, roasted roots can be used as a caeinefree dandelion coee.[31] Dandelion was also traditionally
used to make the traditional British soft drink dandelion
and burdock, and is one of the ingredients of root beer.
Also, dandelions were once delicacies eaten by the Victorian gentry, mostly in salads and sandwiches.

5.6 Dangers

Dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions when

eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals.
Contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported,
probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.[39] Due to
its high potassium level, dandelion can also increase the
Dandelion leaves contain abundant vitamins and miner- risk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparing
als, especially vitamins A, C and K, and are good sources diuretics.[40] The consumption of dandelion leaves has
of calcium, potassium, iron and manganese.[32]
also been implicated in occurrences of fasciolosis.[41]

5.7

As a noxious weed

REFERENCES

[9] dandelion clock - Denition from Longman English Dictionary Online. Jonas: Mosbys Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (c) 2005, Elsevier.
Ldoceonline.com. Retrieved 2010-07-03.

The species Taraxacum ocinale is listed as a noxious

weed in some jurisdictions,[42] and is considered to be
a nuisance in residential and recreational lawns in North [10] Clock entry, American Heritage Dictionary
America.[43] It is also an important weed in agriculture
and causes signicant economic damage because of its [11] Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wild owers of
Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and
infestation in many crops worldwide.[42]
Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. p. 274. ISBN 9781408179505.

5.8

As source of natural rubber

Dandelions secrete latex when the tissues are cut or broken, yet in the wild type the latex content is low and varies
greatly. Using modern cultivation methods and optimization techniques, scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for
Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) in Germany developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber. The latex produced exhibits the same quality as the natural rubber from rubber
trees.[44] In collaboration with Continental Tires, IME is
building a pilot facility. As of May 2014, the rst prototype test tires made with blends from dandelion-rubber
are scheduled to be tested on public roads over the next
few years.[45]

See also
List of benecial weeds
List of companion plants

References

[1] Adrian John Richards (1985). Sectional nomenclature

in Taraxacum (Asteraceae)". Taxon 34 (4): 633644.
JSTOR 1222201.
[2] Luc Brouillet. "Taraxacum F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat. 56. 1780. Flora of North America.
[3] Wild About Dandelions. Mother Earth News.
[4] J. Doll & T. Trower. Dandelion. WeedScience.
University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on
October 22, 2008.
[5] Stace, C.A. (2010). New ora of the British isles (Third
ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p.
712. ISBN 9780521707725.
[6] blowball. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientic & Technical Terms, 6E. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2003. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
[7] Blowball entry, Collins Dictionary
[8] Blowball, InfoPlease Dictionary

[12] A. J. Richards (1970). Eutriploid facultative agamospermy in Taraxacum". New Phytologist 69 (3): 761
774. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02461.x. JSTOR
2430530.
[13] Richards, A.J. (1997). Dandelions of Great Britain and
Ireland (Handbooks for Field Identication). BSBI Publications. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-901158-25-3.
[14] Plants for a future: Taraxacum kok-saghiz.
[15] Flora of North America. Eoras.org. Retrieved 201208-29.
[16] Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute - Taraxacum
ceratophorum. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
[17] Dandelion. Fondation Louis Bonduelle.
[18] Gardening in Western Washington: Dandelions. Gardening.wsu.edu. 2003-05-04. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
[19] McGee, Harold (2004). A survey of common vegetables. On Food and Cooking: the science and lore of the
kitchen. New York: Scribner. p. 320. ISBN 0-68480001-2.
[20] Reported in An Etymological Dictionary of the English
Language, by Walter W. Skeat (1888) (Downloadable at
Archive.org). In An Etymology Dictionary of Modern English by Ernest Weekley (1921) it is reported that Arabic
tarashaqun is derivable in turn from Persian talkh chakok,
bitter herb (Downloadable at Archive.org).
[21] S. Potter & L. Sargent (1973) Pedigree: essays on the etymology of words from nature. Collins New Naturalist
series Volume 56
[22] Britton, N. F.; Brown, Addison (1970). An illustrated
ora of the northern United States and Canada: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d
meridian. New York: Dover Publications. p. 315. ISBN
0-486-22644-1.
[23] Common Dandelion_Family: Asteraceae (PDF).
[24] Loewer, Peter (2001). Solving weed problems. Guilford,
Conn.: Lyons Press. p. 210. ISBN 1-58574-274-0.
[25] Dandelion clock. TheFreeDictionary.com.
[26] Taylor, Joseph (1819). Antiquitates curiosae: the etymology of many remarkable old sayings, proverbs and singular
customs explained by Joseph Taylor (2nd ed.). T&J Allman. p. 97. Retrieved 25 May 2010.

[27] Anon. Dandelion - far more than a weed (PDF).

Frapez.com. Frapez soothie spa. Retrieved 30 May 2010.

[43] Richardson, Jonathan (1985). In praise of the archenemy. Audubon 87: 3739.

[28] Den virtuella oran: Taraxacum F. H. Wigg. Maskrosor (in Swedish). Linnaeus.nrm.se. Retrieved
2010-07-03.

[44] Making Rubber from Dandelion Juice.

sciencedaily.com.
sciencedaily.com.
Retrieved 22
November 2013.

[29] Sauted Dandelion Greens, ItalianFoodForever.com

[45] Fraunhofer and Continental come together when the dandelion rubber meets the road. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

[30] Kleonikos G. Stavridakis , .

(2006). Wild edible plants of Crete -
. Rethymnon Crete. ISBN 960631-179-1.
[31] Castronovo Fusco, MA (2008-04-15). Dandelion as underrated as underfoot. New Jersey On-Line. Retrieved
2011-03-07.
[32] Dandelion greens, raw. Nutritiondata.com. Retrieved
2011-03-07.
[33] Katrin Schtz, Reinhold Carle & Andreas Schieber
(2006). "Taraxacuma review on its phytochemical and
pharmacological prole. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107 (3): 313323. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021.
PMID 16950583.
[34] D. L. Buckingham and W. J. Peach (2005). The
inuence of livestock management on habitat quality
for farmland birds. Animal Science 81: 199203.
doi:10.1079/asc50700199.
[35] Pellett, Frank Chapman (1920). American Honey Plants;
Together With Those Which Are of Special Value to the
Beekeeper as Sources of Pollen. American Bee Journal
Publication. p. 178. ISBN 1-152-86271-5.
[36] Anon. Companion Planting for Vegetables & Plants.
Country living and farm lifestyles.
countryfarmlifestyles.com. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
[37] Welcome to Main Street White Sulphur Springs...Make
it home. Wssmainstreet.org. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
[38] Songs
of
the
University
of
Rochester.
Lib.rochester.edu. 2010-01-14. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
[39] Bill Church (2006). Medicinal Plants, Trees, & Shrubs of
Appalachia A Field Guide. Lulu.com. p. 28. ISBN
978-1-4116-4486-1.
[40] Lourdes Rodriguez-Fragoso, Jorge Reyes-Esparza, Scott
W. Burchiel, Dea Herrera-Ruiz & Eliseo Torres (2008).
Risks and benets of commonly used herbal medicines
in Mexico. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 227
(1): 125135. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005. PMC
2322858. PMID 18037151.
[41] Dieter A. Strchler (2006). Exposure: a Guide to Sources
of Infections. ASM Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-55581376-5.
[42] Stewart-Wade, S. M.; Newmann, S.; Collins, L. L.;
Boland, G. J. (2002).
The biology of Canadian
weeds. 117. Taraxacum ocinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82: 825853.
doi:10.4141/P01-010.

8 External links
Media related to Taraxacum at Wikimedia Commons

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Taraxacum Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum?oldid=665639443 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Bryan Derksen,

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Arcanewizard, Behnamnaderi, MwabdtTLGimsams, Scarabocchio, Pinethicket, HRoestBot, Yvan leduc, Jwb87mn, LittleWink, Melba1,
Thetehror, Aarshan, Lars Washington, M R G WIKI999, Cossatot, Pouyakhani, Monsterparty, TobeBot, Lotje, Weedgarden, Agrasa,
Makki98, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Venustas 12, Beyond My Ken, Hajatvrc, Slon02, EmausBot, Commvolunteer, Racerx11, Sdicastro,
CocaCOLEa12, Winner 42, TheBeigeKnight, Djembayz, Kwalker1129, Kmoksy, Thecheesykid, Theorientart, Kbarber2010, Bollyje,
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ClueBot NG, Thebombzen, Raghith, Movses-bot, Fredy360123, Primergrey, Twigonology, Mesoderm, Dashingre99, Widr, Omar hoftun,
Drlight69, Helpful Pixie Bot, Plantdrew, BG19bot, Tom01011, Declangi, Gautehuus, Earthsbuddy, Treyrogrs, Hondoheid, Newburyjohn,
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9.2

Images

File:DandelionFlower.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/DandelionFlower.jpg License: CC BY-SA

3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Greg Hume
File:Dandelion_pappus_fiber.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/Dandelion_pappus_fiber.jpg License: CC0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

File:HAWKBEARD.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/HAWKBEARD.jpg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hardyplants at English Wikipedia
File:T_albidum01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/T_albidum01.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Mokimisato (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mokimisato' title='User talk:Mokimisato'>talk</a>)'s
le Original artist: Misato Oki(Mokimisato (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mokimisato' title='User talk:
Mokimisato'>talk</a>))
File:T_japonicum04.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/T_japonicum04.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Mokimisato (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mokimisato' title='User talk:Mokimisato'>talk</a>)'s
le Original artist: Misato Oki(= Mokimisato (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mokimisato' title='User talk:
Mokimisato'>talk</a>))
File:Taraxacum_laevigatum_Closeup_DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/
66/Taraxacum_laevigatum_Closeup_DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Javier
martin
File:Taraxacum_platycarpum_01.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Taraxacum_platycarpum_01.
JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dalgial
File:Taraxacumcalifornicum.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Taraxacumcalifornicum.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/rareplants/profiles/tep/taraxacum_californicum/index.shtml Original artist:
Scott Eliason
File:TaxicumLeaf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/TaxicumLeaf.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Greg Hume

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0