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Chapter 7
Atoms
Atomic theory: The nuclear model of the atom
Nuclear chemistry
The quantum model of the atom
Chemical bonding
Glucose (a sugar)
Molecular Formula = C6H12O6
6 atoms carbon, C
12 atoms hydrogen, H
6 atoms oxygen, O
Atomic mass
12
6
Molecular Formula
We learned how to figure out the molecular formula in
the last lecture
eg copper(II) sulfate
copper(II) is Cu2+
sulfate is SO42copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4
1 copper atom
1 sulfur atom
4 oxygen atoms
Formula mass
copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4
1 copper atom
1 sulfur atom
4 oxygen atoms
1 molecule of copper(II) sulfate weighs
2.65 x 10-22 g
Example
Ca3(PO4)2
310.18 amu
1 mole of...
C
Cu
Zn
Hg
Br
2
Ni
I2
Ca
Simply calculate the molecular mass and then change the units
from amu to grams (g).
This gives the weight of one mole of molecules: the molar mass
Molar mass
1 mole of ...
CuSO4
Hg2I2
ZnS
CaBr2
NiCO3
CuBr2
CuS
10
Moles to grams?
You want to make copper(II) sulfate from the reaction of copper
with H2SO4. You want 0.0640 moles of copper(II) sulfate: how
many grams is this?
1. Determine the formula of copper(II) sulfate: CuSO4
2. Calculate the molar mass:
63.546 g/mol Cu + 32.066 g/mol S + (4 x 15.9995) g/mol O
= 159.61 g/mol CuSO4
Given: 0.0640 mol
Wanted: g
0.0640 mol x
159.61 g
= 10.2 g
mol
Grams to moles?
You set up the reaction and make the copper(II) sulfate. You weigh
the product and it is 8.60 g. How many moles is this?
1. Determine the formula of copper(II) sulfate: CuSO4
2. Calculate the molar mass:
63.546 g/mol Cu + 32.066 g/mol S + (4 x 15.9995) g/mol O
= 159.61 g/mol CuSO4
Given: 8.60 g
8.60 g x
Wanted: mol
1 mol
= 0.0539 mol
159.61 g
11
Given: 454g
1 mol
18.02g
454 g x
1 mol
18.02 g
= 1.52 x 1025
molecules
Percentage composition
Percentage:
% of A = parts of A X 100
total parts
12
gF
g CaF2
x 100
(2 x 19.00)g F
x 100
78.08g CaF2
48.67 %
Percentage:
% of A = mass of A X 100
total mass
13
(12 x 12.01)g C
342.30 g C12H22O11
X 100 = 42.10% C
(22 x 1.008)g H
342.30 g C12H22O11
X 100 = 6.479% H
(11 x 16.00)g O
342.30 g C12H22O11
X 100 = 51.42% O
Check:
42.10% + 6.479% + 51.42% = 100.00%
14
Wanted: g carbon
Per: 42.10 g carbon
100g sugar
150g sugar x
42.10 g carbon
100g sugar
= 63.2 g carbon
Empirical formula
15
Empirical formula
16
Example
Element
Grams
Element Grams
79.95
9.40
10.65
Mole
Ratio
Moles
79.95 g C
6.657
12.01 g/mol C
0.6656
6.657
10.00
9.40 g H
9.33
1.008 g/mol H
0.6656
9.33
14.0
10.65 g O
0.6656
16.00 g O
0.6656
0.6656
1.000
Smallest number:
divide by this to find
mole ratios
Moles
Formula Empirical
Ratio
Formula
10
14
C10H14O
17
Example
Element Grams
1.61
2.98
Moles
1.61 g
0.0520
30.97 g/mol
0.0520
0.0520
1.00
2.98 g
0.157
19.00 g/mol
0.0520
0.157
3.02
PF3
Presentation Slides to Accompany Cracolice/Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach, Third Edition Copyright 2007 Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation.
18
Example
What is the molecular formula
of a compound with the empirical formula
C5H10O and a molar mass of 258 g/mol?
Molar mass of C5H10O:
5(12.01 g/mol C) + 10(1.008 g/mol H) + 16.00 g/mol O
= 86.13 g/mol C5H10O
258 g/mol molecule
= 3 EF units
C15H30O3
19