INDUCTION MOTOR

What is Motor?
An electric motor is an electric machine that
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

INDUCTION MOTOR
Use of Induction motors
Induction motors are used worldwide in many residential,
commercial, industrial, and utility applications.
Induction Motors transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some other
form of mechanical equipment such as a winder, conveyor,
or mixer.

INDUCTION MOTOR
General aspects
A induction machine can be used as either a
induction generator or a induction motor.
Induction motors are popularly used in the industry
Focus on three-phase induction motor
Main features: cheap and low maintenance
Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy

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Classification of Motor

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Classification of Motor
AC Motor

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Classification of Motor
Asynchronous or Induction Motor :
Squirrel Cage
Squirrel
cage rotor

Single Cage
Double Cage

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor

slip rings

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Outside View
1

1. Terminal Box
2. Outer Casing
7

3. Mounting Bolts

4. Inspection Cover
5. Air Intake Vents
6

6. End Plate
7. Rotor Shaft

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Construction
The three basic parts of an AC motor are the rotor,
stator, and enclosure.
The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that
perform as electromagnets.

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Construction
Rotor

The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic

circuit.
It can be found in two types:
Squirrel cage
Wound rotor

However, the most common type of rotor is the

squirrel cage rotor.

INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction
Rotor

Squirrel cage type:

Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance

Wound rotor type:

Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals
can be connected to external circuits through slip rings and
brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.

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Construction
Rotor

Squirrel-Cage Rotor

MZS
FKEE, UMP
/rotor winding

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Construction
Squirrel Cage Rotor

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Construction
Slip Ring Rotor
1. Rotor Coils
2. Slip Rings
3. Brushes
4. Rotor Terminals

5. Rotor Laminations
6. Rotor Slots

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Construction
Slip Ring Rotor
2

1. Slip Rings

2. Rotor Coils
3. Cooling Fan

4. Rotor Slots
5. Bearing
4
5

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Construction
Slip Ring Rotor
6

The Brush Gear

1. Brass Brush Holders
2. Carbon Brushes
5

3. Springs

4. Nylon Insulator
5. Rotor Terminals
6. External Connecting Wires
3

INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction
Stator
The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor.
The stator core of a motor is made up of several hundred thin laminations.
Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder. Coils of
insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation. Each grouping
of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, form an electromagnet.
The stator windings are connected directly to the power source.

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Construction
Enclosure
The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two end brackets
(or bearing housings). The stator is mounted inside the frame. The
rotor fits inside the stator with a slight air gap separating it from
the stator. There is NO direct physical connection between the
rotor and the stator.
Stator
Rotor
Air gap

INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction
Enclosure
The enclosure also protects the electrical and operating parts of
the motor from harmful effects of the environment in which the
motor operates. Bearings, mounted on the shaft, support the rotor
and allow it to turn. A fan, also mounted on the shaft, is used on
the motor shown below for cooling.

Stator
Rotor
Air gap

INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction

INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction

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Motor Selection

Motor Type

Voltage & Phase

Wattage

Insulation Class

Shaft Length

Frame size

Duty Cycle

Starting Torque

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Standard Duty
S1 - CONTINUOUS RATING
S2 - SHORT RATING
S3 - PERIODIC DUTY
S4 - PERIODIC DUTY WITH STARTING
S5 - PERIODIC DUTY WITH STARTING AND BRAKING
S6 - CONTINUOUS PERIODIC
S7 - CONTINUOUS PERIODIC WITH BRAKING
S8 -- CONTINUOUS PERIODIC WITH BRAKING SPEED CONTROL

INDUCTION MOTOR
Insulation Class
IEC 60085

Thermal class[3]

Old IEC 60085

Thermal class[3]

NEMA/UL

Maximum hot spot

Letter class

temperature allowed

NEMA Class [4]

< 90C
90C

>90 - 105

Unimpregnated paper, silk, cotton, vulcanized natural rubber,

thermoplastics that soften above 90 C [5]

105C

>105 - 120

Organic materials such as cotton, silk, paper, some synthetic fibers [6]

120C

>120 - 130

Polyurethane, epoxy resins, polyethylene terpthalate, and other

materials that have shown usable lifetime at this temperature

130C

>130 - 155

155

155C

>155 - 180

Class 130 materials with binders stable at the higher temperature, or

other materials with usable lifetime at this temperature

180

180C

>180 - 200

Silicone elastomers, and Class 130 inorganic materials with hightemperature binders, or other materials with usable lifetime at this
temperature

200C

>200 - 220

As for Class B,and including teflon

220

220C

>220 - 250

As for IEC class 200

240C

90

105

120

130

130

155

180

105

200

250

Typical materials
endurance index (C)[3]

70

220

Relative thermal

Inorganic materials such as mica, glass fibers, asbestos, with hightemperature binders, or others with usable lifetime at this
temperature

Polyimide enamel (Pyre-ML) or Polyimide films (Kapton and Alconex

GOLD)

250C

>250

As for IEC class 200. Further IEC classes designated numerically at 25

C increments.

INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of Operation
Simple stator made of 3 pole pairs of coils around iron pole pieces
A
C

Iron Pole
Pieces
Iron
Stator
Ring

B
Phase
Coils

C
A

Phase connections

Current enters coil

A and leaves coils A
Magnetic flux set
up in coils with
North Pole at the
bottom and South
Pole at the top

INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of Operation
Changing which coils are energised alters direction of magnetic flux

AA energised

B
C

C
A

CC energised

BB energised

INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of Operation
Energising two sets of coils together in sequence

Compass settles half way between poles

INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of Operation
Sequence produces one complete rotation of the magnetic field
1. CC & BB
2. AA & BB
3. AA & CC
4. BB & CC
5. BB & AA

6. CC & AA
7. CC & BB

INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of Operation
Three-Phase supply provides the correct sequence for stator coils
1. CC & BB
2. AA & BB
3. AA & CC
4. BB & CC
5. BB & AA

6. CC & AA
7. CC & BB

INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of Operation
Three-Phase supply provides the correct sequence for stator coils
1. CC & BB
2. AA & BB
3. AA & CC
4. BB & CC
5. BB & AA

6. CC & AA
7. CC & BB

INDUCTION MOTOR
Principle of Operation
Rotor cage added in the centre of the stator field
Cage rotor

Copper end ring

Cage conductors

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Principle of Operation
As magnetic field rotates, cage conductors cut lines of magnetic flux

This induces currents in cage conductors

Induced currents produce magnetic field in rotor

Magnetic field in rotor attracted towards rotating stator field
Rotor turns in same direction as stator field but slower

INDUCTION MOTOR
Torque producing mechanism
When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3
phase voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the
windings, hence the stator is energized.
A rotating flux is produced in the air gap. The flux
induces a voltage Ea in the rotor winding (like a
transformer).
The induced voltage produces rotor current, if rotor
circuit is closed.
The rotor current interacts with the flux , producing
torque. The rotor rotates in the direction of the
rotating flux.

INDUCTION MOTOR
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced three
phase source
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed

nsync

120 f e

rpm

Where fe is the supply frequency and

P is the no. of poles and nsync is
called the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)

INDUCTION MOTOR
Synchronous speed
P

50 Hz

60 Hz

3000

3600

1500

1800

1000

1200

750

900

10

600

720

12

500

600

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Induction Motor speed
At what speed will the IM run?
Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no induced
current will flow in the rotor and no rotor magnetic flux will
be produced so no torque is generated and the rotor speed
will fall below the synchronous speed
When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced

INDUCTION MOTOR
Induction Motor speed
So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

nslip nsync nm
Where nslip= slip speed

nsync= speed of the magnetic field

nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor

INDUCTION MOTOR
The Slip

nsync nm
nsync

Where s is the slip

Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed

s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesnt have units

INDUCTION MOTOR
Induction Motors and Transformers
Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced
voltage
Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor,
the secondary windings can move
Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of
the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage

INDUCTION MOTOR
Frequency
The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is
given by
Pn
fr
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P (ns nm )
fr
120
P sns

sf e
120

INDUCTION MOTOR
Frequency
What would be the frequency of the rotors induced
voltage at any speed nm?

fr s fe
When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of
the induced voltage is equal to the supply frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous
speed (s = 0), the frequency will be zero

INDUCTION MOTOR
Torque
While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that we
should know some terms and quantities related to
mechanical power
Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will
introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This torque is
related to the motor output power and the rotor speed

load

Pout

N .m

and

2 nm
m
60

rad / s

INDUCTION MOTOR
Horse Power
Another unit used to measure mechanical power is
the horse power
It is used to refer to the mechanical output power of
the motor
Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with watts
as a unit to measure electrical power, there is a
relation between horse power and watts

hp 746 watts

INDUCTION MOTOR
Example
A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected
induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent.
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated
load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?

INDUCTION MOTOR
Solution
1.
2.

3.

4.

nm (1 s)ns
(1 0.05) 1800 1710 rpm
nsync

120 f e 120(60)

1800 rpm
P
4

fr sfe 0.05 60 3Hz

load

Pout

Pout

m 2 nm
60
10 hp 746 watt / hp

41.7 N .m
1710 2 (1/ 60)

INDUCTION MOTOR
Equivalent Circuit
When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s =1, the largest
voltage and rotor frequency are induced in the rotor, Why?
On the other side, if the rotor rotates at synchronous speed,
i.e. s = 0, the induced voltage and frequency in the rotor will be
equal to zero, Why?

ER sER0
Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotors induced voltage
obtained at s = 1 (blocked rotor)

INDUCTION MOTOR
Equivalent Circuit
The same is true for the frequency, i.e.
It is known that

fr s fe

X L 2 f L

So, as the frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor

changes, the reactance of the rotor circuit also changes
Where Xr0 is the rotor reactance
at the supply frequency
(at blocked rotor)

X r r Lr 2 f r Lr
2 sfe Lr
sX r 0

INDUCTION MOTOR
Power losses in Induction machines
Copper losses
Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
Core loss (Pcore)
Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage

How this power flow in the motor?

INDUCTION MOTOR
Power flow in induction motor

INDUCTION MOTOR
Example
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is drawing
60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper losses are 2 kW, and
the rotor copper losses are 700 W. The friction and windage
losses are 600 W, the core losses are 1800 W, and the stray
losses are negligible.
Find the following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG.
2. The power converted Pconv.
3. The output power Pout.
4. The efficiency of the motor.

INDUCTION MOTOR
Solution
1.

Pin 3VL I L cos

3 480 60 0.85 42.4 kW
PAG Pin PSCL Pcore
42.4 2 1.8 38.6 kW

2.

Pconv PAG PRCL

700
38.6
37.9 kW
1000

3.

Pout Pconv PF &W

600
37.9
37.3 kW
1000

INDUCTION MOTOR
Solution
37.3
Pout
50 hp
0.746

4.

Pout

100%
Pin
37.3

100 88%
42.4

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Torque-speed characteristics

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Comments
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.
Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and
full load. In this range, the rotor resistance is
much greater than the reactance, so the rotor
current, torque increase linearly with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that cant be
exceeded. This torque is called pullout torque and
is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load torque.

INDUCTION MOTOR
Comments
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher
than its full-load torque, so the motor will start
carrying any load it can supply at full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as
the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous
speed it will run as a generator, converting
mechanical power to electric power.

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Complete Speed-torque c/c

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Determination of motor parameters
Due to the similarity between the induction motor
equivalent circuit and the transformer equivalent
circuit, same tests are used to determine the values of
the motor parameters.
DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
No-load test: determine the rotational losses and
magnetization current (similar to no-load test in
Transformers).
Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator
impedances (similar to short-circuit test in Transformers).

INDUCTION MOTOR
Starting of 3 - Induction Motors
The following starting methods are adopted for starting of 3-phase
Squirrel Cage Induction Motors.
1.DOL-Starter
2.Star-Delta Starter
3.Reduced Voltage Starter ( Soft Starters )

Auto-Transformer and Primary Resistance starters are obsolete due to

some drawbacks.

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Starting Characteristic curves of 3-Phase SCI Motor

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Soft Starters
Advantages of Soft Starters :
Matching modern power electronics with smart circuitry
and software, the soft starter offers superior electronic control of
the current and voltage during motor start-up.
The solution to both mechanical and electrical problems :
Elimination of voltage and current transients arising from
DOL or Star-Delta starts which may overload the local supply
network and cause unacceptable voltage variations that interfere
with other electrical equipment connected to the network.

INDUCTION MOTOR
Soft Starters

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Starting of Slip-ring Motor

Rotor Rheostat Control Method :

The three phases of the rotor windings are starred internally.

The other three winding terminals are brought out and
connected to three insulated slip-rings mounted on the shaft
with brushes resting on them.
The 3 brushes are further externally connected to a 3-phase
star connected rheostat.
This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in
the rotor circuit during the starting period for increasing the
starting torque of the motor and for changing its speedtorque/current characteristics.
When running under normal conditions, the slip-rings are
automatically short-circuited by means of a metal collar.

INDUCTION MOTOR
The Rheostat Method of Starting
1. Motor starts with 3-gang
Rheostat set to highest
resistance giving low starting
current and slow speed.
2. The Rheostat is adjusted
slowly thus reducing rotor
resistance to zero.
3. This increases rotor speed
up to its maximum value
4. Starting torque can be
easily adjusted by initial
resistance setting to suit the
load.

INDUCTION MOTOR
Stator Connections

The Contactor Method of Starting

1. Motor starts with 3
resistors in each rotor circuit
giving low starting current
and slow speed.
2. K3 is energised shorting
out resistors R31, R32, R33
giving increased speed.
3. K2 is energised shorting
out resistors R21, R22, R23
giving increased speed.
4. K1 is energised shorting
out resistors R11, R12, R13
giving full speed.

Earth Terminal
Shorting Relays K1, K2, K3
Rotor Connections

Rotor Resistor
Bank 1

Rotor Resistor
Bank 2

Rotor Resistor
Bank 3

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Speed Control
There are 3 types of speed control of 3 phase
induction machines
i. Varying rotor resistance
ii. Varying supply voltage
iii. Varying supply voltage and supply frequency

INDUCTION MOTOR
Varying rotor resistance

For wound rotor only

Speed is decreasing
Constant maximum torque
The speed at which max
torque occurs changes
Disadvantages:
olarge speed regulation
oPower loss in Rext reduce
the efficiency

R3

R2

R1

R1< R2< R3
nr1< nr2< nr3

nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n

s
NL

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Varying supply voltage
Maximum torque changes
The speed which at max
torque occurs is constant (at
max torque, XR=RR/s
Relatively simple method
uses power electronics circuit
for voltage controller
Suitable for fan type load
Disadvantages :
o Large speed regulation since ~ ns

T
V1
V2
V3

V
decreasing

V1> V2 > V3
nr1> nr2 > nr3

nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n n

s
NL

INDUCTION MOTOR
Varying supply voltage and supply frequency
The best method since supply
voltage and supply frequency
is varied to keep V/f constant
Maintain speed regulation
uses power electronics circuit
for frequency and voltage
controller
Constant maximum torque

f
decreasing

nr3

nr2
nr1 nNL1
nNL3 nNL2

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IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) uses eight duty cycle
S1

Continuous duty

The motor works at a constant load for enough time to reach temperature equilibrium.

S2

Short-time duty

The motor works at a constant load, but not long enough to reach temperature equilibrium. The
rest periods are long enough for the motor to reach ambient temperature.

S3

Intermittent periodic duty

Sequential, identical run and rest cycles with constant load. Temperature equilibrium is never
reached. Starting current has little effect on temperature rise.

S4

Intermittent periodic duty

with starting

Sequential, identical start, run and rest cycles with constant load. Temperature equilibrium is
not reached, but starting current affects temperature rise.

S5

Intermittent periodic duty

with electric braking

Sequential, identical cycles of starting, running at constant load and running with no load. No
rest periods.

S6

Continuous operation with

intermittent load

Sequential, identical cycles of running with constant load and running with no load. No rest
periods.

S7

Continuous operation with

electric braking

Sequential identical cycles of starting, running at constant load and electric braking. No rest
periods.

S8

Continuous operation with

periodic changes in load and
speed

Sequential, identical duty cycles run at constant load and given speed, then run at other
constant loads and speeds. No rest periods.

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INDUCTION MOTOR