Goals of this lecture are:

Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles

for which the working fluid remains a gas
throughout the entire cycle.
Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to
gas power cycles.
Review the operation of reciprocating engines.

Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles.

The two major application areas of gas-turbine

engines are aircraft propulsion and electric
power generation.

Pmax Tmax
rP

Pmin Tmin

k
2 k 1

Back work ratio

Improvements in gas
turbines

Back work ratio

rbw

wcomp
wturb

Combustion
temperature
Machinery component
efficiencies
Adding modifications
to basic
cycle(intercooling,
regeneration or
recuperation, and
reheating)

For actual gas turbines,

compressor and turbine
are not isentropic
Efficiency of the compressor

ws h2 s h1
C

wa h2 a h1

Efficiency of the turbine

wa h4 a h3
T

ws h4 s h3

Normally C,T~80-95%

Use the ideal Brayton cycle in Example 9-5 and

a) the actual work

wcomp,in

wa

244.2

305.2kJ / kg
C
0.8

wturb,out T ws 0.85 * 606.6 515.6kJ / kg

rbw

wcomp
wturb

305.2
59.2%
515.6

b) thermal efficiency
wnet

qin
wnet wturb,out wcomp,in 210.4kJ / kg
qin h3 h2a h3 h1 wcomp,in

790.6kJ / kg

wnet

26.6%
qin

Recycle the heat from the exhaust to heat up

the compressed air

Use heat exchanger

called recuperator
or regenerator
Counter flow
qregen,max h4 h2
qregen,act h5 h2
Effectiveness of
regeneration

qregen,act
qregen,max

h5 h2
T5 T2

h4 h2 T4 T2

reg

k 1
k
P

T1
1 r
T3

qin h3 h5

qregen,act
qregen,max

h5 h2 a

h4 a h2 a

h5 605.4
0.8
h5 825.4kJ / kg
880.36 605.4

qin,no_ reg 790.6kJ / kg

wnet 210.4kJ / kg

no _ reg

wnet

26.6%
qin

With regeneration
qin h3 h5 1395.97 825.4 570.6kJ / kg
reg

wnet 210.4

37.0%
qin 570.6

For max performance

P2 P4

P1 P3

but
P2 P4

P1 P3
2

P2 P3

P6 P8

P7 P9
P7 P8

P2 P4 P1

P1 P1 P3

P2
P4

rP
P1
P1

P2 P4 P1

P1 P1 P2
P2 P4

rP
P1 P3

P6 P8

rP
P7 P9

Multistage compression with intercooling: The work

required to compress a gas between two specified
pressures can be decreased by carrying out the
compression process in stages and cooling the gas in
between. This keeps the specific volume as low as
possible.
Multistage expansion with reheating keeps the specific
volume of the working fluid as high as possible during an
expansion process, thus maximizing work output.
Intercooling and reheating always decreases the thermal
efficiency unless they are accompanied by regeneration.

Comparison of
work inputs to
a single-stage
compressor
(1AC) and a
two-stage
compressor
with
intercooling
(1ABD).

As the number of compression and expansion

stages increases, the gas-turbine cycle with
intercooling, reheating, and regeneration
approaches the Ericsson cycle.

For max performance

P2 P4

8
P1 P3

P6 P8

8
P7 P9

T1 T3 h1 h3

T6 T8 h6 h8

T2 T4 h2 h4

T7 T9 h7 h9

a) No regeneration T2=?, T4=?

Process 1-2 T1=300K
h1 300.2kJ / kg
T1 300 K
Pr1 1.386
Pr 2 P2
rP
Pr1 P1
Pr 2 Pr1 * rP

3.92

T2 403.3K
Pr 2 3.92
h2 404.31kJ / kg

Process 6-7 T6=1300K

h6 1395.97kJ / kg
T6 1300 K
Pr 6 330.9
Pr 6 P6
rP
Pr 7 P7
Pr 6
Pr 7
117.0
rP

T7 1006.4 K
Pr 7 117.0
h7 1053.3kJ / kg

Back work ratio

rbw

rbw,no _ intercool

wcomp

wcomp
wturb

40.3%

wturb

wcomp 2h2 h1 208.2kJ / kg

wturb 2(h6 h7 ) 685.3kJ / kg

rbw

wcomp
wturb

208.2

30.4%
685.3

wnet wturb wcomp 685.3 208.2 477.1kJ / kg

Efficiency

wnet
no _ intercool
42.6%
qin

wnet wturb wcomp 685.3 208.2 477.1kJ / kg

qin q primary qreheat h6 h4 h8 h7

1395.97 404.3 1395.97 1053.3 1334.3kJ / kg

wnet

35.8%
qin
The intercooling and reheating with no regeneration
reduces the efficiency of the gas turbine

b) back work ratio and efficiency with

regeneration with 100% effectiveness
qin q primary qreheat h6 h5 h8 h7 2h8 h7

21395.97 1053.3 685.3kJ / kg

wnet

69.6%
qin